2472:
1480:
195:
38:
2458:
1466:
181:
55:
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of
Swedish in Knowledge (XXG) articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without
2578:
2523:
3208:
Consonants always tend to geminate after a stressed short vowel in Sweden
Swedish. In Finland, this is not always true and between vowels usually only happens when the short vowel is followed by an orthographic
865:
739:
3136:
1587:
567:
3075:
2651:
2043:
2003:
1724:
1027:
584:
2112:
2073:
1957:
1788:
1642:
1335:
637:
298:
1195:
654:
619:
601:
2950:
3028:
2169:
1295:
722:
281:
4153:
2367:
2284:
2151:
1921:
1838:
1742:
1605:
1514:
988:
705:
397:
264:
2407:
2321:
2238:
1875:
1678:
1551:
1246:
1146:
1097:
1062:
939:
904:
816:
781:
550:
506:
471:
436:
345:
220:
4210:
4189:
2908:. Instead, are compressed, while only are protruded in Finland. This makes Finland Swedish and sound closer to Sweden Swedish and , which are also
131:
45:
1087:
141:, and the Finland one on Helsinki pronunciation. Recordings and example transcriptions in this help are in Sweden Swedish, unless otherwise noted.
2228:
3286:
2748:, they are , , , , . In Finland Swedish, retroflexion might only occur in some varieties, especially among young speakers and in fast speech.
2348:
2265:
1819:
4163:
841:
2858:
are lowered to open-mid and . For simplicity, no distinction is made between the mid and the open-mid , with both being transcribed as ⟨
1378:
2196:
1185:
254:
245:
3342:
4158:
3249:
3232:
855:
806:
4148:
1218:
540:
3351:
3302:
2102:
1778:
1668:
1632:
1577:
426:
119:
76:
49:
2063:
1947:
1769:
1705:
3428:
1993:
1171:
3590:
2033:
1495:
1405:
1325:
1136:
2397:
2311:
2141:
1902:
1865:
1828:
1271:
496:
3501:
1052:
695:
126:
pronunciations in
Knowledge (XXG) articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Knowledge (XXG) articles, see
4022:
3967:
3837:
3618:
3560:
2357:
2132:
1984:
1714:
1541:
1504:
3226:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
3957:
3715:
3613:
3481:
3406:
3401:
3391:
2274:
1285:
1236:
373:
3122:
The distinction between compressed and protruded is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
3056:
The distinction between compressed and protruded is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
4077:
3962:
3660:
3645:
771:
335:
210:
3877:
3852:
3787:
3575:
3516:
3423:
3396:
3335:
3184:
3039:
2993:
2929:
2925:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2770:
2758:
2745:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2632:
2599:
2552:
2493:
2486:
2471:
1911:
1805:
1479:
1316:
1008:
964:
885:
417:
194:
72:
3260:"Vokalerna i finlandssvenska: En instrumentell analys och ett försök till systematisering enligt särdrag"
57:
4184:
4107:
1280:
1180:
973:
929:
894:
850:
387:
382:
61:
3196:
1412:
86:
3907:
3832:
3635:
3553:
3506:
3433:
2997:
2909:
2792:
1216:
461:
2966:. Some cases involve resyllabification caused by retroflexion, which makes the syllable open, as in
4092:
3917:
3867:
3792:
3777:
3511:
3443:
3259:
2803:. At the beginning of a syllable, it can also be pronounced as a fricative , similar to in English
2796:
2737:
2659:
1312:
1212:
1004:
978:
881:
413:
2795:) in virtually all dialects (most consistently in Finland), but in South Swedish dialects, it is
4072:
3952:
3882:
3847:
3807:
3690:
3675:
3670:
3623:
3565:
3496:
3463:
3368:
3162:
3105:
3093:
2774:
2515:
1017:
4087:
4057:
3972:
3947:
3932:
3822:
3797:
3772:
3722:
3650:
3640:
3605:
3600:
3570:
3523:
3491:
3418:
3413:
3373:
3328:
3283:
3246:
3229:
145:
4117:
4097:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4027:
4017:
4012:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3942:
3937:
3927:
3922:
3902:
3887:
3857:
3827:
3812:
3782:
3767:
3742:
3710:
3695:
3585:
3548:
3538:
3476:
3468:
3448:
3378:
2905:
2705:
2702:
2617:
1121:
671:
149:
138:
123:
3199:
rather than other
Finland Swedish varieties, but the pitch accent is still largely missing.
4127:
4122:
4042:
3977:
3912:
3897:
3872:
3862:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3727:
3655:
3595:
3580:
3533:
3458:
3453:
3438:
3386:
3363:
3060:
2901:
2778:
2437:
2979:
appears only in open syllables. In some cases, is the only possible realization, as in
4132:
4112:
4102:
4082:
4037:
4032:
4002:
3842:
3802:
3762:
3732:
3700:
3685:
3665:
3630:
3543:
3528:
3320:
3180:
2785:
4204:
4047:
3892:
3817:
3680:
3191:
is always pronounced as regardless of its meaning. The variety of
Swedish spoken in
23:
3757:
3705:
2862:⟩. Note that younger speakers use lower allophones (which they tend to merge with
127:
3153:) than to German compressed , and it is very close to Norwegian protruded (as in
2784:
when articulated clearly or in slow or formal speech; in normal speech, usually a
2606:
2741:
2533:
1422:
3179:
Finland
Swedish, as well as a few accents of Mainland Sweden, have a simple
160:
3145:
Sweden
Swedish protruded sounds more similar to English unrounded (as in
3084:
Sweden
Swedish protruded sounds more similar to English unrounded (as in
3125:
Sweden
Swedish compressed sounds very close to German compressed (as in
4179:
3192:
2639:
2541:
531:
68:
17:
3187:⟩) rather than a contrastive pitch accent. In such accents, a word like
2838:, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: the unrounded vowels
132:
Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters
2924:
and are the Sweden Swedish unstressed allophones of a single phoneme
2709:
2457:
1465:
180:
3315:
1445:
1385:
3324:
32:
2846:
are lowered to and (except certain instances of unstressed
3195:
usually resembles phonetically speaking the dialects of the
2773:
varies considerably in different dialects: it is pronounced
137:
The Sweden pronunciation is based primarily on Central
101:
94:
3228:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,
3092:) than to German compressed , and it is very close to
4172:
4141:
152:for a more thorough look at the sounds of Swedish.
3273:, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: 240–249
150:Swedish alphabet § Sound–spelling correspondences
3175:
3173:
3059:Sweden Swedish compressed sounds very close to
2712:process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of
3118:
3116:
3052:
3050:
3013:In other cases, is in free variation with so
2912:, rather than to their respective counterparts.
115:Knowledge (XXG) key to pronunciation of Swedish
2896:
2894:
2892:
67:For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3336:
3241:Hedelin, Per; Elert, Claes-Christian (1997),
3014:
3001:
2980:
2967:
2957:
2937:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
52:transcriptions of Swedish on Knowledge (XXG).
8:
2761:varies regionally and is sometimes , , or .
2740:realisations: , , , , . In dialects with a
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
77:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3343:
3329:
3321:
2956:) but also in some open syllables, as in
4159:Knowledge (XXG) pronunciation respelling
2920:
2918:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2435:
1443:
1358:
158:
4164:Other English pronunciation respellings
2936:is used in all closed syllables (as in
2685:
2477:
1485:
325:
200:
2463:
1471:
317:
186:
3161:
3104:
2701:In many of the dialects that have an
120:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
7:
4211:International Phonetic Alphabet help
3035:
3224:Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",
2587:falling-rising tone in Gothenburg:
2573:falling-falling tone in Stockholm:
31:
2799:, similar to the Parisian French
2396:
2356:
2347:
2310:
2273:
2264:
2227:
2195:
2140:
2131:
2101:
2062:
2032:
1992:
1983:
1946:
1910:
1901:
1864:
1827:
1818:
1777:
1768:
1713:
1704:
1667:
1631:
1576:
1540:
1503:
1494:
1404:
1377:
1324:
1284:
1279:
1270:
1235:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1135:
1086:
1051:
1016:
977:
972:
963:
928:
893:
854:
849:
840:
805:
770:
694:
539:
530:
495:
460:
425:
386:
381:
372:
334:
253:
244:
209:
2470:
2456:
1478:
1464:
193:
179:
71:. For the distinction between ,
36:
3352:International Phonetic Alphabet
3303:Category:Pages with Swedish IPA
3243:Norstedts svenska uttalslexikon
4190:Manual of Style: Pronunciation
3038::28–9). For simplicity, only ⟨
2591:rising-falling tone in Malmö:
118:The chart below shows how the
1:
4149:IPA conventions for English
3282:, Oxford University Press,
4227:
3267:Studier i nordisk filologi
84:
3359:
2630:
2597:
2491:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2394:
2308:
2225:
2184:
2138:
2099:
2087:
2060:
2018:
1981:
1944:
1862:
1665:
1629:
1574:
1538:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1322:
1233:
1133:
1084:
1049:
1014:
926:
891:
803:
768:
692:
493:
458:
423:
332:
207:
172:
169:
166:
3280:The Phonology of Swedish
2932:is always realized as ):
3258:Reuter, Mikael (1971),
2850:), whereas the rounded
2514:rising-falling tone in
3015:
3002:
2981:
2968:
2958:
2938:
2716:and dental consonants
2569:tone 2 / grave accent:
2510:tone 1 / acute accent:
1458:English approximation
1371:English approximation
173:English approximation
3023:can be pronounced as
4185:For English speakers
3429:Australian languages
3278:Riad, Tomas (2014),
2793:alveolar approximant
2540:falling-low tone in
24:Help:IPA for Swedish
4173:Introductory guides
3063:compressed (as in
2904:vowels, while are
2738:retroflex consonant
2660:geminated consonant
2532:low-rising tone in
2440:
1448:
1361:
687:(varies regionally)
163:
3096:protruded (as in
2436:
1444:
1359:
159:
4198:
4197:
3288:978-0-19-954357-1
3183:(transcribed as ⟨
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2434:
2433:
1440:
1439:
1357:
1356:
146:Swedish phonology
113:
112:
46:pronunciation key
22:(Redirected from
4218:
4154:English dialects
3838:Mauritian Creole
3591:Franco-Provençal
3561:Emilian-Romagnol
3345:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3291:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3237:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3164:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3111:
3107:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3009:
2995:
2991:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2900:In Sweden, are
2898:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2819:
2777:or similarly (a
2772:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2746:Southern Swedish
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2706:rhotic consonant
2699:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2634:
2618:secondary stress
2601:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2554:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2441:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2400:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2360:
2351:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2314:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2277:
2268:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2231:
2199:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2144:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2105:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2036:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
1996:
1987:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1950:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1914:
1905:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1868:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1831:
1822:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1781:
1772:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1717:
1708:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1671:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1544:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1507:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1449:
1408:
1381:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1222:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1020:
1010:
1000:
999:
998:
996:
981:
976:
967:
951:
950:
949:
947:
932:
916:
915:
914:
912:
897:
887:
877:
876:
875:
873:
858:
853:
844:
828:
827:
826:
824:
809:
793:
792:
791:
789:
774:
754:
753:
752:
750:
734:
733:
732:
730:
717:
716:
715:
713:
698:
666:
665:
664:
662:
649:
648:
647:
645:
632:
631:
630:
628:
614:
613:
612:
610:
596:
595:
594:
592:
579:
578:
577:
575:
562:
561:
560:
558:
543:
534:
518:
517:
516:
514:
499:
483:
482:
481:
479:
464:
448:
447:
446:
444:
429:
419:
409:
408:
407:
405:
390:
385:
376:
357:
356:
355:
353:
338:
327:
319:
310:
309:
308:
306:
293:
292:
291:
289:
276:
275:
274:
272:
257:
248:
232:
231:
230:
228:
213:
202:
198:
197:
188:
184:
183:
164:
155:
154:
139:Standard Swedish
104:
97:
74:
40:
39:
33:
27:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4168:
4137:
3958:Scottish Gaelic
3387:Modern Standard
3355:
3349:
3312:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3277:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3240:
3235:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3178:
3171:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3114:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3055:
3048:
3042:⟩ will be used.
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2923:
2916:
2899:
2870:
2833:
2822:
2769:
2765:
2757:Sweden Swedish
2756:
2752:
2700:
2687:
2682:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2602:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2555:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2496:
2489:
2469:
2455:
2438:Suprasegmentals
2408:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2352:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2269:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2200:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2136:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1988:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1906:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1823:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1709:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1499:
1477:
1463:
1409:
1382:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1275:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1224:, somewhat like
1196:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1175:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
989:
987:
986:
985:
982:
968:
940:
938:
937:
936:
933:
905:
903:
902:
901:
898:
866:
864:
863:
862:
859:
845:
817:
815:
814:
813:
810:
782:
780:
779:
778:
775:
740:
738:
737:
736:
723:
721:
720:
719:
706:
704:
703:
702:
699:
655:
653:
652:
651:
638:
636:
635:
634:
620:
618:
617:
616:
602:
600:
599:
598:
585:
583:
582:
581:
568:
566:
565:
564:
551:
549:
548:
547:
544:
535:
507:
505:
504:
503:
500:
472:
470:
469:
468:
465:
437:
435:
434:
433:
430:
398:
396:
395:
394:
391:
377:
346:
344:
343:
342:
339:
299:
297:
296:
295:
282:
280:
279:
278:
265:
263:
262:
261:
258:
249:
221:
219:
218:
217:
214:
192:
178:
116:
109:
108:
107:
100:
93:
89:
80:
65:
37:
29:
28:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:Serbo-Croatian
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Haitian Creole
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3310:External links
3308:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3275:
3269:(in Swedish),
3255:
3250:
3238:
3233:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3181:primary stress
3169:
3167:
3166:
3143:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3082:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3011:
2977:
2933:
2914:
2868:
2820:
2763:
2750:
2708:, a recursive
2684:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2657:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2467:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2017:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1802:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1475:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1290:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1209:
1190:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1120:somewhat like
1110:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1001:
983:
971:
969:
962:
959:
958:
952:
934:
927:
924:
923:
917:
899:
892:
889:
888:
878:
860:
848:
846:
839:
836:
835:
829:
811:
804:
801:
800:
794:
776:
769:
766:
765:
755:
700:
693:
690:
689:
670:somewhat like
667:
545:
538:
536:
529:
526:
525:
519:
501:
494:
491:
490:
484:
466:
459:
456:
455:
449:
431:
424:
421:
420:
410:
392:
380:
378:
371:
368:
367:
358:
340:
333:
330:
329:
311:
259:
252:
250:
243:
240:
239:
233:
215:
208:
205:
204:
190:
175:
174:
171:
168:
114:
111:
110:
106:
105:
98:
90:
85:
83:
81:
66:
54:
41:
30:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4223:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Northern Thai
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Luxembourgish
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3251:91-1-971122-0
3248:
3245:, Norstedts,
3244:
3239:
3236:
3234:0-521-63751-1
3231:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2764:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:'the spirit'
2563:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2424:somewhat like
2422:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:somewhat like
2382:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:somewhat like
2082:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:somewhat like
2013:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
994:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
961:
960:
956:
953:
948:
946:
944:
935:
931:
925:
921:
918:
913:
911:
909:
900:
896:
890:
884:
883:
879:
874:
872:
871:
861:
857:
852:
847:
843:
838:
837:
833:
830:
825:
823:
821:
812:
808:
802:
798:
795:
790:
788:
786:
777:
773:
767:
763:
759:
756:
751:
749:
748:
744:
731:
729:
727:
714:
712:
710:
701:
697:
691:
688:
684:
681:
678:
674:
673:
668:
663:
661:
659:
646:
644:
642:
629:
627:
625:
611:
609:
607:
593:
591:
589:
576:
574:
572:
559:
557:
555:
546:
542:
537:
533:
528:
527:
523:
520:
515:
513:
511:
502:
498:
492:
488:
485:
480:
478:
476:
467:
463:
457:
453:
450:
445:
443:
441:
432:
428:
422:
416:
415:
411:
406:
404:
403:
393:
389:
384:
379:
375:
370:
369:
366:
362:
359:
354:
352:
350:
341:
337:
331:
323:
315:
312:
307:
305:
303:
290:
288:
286:
273:
271:
269:
260:
256:
251:
247:
242:
241:
237:
234:
229:
227:
225:
216:
212:
206:
203:
196:
191:
189:
182:
177:
176:
165:
162:
157:
156:
153:
151:
147:
142:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
103:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
82:
78:
70:
63:
59:
56:establishing
53:
51:
47:
42:
35:
34:
25:
19:
4108:West Frisian
4007:
3576:Extremaduran
3279:
3270:
3266:
3242:
3225:
3217:Bibliography
3204:
3197:Uppland area
3188:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3127:
3126:
3099:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3066:
3064:
3017:
3004:
2987:
2983:
2970:
2960:
2940:
2866:into ) and .
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2788:
2781:
2766:
2753:
2665:
2663:
2641:
2638:
2622:
2621:
2608:
2605:
2559:
2558:
2500:
2499:
2476:
2462:
2450:Explanation
2427:
2423:
2411:
2409:
2387:
2383:
2371:
2369:
2338:
2325:
2323:
2301:
2288:
2286:
2255:
2242:
2240:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2186:
2173:
2171:
2155:
2153:
2116:
2114:
2092:
2088:
2076:
2075:
2047:
2045:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2005:
1974:
1961:
1959:
1937:
1925:
1923:
1892:
1879:
1877:
1855:
1842:
1840:
1810:
1804:
1792:
1790:
1759:
1746:
1744:
1728:
1726:
1695:
1682:
1680:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1622:
1609:
1607:
1591:
1589:
1568:
1555:
1553:
1531:
1518:
1516:
1484:
1470:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1360:Rare sounds
1350:
1338:
1337:
1311:
1299:
1297:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1226:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1197:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1100:
1099:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1043:
1031:
1029:
1003:
992:
990:
954:
942:
941:
919:
907:
906:
880:
869:
867:
831:
819:
818:
796:
784:
783:
761:
757:
746:
742:
741:
725:
724:
708:
707:
686:
682:
679:
676:
669:
657:
656:
640:
639:
623:
621:
605:
603:
587:
586:
570:
569:
553:
552:
521:
509:
508:
486:
474:
473:
451:
439:
438:
412:
401:
399:
364:
360:
348:
347:
321:
313:
301:
300:
284:
283:
267:
266:
235:
223:
222:
199:
185:
143:
136:
128:Template:IPA
117:
75:and ⟨⟩, see
44:This is the
43:
4142:Comparisons
3908:Piedmontese
3833:Marshallese
3636:Greenlandic
3554:Old English
3434:Azerbaijani
2996:appears in
2507:'the duck'
122:represents
4093:Vietnamese
3918:Portuguese
3868:Neapolitan
3793:Macedonian
3778:Lithuanian
3686:Indonesian
3444:Belarusian
2992:, or when
2928:(stressed
2906:compressed
2744:, such as
2742:guttural R
2534:Gothenburg
161:Consonants
4073:Ukrainian
3953:Sardinian
3883:Norwegian
3853:Mirandese
3848:Mongolian
3808:Malayalam
3691:Inuktitut
3676:Icelandic
3671:Hungarian
3624:Colognian
3619:Alemannic
3566:Esperanto
3497:Cantonese
3464:Bulgarian
3369:Afrikaans
3209:geminate.
3094:Norwegian
3036:Riad 2014
2902:protruded
2640:Helsingfo
2516:Stockholm
2447:Examples
1455:Examples
1368:Examples
1313:retroflex
1213:retroflex
1005:retroflex
882:retroflex
414:retroflex
170:Examples
87:Shortcuts
62:talk page
58:consensus
4205:Category
4088:Venetian
4058:Tigrinya
3973:Sicilian
3948:Sanskrit
3933:Romanian
3798:Malagasy
3773:Ligurian
3723:Japanese
3651:Hawaiian
3641:Gujarati
3614:Standard
3606:Georgian
3601:Galician
3571:Estonian
3524:Corsican
3492:Mandarin
3488:Chinese
3477:Standard
3473:Catalan
3424:Asturian
3419:Assamese
3414:Armenian
3407:Tunisian
3402:Lebanese
3392:Egyptian
3374:Albanian
3297:See also
3000:, as in
2775:alveolar
2736:produce
2625:tonation
2620:, as in
1122:American
1113:Scottish
672:Scottish
95:H:IPA-SV
69:Help:IPA
18:Help:IPA
4180:Symbols
4118:Yiddish
4098:Walloon
4068:Turkmen
4063:Turkish
4053:Tibetan
4023:Tai Lue
4018:Tagalog
4013:Sylheti
4008:Swedish
3998:Swahili
3993:Spanish
3988:Sorbian
3983:Slovene
3943:Russian
3938:Romansh
3928:Quechua
3923:Punjabi
3903:Persian
3888:Occitan
3858:Nahuatl
3828:Marathi
3813:Maltese
3783:Lombard
3768:Latvian
3743:Kurdish
3716:Central
3711:Italian
3696:Inupiaq
3610:German
3586:Finnish
3549:English
3502:Hokkien
3482:Insular
3469:Burmese
3449:Bengali
3383:Arabic
3379:Amharic
3305:(1,606)
2910:fronted
2854:() and
2834:Before
2779:trilled
1424:Bratisl
124:Swedish
102:H:IPASV
60:on the
4128:Zhuang
4123:Yoruba
4043:Telugu
3978:Slovak
3913:Polish
3898:Pashto
3873:Nepali
3863:Navajo
3753:Lakota
3748:Kyrgyz
3738:Korean
3728:Kazakh
3656:Hebrew
3596:French
3581:Fijian
3534:Danish
3459:Breton
3454:Berber
3439:Basque
3397:Hejazi
3364:Adyghe
3061:German
2998:hiatus
2973:rtisan
2797:uvular
2791:or an
2786:tapped
2710:sandhi
2703:apical
1446:Vowels
745:ötebor
64:first.
4113:Xhosa
4103:Welsh
4083:Uzbek
4038:Tatar
4033:Tamil
4028:Tajik
4003:Swazi
3843:Mayan
3823:Māori
3803:Malay
3763:Latin
3733:Khmer
3701:Irish
3666:Hmong
3661:Hindi
3631:Greek
3544:Dutch
3529:Czech
3517:Xiang
3316:Lexin
3263:(PDF)
3193:Åland
3189:anden
3034:or (
2963:sikal
2680:Notes
2666:sh sh
2609:stier
2542:Malmö
1398:ales
1229:rine
1118:ose;
660:oklad
324:eap (
316:eep (
16:<
4133:Zulu
4078:Urdu
4048:Thai
3968:Shan
3893:Odia
3818:Manx
3706:Isan
3681:Igbo
3539:Dari
3354:keys
3284:ISBN
3247:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3069:ssen
2982:käng
2943:ltur
2856:/øː/
2844:/ɛː/
2842:and
2808:enre
2734:/rt/
2730:/rs/
2726:/rn/
2722:/rl/
2718:/rd/
2668:rimp
2607:Oxen
2444:IPA
2213:käng
1452:IPA
1390:ales
1365:IPA
1353:ote
1264:ool
1164:oot
1080:ole
957:ode
922:ode
834:ack
799:one
728:enom
685:eep
573:ärna
489:ood
454:oot
238:ook
167:IPA
148:and
144:See
130:and
48:for
3758:Lao
3507:Jin
3130:ben
3020:sik
3007:ell
2994:/ɵ/
2930:/ɵ/
2926:/ɵ/
2864:/ɵ/
2852:/œ/
2848:/ɛ/
2840:/ɛ/
2836:/r/
2810:or
2771:/r/
2759:/ɧ/
2714:/r/
2664:fre
2562:den
2553:ˈ◌̂
2503:den
2487:ˈ◌̌
2478:FIN
2464:SWE
2430:be
2390:te
2341:le
2208:ell
2176:sik
2050:rja
1940:ff
1895:ve
1811:air
1762:ll
1698:or
1486:FIN
1472:SWE
1418:tan
1317:/t/
1202:dag
1129:om
1009:/n/
886:/l/
711:ord
643:eni
622:pen
604:sta
571:stj
524:at
418:/d/
326:FIN
320:);
318:SWE
287:ock
201:FIN
187:SWE
73:/ /
50:IPA
4207::
3512:Wu
3271:46
3265:,
3172:^
3165:).
3151:ve
3149:ea
3142:);
3115:^
3108:).
3102:tt
3081:);
3049:^
2917:^
2871:^
2823:^
2816:on
2814:si
2812:vi
2732:,
2728:,
2724:,
2720:,
2688:^
2662::
2642:rs
2623:in
2611:na
2560:an
2544::
2536::
2518::
2501:an
2494:ˈ◌
2398:yː
2374:ll
2312:uː
2304:l
2302:oo
2291:tt
2258:d
2256:oo
2229:ʉː
2189:t
2187:oo
2165:,
2158:ll
2103:øː
2095:d
2093:er
2079:ra
2064:œː
2026:t
2024:ur
2010:tt
1977:r
1975:oo
1973:fl
1948:oː
1928:ll
1893:ea
1866:iː
1858:t
1845:ll
1806:RP
1779:eː
1770:ɛː
1749:tt
1738:,
1731:ll
1696:ay
1669:eː
1661:m
1648:ra
1633:æː
1625:p
1621:tr
1612:rk
1601:,
1594:rk
1567:br
1542:ɑː
1534:t
1521:tt
1433:ah
1428:va
1421:,
1414:Zl
1406:aː
1341:åt
1300:rt
1298:pa
1252:ok
1227:sh
1200:rs
1198:to
1152:ot
1103:ov
1068:ol
1044:ng
1042:lo
1032:ng
1030:lå
993:rn
991:ba
945:od
910:od
870:rl
868:kä
822:ov
787:on
764:o
735:,
718:,
683:sh
680:or
677:ch
675:lo
658:ch
650:,
633:,
626:on
624:si
615:,
608:on
606:ti
597:,
590:ör
588:sk
580:,
563:,
554:sj
512:ot
477:od
442:ot
402:rd
400:no
351:op
328:)
322:ch
314:sh
304:ön
294:,
285:tj
277:,
270:ol
268:kj
255:tɕ
226:ok
134:.
3344:e
3337:t
3330:v
3185:ˈ
3159:s
3157:y
3155:l
3147:l
3128:ü
3100:y
3098:n
3090:t
3088:i
3086:h
3067:ü
3065:m
3040:ɵ
3018:u
3016:m
3010:.
3005:u
3003:d
2988:u
2986:r
2984:u
2976:.
2971:u
2969:k
2961:u
2959:m
2941:u
2939:k
2860:œ
2818:.
2806:g
2801:r
2789:r
2782:r
2633:ː
2600:ˌ
2428:u
2426:c
2414:l
2412:y
2410:s
2388:u
2386:c
2372:y
2370:s
2358:y
2349:ʏ
2339:u
2337:r
2328:t
2326:o
2324:b
2300:w
2289:o
2287:b
2275:u
2266:ʊ
2254:m
2245:l
2243:u
2241:f
2219:u
2217:r
2215:u
2210:,
2206:u
2204:d
2197:ʉ
2185:m
2174:u
2172:m
2156:u
2154:f
2142:ʉ
2133:ɵ
2119:t
2117:ö
2115:n
2091:h
2077:ö
2048:ö
2046:b
2034:œ
2022:h
2008:ö
2006:n
1994:ø
1985:œ
1964:l
1962:å
1960:m
1938:o
1926:o
1924:m
1912:o
1903:ɔ
1891:l
1882:l
1880:i
1878:s
1856:i
1854:h
1843:i
1841:s
1829:i
1820:ɪ
1809:p
1795:l
1793:ä
1791:h
1760:e
1758:s
1747:e
1745:f
1729:ä
1727:h
1715:e
1706:ɛ
1694:m
1685:t
1683:e
1681:f
1659:a
1657:h
1646:ä
1623:a
1610:e
1608:v
1592:ä
1590:v
1578:æ
1569:a
1558:t
1556:a
1554:m
1532:u
1530:c
1519:a
1517:m
1505:ɑ
1496:a
1435:a
1426:a
1416:a
1396:W
1388:W
1379:w
1351:v
1339:v
1326:v
1302:i
1286:t
1281:r
1272:ʈ
1262:t
1250:t
1237:t
1221:/
1219:ʃ
1217:/
1186:s
1181:r
1172:ʂ
1162:s
1150:s
1137:s
1127:t
1125:a
1116:r
1101:r
1088:r
1078:p
1066:p
1053:p
1018:ŋ
979:n
974:r
965:ɳ
955:n
943:n
930:n
920:m
908:m
895:m
856:l
851:r
842:ɭ
832:l
820:l
807:l
797:c
785:k
772:k
762:y
760:o
758:y
747:g
743:G
726:g
709:j
696:j
641:g
556:u
541:ʃ
532:ɧ
522:h
510:h
497:h
487:g
475:g
462:ɡ
452:f
440:f
427:f
388:d
383:r
374:ɖ
365:d
363:a
361:d
349:d
336:d
302:k
246:ɕ
236:b
224:b
211:b
79:.
26:)
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