31:
1128:
1113:
1098:
1083:
233:
2652:
52:
217:
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located on her forelegs. When searching for a plant, the butterfly will drum her legs on the plant in order to detect the chemical compounds the plant releases. Once she has found the correct host plant, she will lay eggs singly on separate young leaves. Finding the correct host plant is crucial as
1628:
Counterman, B. A., F. Araujo-Perez, H. M. Hines, S. W. Baxter, C. M. Morrison, D. P. Lindstrom, R. Papa, L. Ferguson, M. Joron, R. H. Ffrench-Constant, C. P. Smith, D. M. Nielsen, R. Chen, C. D. Jiggins, R. D. Reed, G. Halder, J. Mallet, and W. O. McMillan (2010). "Genomic
Hotspots for Adaptation:
1042:
individuals are capable of distinguishing between a wider range of yellow shades than other butterfly species. Additionally, when looking for mates, the butterflies distinguish conspecifics from hybrids and heterospecifics by detecting subtle changes in marking patterns on wings. These adaptations
780:
are sterile. While hybrid males are not sterile, they exhibit patterns that are intermediate between the crossed species and thus the males are unlikely to be recognized as mates by either species. Furthermore, the patterns on both sexes will be non-mimetic, meaning they will not be recognized by
749:
dilution effect lowers the likelihood that one particular individual will be eaten because of the large number of other individuals that are in the area. Second, the congregation of the brightly colored individuals is more likely to deter predators by making the warning coloration more prominent.
619:
butterflies provide valuable amino acids and proteins to their offspring. This reduces the amount of time that the offspring must spend foraging during the larval stage, and thus decreases the chances of larval predation. While this extra foraging behavior on the part of the female increases her
565:
was discovered in the butterfly's saliva, which implies an adaptation for breaking down pollen. This enzyme was found in higher concentrations in the saliva of female butterflies, likely due to the greater need of nutrition associated with reproduction. These adaptations allow the butterflies to
1024:
to other males. This increases the likelihood of the male's reproductive success by preventing the female from mating with any other males, which ensures that only the original male's sperm will be used to fertilize the female's eggs.. The pheromone is produced only by males and is secreted to
748:
which they return to each night after foraging. The reason for this behavior was not well characterized until recently when it was determined that the large aggregations of butterflies provided protection from predators. Butterflies fare better in these groups for two reasons. First, the prey
1025:
identify themselves to other males, so the antiaphrodisiac works by making the female smell like a male. After a period of time the pheromone wears off and the female is able to mate again, which she will do several times throughout her life.
558:. The exact mechanism by which the butterfly digests the pollen is uncertain; it was originally thought that once the pollen was soaked in nectar after ingestion, it would then be able to be digested by the butterfly. Recently, however, the
606:
range that provide suitable nutrients, only a few of these are visited by the butterfly. This makes the butterfly an efficient pollinator for the flowers it visits as there is a low likelihood of a plant receiving the wrong kind of pollen.
1067:. The taste receptors are used by both sexes in order to find food and mates, but the female also uses the sense to find suitable host plants for her eggs. These taste receptors are highly specialized due to the coevolution with the
661:
plants. Caterpillars live in groups of two to three individuals and are white with black spots. Pupae are spiny and dark brown in color. The adults have black bodies with bright yellow or orange patterns on the wings. Female
574:
to have brighter colors and be more distasteful to predators than their non-pollen-foraging counterparts. It is thought that this foraging adaptation and subsequent enhancement of coloration contributed to the speciation of
324:
vision which enhances its ability to distinguish subtle differences between markings on the wings of other butterflies. This allows the butterfly to avoid mating with other species that share the same geographic range.
516:
caterpillars have developed adaptations that allow them to continue to feed on the plants and actually incorporate the toxic compounds into their systems and make them unpalatable to predators. These interactions make
2288:
Nahrstedt, A.; Davis, R. H. (1 January 1983). "Occurrence, variation and biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin in species of the
Heliconiini (Insecta: Lepidoptera)".
2404:
A new butterfly species was created by two species hybridising 200,000 years ago. (2024, April 17). Leibniz
Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB). Retrieved April 21, 2024, from
1963:
Briscoe, Adriana D.; Macias-Muñoz, Aide; Kozak, Krzysztof M.; Walters, James R.; Yuan, Furong; Jamie, Gabriel A.; Martin, Simon H.; Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K.; Ferguson, Laura C. (11 July 2013).
599:
and the grains stay there for long periods of time. These pollen grains are transferred to the stamen of another plant the butterfly visits while foraging. While there are many plants in
732:
in both the larval and adult stages. These glycosides are incorporated into the insect's system by feeding on host plants that produce the compounds as a defense against herbivory.
363:
usually has three. In Mexico, Central
America and the west coast of Colombia and Ecuador, the yellowish-white stripe on the underside reaches the margin of the hindwing in
988:
exhibit patrolling behavior, which involves searching for potential mates while flying around the range that the species inhabits. This requires the ability to distinguish
294:
was one of the first butterfly species observed to forage for pollen, a behavior that is common in other insect groups but rare in butterflies. Because of the recent rapid
433:
mountains. It most commonly inhabits open terrain and forest edges, although it can also be found near the edges of rivers and streams. It shares its range with other
2044:
Dunlap-Pianka, Helen; Boggs, Carol L.; Gilbert, Lawrence E. (1977-07-29). "Ovarian
Dynamics in Heliconiine Butterflies: Programmed Senescence versus Eternal Youth".
2811:
1127:
2837:
1112:
1097:
2657:
1082:
2785:
666:
produce oocytes continuously throughout their life; this is due to the high nutrient diet the butterfly obtains from eating pollen. Closely related
2922:
2957:
450:
2932:
2927:
2962:
1043:
allow the butterflies to avoid genetically costly mates, as hybrid females are sterile and hybrid males in this system are less fit due to
2380:
704:
subspecies. This coloration warns potential predators that the butterflies are distasteful and should be avoided; this is an example of
2432:
2824:
2416:
Rosser, N., Seixas, F., Queste, L.M. et al. Hybrid speciation driven by multilocus introgression of ecological traits. Nature (2024).
1375:
2947:
2452:
Schulz, Stefan; Estrada, Catalina; Yildizhan, Selma; Boppré, Michael; Gilbert, Lawrence E. (1 January 2008). "An
Antiaphrodisiac in
337:. The postman butterfly has large long wings (35–39 mm). It is poisonous, and the red patterns on its wings are an example of
314:. These hybrids tend to have low fitness as they look different from the original species and no longer exhibit MĂĽllerian mimicry.
2942:
30:
724:
Both males and females release a strong odor detectable even to humans when handled in order to deter predation. Additionally,
274:
167:
2937:
657:
are yellow and approximately 1.5 x 1 mm. They are mostly laid singly or rarely in small clusters on the young leaves of
1576:
Baxter, S. W.; Papa, R.; Chamberlain, N.; Humphray, S. J.; Joron, M.; Morrison, C.; McMillan, W. O.; Jiggins, C. D. (2008).
712:. Despite their easily confused coloration, these two species are able to exist in the same habitat range because they are
1537:
Sheppard, PM; Turner, JRG; Brown, KS; Benson, WW; Singer, MC (1985). "Genetics and the evolution of
Muellerian mimicry in
2628:
2952:
2733:
1650:
Quek, S.P.; Counterman, B.A.; de Moura, P.A.; Cardoso, M.Z.; Marshall, C.R.; McMillan, W.O.; Kronforst, M.R. (2010).
51:
1160:
Giraldo, Nathalia; Salazar, Camilo; Jiggins, Chris D.; Bermingham, Eldredge; Linares, Mauricio (28 November 2008).
2842:
2103:
Ehrlich, Paul (November 2017). "Population
Structure and Dynamics of the Tropical Butterfly Heliconius Ethilla".
1717:
1494:
Papa, R.; Martin, A.; Reed, R. D. (2008). "Genomic hotspots of adaptation in butterfly wing pattern evolution".
504:
2714:
2636:
2894:
2429:
620:
likelihood of being eaten, the warning colors highlighting her distaste protect her from would be predators.
713:
311:
232:
2676:
498:
375:
295:
2829:
2738:
1310:"Positive selection of a duplicated UV-sensitive visual pigment coincides with wing pigment evolution in
1063:
on their hindlegs, only the female butterflies have the receptors on the forelegs; this is an example of
716:
due to adaptations in the eyes of the butterflies that allow for better distinction between individuals.
803:
465:
shows clustering of AFLPs by geography suggesting that the species originated in eastern South
America.
395:
146:
2881:
2759:
2646:
2465:
2234:
2163:
2112:
2053:
1924:
1852:
1740:
1667:
1550:
1448:
1257:
1177:
1044:
1008:
that are used to grasp females for forced copulations. During mating, the male passes nutrients in a
709:
287:
2917:
2519:
Baxter, S. W.; Nadeau, N. J.; Maroja, L. S.; Wilkinson, P.; Counterman, B. A.; et al. (2010).
1016:
to nourish the fertilizing eggs inside her. In addition to the spermatophore, males also deliver a
809:
2497:
2252:
2181:
2128:
2085:
1942:
1814:
1764:
1519:
407:
191:
46:
2816:
2863:
2746:
2605:
2558:
2489:
2481:
2405:
2357:
2339:
2270:
2199:
2077:
2069:
2004:
1986:
1886:
1868:
1806:
1756:
1695:
1611:
1511:
1476:
1371:
1345:
1285:
1213:
1195:
1064:
745:
454:
2868:
2595:
2585:
2548:
2538:
2473:
2347:
2331:
2297:
2260:
2242:
2189:
2171:
2120:
2061:
1994:
1976:
1932:
1876:
1860:
1798:
1748:
1685:
1675:
1601:
1593:
1558:
1503:
1466:
1456:
1335:
1325:
1275:
1265:
1203:
1185:
776:
770:
in nature despite adaptations meant to counteract this. Females resulting from the cross of
767:
692:
670:
species have been reported to have a maximum life span of six months, and it is likely that
391:
343:
282:
632:
butterflies recognize host plants by identifying the corresponding chemical compound using
2850:
2632:
2436:
1021:
422:
387:
379:
262:
2651:
2469:
2238:
2167:
2116:
2057:
1965:"Female Behaviour Drives Expression and Evolution of Gustatory Receptors in Butterflies"
1928:
1856:
1744:
1671:
1554:
1452:
1261:
1181:
333:
The postman butterfly is predominately black with either red or yellow bands across the
2600:
2571:
2553:
2520:
2352:
2319:
1999:
1964:
1881:
1836:
1690:
1651:
1606:
1577:
1471:
1432:
1340:
1309:
1208:
1161:
1060:
526:
216:
2521:"Genomic Hotspots for Adaptation: The Population Genetics of MĂĽllerian Mimicry in the
2194:
2147:
1280:
1241:
781:
predators as displays of distaste. Therefore, the hybrids resulting from the cross of
390:
and it has been found that the patterns are associated with a small number of genetic
2911:
2529:
2301:
2265:
2218:
1937:
1908:
1523:
1009:
633:
426:
383:
270:
266:
204:
163:
2501:
2089:
1946:
1818:
1768:
261:, is a brightly colored, geographically variable butterfly species found throughout
2751:
2576:
1864:
1013:
728:
butterflies render themselves unpalatable to predators such as birds by producing
398:". Hotspot loci for color patterning have been found homologous between co-mimics
2590:
2543:
2065:
1981:
1752:
1461:
2798:
2708:
1597:
705:
530:
338:
334:
321:
113:
103:
2699:
2227:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2156:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2026:
1785:
de Castro, Érika CP (2018). "The arms race between heliconiine butterflies and
1660:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1402:
2623:
2477:
1507:
567:
488:
307:
123:
2485:
2417:
2343:
2320:"The benefit of being a social butterfly: communal roosting deters predation"
2073:
1990:
1872:
1199:
708:. Since both species possess this acrid taste, they display what is known as
2772:
2247:
2219:"Rapid Morphological Radiation and Convergence Among Races of the Butterfly
1835:
Eberhard, S.H.; Hrassnigg, N.; Crailsheim, K.; Krenn, H.W. (February 2007).
1680:
1330:
1190:
1017:
729:
596:
483:
347:. Two features found on the underside of the hind wings help to distinguish
83:
63:
2609:
2562:
2493:
2361:
2335:
2318:
Finkbeiner, Susan D.; Briscoe, Adriana D.; Reed, Robert D. (22 July 2012).
2203:
2176:
2081:
2008:
1890:
1810:
1760:
1699:
1615:
1562:
1515:
1480:
1349:
1289:
1270:
1217:
2855:
2725:
2274:
1718:"Plant chemistry and the evolution of host specificity: new evidence from
570:
from the pollen, which, in addition to general nutrition benefits, allows
2693:
592:
562:
2290:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry
992:
females from those of other species, a key adaptation of the butterfly.
2889:
2790:
2256:
2132:
1005:
2803:
1802:
486:, meaning they feed on only one kind of plant, specifically the genus
359:
usually has four red dots where the wing attaches to the thorax while
2185:
559:
555:
551:
93:
73:
2670:
2124:
286:
as a warning to predators of its inedibility; this is an example of
2777:
2641:
1578:"Convergent evolution in the genetic basis of Mullerian mimicry in
2876:
430:
231:
215:
2324:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
762:
Due to its overlapping range with many closely related species,
386:. The geographical variation in patterns has been studied using
2764:
2674:
587:
Pollen is a rarely utilized but efficient protein source for
280:. Its coloration coevolved with another member of the genus,
2406:
https://leibniz-lib.de/en/2024-04-17-new-butterfly-species/
1543:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
1433:"Phylogenetic codivergence supports coevolution of mimetic
889:(northern coast of South America from Panama to the Amazon)
302:
and overlapping of its habitat with other related species,
2381:"Reproductive isolation caused by colour pattern mimicry"
1909:"Patterns of pollen feeding and habitat preference among
1368:
Butterflies, Moths, and Other Invertebrates in Costa Rica
595:
for pollen, adults accumulate pollen on the end of their
789:
species have low fitness and are not likely to persist.
1038:
Due to a duplication in a gene for UV light detection,
2223:
Inferred from Patterns of Mitochondrial DNA Evolution"
1656:
reveals divergent histories of convergent butterflies"
1837:"Evidence of protease in the saliva of the butterfly
696:, each developing similar bright color patterns. The
615:
By foraging for pollen while developing eggs, female
2683:
1645:
1643:
1629:The Population Genetics of Mullerian Mimicry in
410:between the two species, across morph patterns.
2447:
2445:
1318:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1250:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1496:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
700:patterns correspond to at least 20 of the 27
441:is usually less abundant than other species.
374:There are many geographical races/subspecies/
8:
2148:"Pollen Feeding and Reproductive Biology of
1789:plants–new insights on an ancient subject".
1242:"Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of
2439:Nymphalidae.net. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
641:larvae are adapted to only feed on certain
306:has been the subject of extensive study on
2671:
2650:
2418:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07263-w
952:(Rio Negro, Brazil and southern Venezuela)
29:
20:
2599:
2589:
2552:
2542:
2428:Wahlberg N. (last change 1 August 2022).
2351:
2264:
2246:
2193:
2175:
1998:
1980:
1936:
1880:
1689:
1679:
1605:
1470:
1460:
1370:. University of Texas Press. p. 47.
1339:
1329:
1279:
1269:
1207:
1189:
835:(Amazonian foothills of Ecuador and Peru)
512:have evolved many chemical defenses, but
240:and one of the rayed races — ventral view
1431:Cuthill, J. H.; Charleston, M. (2012).
1147:
1078:
546:Unlike most other butterflies, several
367:but ends before reaching the margin in
2020:
2018:
1830:
1828:
1361:
1359:
451:amplified fragment length polymorphism
2666:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
2375:
2373:
2371:
2313:
2311:
1958:
1956:
1902:
1900:
1780:
1778:
1711:
1709:
943:(eastern Brazil, south of the Amazon)
925:(Andean foothills of eastern Ecuador)
807:resulted in the hybrid speciation of
220:interracial hybrid, probably between
7:
2895:94D8C29F-4845-4C58-8F57-4F78BA93BF10
2882:7A6003D1-74D7-E77F-DBE3-2E14C10D11DE
1652:"Dissecting comimetic radiations in
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1240:Gilbert, Lawrence (September 2017).
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1155:
1153:
1151:
674:lives for a similar length of time.
1308:Briscoe, Adriana (September 2017).
984:When searching for mates, males of
961:(Choco (western slope of Colombia))
907:(Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil)
690:coevolved with its sister species,
236:a different hybrid, likely between
678:Protective coloration and behavior
550:species have been observed eating
429:, especially on the slopes of the
14:
496:, the host plants are limited to
2025:Jiggins, Chris (November 2017).
1938:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2002.00434.x
1841:(L.) (Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera)"
1162:"Two sisters in the same dress:
1126:
1111:
1096:
1081:
50:
2572:"Repeating Patterns of Mimicry"
1716:Smiley, John (September 2017).
842:(Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892)
457:datasets, places the origin of
2923:Butterflies of Central America
1907:Jiggins, CD (September 2017).
1865:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.11.001
1:
2958:Butterflies described in 1758
2217:Brower, Andrew V. Z. (1994).
2146:Gilbert, Lawrence E. (1972).
406:, strengthening evidence for
378:of this butterfly throughout
183:
2933:Butterflies of North America
2928:Nymphalidae of South America
2591:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341
2544:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000794
2302:10.1016/0305-0491(83)90041-X
2066:10.1126/science.197.4302.487
2031:The Tree of Life Web Project
1982:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003620
1845:Journal of Insect Physiology
1753:10.1126/science.201.4357.745
1462:10.1371/journal.pone.0036464
482:exhibit a behavior known as
414:Geographic range and habitat
269:. It was first described by
2963:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2458:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1598:10.1534/genetics.107.082982
1045:disruptive sexual selection
862:(western slopes od Ecuador)
2979:
1012:; the female can use this
970:(Rio Perene. eastern Peru)
851:(C. & R. Felder, 1862)
833:(C. & R. Felder, 1862)
505:Passiflora menispermifolia
461:to 2.1 million years ago.
2478:10.1007/s10886-007-9393-z
1508:10.1016/j.gde.2008.11.007
1020:to the female that is an
740:Individuals of the genus
688:Heliconius melpomene
318:Heliconius melpomene
197:
190:
180:
175:
152:
145:
47:Scientific classification
45:
37:
28:
23:
2948:Lepidoptera of Venezuela
2637:Tree of Life Web Project
1411:Tree of Life Web Project
1366:Henderson, C.L. (2010).
1170:BMC Evolutionary Biology
996:Female/male interactions
2943:Lepidoptera of Colombia
2248:10.1073/pnas.91.14.6491
1681:10.1073/pnas.0911572107
1331:10.1073/pnas.0910085107
1191:10.1186/1471-2148-8-324
853:(Tarapoto Valley, Peru)
714:reproductively isolated
508:. Species of the genus
341:. They look similar to
2642:"Heliconius melpomene"
2336:10.1098/rspb.2012.0203
2177:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403
2027:"Heliconius melpomene"
1563:10.1098/rstb.1985.0066
1271:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403
449:A recent study, using
296:evolutionary radiation
241:
238:H. melpomene melpomene
229:
2938:Lepidoptera of Brazil
1917:Ecological Entomology
804:Heliconius pardalinus
730:cyanogenic glycosides
235:
226:H. melpomene plesseni
219:
2715:Heliconius melpomene
2685:Heliconius melpomene
2647:Encyclopedia of Life
2625:Heliconius melpomene
2523:Heliconius melpomene
2454:Heliconius melpomene
2435:11 July 2010 at the
1839:Heliconius melpomene
1405:Heliconius melpomene
1055:While both sexes of
799:Heliconius melpomene
499:Passiflora oerstedii
419:Heliconius melpomene
246:Heliconius melpomene
222:H. melpomene malleti
156:Heliconius melpomene
39:H.melpomene martinae
16:Species of butterfly
2953:Fauna of the Amazon
2664:at Markku Savela's
2470:2008JCEco..34...82S
2330:(1739): 2769–2776.
2239:1994PNAS...91.6491B
2168:1972PNAS...69.1403G
2117:1973Biotr...5...69E
2058:1977Sci...197..487D
1929:2002EcoEn..27..448E
1857:2007JInsP..53..126E
1745:1978Sci...201..745S
1672:2010PNAS..107.7365Q
1555:1985RSPTB.308..433S
1453:2012PLoSO...736464H
1262:1972PNAS...69.1403G
1182:2008BMCEE...8..324G
871:(southeastern Peru)
810:Heliconius elevatus
2631:2017-02-03 at the
1791:Biological Reviews
1004:possess abdominal
914:(Staudinger, 1894)
880:(western Amazonia)
566:extract important
408:parallel evolution
242:
230:
2905:
2904:
2864:Open Tree of Life
2677:Taxon identifiers
2570:Meyer, A (2006).
2233:(14): 6491–6495.
2052:(4302): 487–490.
1803:10.1111/brv.12357
1739:(4357): 745–747.
1666:(16): 7365–7370.
1549:(1137): 433–613.
1065:sexual dimorphism
1057:H. melpomene
1051:Gustation/tasting
1040:H. melpomene
1002:H. melpomene
990:H. melpomene
986:H. melpomene
969:
960:
951:
950:(Ménétriés, 1847)
942:
934:(Central America)
933:
932:(Boisduval, 1870)
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
823:H. melpomene
797:Hybridisation of
793:Hybrid speciation
783:H. melpomene
772:H. melpomene
764:H. melpomene
736:Communal roosting
726:H. melpomene
710:MĂĽllerian mimicry
630:H. melpomene
617:H. melpomene
601:H. melpomene
572:H. melpomene
494:H. melpomene
463:H. melpomene
459:H. melpomene
455:mitochondrial DNA
404:H. melpomene
369:H. melpomene
361:H. melpomene
353:H. melpomene
304:H. melpomene
292:H. melpomene
288:MĂĽllerian mimicry
251:postman butterfly
214:
213:
208:
200:Papilio melpomene
138:H. melpomene
2970:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2672:
2654:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2566:
2556:
2546:
2506:
2505:
2449:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2377:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2250:
2221:Heliconius erato
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2179:
2162:(6): 1403–1407.
2143:
2137:
2136:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1984:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1730:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1647:
1638:
1631:Heliconius erato
1626:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1592:(3): 1567–1577.
1573:
1567:
1566:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1399:
1382:
1381:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1324:(8): 3628–3633.
1305:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1256:(6): 1403–1407.
1237:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1193:
1166:cryptic species"
1157:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1085:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
923:(Riffarth, 1907)
922:
913:
904:
895:
887:(Linnaeus, 1758)
886:
877:
869:(Riffarth, 1900)
868:
860:(Hewitson, 1869)
859:
850:
841:
832:
720:Chemical defense
605:
478:Caterpillars of
394:called genomic "
275:10th edition of
203:
158:
55:
54:
33:
21:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2851:Observation.org
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2679:
2633:Wayback Machine
2620:
2569:
2537:(2): e1000794.
2518:
2515:
2513:Further reading
2510:
2509:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2437:Wayback Machine
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2125:10.2307/2989656
2102:
2101:
2097:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2016:
1975:(7): e1003620.
1962:
1961:
1954:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1627:
1623:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1239:
1238:
1225:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1136:female, ventral
1131:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1106:, male, ventral
1101:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1061:taste receptors
1053:
1036:
1031:
1022:antiaphrodisiac
998:
982:
977:
938:H. m. thelxiope
905:(Stichel, 1899)
884:H. m. melpomene
848:H. m. amaryllis
819:
795:
760:
755:
746:communal roosts
738:
722:
685:
680:
651:
626:
613:
603:
591:species. While
585:
544:
539:
529:for studies of
476:
471:
447:
423:Central America
416:
388:linkage mapping
331:
277:Systema Naturae
171:
160:
154:
141:
49:
24:Common postman
17:
12:
11:
5:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2720:
2705:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2655:
2639:
2619:
2618:External links
2616:
2615:
2614:
2567:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2456:Butterflies".
2441:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2367:
2307:
2280:
2209:
2138:
2095:
2036:
2014:
1952:
1923:(4): 448–456.
1896:
1851:(2): 126–131.
1824:
1797:(1): 555–573.
1774:
1705:
1639:
1621:
1568:
1541:butterflies".
1529:
1502:(6): 559–564.
1486:
1423:
1383:
1377:978-0292719668
1376:
1355:
1295:
1223:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1134:H. m. penelope
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:female, dorsal
1119:H. m. penelope
1117:
1110:
1108:
1104:H. m. penelope
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:, male, dorsal
1089:H. m. penelope
1087:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1052:
1049:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
997:
994:
981:
980:Mate searching
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
965:H. m. xenoclea
962:
959:(Butler, 1865)
956:H. m. vulcanus
953:
944:
935:
926:
920:H. m. plesseni
917:
911:H. m. penelope
908:
899:
896:(Turner, 1967)
890:
881:
872:
866:H. m. euryades
863:
854:
845:
836:
821:Subspecies of
818:
815:
794:
791:
759:
756:
754:
751:
737:
734:
721:
718:
684:
681:
679:
676:
650:
647:
634:chemoreceptors
625:
622:
612:
609:
584:
581:
543:
540:
538:
535:
475:
472:
470:
469:Food resources
467:
446:
443:
421:is found from
415:
412:
330:
327:
255:common postman
212:
211:
195:
194:
188:
187:
178:
177:
173:
172:
161:
150:
149:
143:
142:
135:
133:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2975:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
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2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
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2916:
2915:
2913:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
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2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2530:PLOS Genetics
2526:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
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2471:
2467:
2463:
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2438:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
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2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:PLOS Genetics
1966:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
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1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
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1858:
1854:
1850:
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1820:
1816:
1812:
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1796:
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1788:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:PLOS Genetics
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:(5): e36464.
1446:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:spermatophore
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
991:
987:
979:
974:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
947:H. m. vicinus
945:
939:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
893:H. m. meriana
891:
885:
882:
878:(Lamas, 1988)
876:
875:H. m. malleti
873:
867:
864:
858:
857:H. m. cythera
855:
849:
846:
840:
839:H. m. amandus
837:
831:
830:H. m. aglaope
828:
827:
826:
824:
816:
814:
812:
811:
806:
805:
800:
792:
790:
788:
784:
779:
778:
777:H. cydno
773:
769:
765:
758:Hybridization
757:
752:
750:
747:
743:
735:
733:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:
693:H. erato
689:
682:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
640:
635:
631:
623:
621:
618:
611:Parental care
610:
608:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
573:
569:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
473:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
437:species, and
436:
432:
428:
427:South America
424:
420:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:H. erato
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:South America
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
365:H. erato
362:
358:
357:H. erato
354:
350:
349:H. erato
346:
345:
344:H. erato
340:
336:
328:
326:
323:
319:
315:
313:
312:hybridization
309:
305:
301:
298:of the genus
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
283:H. erato
279:
278:
272:
271:Carl Linnaeus
268:
267:South America
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
239:
234:
228:- dorsal side
227:
223:
218:
210:
206:
201:
196:
193:
189:
186:
185:
179:
174:
169:
165:
159:
157:
151:
148:
147:Binomial name
144:
140:
139:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2684:
2665:
2659:
2645:
2624:
2584:(10): e341.
2581:
2577:PLOS Biology
2575:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2464:(1): 82–93.
2461:
2457:
2453:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2327:
2323:
2296:(1): 65–73.
2293:
2289:
2283:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2212:
2159:
2155:
2152:Butterflies"
2149:
2141:
2111:(2): 69–82.
2108:
2104:
2098:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2030:
1972:
1968:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1589:
1585:
1582:butterflies"
1579:
1571:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1444:
1440:
1437:butterflies"
1434:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:
1404:
1367:
1321:
1317:
1314:butterflies"
1311:
1253:
1249:
1246:butterflies"
1243:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1133:
1118:
1103:
1088:
1068:
1056:
1054:
1039:
1037:
1014:nuptial gift
1001:
999:
989:
985:
983:
964:
955:
946:
937:
929:H. m. rosina
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
822:
820:
808:
802:
798:
796:
786:
782:
775:
771:
763:
761:
741:
739:
725:
723:
701:
698:H. melpomene
697:
691:
687:
686:
672:H. melpomene
671:
667:
664:H. melpomene
663:
658:
655:H. melpomene
654:
653:The eggs of
652:
642:
639:H. melpomene
638:
629:
627:
616:
614:
600:
588:
586:
576:
571:
547:
545:
527:model system
522:
518:
513:
509:
503:
497:
493:
487:
479:
477:
474:Caterpillars
462:
458:
448:
439:H. melpomene
438:
434:
418:
417:
403:
399:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
332:
317:
316:
303:
299:
291:
281:
276:
273:in his 1758
258:
254:
250:
245:
244:
243:
237:
225:
221:
199:
198:
181:
155:
153:
137:
136:
124:
38:
18:
2799:iNaturalist
2709:Wikispecies
2662:Kluk, 1780"
2430:Heliconiini
968:(Hewitson,
902:H. m. nanna
785:with other
744:form large
706:aposematism
624:Oviposition
589:Lepidoptera
583:Pollination
568:amino acids
554:as well as
531:coevolution
453:(AFLP) and
339:aposematism
329:Description
322:ultraviolet
176:Subspecies
114:Nymphalidae
104:Lepidoptera
41:, Colombia
2918:Heliconius
2912:Categories
2660:Heliconius
2150:Heliconius
2105:Biotropica
1911:Heliconius
1787:Passiflora
1724:Passiflora
1720:Heliconius
1654:Heliconius
1580:Heliconius
1539:Heliconius
1435:Heliconius
1312:Heliconius
1244:Heliconius
1176:(1): 324.
1164:Heliconius
1142:References
1069:Passiflora
1029:Physiology
941:(HĂĽbner, )
817:Subspecies
787:Heliconius
768:hybridizes
766:sometimes
742:Heliconius
668:Heliconius
659:Passiflora
649:Life cycle
643:Passiflora
577:Heliconius
548:Heliconius
523:Passiflora
519:Heliconius
514:Heliconius
510:Passiflora
489:Passiflora
480:Heliconius
435:Heliconius
320:possesses
308:speciation
300:Heliconius
257:or simply
182:Many, see
125:Heliconius
84:Arthropoda
2486:0098-0331
2390:3 October
2344:0962-8452
2074:0036-8075
1991:1553-7404
1873:0022-1910
1524:205002587
1416:6 October
1200:1471-2148
1018:pheromone
916:(Bolivia)
898:(Guianas)
844:(Bolivia)
825:include:
597:proboscis
484:monophagy
335:forewings
132:Species:
70:Kingdom:
64:Eukaryota
2825:LepIndex
2817:10271441
2723:BioLib:
2700:Q2697054
2694:Wikidata
2629:Archived
2610:17048984
2563:20140188
2502:22090974
2494:18080165
2433:Archived
2385:ProQuest
2362:22438492
2204:16591992
2090:46098536
2082:17783249
2009:23950722
1947:84938497
1913:species"
1891:17210163
1819:23953807
1811:28901723
1769:35030853
1761:17750235
1700:20368448
1616:18791259
1586:Genetics
1516:19135357
1481:22586474
1441:PLOS ONE
1350:20133601
1290:16591992
1218:19040737
1059:possess
1006:claspers
753:Genetics
702:H. erato
645:plants.
593:foraging
563:protease
396:hotspots
205:Linnaeus
192:Synonyms
184:genetics
164:Linnaeus
110:Family:
80:Phylum:
74:Animalia
60:Domain:
2890:ZooBank
2791:1900303
2644:at the
2635:at the
2601:1617347
2554:2816687
2466:Bibcode
2353:3367783
2275:8022810
2257:2364999
2235:Bibcode
2164:Bibcode
2133:2989656
2113:Bibcode
2054:Bibcode
2046:Science
2000:3732137
1925:Bibcode
1882:4412925
1853:Bibcode
1741:Bibcode
1733:Science
1691:2867687
1668:Bibcode
1607:2581958
1551:Bibcode
1472:3346731
1449:Bibcode
1341:2840532
1258:Bibcode
1209:2632674
1178:Bibcode
1075:Gallery
1071:plant.
683:Mimicry
628:Female
445:Origins
380:Central
263:Central
259:postman
120:Genus:
100:Order:
94:Insecta
90:Class:
2869:896444
2856:105237
2830:152733
2804:147200
2778:HELUME
2765:154557
2739:104050
2726:323634
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1034:Vision
975:Mating
604:'s
560:enzyme
556:nectar
552:pollen
537:Adults
376:morphs
249:, the
207:, 1758
2877:Plazi
2843:34740
2812:IRMNG
2752:3K8XY
2498:S2CID
2266:44228
2253:JSTOR
2186:61399
2182:JSTOR
2129:JSTOR
2086:S2CID
1943:S2CID
1815:S2CID
1765:S2CID
1729:(PDF)
1520:S2CID
1000:Male
801:with
492:. In
431:Andes
351:from
2838:NCBI
2786:GBIF
2773:EPPO
2734:BOLD
2606:PMID
2559:PMID
2490:PMID
2482:ISSN
2392:2017
2358:PMID
2340:ISSN
2271:PMID
2200:PMID
2078:PMID
2070:ISSN
2005:PMID
1987:ISSN
1887:PMID
1869:ISSN
1807:PMID
1757:PMID
1722:and
1696:PMID
1612:PMID
1512:PMID
1477:PMID
1418:2017
1372:ISBN
1346:PMID
1286:PMID
1214:PMID
1196:ISSN
774:and
542:Diet
521:and
502:and
402:and
392:loci
382:and
310:and
265:and
224:and
168:1758
2760:EoL
2747:CoL
2596:PMC
2586:doi
2549:PMC
2539:doi
2474:doi
2348:PMC
2332:doi
2328:279
2298:doi
2261:PMC
2243:doi
2190:PMC
2172:doi
2121:doi
2062:doi
2050:197
1995:PMC
1977:doi
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