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268:, blocks were cut long and flat. Masons intentionally used a style of untrimming to give a stylistic effect common in Greek cities. In all fortification walls, one continuous idea was all walls were kept relatively low, but powerful from the use of small bricks or ashlar blocks. It was not economically effective to create extra-tall or extra-thick walls, when the strength in the stone would provide sufficient defenses. Walls were only made as tall or as thick as they were needed. Generally, fortifications were simple in design, as their purpose was to defend, not to necessarily look pretty. However, Chersonesos offers a unique example of Greeks emphasizing aesthetics over what was most economical or defensible.
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202:, therefore architectural methods and styles of the Milesians were used. But, in these same colonies, there was a sense of needing to legitimize their "Greekness". New rulers wanted to prove that they were just as Greek as cities in mainland Greece. Therefore, many elements found in traditional Greek fortification walls were also seen in colonies far from the mainland.
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134:, Caria. Original construction had the citadel connected in the city walls. A later construction purposefully brought the citadel outside the city defense fortifications, and away from the city center. This has been hypothesized as a decision to further protect the city, by keeping a potential military target away from the city.
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At the start of the
Hellenistic Period, towers were incorporated into the fortification walls. Later, there was a shift to towers being constructed separate from the wall system. Circular or multi-angled towers would have been more difficult to incorporate into the flat-walled architecture. They were
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Therefore, it was common to see Greek establishments at naturally defensible locations such as mountains and rivers. These natural barriers sometimes prevented the need to build fortifications. Choosing geography as a means of defense only increased during the
Hellenistic period with the development
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Towers provided a variety of purposes for the Greeks. They were a place to store military supplies and provide lookouts out over the fortification walls. In the
Hellenistic Period, there was a shift in the construction and placement of towers. This is due to the increasing necessity to have what
94:, to ensure the safety of the most important part of Greek society—their sacred space. The extent to which the defensive walls protected only the city-center, or spread into the countryside, varied. The intensity of defense measures depended on a city's vulnerability and likelihood of attack.
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In the
Hellenistic period, the use of ashlar block style masonry developed. Here, blocks were evenly cut small and rectangular, to create the strongest individual block, creating stronger walls and towers. These construction projects were largely financed from public funds, rather than from
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controlled territories from Egypt to India. Over time, being "Greek" became less of a geographic locator, and more a representation of personal cultural ties. Therefore architecture built during this time developed both a mix of standard Greek elements and local styles.
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walls, towers, and gates. The expansion of their territory created the need for new fortifications for new settlements. This, combined with developing military technology, led to changes in style of architecture specific to the
Hellenistic Period.
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The buildup of new cities required the build up of fortification walls. Fortification walls served multiple purposes. They served as a means of protection from invasion and as markers of territory. Walls were first constructed around the city's
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Hellenistic fortifications were built out of a variety of materials. The materials largely depended on what could be sourced locally. This provided the cheapest, most abundant option. Most common were
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would be the strongest defensive line. Prior to the
Hellenistic Period, towers were largely simple, single-storied square buildings. Due to advances in military technology this style of tower changed.
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Colonies created during the
Hellenistic period had a mix of Greek and indigenous styles of architecture. A majority of settlements around the Black Sea were founded by
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of colonies. When specifically looking to where to build a new city, rulers chose locations with defense in mind. An example of this can be seen at
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A comparative study of ancient Greek city walls in North-Western Black Sea during the
Classical and Hellenistic times
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Caraher, William R.; Gregory, Timothy E. (2006). "Fortifications of Mount Oneion, Corinthia".
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La
Fortification et Sa Place dans l'Histoire Politique, Culturelle et Sociale du Monde Grec
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Konecny, Andreas L.; Ruggendorfer, Peter (2014). "Alinda in Karia: The
Fortifications".
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Ducrey, P (1982). "Les fortifications Grecques: Rôle, function, efficacite".
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Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
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in the eastern Mediterranean and into West Asia (323 - ca. 30
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also separated due to their vulnerability to attack.
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361:(Thesis). International Hellenic University.
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138:Materials and construction
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278:Hellenistic armies
166:block masonry and
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473:: 211–212.
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284:References
224:to readers
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200:Milesians
180:Black Sea
172:limestone
168:mud-brick
104:Corinthia
92:Acropolis
517:Category
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272:See also
242:May 2024
176:Mudbrick
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220:may be
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112:Maritsa
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