175:
the Hemba funeral festival it has too much power and cannot be looked upon and must be fled from. A boogieman or representation of death, the So'o appears during the Hemba funeral festivals firstly as a wild creature that chases down young Hemba individuals. The So'o will not follow a young Hemba into farmland but, if whoever is being chased runs indoors and is caught by the So'o, the
Masquerader takes off their mask and the witness must become part of the So'o society. Refusal to do so would mean that the individual is marked for death. During the Second half of the Hemba funeral festival the So'o becomes more tame, it is still a trickster or clown, that challenges the social status quo but it is able to be danced with and around, usually in an oval shape around the So'o as order has been restored and the Hemba people have conquered death and met it head on. These societies serve to offset the power of the chief.
304:
316:
244:
167:
secret societies such as the
Bukazanzi for men and Bukibilo for women as well as the Baubwilo-dancers, singers and healers, the Bamukota-skilled in praise poetry, Bagabo-the oldest of the Hemba secret socities who focus on divination, Baso'o-focusing on fertility and the only society to use spirit invested wooden masks. The reason that there are so many semi-secret societies dedicated to healing in the Hemba culture is that the line between the living and the dead is very thin, and the dead, known as
55:
292:
268:
256:
280:
233:
known for the ancestors figures, the
Singiti, symbols of power who exude astonishing serenity and natural authority The Kabeja is a rare Janiform sculpture which represents the couple of founding ancestors of each clan. The statue was unique and owned by the chief, while each group had several Singiti figures. It was used in all Hemba ceremonies, as well as in court decisions
182:) men and women perform rituals and solve societal issues in different ways with different secret societies. These rituals can last from only one week for a young child to several months for an elder of the society. These festivals end with a song and dance ritual known as a musuusa and speeches which mark the end of the mourning period for the dead individual.
236:
Other important sculpture work would be that of the So'o Masks. These masks were constructed to look like chimpanzee human faces with a large mouth that is seen as unnatural by the Hemba people. They are based on the normal proportions of a human head with the mouth of a chimpanzee, usually depicted
152:
During Ilunga Sungu's rule the southern Hemba became tributaries to the Luba. They were headed by a "fire king", who symbolically represented the Luba king. The Hemba fire kingdom cut its links to the Luba empire after Ilunga Sungu died. His successor, Kumwimbe Ngombe, had to fight several campaigns
214:
Christian influences are strong in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, missionaries converted many indigenous individuals to Catholicism and Protestant movements. Muslim influences as well as other religions are also present in the DRC. The Hemba People also have their own native religion that is
174:
The So'o secret society is guarded by the beautifully carved mask of a chimpanzee-human, which is used in Hemba funeral rituals. The So'o is seen as a grotesque creature by the Hemba, an unnatural creature that is not of the urban city nor of the wilds, but somewhere in between. In the beginning of
232:
The Hemba artistic tradition is well known. Subjects include ancestral figures, spirits, human faces and ceremonial masks and included items such as stools, cup bearers, masks, drums and various ritual and divination objects. The Hemba had very talented sculptors and the art of the tribe is mainly
166:
The Hemba people live in villages ranging from as small as 10 individuals to as many as 4,000 per village, recognizing chiefs as their political leaders. A chief will be the head of an extended family of landowners, inheriting his title through the maternal line. Hemba people may also belong to
223:
The villagers live by subsistence agriculture, growing manioc, maize, peanuts, and yams. The rural
Hembaland where they farm has a 8-month growing season with up to 55 inches of rain per year. They also hunt and fish to a small extent to supplement their diet. Cash is obtained through panning
189:
failed to keep the southern Hemba in their kingdom they did have considerable cultural influence. Art forms, including wooden sculptures representing ancestors, are similar in style to Luba sculptures. The Hemba religion recognizes a creator god and a separate supreme being. The Hemba make
157:
valley, and that played an important role in preserving Luba dominance over other small states in the region. Later the Hemba regained their independence, but were subject to attacks by Arab slave traders in the later part of the nineteenth century, and then to colonization by the
Belgians.
190:
sacrifices and present offerings at the shrines of ancestors. When social harmony has been upset, religious leaders may demand offerings to the specific ancestors that have become displeased and are causing the trouble. Each clan owns a
893:
303:
315:
420:
243:
267:
255:
121:, probably some time after 1600. They traded salt for iron hoes made in the Luba heartland, and wore raphia cloth that came by way of the
707:
La grande statuaire Hemba du Zaire, François Neyt, Institut superieur d'archeologie et d'histoire de l'art, UCL, Louvain-La-Neuve, 1977
149:
to the west. The lower Lukuga and the
Lualaba provided natural lines of communication, and the river valleys were densely populated.
845:
824:
803:
776:
736:
396:
746:
103:
43:
291:
385:
E., Blakely, Thomas D. Beek, Wouter
Eildert Albert van. Thomson, Dennis L. Adams, Linda Hunter. Oates, Merrill (2003).
888:
153:
to recover the eastern territories. Kumwimbe created a client state that united the Hemba villages of the
54:
194:, a statuette with one body and two faces, male and female, on one neck. Sacrifices are made to the
114:
79:
414:
224:
alluvial copper from the streams. Many Hemba men are also employed as miners in the copperbelt.
279:
86:, Kaonde, Sanga, Bemba and the people of Kazembe. Today, the Hemba people live in the north of
841:
835:
820:
814:
799:
772:
766:
732:
666:
612:
584:
402:
392:
795:
726:
658:
576:
66:
belongs to a group of related languages spoken by people in a belt that runs from southern
95:
768:
The kingdom of
Kazembe: history and politics in North-Eastern Zambia and Katanga to 1950
883:
750:
63:
877:
788:
154:
146:
126:
107:
83:
39:
138:
134:
67:
186:
142:
130:
122:
118:
75:
99:
670:
616:
588:
406:
91:
198:, which will convey them to the spirits. A receptacle on the top of the
90:, and their language is understood throughout Zambia. Some also live in
855:
608:
The visual arts of Africa : gender, power, and life cycle rituals
646:
606:
564:
386:
87:
71:
17:
662:
580:
137:
around 1800, Hemba people were living in a territory bounded by the
237:
with white and black hair streaks that resemble the colobus monkey
129:
further to the west. At the time of the eastward expansion of the
837:
The rainbow and the kings: a history of the Luba Empire to 1891
537:
535:
533:
273:
Male figure, Niembo chiefdom, late 19th to early 20th century
261:
Male figure, Niembo chiefdom, late 19th to early 20th century
520:
518:
516:
514:
106:, and their villages are found several hundred miles up the
563:
Blakely, Thomas D.; Blakely, Pamela A. R. (November 1987).
74:. Other peoples speaking related languages include the
894:
Ethnic groups in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
388:
Religion in Africa : experience & expression
816:
The peoples of Africa: an ethnohistorical dictionary
787:
541:
524:
8:
419:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
728:Sako ma: a look at the sacred monkey totem
113:The Hemba people migrated eastward to the
178:During Hemba funeral festivals (known as
565:"So'o Masks and Hemba Funerary Festival"
202:is used to receive magic ingredients. A
53:
695:
433:
332:
239:
856:"Tribal African Art - Hembe (Bahembe)"
794:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
629:
493:
412:
683:
640:
638:
600:
598:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
505:
481:
469:
457:
445:
380:
351:
339:
249:Warrior Ancestor Figure; 19th century
7:
749:. University of Iowa. Archived from
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
171:can cause illness among the living.
840:. University of California Press.
25:
790:Culture and customs of the Congo
314:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
242:
215:based upon the Luba Traditions.
104:Democratic Republic of the Congo
44:Democratic Republic of the Congo
819:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
786:Mukenge, Tshilemalema (2002).
1:
813:Olson, James Stuart (1996).
645:Flam, Jack (November 1979).
391:. Currey. pp. 398–439.
910:
834:Reefe, Thomas Q. (1981).
765:Macola, Giacomo (2002).
725:Alesha, Matomah (2004).
228:Gallery of Hemba artwork
206:is dangerous to handle.
78:of Kasai and Shaba, the
605:Perani, Judith (1998).
771:. LIT Verlag Münster.
59:
145:in the south and the
57:
36:Eastern Luba, Bahemba
94:. They live west of
42:ethnic group in the
747:"Hemba Information"
354:, pp. 223–224.
542:Tribal African Art
141:in the north, the
60:
58:Hemba carved stool
27:Bantu ethnic group
611:. Prentice Hall.
525:Hemba Information
16:(Redirected from
901:
869:
867:
866:
851:
830:
809:
793:
782:
761:
759:
758:
742:
708:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
674:
642:
633:
627:
621:
620:
602:
593:
592:
560:
545:
539:
528:
522:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
424:
418:
410:
382:
355:
349:
343:
337:
318:
306:
294:
282:
270:
258:
246:
70:to northeastern
21:
909:
908:
904:
903:
902:
900:
899:
898:
874:
873:
872:
864:
862:
854:
848:
833:
827:
812:
806:
785:
779:
764:
756:
754:
745:
739:
731:. Matam Press.
724:
720:
714:
712:
711:
706:
702:
694:
690:
682:
678:
663:10.2307/3335621
644:
643:
636:
628:
624:
604:
603:
596:
581:10.2307/3336497
562:
561:
548:
540:
531:
523:
512:
504:
500:
492:
488:
480:
476:
468:
464:
456:
452:
444:
440:
432:
428:
411:
399:
384:
383:
358:
350:
346:
338:
334:
329:
322:
321:So'o Hemba Mask
319:
310:
309:So'o Hemba Mask
307:
298:
297:So'o Hemba Mask
295:
286:
283:
274:
271:
262:
259:
250:
247:
230:
221:
212:
164:
96:Lake Tanganyika
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
907:
905:
897:
896:
891:
886:
876:
875:
871:
870:
852:
846:
831:
825:
810:
804:
783:
777:
762:
743:
737:
721:
719:
716:
710:
709:
700:
688:
686:, p. 224.
676:
634:
622:
594:
546:
529:
510:
508:, p. 137.
498:
496:, p. 108.
486:
484:, p. 127.
474:
472:, p. 131.
462:
460:, p. 124.
450:
438:
426:
397:
356:
344:
331:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
313:
311:
308:
301:
299:
296:
289:
287:
284:
277:
275:
272:
265:
263:
260:
253:
251:
248:
241:
229:
226:
220:
217:
211:
208:
163:
160:
115:Lualaba valley
64:Hemba language
51:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
906:
895:
892:
890:
889:Bantu peoples
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:0-520-04140-2
843:
839:
838:
832:
828:
826:0-313-27918-7
822:
818:
817:
811:
807:
805:0-313-31485-3
801:
797:
792:
791:
784:
780:
778:3-8258-5997-5
774:
770:
769:
763:
753:on 2012-01-07
752:
748:
744:
740:
738:1-4116-0643-4
734:
730:
729:
723:
722:
717:
715:
704:
701:
698:, p. 76.
697:
692:
689:
685:
680:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
639:
635:
632:, p. 52.
631:
626:
623:
618:
614:
610:
609:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
499:
495:
490:
487:
483:
478:
475:
471:
466:
463:
459:
454:
451:
448:, p. 98.
447:
442:
439:
436:, p. 16.
435:
430:
427:
422:
416:
408:
404:
400:
398:0-85255-207-6
394:
390:
389:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
348:
345:
342:, p. 74.
341:
336:
333:
326:
317:
312:
305:
300:
293:
288:
281:
276:
269:
264:
257:
252:
245:
240:
238:
234:
227:
225:
218:
216:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
185:Although the
183:
181:
176:
172:
170:
161:
159:
156:
155:Lukushi River
150:
148:
147:Lualaba River
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:Songye people
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
108:Lualaba River
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
56:
49:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
863:. Retrieved
859:
836:
815:
789:
767:
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
727:
713:
703:
696:Mukenge 2002
691:
679:
654:
651:African Arts
650:
647:"Luba Hemba"
625:
607:
572:
569:African Arts
568:
501:
489:
477:
465:
453:
441:
434:Mukenge 2002
429:
387:
347:
335:
285:Kabeja Hemba
235:
231:
222:
213:
203:
199:
195:
191:
184:
179:
177:
173:
168:
165:
151:
139:Lukuga River
135:Ilunga Sungu
112:
61:
35:
32:Hemba people
31:
29:
630:Alesha 2004
494:Macola 2002
187:Luba people
143:Luvua River
133:under King
131:Luba Empire
119:Luba Empire
878:Categories
865:2011-12-12
757:2011-12-12
684:Olson 1996
506:Reefe 1981
482:Reefe 1981
470:Reefe 1981
458:Reefe 1981
446:Reefe 1981
352:Olson 1996
340:Reefe 1981
327:References
100:Lake Mweru
671:0001-9933
657:(1): 89.
617:605230100
589:0001-9933
575:(1): 30.
415:cite book
407:898891715
125:from the
117:from the
210:Religion
92:Tanzania
38:) are a
718:Sources
219:Economy
162:Culture
102:in the
50:History
46:(DRC).
844:
823:
802:
775:
735:
669:
615:
587:
405:
395:
204:kabeja
200:kabeja
196:kabeja
192:kabeja
180:malilo
88:Zambia
84:Songye
80:Kanyok
72:Zambia
884:Hemba
860:Zyama
169:Bafu,
68:Kasai
40:Bantu
18:Hemba
842:ISBN
821:ISBN
800:ISBN
773:ISBN
733:ISBN
667:ISSN
613:OCLC
585:ISSN
421:link
403:OCLC
393:ISBN
123:Luba
98:and
76:Luba
62:The
34:(or
30:The
659:doi
577:doi
880::
858:.
798:.
796:16
665:.
655:13
653:.
649:.
637:^
597:^
583:.
573:21
571:.
567:.
549:^
532:^
513:^
417:}}
413:{{
401:.
359:^
110:.
82:,
868:.
850:.
829:.
808:.
781:.
760:.
741:.
673:.
661::
619:.
591:.
579::
544:.
527:.
423:)
409:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
