Hendrik Verwoerd - Knowledge (XXG)

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they confirm good expectations. Dr. Verwoerd at present is restful. There is no need for any immediate operation.' Once his condition stabilised, Verwoerd was transferred to a Pretoria hospital. The neurologists who treated Verwoerd later stated that his escape had been 'absolutely miraculous'. Specialist surgeons were called in to remove the bullets. At first, there was speculation that Verwoerd would lose his hearing and sense of balance, but this was to prove groundless. He returned to public life on 29 May, less than two months after the shooting.

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the hope that after Verwoerd's "disappearance" "a change of policy would take place." He added, "I wanted to see a government representing all the South African people. I do not think the Nationalist Government is representative of the people and I wanted to see a different government … I did not care about the consequences, for what would happen to me afterwards. I didn't care much and didn't give it a second thought that I would be caught. I was so disgusted with the racial policy that I went through with my plans to kill the prime minister."

2096: 820:, joined him in Germany and they were married in Hamburg on 7 January 1927. Later that year, he continued his studies in the United Kingdom, and then proceeded to the United States. His lecture notes and memoranda at Stellenbosch University stressed that there were no biological differences between the big racial groups, and concluded that "this was not really a factor in the development of a higher social civilization by the Caucasians." Verwoerd's views on race were more likely influenced by his experience of American attitudes towards 813:. Most of these professors were not allowed to teach anymore once the Nazis came to power in 1933.. Claims that Verwoerd studied eugenics during his German sojourn and later based his apartheid policy on Nazi ideology, are still being evaluated by scholars. Critics contend that eugenics was usually taught at medical faculties during this period. Christoph Marx asserts that Verwoerd kept a conspicuous distance from eugenic theories and racist social technologies, emphasising environmental influences rather than hereditary abilities. 3960: 2352: 622:

apartheid to international audiences, he branded it as a policy of "good-neighbourliness", stating that as different races and cultures have different beliefs and values, they could only reach their full potential if they lived and developed apart from each other. He stated that the white minority had to be protected from the nonwhite majority by pursuing a "policy of separate development" and keeping power in the hands of whites. Apartheid saw the complete disfranchisement of the nonwhite population.

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would be entirely separated, with blacks living in native reserves, with separate political and economic structures, which, they believed, would entail severe short-term pain, but would also lead to independence of white South Africa from black labour in the long-term. Verwoerd belonged to a third faction, which sympathised with the purists, but allowed for the use of black labour, while implementing the purist goal of vertical separation.

1040:(HNP) concluded an election pact with the Afrikaner Party in 1947. They won the elections with a very narrow majority of five seats in Parliament, although they only got 40 percent of the voter support. This was due to the loaded constituencies in cities, which was to the advantage of rural constituencies. The nine Afrikaner Party MPs thus made it possible for Malan's HNP to form a coalition government with the Afrikaner Party of 1875: 758: 1059:. Most party leaders agreed that the nationalist policies were responsible for the National Party's victory. To further cement their nationalist policies, Herenigde Nasionale Party leader Daniel Malan called for stricter enforcement of job reservation protecting the rights of the white working class, and the rights of white workers to organise their own labour unions outside of company control. 2181:. The election marked a major strengthening of power for the ruling NP, which gained a two-thirds majority in parliament for the first time. During this period, the National Party government continued to foster the development of a military industrial complex, that successfully pioneered developments in native armaments manufacturing, including aircraft, small arms, armoured vehicles, and even 1112: 928: 38: 2053:

and stormed out of the conference. For many white South Africans, especially those of British extraction, leaving the Commonwealth imposed a certain psychological sense of isolation as South Africa left a club that it had belonged to since 1910 and of which it had been a prominent member. The Republic of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1961, the anniversary of the signing of the

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black South Africans, Verwoerd was and still is regarded as the epitome of evil, the white supremacist who become a symbol of apartheid itself. Apparently, most white South Africans now speak of Verwoerd as an embarrassment and only a minority still praise him. However, in 2004 Verwoerd was elected by popular poll as one of the top 20 South Africans of all time in the TV show

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could not be held criminally liable for having shot the prime minister. On 26 September 1960, he was committed to a mental hospital in Bloemfontein. On 1 October 1961, his 53rd birthday, he committed suicide, shortly before parole was to be considered. His cause of death is disputed, since many suicides during the apartheid era were actually murders and killings by police.

1293: 675: 785:, England, and another one to continue his studies in Germany. He opted for the latter, as Verwoerd wanted to continue his research under a number of renowned German psychology and philosophy professors of the time, and possibly due to his own anti-British views at the time. Verwoerd left for Germany in 1926, and proceeded to research psychology and sociology at the 2269:(SACP) between 1936 and 1942 to his time in London in the early 1960s, when he had attended meetings of the Committee of African Organizations and had held "the posters up" at "anti-colonial", "anti-apartheid" and "anti-racial" meetings; in South Africa from 1939 to 1942, he had "engaged actively in Communistic propaganda"; he had fought on the Communist side in the 2209: 2384:, who was married to Verwoerd's grandson Willem, joined the African National Congress (ANC) (like her ex-husband). She recalled that bearing the surname Verwoerd always produced awkward stares in ANC circles when she introduced herself and she had to explain that she was indeed the granddaughter-in-law of the Verwoerd who was the prime minister. 2136:

Pratt claimed that he had been shooting 'the epitome of apartheid'. However, in his defence, he stated that he only wanted to injure, not kill, Verwoerd. The court accepted the medical reports submitted to it by five different psychiatrists, all of which confirmed that Pratt lacked legal capacity and

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After South Africa became a republic, Verwoerd refused to accept black ambassadors from Commonwealth member states. Verwoerd's overt moves to block non-whites from representing South Africa in sports—starting with cricket—started the international movement to ostracise South Africa from international

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in the Northern Cape province houses the Verwoerd collection—memorabilia collected during Verwoerd's lifetime which is now on display in the house where his widow lived for the last years before her death in 2000 at the age of 98. Verwoerd's legacy in South Africa today is a controversial one as for

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of Canada declaring that racism was incompatible with Commonwealth membership. Verwoerd abandoned the application to rejoin the Commonwealth after the Indo-Canadian resolution was accepted mostly by votes from non-white nations (Canada was the only majority white country to vote for the resolution),

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Within minutes of the assassination attempt, Verwoerd—still conscious and blood gushing from his face—was rushed to the nearby Johannesburg Hospital. Two days later, the hospital issued a statement which described his condition as 'indeed satisfactory—further examinations were carried out today and

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Journalist Daniel A. Gross proposed that the campaign against Verwoerd as the "architect of apartheid" was going too far in the sense that it was too convenient to blame all the wrongs and injustices of apartheid on one man who was designated as being especially evil, stating that many people were

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Over the days that followed the assassination, Tsafendas was questioned by the police while in custody, while the police turned every possible stone in order to obtain as much information as possible. Under questioning, Tsafendas made coherent statements explaining that he had committed his act in

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From 1964, the US and UK discontinued their arms trade with South Africa. Economic sanctions against South Africa were also frequently debated in the UN as an effective way of putting pressure on the apartheid government. In 1962, the UN General Assembly requested that its members sever political,

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as an example of the sort of "horrors" that allegedly would ensue in South Africa if apartheid was ended. He then linked the Congo situation to the criticism of apartheid in Britain, arguing the Congolese "horrors" were what the British government was intent upon inflicting on white South Africans

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Verwoerd's vision of a South Africa divided into multiple ethno-states appealed to the reform-minded Afrikaner intelligentsia, and it provided a more coherent philosophical and moral framework for the National Party's racist policies, while also providing a veneer of intellectual respectability to

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faction, while favouring segregation, also favoured the participation of black Africans in the economy as long as black labour could be controlled to advance the economic gains of Afrikaners. A second faction were the "purists", who believed in "vertical segregation", under which blacks and whites

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One black South African woman who worked as an anti-apartheid activist, Nomavenda Mathiane, in particular criticized Verwoerd for the Bantu Education Act of 1953, which caused generations of black South Africans to suffer an inferior education, saying: "After white people had taken the land, after

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The Bantu Education Act ensured that black South Africans had only the barest minimum of education, thus entrenching the role of blacks in the apartheid economy as a cheap source of unskilled labour. In June 1954, Verwoerd in a speech stated: "The Bantu must be guided to serve his own community in

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Verwoerd heavily repressed opposition to apartheid during his premiership. He ordered the detention and imprisonment of tens of thousands of people and the exile of further thousands, while at the same time greatly empowering, modernizing, and enlarging the white apartheid state's security forces

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Afrikaans politics from 1910 to 1948 were divided between the "liberals" such as Jan Smuts who argued for a reconciliation with Britain vs. the "extremists" who expressed anti-British sentiments due to the Boer War. Both the "liberals" and the "extremists" believed that South Africa was a "white

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on 8 September 1901. Verwoerd was South Africa's only foreign-born prime minister. He was the second child of Anje Hendriks Strik (1873-1940) and Wilhelmus Johannes Verwoerd (1874-1961). His older brother was Leendert (Len) Verwoerd (1899-1986) and his younger sister, the only one born in South

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of 1947–49; and in London he had been a close associate and assistant of the ANC's local representative, Tennyson Makiwane. In short, and according to his own words, he was "anti-colonial, against slavery and in favour of all colonies which were controlled by Belgium, France and Portugal to be

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with distinctions in Sociology, Psychology and Philosophy, and then completed his Masters cum laude. He then went on completing his Doctorate in Psychology in 1925 at Stellenbosch University. Verwoerd's over three hundred page Doctorate thesis titled "Die Afstomping van die Gemoedsaandoeninge"

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Verwoerd became prime minister in 1958. His desire to ensure white, and especially Afrikaner dominance in South Africa, to the exclusion of the nonwhite majority, was a major aspect of his support for a republic. To that same end, Verwoerd greatly expanded apartheid. When attempting to justify

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In 1936, Verwoerd joined by a group of Stellenbosch University professors protested against the immigration of German Jews to South Africa, who were fleeing Nazi persecution. His efforts in the field of national welfare drew him into politics and in 1936 he was offered the first editorship of

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was imprisoned for life for sabotage. Verwoerd's South Africa had one of the highest prison populations in the world and saw a large number of executions and floggings. By the mid-1960s Verwoerd's government to a large degree had put down internal civil resistance to apartheid by employing

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Verwoerd gradually gained popularity with the Afrikaner electorate and continued to expand his political support. With his overwhelming constituency victory in the 1958 election and the death shortly thereafter of Prime Minister J. G. Strijdom, Verwoerd was nominated, together with

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Many major roads, places and facilities in cities and towns of South Africa were named after Verwoerd; in post-apartheid South Africa, there has been a campaign to take down statues of Verwoerd and rename buildings and streets named after him. Famous examples include

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were slightly outnumbered by Afrikaners. The vast majority of English South Africans were against South Africa becoming a republic and were still loyal to the British Crown, especially in Natal, where anti-republican and secessionist sentiment was very strong.

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and shortly after Verwoerd received a death threat with a red note reading, "Today we kill Verwoerd". Pratt appeared for a preliminary hearing in the Johannesburg Magistrates' Court on 20 and 21 July 1960, once it was clear that the attempt was not fatal.

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Africa, was Hendrika Johanna Lucretia (Lucie) Verwoerd (1908-1959). His father was a shopkeeper and a deeply religious man who decided to move his family to South Africa in 1903 because of his sympathy towards the Afrikaner nation in the wake of the

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Verwoerd returned with his wife to South Africa in 1928 and was appointed to the chair of Applied Psychology and Psycho Technique at the University of Stellenbosch where, six years later, he became Professor of Sociology and Social Work. During the

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in 1976, and whenever South African teams did participate in sports, protests and disruptions were the result. When supporters of South Africa decried their exclusion, the usual response was: "Who started it?", in reference to Verwoerd.

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in 1910. The Anglophobic Verwoerd timed the declaration of a republic with the anniversary of the Treaty of Vereeniging as a form of revenge for the defeat of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State in the Boer War. The last

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In order to bolster support for a republic, the voting age for whites was lowered from 21 to 18, benefiting younger Afrikaans speakers, who were more likely to favour a republic, and the franchise was extended to whites in

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later that year, and became the minister of native affairs under Prime Minister Malan in 1950, until his appointment as prime minister in 1958. In that position, he helped to implement the Nationalist Party's programme.

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stabbed Verwoerd in the neck and chest four times before being subdued by other members of the Assembly. Four members of Parliament who were also trained doctors rushed to the aid of Verwoerd and started administering

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man's country", though the latter were more stridently committed to white supremacy. Verwoerd belonged to the anti-British faction in Afrikaans politics who wanted to keep as much distance as possible from Britain.

1977:'s long-term goals since originally coming to power in 1948. In January 1960, Verwoerd announced that a referendum would be called to determine the republican issue, the objective being a republic within the 773:, where he was regarded as a brilliant social science academic, and it was widely claimed that he possessed a photographic memory. Verwoerd was fluent in Afrikaans, Dutch, English and German. He obtained his 849:, Verwoerd became active in social work among poor white South Africans. He devoted much attention to welfare work and was often consulted by welfare organizations, while he served on numerous committees. 1921:

for his role in shaping the implementation of apartheid policy when he was minister of native affairs and then prime minister. Verwoerd once described apartheid as a "policy of good neighbourliness".

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were potential successors. The Young Turks of the Transvaal got the upper hand and thus J. G. Strijdom was elected as the new leader of the National Party, succeeding Malan as Prime Minister.

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involved in creating and maintaining the apartheid system. Gross concluded that blaming everything on Verwoerd was in effect excusing the actions of everyone else who supported apartheid.

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in Pretoria. Following the meeting, a joint communique was issued by the two governments with special emphasis on "co-operation without interference in each others' internal affairs".

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in September 1939, Verwoerd protested against South Africa's role in the conflict when the country declared war on Germany, siding with its former colonial power, the United Kingdom.

4112: 567:, and implementing its policies, as Minister of Native Affairs (1950–1958) and then as prime minister (1958–1966). Furthermore, Verwoerd played a vital role in helping the far-right 4077: 646:'s premiership, Verwoerd's role in expanding and legally entrenching the system, including his theoretical justifications and opposition to the limited form of integration known as 2106:

On 9 April 1960, Verwoerd opened the Union Exposition in Milner Park, Johannesburg, to mark the jubilee of the Union of South Africa. After Verwoerd delivered his opening address,

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In 1917, the family moved back to South Africa, since the congregation in Bulawayo had appointed a second minister of religion. His father took up a position in the church in

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Due to the work undertaken by Verwoerd in his doctoral thesis , he was awarded two scholarships for post-doctoral research abroad—one by the Abe Bailey Trust to study at the

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white people had impoverished us in South Africa, the only way out of our poverty was through education. And he came up with the idea of giving us an inferior education."

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all respects. There is no place for him in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour. Within his own community, however, all doors are open".

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against South Africa, and in the same year, a Special Committee Against Apartheid was established to encourage and oversee plans of action against the authorities.

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Special report of the Director-General on the application of the Declaration concerning the policy of "apartheid" of the Republic of South Africa, Volumes 17–22.

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Verwoerd also ensured that South African media gave generous coverage of the breakdown of society in the Congo in the summer of 1960 following independence from

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At the time that the NP came to power in 1948, there were factional differences in the party about the implementation of systemic racial segregation. The larger

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epidemic, the younger Verwoerd only sat for his matriculation exams in February 1919, achieving first position in the Orange Free State and fifth in country.

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sporting competition. The last Olympic Games in which the country participated—until the abolition of apartheid—was in 1960. South Africa was expelled from

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from the Orange Free State, as candidates to head the party. Verwoerd got the most votes in the second round and thus succeeded Strijdom as Prime Minister.

4062: 1958: 712: 150: 889:, the paper helped "solidify the sentiments of most South Africans, that changes to the socio-economic system were vitally needed." With the start of the 2265:

At the same time, the South African police gathered a plethora of evidence of Tsafendas's long history of political activism, from his membership of the

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visited South Africa where he could not reach an agreement with Prime Minister Verwoerd. On 6 November 1962, the United Nations General Assembly passed

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On the 50th anniversary of Verwoerd's assassination in 2016, some in South Africa argued that Tsafendas should be regarded as an anti-apartheid hero.

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for libel after it accused him of being a Nazi propagandist. In his judgment dismissing the case, Justice Mallin stated that Verwoerd "did support

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extraordinary legislative power, draconian laws, psychological intimidation, and the relentless efforts of the white state's security apparatus.

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Nevertheless, none of these became known during a summary trial where Tsafendas escaped the death penalty on the grounds of insanity. Judge

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Marx, C. (2011). "Hendrik Verwoerd's Long March to Apartheid: Nationalism and Racism in South Africa". In Berg, M.; Wendt, S. (eds.).

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in Pretoria. The still blood-stained carpet where Verwoerd lay after his murder remained in Parliament until it was removed in 2004.

3175: 2963: 2869: 2819: 2579: 2338: 2221: 1520: 1490: 1360: 1355: 1159: 1133: 1011: 945: 631: 551:, was a Dutch-born South African politician, scholar in applied psychology, philosophy, and sociology, and newspaper editor who was 121: 55: 3268: 2473:

Verwoerd is depicted on the obverses of a pair of .800 fine Silver 1 Rand coins dated 1967, which was struck to commemorate him.

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ordered Tsafendas to be imprisoned indefinitely at the "State President's pleasure"; in 1999 he died aged 81 still in detention.

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Verwoerd's state funeral, attended by a quarter of a million people, was held in Pretoria on 10 September 1966, during which his

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Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Circumstances of the Death of the Late Dr. The Honourable Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd

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was held on 26 May 1948 and saw the Nationalist Party together with the Afrikaner Party winning the general elections. Malan's

992: 102: 1941:. Verwoerd felt that the political situation of South Africa had become stagnant over the past century and called for reform. 3884: 3835: 3195: 1515: 1137: 964: 949: 552: 166: 74: 59: 910:, he did make his paper a tool of Nazis in South Africa, and he knew it" (cited by Scheub 2010, 42; Bunting 1964, 106–107). 4037: 3753: 2266: 2230: 1974: 1668: 1545: 1530: 1505: 864: 568: 433: 2450: 2363: 2118: 2033: 1810: 1425: 971: 798: 747: 716: 81: 3953: 3765: 3623:

National University of Lesotho. Institute of Southern African Studies. Documentation and Publications Division (1966).

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Sanctions and honorary whites: diplomatic policies and economic realities in relations between Japan and South Africa.

2000:, created a siege mentality in South Africa. Verwoerd seized upon this to booster his case for a republic, presenting 1683: 1525: 1470: 1380: 1375: 1071: 2320: 1122: 2095: 1713: 1385: 907: 500: 1141: 1126: 978: 938: 88: 48: 3627:. Documentation and Publications Division, Institute of Southern African Studies, National University of Lesotho. 2714: 2595: 2419: 2250: 2213: 2189: 1633: 1480: 1475: 1455: 1430: 1410: 1037: 627: 401: 1047:

Running on the platform of self-determination and apartheid as it was termed for the first time, Prime Minister

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David Pratt was initially held under the emergency regulations, declared on 30 March 1960, nine days after the

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speech. The speech, which implicitly criticized apartheid, together with the worldwide criticism following the

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UN Chief Faces Apartheid Snag; Hammarskjöld Says He Got No Accord on Race Policies During South Africa Trip

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State, Civil Society and Apartheid in South Africa: An Examination of Dutch Reformed Church-State Relations

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Among the laws that were drawn and enacted during Verwoerd's time as minister for native affairs were the

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pistol at point-blank range, one bullet perforating Verwoerd's right cheek and the second his right ear.

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Under the Premiership of Verwoerd, the following legislative acts relating to apartheid were introduced:

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had triumphantly headlined every Nazi victory and constantly attacked "British Jewish liberalism."

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The Long Road to Durban – The United Nations Role in Fighting Racism and Racial Discrimination

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Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part II, Austria, America and the Rise of Hitler, 1899–1933

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On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was stabbed to death in Cape Town, shortly after entering the

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The Verwoerd family in 1908. Left to right : Wilhelmus, Hendrik, Lucie, Len, and Anje.

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and his party benefited from their support in the rural electorates, defeating General

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History after Apartheid: Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa

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announced his retirement from politics following the National Party's success in the

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and nicknamed the "father of apartheid". Verwoerd played a significant role in

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I. Maisels, A life at law: The memoirs of I.A. Maisels, QC., 102–107 (1998).

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apartheid, the country's system of institutionalized racial segregation and

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The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion

666:. He died shortly after, and Tsafendas was jailed until his death in 1999. 2312: 2208: 836: 2983:. Weinberg, Paul. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 143. 2454: 1970: 1927: 882: 704: 696: 649: 391: 2012:(via their opposition to apartheid), fanning the flames of Anglophobia. 3145:. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. p. 1661. 2008: 952: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2040:

in London, Verwoerd abandoned an attempt for South Africa to become a

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In an address to both Houses of Parliament, Macmillan gave his famous

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South African postage stamps commemorating Hendrik Verwoerd in 1966

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in 1923. Verwoerd is located in the middle row, 3rd from the right.

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Perpetrators of political repression in apartheid-era South Africa

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Havens, Murray Clark; Leiden, Carl; Schmitt, Karl Michael (1970).

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Evil, Law and the State: Perspectives on State Power and Violence

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The first Verwoerd Cabinet in 1958. Front (left to right) :

626:(police and military). He banned black organizations such as the 571:

come to power in 1948, serving as their political strategist and

3118:

Performing South Africa's Truth Commission: Stages of Transition

2083: 611: 583:, remaining its prime minister until his assassination in 1966. 3857: 738:, in 1908 or 1909. Left to right : Len, Lucie and Hendrik. 3795:"How Should South Africa Remember the Architect of Apartheid?" 3095:"How Should South Africa Remember the Architect of Apartheid?" 2288: 2188:

Three days before his death, Verwoerd had held talks with the

1105: 921: 31: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3170:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 22. 2910: 2908: 2906: 719:, where he was awarded the Beit Scholarship, established by 3741:

The Man Who Killed Apartheid: The Life of Dimitri Tsafendas

3508:

The man who killed apartheid: the life of Dimitri Tsafendas

3433:, "His Cherubic Smile Seemed To Say, 'It's All So Simple". 3120:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 31, 226. 547:; 8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966), also known as 3360:. Africanhistory.about.com. 13 April 2012. Archived from 2886:"Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd | South African History Online" 2659:"Obituary: Long-jailed assassin of South African premier" 1055:

and his United Party. General Smuts lost his own seat of

711:, where his father became an assistant evangelist in the 575:, becoming party leader upon his premiership. He was the 2954:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 2316: 3321:"Afrikaner domination died with Verwoerd 50 years ago" 2839:. Oxford/New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 284–291. 2793:. Oxford: Inter-disciplinary Press. pp. 117–133. 873:

was a publication which supported the aspirations of

4088:

Members of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa

2810:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 2528:. Government Printer, South Africa. 22 January 1966. 2224:

at 14:15. A uniformed parliamentary messenger named

3967: 3895: 2635:"Hendrik Verwoerd | prime minister of South Africa" 703:. By the end of 1912, the Verwoerd family moved to 610:

organization dedicated to advancing the Afrikaner "

517: 509: 476: 468: 439: 429: 407: 397: 383: 359: 332: 327: 313: 301: 278: 260: 236: 224: 211: 198: 164: 136: 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2947: 2169:fiscal and transportation ties with South Africa. 1917:Hendrik Verwoerd is often called the architect of 3459:"Verwoerd knew of threats but did not withdraw." 2036:was accepted by Parliament. In March 1961 at the 3638:Fault lines: journeys into the new South Africa. 2061:to an end in 1902, and the establishment of the 27:Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966 2981:Fault lines: journeys into the new South Africa 2932:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 60–63. 2862:A Concise Dictionary of South African Biography 2102:is overpowered after he shoots Hendrik Verwoerd 1925: 656:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761 647: 3476:, 11 April 1960; "No news of Pratt in court." 2596:"Apartheid: "A Policy of Good Neighborliness"" 4078:South African collaborators with Nazi Germany 3869: 3295:"Remembering Verwoerd –Opinion | Politicsweb" 2038:1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 1898: 634:, and it was under him that future president 555:and is commonly regarded as the architect of 8: 3510:. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jacana Media. 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 1949:Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959 877:, agricultural and labour rights. Combining 3754:Betsie Verwoerd, Apartheid Ruler's Wife, 98 3016:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 101. 2715:"24 Hours Special – Verwoerd Assassination" 2610:"Commanding Heights: South Africa | on PBS" 2457:, now Steve Biko Hospital, and the town of 1959:Extension of University Education Act, 1959 1140:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 274:19 October 1950 – 3 September 1958 3876: 3862: 3854: 3817: 2864:. Cape Town: Francolin. pp. 275–276. 2667:, 11 October 1999. Retrieved 8 July 2009. 2177:The National Party under Verwoerd won the 1905: 1891: 1271: 149: 133: 4128:Academic staff of Stellenbosch University 4113:South African anti–World War II activists 4098:National Party (South Africa) politicians 4058:Assassinated leaders of political parties 2339:Learn how and when to remove this message 2117:Colonel G. M. Harrison, president of the 1160:Learn how and when to remove this message 1012:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 3766:"Beloved Country Repays Mandela in Kind" 3583:Jackson, Peter; Faupin, Mathieu (2007). 2941: 2939: 2359:, in 2008. The bust was removed in 2011. 2311:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2237:, but was pronounced dead upon arrival. 3640:University of California Press. p. 154. 3636:Goodman, David; Weinberg, Paul (2002). 3358:"Apartheid Legislation in South Africa" 3269:"Verwoerd and his policies appalled me" 3246:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 83–. 2515: 2487: 1846:Music in the movement against apartheid 1283: 513:Professor, politician, newspaper editor 4053:Assassinated South African politicians 3664:"South Africa: Death to the Architect" 3293:Giliomee, Hermann (6 September 2016). 2441:, renamed Port Elizabeth Airport, the 2323:to additional sources at this section. 1954:Bantu Investment Corporation Act, 1959 900:, sued the English-language newspaper 642:Although apartheid began in 1948 with 590:, socially conservative leader and an 458: 187: – 6 September 1966 4093:Members of the Senate of South Africa 4068:Dutch collaborators with Nazi Germany 4023:Politicians assassinated in the 1960s 3734: 3732: 3501: 3499: 2770:Dictionary of South African Biography 1084:Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 682:Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd was born in 542: 7: 3557:International Labour Office (1985). 3319:du Toit, Pieter (6 September 2016). 3143:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 2685:"South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" 2024:speakers. This was done even though 1138:adding citations to reliable sources 950:adding citations to reliable sources 60:adding citations to reliable sources 3793:Gross, Daniel (14 September 2016). 3672:. 16 September 1966. Archived from 3606:. Oxford University Press. p. 177. 2743:. Human & Rousseau. p. 13. 1321:Coloured vote constitutional crisis 4063:Deaths by stabbing in South Africa 3421:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 54. 3219:Hendrik Verwoerd Defines Apartheid 2739:Grobbelaar, Pieter Willem (1967). 2304:relies largely or entirely upon a 2119:Witwatersrand Agricultural Society 25: 3694:Goodman; Weinberg (2002), p. 155. 3574:Indiana University Press. p. 323. 3194:. Ccms.ukzn.ac.za. Archived from 2004:as the ruler of a hostile power. 3958: 3952: 3538:Feron, James (24 January 1961). 3267:Sparks, Allister (12 May 2015). 2789:. In Gozaydin en Madeira (ed.). 2542:Verwoerd: Architect of Apartheid 2451:H. F. Verwoerd academic hospital 2293: 2042:republic within the Commonwealth 1874: 1873: 1836:Internal resistance to apartheid 1291: 1110: 926: 521: 36: 4108:Prime ministers of South Africa 4103:People murdered in South Africa 4073:Dutch emigrants to South Africa 3093:Gross, D. (14 September 2016). 2950:Heads of States and Governments 2930:Rise of the South African Reich 2155:United Nations Security Council 1937:the previously crude policy of 1346:Church Street, Pretoria bombing 937:needs additional citations for 797:. In Hamburg, he studied under 454: 47:needs additional citations for 4123:Stellenbosch University alumni 3836:Prime Minister of South Africa 3604:Twentieth-century South Africa 3572:South Africa: no turning back. 2183:nuclear and biological weapons 2145:In 1961, UN Secretary-General 2020:, most of whom were German or 1200:. Back (left to right) : 553:Prime Minister of South Africa 167:Prime Minister of South Africa 1: 4033:Afrikaner Broederbond members 3743:. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. 3651:The politics of assassination 2946:Lentz, Harris M. III (1994). 2267:South African Communist Party 2231:cardiopulmonary resuscitation 896:In 1943, Verwoerd, editor of 4143:University of Hamburg alumni 4083:Antisemitism in South Africa 4048:Assassinated prime ministers 4028:1966 murders in South Africa 3739:Dousemetzis, Harris (2018). 3561:International Labour Office. 3506:Dousemetzis, Harris (2018). 2545:. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 2494:As the head of state of the 2355:Bust of Hendrik Verwoerd in 2034:1960 South Africa referendum 1811:Apartheid in popular culture 1086:of 1953. Verwoerd wrote the 1062:Verwoerd was elected to the 3141:Leonard, Thomas M. (2010). 3116:Cole, Catherine M. (2010). 2689:overcomingapartheid.msu.edu 2574:. Rodopi. pp. 87–100. 2570:. In Parry, John T. (ed.). 2410:In 1992, Verwoerd's widow, 2274:afforded self-government." 2091:First assassination attempt 2074:, took office as the first 1381:Saint James Church massacre 1376:Assassination of Chris Hani 1072:Population Registration Act 761:The Student Council of the 4159: 3705:"Verwoerd carpet replaced" 3406:The Fighting Never Stopped 3393:The Fighting Never Stopped 3166:Coombes, Annie E. (2003). 2916:The Fighting Never Stopped 2837:Racism in the Modern World 2403:during Mandela's visit to 1386:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis 501:University of Stellenbosch 262:Minister of Native Affairs 179:2 September 1958 3950: 3842: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3602:Beinart, William (2001). 3046:"SOUTH AFRICA: God's Man" 2420:president of South Africa 2233:. Verwoerd was rushed to 2190:Prime Minister of Lesotho 1634:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 1038:Herenigde Nasionale Party 734:The Verwoerd children in 628:African National Congress 594:. He was a member of the 529: 384:Manner of death 323: 267: 172: 160: 148: 3969:Republic of South Africa 3404:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 3391:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 2914:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 2161:calling for a voluntary 1989:, visited South Africa. 1821:Cape Qualified Franchise 1034:general election of 1948 1028:Hendrik Verwoerd in 1945 809:; and in Leipzig, under 581:Republic of South Africa 540:Afrikaans pronunciation: 536:Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd 378:Republic of South Africa 337:Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd 18:Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd 3653:. Prentice-Hall. p. 47. 3570:Johnson, Shaun (1989). 3345:Encyclopædia Britannica 3012:Leeson, Robert (2015). 2979:Goodman, David (2002). 2928:Bunting, Brian (1964). 2791:Evil, law and the state 2639:Encyclopedia Britannica 2502:Charles Robberts Swart. 2426:, at her home in 1995. 1851:Nostalgia for apartheid 771:Stellenbosch University 763:Stellenbosch University 750:. Due to the worldwide 632:Pan Africanist Congress 319:Michel D. C. de Wet Nel 3417:Osada, Masako (2002). 2804:Moodie, T. D. (1975). 2768:Beyers, C. J. (1981). 2539:Kenney, Henry (2016). 2449:, now the Gariep Dam, 2435:H. F. Verwoerd Airport 2407: 2368: 2360: 2235:Groote Schuur Hospital 2217: 2173:1966 general elections 2141:Solidifying the system 2103: 2072:Charles Robberts Swart 2026:English South Africans 1987:British Prime Minister 1926: 1826:Disinvestment campaign 1551:State Security Council 1233: 1064:Senate of South Africa 1029: 841: 832:Return to South Africa 766: 739: 679: 648: 606:), a secret white and 603: 402:Heroes' Acre, Pretoria 216:Charles Robberts Swart 3897:Union of South Africa 3395:Vintage Books. p. 88. 3299:www.politicsweb.co.za 3052:. 15 September 1958. 2918:Vintage Books. p. 87. 2566:Burke, Alban (2006). 2496:Union of South Africa 2390: 2366: 2354: 2211: 2179:1966 general election 2098: 2063:Union of South Africa 2057:that had brought the 2055:Treaty of Vereeniging 1816:Apartheid legislation 1806:Afrikaner nationalism 1366:Cape Town peace march 1356:Trojan Horse Incident 1316:1948 general election 1175: 1027: 875:Afrikaner nationalism 839: 787:University of Hamburg 760: 733: 713:Dutch Reformed Church 695:. Verwoerd went to a 677: 596:Afrikaner Broederbond 592:Afrikaner nationalist 577:Union of South Africa 496:University of Hamburg 486:University of Leipzig 288:Daniel François Malan 4038:Apartheid government 3408:Vintage Books. p. 92 2890:www.sahistory.org.za 2378:Great South Africans 2317:improve this article 2212:Verwoerd's grave at 2130:Sharpeville massacre 1998:Sharpeville massacre 1714:Eugène Terre'Blanche 1584:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 1391:Shell House massacre 1361:Khotso House bombing 1331:Sharpeville massacre 1134:improve this section 1053:Jan Christiaan Smuts 946:improve this article 816:Verwoerd's fiancée, 783:University of Oxford 769:Verwoerd studied at 715:. Verwoerd attended 561:socially engineering 491:University of Berlin 308:Ernest George Jansen 56:improve this article 3364:on 6 September 2015 3240:T. Kuperus (1999). 2754:Grobbelaar (1967). 1981:. Two weeks later, 1861:Sullivan Principles 1088:Bantu Education Act 826:National Socialists 801:; in Berlin, under 544:[fərˈvuːrt] 4133:Nazi propagandists 4118:Shooting survivors 4043:Assassinated Nazis 3821:Political offices 3771:The New York Times 3545:The New York Times 3435:Life International 3222:, 10 December 2010 2860:Joyce, P. (1999). 2782:Burke, A. (2006). 2695:on 1 December 2016 2671:3 October 2015 at 2469:Depiction on coins 2408: 2369: 2361: 2247:South African flag 2218: 2104: 1969:The creation of a 1446:Conservative Party 1326:1956 Treason Trial 1234: 1210:A. J. R. van Rhijn 1032:The South African 1030: 961:"Hendrik Verwoerd" 918:Government service 867:in the Transvaal. 842: 822:racial segregation 767: 740: 736:Wynberg, Cape Town 717:Milton High School 701:Wynberg, Cape Town 699:primary school in 680: 660:economic sanctions 71:"Hendrik Verwoerd" 4000: 3999: 3974:(under Apartheid) 3852: 3851: 3843:Succeeded by 3625:Lesotho clippings 3517:978-1-4314-2754-3 3253:978-0-230-37373-0 3198:on 22 August 2009 3152:978-0-415-97662-6 3127:978-0-253-22145-2 3023:978-1-137-32508-2 2990:978-0-520-23203-7 2846:978-0-85745-076-0 2552:978-1-86842-716-1 2461:, now Centurion. 2357:Meyerton, Gauteng 2349: 2348: 2341: 2226:Dimitri Tsafendas 2222:House of Assembly 2018:South-West Africa 1915: 1914: 1772:South-West Africa 1242:elections of 1953 1170: 1169: 1162: 1022: 1021: 1014: 996: 748:Orange Free State 664:Dimitri Tsafendas 533: 532: 293:Johannes Strijdom 231:Johannes Strijdom 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 4150: 3982:Hendrik Verwoerd 3975: 3962: 3956: 3944:Hendrik Verwoerd 3907: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3855: 3826:Preceded by 3818: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3762: 3756: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3676:on 24 April 2007 3660: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3600: 3594: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3503: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3470: 3464: 3463:, 11 April 1960. 3457: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3437:, 3 October 1966 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3090: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2953: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2691:. 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Serfontein 1186:Hendrik Verwoerd 1165: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1114: 1106: 1082:of 1952 and the 1017: 1010: 1006: 1003: 997: 995: 954: 930: 922: 891:Second World War 847:Great Depression 840:Verwoerd in 1924 818:Betsie Schoombie 653: 586:Verwoerd was an 546: 541: 525: 462: 460: 456: 446:Betsie Schoombie 366: 363:6 September 1966 347:8 September 1901 346: 344: 328:Personal details 316: 304: 281: 272: 252:Johannes Vorster 239: 227: 220: 207: 194: 192: 186: 184: 177: 155:Verwoerd in 1960 153: 143:Hendrik Verwoerd 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3973: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3948: 3901: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3848: 3839: 3831: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3774:. 23 March 1999 3764: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3737: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3618: 3601: 3597: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3537: 3533: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3431:Anthony Sampson 3429: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3024: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2991: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2506: 2500:State President 2493: 2489: 2479: 2471: 2412:Betsie Verwoerd 2397:Betsie Verwoerd 2345: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319:by introducing 2310: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2271:Greek Civil War 2259: 2243: 2206: 2198:Union Buildings 2194:Leabua Jonathan 2175: 2151:Resolution 1761 2143: 2093: 2076:State President 2059:Second Boer War 1994:Winds of Change 1973:was one of the 1967: 1911: 1866: 1865: 1841:Kairos Document 1831:Freedom Charter 1801: 1793: 1792: 1776: 1747: 1739: 1738: 1569:Vernon Berrangé 1564: 1556: 1555: 1516:Security Branch 1406: 1396: 1395: 1341:Soweto uprising 1311: 1310: 1270: 1236:Prime Minister 1206:M. 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Strijdom 3827: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3814:External links 3812: 3809: 3808: 3785: 3757: 3746: 3728: 3717:. 28 July 2004 3696: 3687: 3655: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3612:978-0192893185 3595: 3576: 3563: 3550: 3531: 3516: 3495: 3486: 3474:Die Transvaler 3465: 3452: 3448:Bird on a wing 3439: 3423: 3410: 3397: 3375: 3349: 3337: 3311: 3285: 3259: 3252: 3232: 3209: 3183: 3176: 3158: 3151: 3133: 3126: 3108: 3070: 3037: 3022: 3004: 2989: 2971: 2964: 2935: 2920: 2902: 2877: 2870: 2852: 2845: 2827: 2820: 2796: 2774: 2761: 2756:This was a Man 2746: 2741:This was a Man 2731: 2706: 2676: 2651: 2626: 2601: 2598:. 11 May 2015. 2587: 2580: 2558: 2551: 2531: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2498:. Replaced by 2486: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2439:Port Elizabeth 2424:Nelson Mandela 2393:Nelson Mandela 2347: 2346: 2315:. Please help 2301: 2299: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2279:Andries Beyers 2258: 2255: 2242: 2239: 2205: 2202: 2174: 2171: 2159:Resolution 181 2142: 2139: 2092: 2089: 1975:National Party 1966: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1800:Related topics 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1724:H. F. Verwoerd 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1704:Adelaide Tambo 1701: 1696: 1694:Robert Sobukwe 1691: 1686: 1684:J. G. Strijdom 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1664:Raymond Mhlaba 1661: 1656: 1651: 1649:Nelson Mandela 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1629:Albert Luthuli 1626: 1624:Ahmed Kathrada 1621: 1616: 1614:Bantu Holomisa 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1589:F. W. de Klerk 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1506:National Party 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1269: 1266: 1250:J. G. Strijdom 1168: 1167: 1118: 1116: 1109: 1103: 1102:Prime minister 1100: 1042:Klasie Havenga 1020: 1019: 1002:September 2017 934: 932: 925: 919: 916: 912:Die Transvaler 898:Die Transvaler 871:Die Transvaler 865:National Party 860:Die Transvaler 833: 830: 723:and financier 671: 668: 636:Nelson Mandela 569:National Party 549:H. F. Verwoerd 531: 530: 527: 526: 519: 515: 514: 511: 507: 506: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 482: 480: 474: 473: 470: 466: 465: 450: 444: 443: 441: 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 424: 423: 417: 411: 409: 405: 404: 399: 395: 394: 385: 381: 380: 367:(aged 64) 361: 357: 356: 336: 334: 330: 329: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 311: 310: 305: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 284: 282: 280:Prime Minister 276: 275: 265: 264: 258: 257: 255: 254: 249: 242: 240: 234: 233: 228: 222: 221: 213: 209: 208: 200: 196: 195: 170: 169: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 146: 145: 142: 139:The Honourable 137: 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4155: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3939:Hans Strijdom 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3924:Barry Hertzog 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3847: 3846:B. J. Vorster 3838: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3797:. Smithsonian 3796: 3789: 3786: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3484:10 July 1960. 3483: 3482:Sunday Times, 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3450:, 205 (1992). 3449: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3347:1963, p. 354. 3346: 3341: 3338: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3233: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3177:0-8223-3060-1 3173: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3097:. 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J. Vorster 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1679:Walter Sisulu 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404:Organisations 1400: 1399: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1351:Vaal uprising 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1336:Rivonia Trial 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1246:N. C. Havenga 1243: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1226:Frans Erasmus 1223: 1222:P. K. Le Roux 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1164: 1161: 1153: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1119:This section 1117: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:Pass Laws Act 1078:in 1950, the 1077: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1016: 1013: 1005: 994: 991: 987: 984: 980: 977: 973: 970: 966: 963: – 962: 958: 957:Find sources: 951: 947: 941: 940: 935:This section 933: 929: 924: 923: 917: 915: 913: 909: 905: 904: 899: 894: 892: 888: 887:protectionism 884: 880: 879:republicanism 876: 872: 868: 866: 862: 861: 854: 850: 848: 838: 831: 829: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 811:Felix Krueger 808: 804: 800: 799:William Stern 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 776: 772: 764: 759: 755: 753: 749: 745: 737: 732: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 685: 676: 669: 667: 665: 661: 657: 652: 651: 645: 640: 637: 633: 629: 623: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 588:authoritarian 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 537: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 447: 442: 438: 435: 432: 428: 421: 418: 416: 415:South African 413: 412: 410: 406: 403: 400: 398:Resting place 396: 393: 389: 388:Assassination 386: 382: 379: 375: 374:Cape Province 371: 362: 358: 355: 351: 335: 331: 326: 322: 318: 312: 309: 306: 300: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 283: 277: 271: 266: 263: 259: 253: 250: 247: 244: 243: 241: 235: 232: 229: 223: 217: 214: 210: 204: 201: 197: 176: 171: 168: 163: 159: 152: 147: 140: 135: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 3987:John Vorster 3981: 3943: 3889:South Africa 3834: 3799:. 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Jansen 1185: 1156: 1150:October 2018 1147: 1132:Please help 1120: 1096: 1092: 1069: 1061: 1049:Daniel Malan 1046: 1031: 1008: 999: 989: 982: 975: 968: 956: 944:Please help 939:verification 936: 911: 901: 897: 895: 870: 869: 858: 855: 851: 843: 828:in Germany. 815: 807:Otto Lipmann 780: 768: 741: 681: 641: 624: 620: 616:World War II 585: 573:propagandist 548: 535: 534: 422:(until 1903) 365:(1966-09-06) 315:Succeeded by 269: 238:Succeeded by 206:(until 1961) 203:Elizabeth II 174: 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 4018:1966 deaths 4013:1901 births 3992:P. W. Botha 3971:(1961–1984) 3934:D. F. Malan 3914:Louis Botha 3899:(1910–1961) 3721:2 September 3680:2 September 3368:6 September 3202:16 December 2719:BBC Archive 2619:1 September 2614:www.pbs.org 2414:, moved to 2329:August 2018 2216:in Pretoria 2108:David Pratt 2100:David Pratt 1659:Thabo Mbeki 1654:Govan Mbeki 1644:D. F. Malan 1639:Mac Maharaj 1574:P. W. Botha 1501:Broederbond 1262:C. R. Swart 1258:Eben Dönges 1194:C. R. Swart 1178:Eben Dönges 752:Spanish flu 725:Alfred Beit 688:Netherlands 644:D. F. Malan 604:Brotherhood 408:Nationality 354:Netherlands 303:Preceded by 246:Eben Dönges 226:Preceded by 219:(from 1961) 112:August 2018 4007:Categories 3906:from 1948) 3840:1958–1966 3526:1049908753 3063:4 February 3032:3902668325 2895:12 January 2447:Free State 2391:President 1767:Sophiatown 1734:Jacob Zuma 1619:Joel Joffe 1609:Chris Hani 1594:Ruth First 1579:Steve Biko 1436:Black Sash 1182:Paul Sauer 1057:Standerton 972:newspapers 670:Early life 510:Occupation 478:Alma mater 343:1901-09-08 191:1966-09-06 183:1958-09-02 82:newspapers 3929:Jan Smuts 3919:Jan Smuts 3904:Apartheid 3715:Cape Town 3058:0040-781X 2510:Citations 2477:Footnotes 2321:citations 2313:talk page 2257:Aftermath 2196:, at the 2022:Afrikaans 1919:apartheid 1788:Vlakplaas 1752:Bantustan 1689:Joe Slovo 1285:Apartheid 1268:Apartheid 1230:Tom Naudé 1198:Eric Louw 1121:does not 744:Brandfort 684:Amsterdam 608:Calvinist 600:Afrikaans 557:apartheid 518:Signature 370:Cape Town 350:Amsterdam 270:In office 212:President 175:In office 3778:9 August 3478:The Star 3461:The Star 3226:22 March 2999:49834339 2669:Archived 2455:Pretoria 2192:, Chief 1971:republic 1965:Republic 1939:baasskap 1928:baasskap 1879:Category 1783:Sun City 1277:a series 1275:Part of 1074:and the 903:The Star 883:populism 709:Rhodesia 705:Bulawayo 697:Lutheran 650:baasskap 630:and the 469:Children 434:National 392:stabbing 248:(acting) 165:6th 3902:(under 3330:19 June 3304:19 June 3278:19 June 2724:18 June 2445:in the 2241:Funeral 2157:passed 2009:Belgium 1985:, then 1142:removed 1127:sources 986:scholar 795:Leipzig 686:in the 463: 451: 199:Monarch 189: ( 181: ( 96:scholar 3801:29 May 3710:News24 3610: 3524: 3514: 3325:News24 3273:News24 3250: 3174: 3149: 3124: 3101:29 May 3056: 3030: 3020: 2997: 2987: 2962: 2958:–452. 2868: 2843: 2818: 2699:7 July 2644:7 July 2578: 2549: 2416:Orania 2405:Orania 2373:Orania 2285:Legacy 1778:Soweto 1746:Places 1563:People 1511:COSATU 1461:FOSATU 1371:CODESA 1306:Events 988: 981: 974: 967: 959: 793:, and 791:Berlin 457: 440:Spouse 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 2787:(PDF) 2482:Notes 2204:Death 993:JSTOR 979:books 824:than 461:) 453:( 449: 420:Dutch 103:JSTOR 89:books 3803:2008 3780:2017 3723:2021 3682:2021 3669:Time 3608:ISBN 3522:OCLC 3512:ISBN 3370:2012 3332:2018 3306:2018 3280:2018 3248:ISBN 3228:2023 3204:2009 3172:ISBN 3147:ISBN 3122:ISBN 3103:2008 3065:2024 3054:ISSN 3050:Time 3028:OCLC 3018:ISBN 2995:OCLC 2985:ISBN 2960:ISBN 2897:2024 2866:ISBN 2841:ISBN 2816:ISBN 2726:2021 2701:2017 2646:2017 2621:2023 2576:ISBN 2547:ISBN 2399:and 2084:FIFA 2032:The 1546:SACP 1536:SAMA 1531:SAIC 1526:SADF 1521:SACC 1416:APLA 1260:and 1248:and 1228:and 1196:and 1125:any 1123:cite 965:news 885:and 805:and 775:B.A. 612:volk 459:1927 360:Died 333:Born 75:news 3887:of 2956:451 2812:154 2453:in 2437:in 2112:.22 1541:SAP 1496:UDF 1491:PAC 1481:HNP 1476:PFP 1456:ECC 1441:CCB 1431:BBB 1426:AWB 1421:IFP 1411:ANC 1136:by 948:by 390:by 58:by 4009:: 3768:. 3731:^ 3713:. 3707:. 3666:. 3587:. 3542:. 3520:. 3498:^ 3378:^ 3323:. 3297:. 3271:. 3073:^ 3048:. 3026:. 2993:. 2938:^ 2905:^ 2888:. 2814:. 2717:. 2687:. 2661:, 2637:. 2612:. 2422:, 2395:, 2380:. 2185:. 2078:. 2070:, 1486:MK 1471:RP 1466:PP 1451:DP 1279:on 1224:, 1220:, 1216:, 1212:, 1208:, 1204:, 1192:, 1188:, 1184:, 1180:, 881:, 789:, 746:, 707:, 602:: 455:m. 376:, 372:, 352:, 3877:e 3870:t 3863:v 3805:. 3782:. 3725:. 3684:. 3614:. 3593:. 3548:. 3528:. 3372:. 3334:. 3308:. 3282:. 3256:. 3206:. 3180:. 3155:. 3130:. 3105:. 3067:. 3034:. 3001:. 2968:. 2899:. 2874:. 2849:. 2824:. 2728:. 2703:. 2648:. 2623:. 2584:. 2555:. 2342:) 2336:( 2331:) 2327:( 2309:. 1906:e 1899:t 1892:v 1232:. 1163:) 1157:( 1152:) 1148:( 1144:. 1130:. 1015:) 1009:( 1004:) 1000:( 990:· 983:· 976:· 969:· 942:. 598:( 538:( 472:7 345:) 341:( 193:) 185:) 125:) 119:( 114:) 110:( 100:· 93:· 86:· 79:· 52:. 20:)

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