377:“The court or compound of Casembe—some would call it a palace—is a square enclosure of 300 yards by 200 yards. It is surrounded by a hedge of high reeds. Inside, where Casembe honoured me with a grand reception, stands a gigantic hut for Casembe, and a score of small huts for domestics. The Queen's hut stands behind that of the chief, with a number of small huts also ... Kasembe sat before his hut on an equate seat placed on lion and leopard skins. He was clothed in a coarse blue and white Manchester print edged with red baize, and arranged in large folds so as to look like a crinoline put on wrong side foremost. His arms, legs and head were covered with sleeves, leggings and cap made of various coloured beads in neat patterns: a crown of yellow feathers surmounted his cap ... He then assured me that I was welcome to his country, to go where I liked, and do what I chose. We then went (two boys carrying his train behind him) to an inner apartment, where the articles of my present were exhibited in detail
542:(CFS), or rather its agent, the Compagnie du Katanga, which took over the western shores. The Belgian colonial authorities, having killed Msiri were left with a vacuum. They appointed chiefs – not ones chosen from Msiri's subordinate chiefs (who had previously been subordinate to Mwata Kazembe) – but from what the Luba-Lunda called the 'owners of the land' who had preceded them; there was considerable instability in that part of Katanga as a result. “Belgian administration in Mweru-Luapula was glossed over by a thin veneer of traditional justifications.” This included ‘creating’ a tribe from what was a clan, the Bena Ngoma.
614:(see that article). At that time Crawford's superior, Charles Swan, had encouraged Msiri to resist Sharpe's British treaty. A year later Msiri was killed by the Belgians, and the region was plunged into chaos. Now, the Andersons responded to Swan differently. While Mr Anderson kept Mwata Kazembe's men at Mambilima, Mrs Anderson took Mwata Kazembe alone to the British officers back at his burnt capital, saying "please be kind to him". Disarmed by this approach and the Mwata's agreement to accept their rule, the British agreed to let him come back.
893:
29:
482:(Ahmed bin Mohamed, whom Livingstone called Tipo Tipo) and a local chief. When he reached Mwata Kazembe's he found a trader named Mohamad Bogharib had arrived a few days before seeking ivory, and Mohamad bin Saleh (also known as Mpamari), a trader who had been there for ten years, as Mwata had refused to let him leave. Despite their involvement in the slave trade, Livingstone travelled with and was helped by them; he claimed to have used his influence to get Mohamed bin Saleh released.
721:
native authority in the
Luapula-Mweru valley. Its work had to be reported to the British District Commissioners who preferred to base themselves in the climate and environment of Kawambwa on the plateau rather than in the heat and mosquitoes of the valley where most of the population lived. It took up a whole day just for quick visit and, in the absence of problems, this allowed the Kazembe chieftainship considerable autonomy.
730:
regulations, of land and resource use and management, buildings and infrastructure, employment and occupations, trade and markets, hygiene and health, and traditions and customs including traditional marriage and family life. The Mwata has messengers and guards to enforce regulations, and operates a traditional court to try transgressors; he is also involved in the resolution of disputes.
266:
180:
After
Mutanda had been dealt with, the group continued the eastward migration under Mwata Kazembe II Kanyembo Mpemba, crossing the Luapula River at Matanda, conquering the indigenous people known as the Shila in the Luapula Valley, and setting up Luba or Lunda aristocrats as chiefs over them. Though
811:
In the early 1950s, some problems were created across the
Luapula when the Luba-Lunda there noted that Mwata Kazembe's courts dispensed justice more to their liking than the Belgians and their chiefs, and asked to be tried for transgressions by the Mwata's courts on the grounds that as Lunda, they
798:
Mwata
Kazembe XIV Shadreck Chinyanta Nankula in the 1940s did much to change this situation. He developed the kingdom and the district, and has been called the first "modernizing" Mwata. He had been educated and employed in Elizabethville and spoke fluent French and English. He galvanised the LNA,
716:
kingdom model, Mwata
Kazembe as the king has senior chiefs under him, and subordinate chiefs and village headmen under them. The Senior Chiefs are Lukwesa, Kashiba, Kambwali and Kanyembo. Mwata appoints these chiefs from his family and, upon his death, one of these senior chiefs may be promoted to
67:
people of south-central Africa (also known as the Luba, Luunda, Eastern Luba-Lunda, and Luba-Lunda-Kazembe). Its position on trade routes in a well-watered, relatively fertile and well-populated area of forestry, fishery and agricultural resources drew expeditions by traders and explorers (such as
803:
were nationalists who might stir up trouble against the colonial administration, but relationships remained workable. Mwata
Kazembe XIV encouraged the building of schools and clinics in Mwansabombwe and the expansion of missions such as Mbereshi. He wrote an account of the chieftainship which was
640:, Mwata Kazembe X and his successors worked with the BSAC and its successors, the British District Commissioners, and to some extent it rescued his chieftainship. The Mwata Kazembes had some influence in the colonial era because the British colonial administration ruled indirectly through chiefs.
425:
were all one system. This sent
Livingstone exploring Bangweulu, then the Lualaba which he thought may flow into the Nile, and Tanganyika, then back to Bangweulu and his death five years later, still trying to discover how its rivers link up and for any evidence that it was part of the Nile rather
408:
Livingstone noted that Mwata
Kazembe VII's administration was harsh: A common punishment for court officials was to have the ears cropped by shears. Owing to such tyranny, he would have difficulty raising a thousand men. He observed that the kingdom was not now as prosperous as the Portuguese had
904:
It is held at the end of July and may attract 20,000 visitors, including the president of Zambia. Drawing on previous ceremonies and traditions, it was started in its present form in 1971 to mark the tenth anniversary of the instalment of Mwata
Kazembe XVII Paul Kanyembo Lutaba (whose photograph
859:
The fish and labour economic booms in the forties, fifties and sixties gave way to recessions and stagnation from the mid-seventies onwards as fish catches declined, Copperbelt employment contracted and national problems had an effect. However, the construction in the late sixties of the 'Zambia
660:
Mission was established 10 km from
Mwansabombwe. Here schools, a church and a hospital were established, and brick makers and builders were trained, resulting in the Luapula valley enjoying a higher standard of sun-dried and burnt brick house construction than elsewhere in the region. Other
720:
Also following Luba custom, Mwata Kazembe ruled through a council which in colonial times became a 'Superior Native Authority', named in this case the Lunda Native Authority (LNA) to which he appointed a 'cabinet' of advisers who meet under his chairmanship. The LNA was the largest and dominant
729:
Essentially the functions of the kingdom are in the realm of local government, with a stronger emphasis on cultural, social and historical aspects of the life of Kazembe people wherever they may live. The Mwata and his council make regulations in areas not covered by national law or provincial
900:
In the last two decades the Mwata Kazembe chieftainship has experienced something of a cultural if not an administrative or economic resurgence, through the Mutomboko Festival, now the second largest of its kind in Zambia and a model for the strengthening of indigenous culture.
177:, left with a group of followers in pursuit eastwards of one Mutanda who had murdered his father Chinyanta and uncle by drowning them in the Mukelweji River. 'Mwata' was originally a title equivalent to 'General', the first of the Mwata Kazembe line were warriors.
883:
The Mwata Kazembe chieftainship has endured and though originating in war and being surrounded by countries that have experienced much conflict, it has presided over peace on the eastern shores of the Luapula and Lake Mweru for more than a century.
369:, through country ravaged by the slave trade, he reached the northeastern shore of Lake Mweru. He continued south down the eastern shore. Mwata Kazembe VII had been alerted to his arrival and received him at his capital which was then at
782:
was regarded as a backwater by the Northern Rhodesian government in the first part of the 20th century, so that at first Elisabethville was the most accessible city for the Kazembe, connected as it was by road to the Congolese port of
851:
In 1964 Northern Rhodesia became independent Zambia. For a time, chiefs saw their influence overshadowed by party politics and the civil administrations, though in 1985 Mwata Kazembe XVIII was appointed District Commissioner in
320:
by the Portuguese governor of that district. Gamito also wrote a journal and said, "We certainly never expected to find so much ceremonial, pomp, and ostentation in the potentate of a region so remote from the sea
1068:
David Gordon (2000) “Decentralized Despots or Contingent Chiefs: Comparing Colonial Chiefs in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo.” KwaZulu-Natal History and African Studies Seminar, University of Natal,
799:
changing its name to the Lunda National Association, and appointing to it people with an energy for change and development, like himself. The District Commissioner worried that some of these, such as
815:
The modernising of the kingdom was matched by an increase in prosperity as the Pedicle road connected the Luapula Province to the Copperbelt, and fish and labour flowed more easily to that market.
325:
As trade missions, though, they were all failures. Mwata Kazembe III Lukwesa Ilunga and IV Kanyembo Keleka Mayi rebuffed Portuguese attempts to set up the alliance which would control the
787:
on the Luapula, and by boat from there up the river to Lake Mweru. There was migration from the British-administered side to the Belgian one. For further details, see the articles on the
569:
in 1897, Mwata Kazembe refused to let the British flag be flown over his territory or taxes to be collected from his people, and he defeated an armed incursion by Watson's forces.
509:. Utilizing gunpowder weapons, Msiri rapidly expanded through former Kazembe territory, carving a large territory for himself and reducing the Kazembe to a small state along
288:
who came via Tete and died within a few weeks of arriving at Kazembe's, still waiting for trade negotiations to start. He left a valuable journal which was carried back to
607:'s missionary society. (Ironically, two years before, Mwata Kazembe X had tried to have the Andersons' predecessor at Mambilima, H. J. Pomeroy, killed, but failed.)
596:
and Nyasaland troops who burnt Mwata Kazembe's capital to the ground, killing a number of his people, though Mwata himself had already escaped across the Luapula.
545:
Once Belgian colonial rule was established west of the Luapula, Mwata Kazembe's rule and territory, though not his influence, was confined to the eastern side.
905:
appears at the top of the page). It includes dances symbolising the migration of the Luba-Lunda and the conquest of the Luapula valley by the first chiefs.
1123:
1082:
David M. Gordon (December 2004). "Review of Giacomo Macola. The Kingdom of Kazembe: History and Politics in North-Eastern Zambia and Katanga to 1950".
1343:
Practices of pastness, postwar of the dead, and the power of heritage: museums, monuments and sites in colonial and post-colonial Zimbabwe, 1890-2010
478:
were well established, and the Sultan of Zanzibar's name carried weight. Livingstone was held up southeast of Lake Tanganyika by a conflict between
466:
In the 18th and 19th centuries Arab and Swahili traders visited Mwata Kazembe to trade in copper, ivory and slaves. Trade routes such as that from
91:, though its history in colonial times is an example of how Europeans divided traditional kingdoms and tribes without regard to the consequences.
526:
After Msiri's death, the Luapula valley was divided in 1894 between Britain – the eastern shores of the Luapula and Lake Mweru became part of
489:
travelled through Kazembe with a band of followers and requested permission from King Chinyanta Munona to settle among Kazembe's tributary of
1433:
1438:
573:
1282:
1208:
1037:
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With Dan Crawford's influence Mwata Kazembe X readily agreed to requests to establish missions in the valley, especially from the
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by negotiation, and had later seen it taken from under British noses by the rival CFS through force. In 1899, in conjunction with
672:, through their education gained mostly in mission schools, many Luba-Lunda-Kazembe people made their mark in those towns and in
664:
Though by the mid-20th century Mwata Kazembe's realm had become overshadowed by the copper mines and industry of Elisabethville (
174:
48:
254:
In addition to trading with the interior, the Portuguese hoped to establish a route through it connecting their territories of
212:(the border with Mwata Yamvo's western Luba-Lunda kingdom and with the other Luba's kingdoms north of that) and east to the
1145:
Ruth Kerkham Simbao (2006). "A crown on the move: stylistic integration of the Luba-Lunda complex in Kazembe performance".
880:
over the next two decades, has funnelled trade through Mwansabombwe, the population of which has risen to around 50,000.
531:
1341:
808:(My Ancestors and My People) built the current two-storey Mwata's residence but died two days before it was complete.
1428:
1423:
1260:
653:
604:
558:
975:
David M. Gordon (2006). "History on the Luapula Retold: Landscape, Memory and Identity in the Kazembe Kingdom".
1018:
589:
20:
625:
origin from the court, which they gave to Codrington. In 1920 his heirs placed them in the National Museum of
361:
truly was the source of the Nile or whether some other lake further south was the source). From 'Nyasaland' (
185:
customs and culture (such as the Luba style of ceremonial chieftainship), they adopted the language of the
717:
the paramount position. There are also chiefs in neighbouring districts who pay tribute to Mwata Kazembe.
661:
Protestant and Catholic missions established schools and hospitals in the Luapula Valley and on the lake.
618:
527:
1224:
Ian Cunnison (1961). "The Luapula Peoples of Northern Rhodesia: Custom and History in Tribal Politics".
535:
52:
892:
497:
was usurped by Msiri, growing his power with the help of local traders and their descendents, known as
353:
embarked on his last expedition in Africa, one aim of which was to discover the southern extent of the
213:
186:
76:
33:
28:
75:
Known by the title Mwata Yav now equivalent to 'Paramount Chief'or King, the monarchy with its annual
553:
Although Mwata Kazembe X had signed a BSAC mineral concession and a British treaty brought to him by
285:
637:
633:, 1000 km away, where they were listed as the 'Codrington Collection'. They are still there.
562:
1091:
800:
792:
330:
293:
1390:
Robert Cancel (2006). "Asserting/inventing traditions on the Luapula: the Mutomboko Festival".
1326:
The Codrington Collection in the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia and the Bembesi Industry.
1204:
1014:
924:
649:
626:
566:
350:
205:
69:
1399:
1303:
1233:
1181:
1154:
984:
804:
edited by a White Father missionary, Edouard Labreque, and finally published in Chibemba as
779:
539:
313:
289:
201:
166:
812:
had that right, and the local chiefs did not have the authority. But this was not granted.
292:
by his chaplain, Father Pinto, and which was later translated into English by the explorer
1286:
1279:
600:
475:
410:
366:
162:
599:
Mwata Kazembe X made his way south and crossed back over the river to take refuge in the
592:, acting BSAC Administrator of North-Eastern Rhodesia, Sharpe sent British officers with
610:
Dan Crawford and Alfred Sharpe had been involved in a similar situation in 1890–91 with
265:
1117:
510:
414:
409:
reported. The next year he again visited Mwata, who was the first to tell him that the
56:
1417:
1112:
934:
919:
914:
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788:
775:
554:
422:
358:
209:
1237:
944:
939:
929:
585:
506:
317:
197:
64:
713:
622:
494:
427:
418:
182:
170:
60:
1023:
The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death
382:
The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 To His Death
208:
to be able to raise a force of 20,000 men, and his lands stretched west to the
189:, a tribe that had also migrated from the Congo and to which they were allied.
1403:
1185:
1158:
988:
869:
771:
767:
669:
665:
581:
490:
259:
193:
84:
1255:
865:
577:
479:
301:
51:. For more than 250 years, Kazembe has been an influential kingdom of the
853:
657:
630:
467:
370:
338:
326:
309:
278:
337:
later took control of that route, with Msiri rather than Kazembe as the
1095:
877:
784:
621:. The British troops took a number of old and valuable works of art of
269:
The Kazembe kingdom in its prime in the first half of the 19th Century.
80:
676:, and their experience and influence there flowed back the other way.
873:
673:
362:
255:
88:
44:
505:
Msiri rebelled against the chief of Garanganza and established the
611:
486:
471:
334:
264:
27:
872:
through Mwansabombwe, and its surfacing and linking to Kawambwa,
580:), 1000 km away. It was he who had failed to secure Msiri's
593:
354:
1116:
1172:
Ian Cunnison (2009). "Kazembe and the Portuguese 1798–1832".
656:(LMS) which had sent Livingstone to Africa. In 1900 the LMS
1329:
Occasional Papers of National Museum of Southern Rhodesia.
557:
in 1890, and allowed visits by British missionary pioneer
173:(or 'Mwaant Yav') 300 km west of the Luapula in the
72:) who called it variously Kasembe, Cazembe and Casembe.
1369:
Mbeleshi in a history of the London Missionary Society
493:(Katanga). Throughout the 1860s, Kazembe's copper and
329:-Indian Ocean trade route from beginning to end. (The
308:
1831 Major José Monteiro and António Gamito, with 20
204:, west of the Luapula. Mwata Kazembe was said by the
161:
Around 1740 the first Mwata, Ng'anga Bilonda of the
513:, which he held sway over until his death in 1890.
200:, and natural resources, including copper ore in
1033:
1031:
522:Division between British and Belgian territories
1249:
1247:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
770:developed faster than the Northern Rhodesian
8:
1127:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
373:near the northeast tip of the Mofwe Lagoon:
192:The kingdom prospered from the fisheries of
856:and later, Provincial Political Secretary.
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1291:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
1077:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
299:1802 Pedro João Baptista and Amaro José,
16:Traditional kingdom in present-day Zambia
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
970:
968:
966:
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962:
960:
891:
845:XIX Paul Mpemba Kanyembo Kapale Mpalume
766:The Belgian Congo copper-mining town of
152:
145:
118:
111:
1349:. University of Cape Town. p. 139.
956:
617:Mwata Kazembe X rebuilt his capital at
59:, speaking the language of the Eastern
43:is a traditional kingdom in modern-day
7:
1304:"Robert Edward Codrington 1869–1908"
1107:
1105:
349:In 1867 the explorer and missionary
574:British Central Africa Protectorate
286:Francisco José de Lacerda e Almeida
572:Sharpe by now was governor of the
417:, the Luapula, Lake Mweru and the
14:
1280:"Lammond, William 1876 to 1968."
650:Christian Missions in Many Lands
603:run by a Mr and Mrs Anderson of
105:Origin of the Luba-Lunda-Kazembe
1256:"Fifty Years in Central Africa"
819:Independence to the present day
744:XIV Shadreck Chinyanta Nankula
365:) and past the southern tip of
277:1796 Manuel Caetano Pereira, a
1293:website accessed 2 April 2007.
1238:10.1126/science.133.3455.751-a
1174:The Journal of African History
977:The Journal of African History
951:References and further reading
896:Mwata Kazembe at Mtomboko 2017
822:
806:Ifikolwe Fyandi na Bantu Bandi
737:
683:
561:, when the BSAC tax collector
437:
387:
357:basin (i.e. resolving whether
223:
216:country. (See the map below.)
147:Continued below in the section
108:
1:
549:British rule imposed by force
120:Italics indicate approx dates
1434:Traditional rulers in Zambia
532:British South Africa Company
113:List of Mwata Kazembe Chiefs
1025:. Two volumes, John Murray.
154:to which their rule relates
1455:
1439:Former countries in Africa
829:XVII Paul Kanyembo Lutaba
644:The coming of missionaries
18:
1404:10.1162/afar.2006.39.3.12
1308:Northern Rhodesia Journal
1261:Northern Rhodesia Journal
1201:The Rainbow and the Kings
1186:10.1017/S0021853700002140
1159:10.1162/afar.2006.39.3.26
989:10.1017/S0021853705001283
654:London Missionary Society
565:took up residence on the
345:David Livingstone's visit
1254:William Lammond (1951).
860:Way', a road connecting
725:Functions of the kingdom
680:Structure of the kingdom
444:VIII Chinkonkole Kafuti
434:Arab and Swahili traders
248:V Kapumba Mwongo Mfwama
240:IV Kanyembo Keleka Mayi
21:Kazembe (disambiguation)
1340:Jesmael Mataga (2014).
1324:Neville Jones (1930s).
1285:28 January 2007 at the
1124:Encyclopædia Britannica
837:XVIII Munona Chinyanta
734:Modernising the kingdom
457:1883–85 & 1886–1904
1367:Bwalya S Chuba (2000)
1199:Reefe, Thomas (1981).
1084:African Studies Review
1038:THE MUTOMBOKO CEREMONY
897:
601:Johnston Falls Mission
530:, administered by the
528:North-Eastern Rhodesia
386:
273:The expeditions were:
270:
220:Portuguese expeditions
37:
895:
698:XII Chinyanta Kasasa
584:kingdom as a British
536:Leopold II of Belgium
501:With the help of the
449:1872–83 & 1885–86
375:
344:
268:
31:
760:XVI Kanyembo Kapema
394:VI Chinyanta Munona
100:Pre-colonial history
68:Scottish missionary
19:For other uses, see
1040:. Chiefs of Zambia.
690:XI Mwonga Kapakata
638:punitive expedition
460:X Kanyembo Ntemena
232:III Lukwesa Ilunga
181:bringing Lunda and
141:II Kanyembo Mpemba
47:, and southeastern
898:
888:Mutomboko Festival
793:Congo Pedicle road
534:(BSAC) – and King
452:IX Lukwesa Mpanga
402:VII Mwonga Nsemba
331:Sultan of Zanzibar
312:and 120 slaves as
294:Sir Richard Burton
271:
131:I Ng'anga Bilonda
79:stands out in the
77:Mutomboko festival
38:
1429:Culture of Zambia
1424:History of Zambia
1015:David Livingstone
925:David Livingstone
849:
848:
774:. Cut off by the
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763:
710:
709:
706:XIII Chinkonkole
627:Southern Rhodesia
590:Robert Codrington
567:Kalungwishi River
464:
463:
406:
405:
351:David Livingstone
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159:
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70:David Livingstone
34:Mtomboko ceremony
32:Mwata Kazembe at
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1278:J. Keir Howard.
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780:Luapula Province
752:XV Brown Ngombe
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540:Congo Free State
517:Colonial history
438:
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305:(slave traders).
258:in the west and
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109:
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1287:Wayback Machine
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1118:"Cazembe"
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476:Lake Tanganyika
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367:Lake Tanganyika
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87:in present-day
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1130:
1115:, ed. (1911).
1113:Chisholm, Hugh
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1090:(3): 216–218.
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768:Elisabethville
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735:
732:
726:
723:
712:Following the
708:
707:
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699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
681:
678:
645:
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550:
547:
523:
520:
518:
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462:
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450:
446:
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435:
432:
415:Lake Bangweulu
404:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
380:—extract from
346:
343:
323:
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297:
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93:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1451:
1440:
1437:
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1427:
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1422:
1421:
1419:
1405:
1401:
1397:
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1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:, Pula Press.
1370:
1364:
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1360:
1358:
1354:
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1267:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1248:
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1239:
1235:
1232:(3455): 751.
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1210:9780520334908
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
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1168:
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1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1108:
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1102:
1097:
1093:
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1078:
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1072:
1065:
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1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:(ed.) (1874)
1020:
1019:Horace Waller
1016:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
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950:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Lunda Kingdom
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:Alfred Sharpe
918:
916:
915:Luapula River
913:
912:
908:
906:
902:
894:
887:
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875:
871:
867:
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857:
855:
844:
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836:
833:
832:
828:
825:
824:
818:
816:
813:
809:
807:
802:
796:
794:
790:
789:Congo Pedicle
786:
781:
777:
776:Congo Pedicle
773:
769:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
739:
733:
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724:
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587:
583:
579:
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570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:Alfred Sharpe
548:
546:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
516:
514:
512:
511:Lake Bangwelu
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
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477:
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469:
459:
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401:
398:
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385:
383:
378:
374:
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368:
364:
360:
359:Lake Victoria
356:
352:
342:
340:
336:
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328:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
303:
298:
295:
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283:
280:
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275:
274:
267:
263:
262:in the east.
261:
257:
247:
244:
243:
239:
236:
235:
231:
229:
226:
225:
219:
217:
215:
211:
210:Lualaba River
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
178:
176:
172:
168:
167:Lunda Kingdom
164:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
138:
135:
134:
130:
128:
125:
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121:
117:
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94:
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90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1395:
1392:African Arts
1391:
1368:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1200:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1150:
1147:African Arts
1146:
1122:
1087:
1083:
1022:
980:
976:
945:Bemba people
940:Luba Kingdom
930:Mwansabombwe
903:
899:
882:
858:
850:
814:
810:
805:
797:
765:
728:
719:
711:
663:
647:
635:
619:Mwansabombwe
616:
609:
605:Dan Crawford
598:
586:Protectorate
571:
563:Blair Watson
559:Dan Crawford
552:
544:
538:'s misnamed
525:
507:Yeke Kingdom
502:
498:
484:
465:
407:
381:
379:
376:
348:
324:
316:, sent from
300:
272:
253:
227:
198:Mofwe Lagoon
191:
179:
160:
153:
146:
136:
126:
119:
112:
74:
40:
39:
25:
801:Dauti Yamba
495:ivory trade
428:Congo Basin
171:Mwata Yamvo
83:Valley and
1418:Categories
1314:(6). 1956.
870:Kashikishi
772:Copperbelt
670:Copperbelt
668:) and the
666:Lubumbashi
636:After the
582:Garanganza
491:Garanganza
260:Mozambique
214:Luba-Bemba
206:Portuguese
194:Lake Mweru
169:headed by
85:Lake Mweru
1398:(3): 12.
1268:(3): 3–7.
1153:(3): 26.
866:Nchelenge
578:Nyasaland
485:In 1856,
480:Tippu Tip
426:than the
411:Chambeshi
391:1854–1862
302:pombeiros
245:1850–1854
237:1805–1850
228:1760–1805
1283:Archived
909:See also
854:Kawambwa
658:Mbereshi
652:and the
631:Bulawayo
468:Zanzibar
371:Kanyembo
339:linchpin
327:Atlantic
310:soldiers
279:merchant
196:and the
175:DR Congo
57:Chibemba
1226:Science
1096:1514960
1069:Durban.
878:Serenje
834:1983–98
826:1961–83
785:Kasenga
757:1957–61
749:1950–57
741:1941–50
703:1936–41
695:1919–36
687:1904–19
503:bayeke,
499:bayeke.
441:1870–72
423:Lualaba
399:1862–70
321:coast."
314:porters
202:Katanga
137:1745–60
95:History
81:Luapula
41:Kazembe
1207:
1180:: 61.
1094:
983:: 21.
874:Samfya
778:, the
674:Lusaka
363:Malawi
256:Angola
127:1740–5
89:Zambia
53:Kiluba
45:Zambia
1347:(PDF)
1092:JSTOR
862:Mansa
842:1998–
612:Msiri
487:Msiri
472:Ujiji
419:Luvua
335:Msiri
284:1798
187:Bemba
65:Lunda
49:Congo
1205:ISBN
1017:and
876:and
791:and
714:Luba
623:Luba
594:Sikh
470:via
355:Nile
333:and
318:Sena
290:Tete
183:Luba
163:Luba
61:Luba
36:2017
1400:doi
1289:On
1234:doi
1230:133
1182:doi
1155:doi
985:doi
864:to
629:in
474:on
341:.)
1420::
1396:39
1394:.
1376:^
1356:^
1310:.
1306:.
1264:.
1258:.
1246:^
1228:.
1203:.
1176:.
1151:39
1149:.
1133:^
1121:.
1104:^
1088:47
1086:.
1074:^
1045:^
1030:^
997:^
981:47
979:.
959:^
795:.
430:.
413:,
1406:.
1402::
1351:.
1312:3
1266:1
1240:.
1236::
1213:.
1188:.
1184::
1178:2
1161:.
1157::
1098:.
991:.
987::
868:-
576:(
421:-
384:.
296:.
281:.
165:-
63:-
55:-
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
