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Heliocentric coordinate systems measure spatial positions relative to an origin at the Sun's center. There are four systems in use: the heliocentric inertial (HCI) system, the heliocentric Aries ecliptic (HAE) system, the heliocentric Earth ecliptic (HEE) system, and the heliocentric Earth equatorial
189:
Whenever the
Carrington prime meridian (the line of 0° Carrington longitude) passes the Sun's central meridian as seen from Earth, a new Carrington rotation begins. These rotations are numbered sequentially, with Carrington rotation number 1 starting on 9 November 1853.
80:. Since plasma is gaseous in nature, this surface has no permanent demarcated points that can be used for reference. Furthermore, its rate of rotation varies with latitude, rotating faster at the equator than at the
75:
at the center of the Solar System. It lacks a solid or liquid surface, so the interface separating its interior and its exterior is usually defined as the boundary where plasma becomes opaque to visible light, the
138:
Heliographic coordinate systems are used to identify locations on the Sun's surface. The two most commonly used systems are the
Stonyhurst and Carrington systems. They both define
150:. In Stonyhurst coordinates, the longitude is fixed for an observer on Earth, and, in Carrington coordinates, the longitude is fixed for the Sun's rotation.
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in the 1800s, has its origin (where longitude and latitude are both 0°) at the point where the solar equator intersects the
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from north at 90° intervals one encounters west, south, and east, and the direction of solar rotation is from east to west.
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in 1863, rotates with the Sun at a fixed rate based on the observed rotation of low-latitude sunspots. It rotates with a
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31:
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are typically defined so that the Sun's northern and southern hemispheres point toward Earth's northern and southern
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199:(HEEQ) system. They are summarized in the following table. The third axis not presented in the table completes a
661:
718:
569:Çakmak, H. (November 2014). "Computer-aided measurement of the heliographic coordinates of sunspot groups".
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solar meridian as seen from Earth. Longitude in this system is therefore fixed for observers on Earth.
122:, respectively, and the Sun's eastern and western hemispheres point toward Earth's eastern and western
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491:
Sánchez-Bajo, F.; Vaquero, J. M. (1 May 2013). "Measuring solar rotation from digital camera images".
801:
759:
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Thompson, W. T.; Wei, K. (January 2010). "Use of the FITS World
Coordinate System by STEREO/SECCHI".
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in the top-left corner: north is up (↑), west is right (→), south is down (↓), and east is left (←).
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Ulrich, Roger K.; Boyden, John E. (May 2006). "Carrington
Coordinates and Solar Maps".
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537:. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library (2nd ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
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Intersection between solar equator and solar central meridian as seen from Earth
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are used to identify and communicate locations on and around the
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The
Carrington heliographic coordinate system, established by
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The
Stonyhurst heliographic coordinate system, developed at
835:, a sub-package of SunPy used to handle solar coordinates
745:"Space physics coordinate transformations: A user guide"
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of exactly 25.38 days, which corresponds to a mean
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from the solar equator, but differ in how they define
841:, a table of Carrington rotation start and stop times
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30:"Heliographic" redirects here. For other uses, see
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106:, the cardinal directions are indicated by a
8:
428:. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 128–129.
400:"Why are east and west on the sun reversed?"
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314:
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398:Young, C. Alex; Cortés, Raúl (3 May 2022).
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462:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
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323:"Coordinate systems for solar image data"
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27:Methods to identify locations on the Sun
785:Fränz, M.; Harper, D. (February 2002).
426:Observing the Sun: A Pocket Field Guide
308:
207:Common heliocentric coordinate systems
94:Cardinal directions § In astronomy
658:"Solar-Terrestrial Coordinate Systems"
7:
617:Observations of the spots on the sun
468:10.1093/acref/9780191851193.001.0001
839:MTOF/PM Data by Carrington Rotation
114:In observations of the solar disk,
25:
787:"Heliospheric coordinate systems"
719:"Heliocentric coordinate systems"
723:Mullard Space Science Laboratory
232:Solar ascending node on ecliptic
126:, respectively. In this scheme,
71:The Sun is a rotating sphere of
860:Astronomical coordinate systems
620:. London: Williams and Norgate.
321:Thompson, W. T. (April 2006).
292:Astronomical coordinate system
1:
814:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00119-2
772:10.1016/0032-0633(92)90012-D
327:Astronomy & Astrophysics
201:right-handed Cartesian triad
794:Planetary and Space Science
752:Planetary and Space Science
743:Hapgood, M. A. (May 1992).
717:Hapgood, Mike (July 1997).
493:European Journal of Physics
256:Heliocentric Earth ecliptic
240:Heliocentric Aries ecliptic
102:In this image of the Sun's
32:Heliograph (disambiguation)
876:
636:National Solar Observatory
614:Carrington, R. C. (1863).
513:10.1088/0143-0807/34/3/527
456:"heliographic coordinates"
454:Ridpath, Ian, ed. (2018).
424:Jenkins, Jamey L. (2013).
347:10.1051/0004-6361:20054262
297:Ecliptic coordinate system
270:Heliocentric Earth equator
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704:10.1007/s11207-009-9476-9
601:10.1007/s10686-014-9410-5
543:10.1007/978-3-642-56042-2
460:A Dictionary of Astronomy
385:10.1007/s11207-006-0041-5
662:Wilcox Solar Observatory
533:The Sun: An Introduction
806:2002P&SS...50..217F
764:1992P&SS...40..711H
339:2006A&A...449..791T
571:Experimental Astronomy
529:Stix, Michael (2002).
279:Solar rotational axis
235:Solar rotational axis
186:of 27.2753 days.
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226:Heliocentric inertial
176:Richard C. Carrington
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65:Further information:
53:. The Sun is made of
18:Heliographic latitude
265:Ecliptic north pole
251:Ecliptic north pole
247:First point of Aries
696:2010SoPh..261..215T
593:2014ExA....38...77C
505:2013EJPh...34..527S
377:2006SoPh..235...17U
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116:cardinal directions
88:Cardinal directions
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160:Stonyhurst College
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47:coordinate systems
832:sunpy.coordinates
552:978-3-642-56042-2
477:978-0-19-185119-3
435:978-1-4614-8015-0
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170:Carrington system
154:Stonyhurst system
39:solar observation
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215:Abbreviation
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134:Heliographic
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108:compass rose
104:chromosphere
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728:21 December
667:21 December
642:21 December
78:photosphere
849:Categories
303:References
92:See also:
61:Background
584:1407.1626
148:longitude
128:clockwise
404:EarthSky
286:See also
221:+Z-axis
140:latitude
124:horizons
802:Bibcode
760:Bibcode
692:Bibcode
589:Bibcode
501:Bibcode
373:Bibcode
335:Bibcode
218:+X-axis
164:central
142:as the
43:imaging
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409:17 May
73:plasma
55:plasma
790:(PDF)
748:(PDF)
579:arXiv
82:poles
730:2023
669:2023
644:2023
547:ISBN
472:ISBN
430:ISBN
411:2024
273:HEEQ
212:Name
41:and
855:Sun
810:doi
768:doi
700:doi
688:261
597:doi
539:doi
509:doi
464:doi
381:doi
369:235
343:doi
331:449
259:HEE
243:HAE
229:HCI
51:Sun
37:In
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