Henry Huttleston Rogers - Knowledge (XXG)

2345: 1340: 145: 1677: 783:, criticized Standard Oil practices. Tarbell met Rogers, by then the most senior and powerful director of Standard Oil, through his friend, Mark Twain. They began to meet in January 1902 and continued for the next two years. As Tarbell brought up case histories, Rogers provided an explanation, documents and figures concerning the case. Rogers may have believed Tarbell intended a complimentary work, as he was apparently candid. Her interviews with him were the basis of her negative exposé of Standard Oil's questionable business practices. Tarbell's investigations of Standard Oil for 543:. A "common carrier" is somewhat like a utility, inasmuch as it often has certain rights, powers and monopolies on its services beyond those normally afforded regular business enterprises. A common carrier was expected to serve the public good and treat its customers uniformly. Rates in that era were promulgated and published in what was called "tariffs" and were public information. The rebate scheme was done outside of that process. As an opposite effect, normally afforded "tariffs" were increased and charged to customers not privy to the scheme. 1037:, planned as an 80-mile (130 km) short line to reach untapped coal reserves in a very rugged portion of southern West Virginia, and interchange its traffic with the C&O and/or the N&W. Some speculate that the Deepwater Railway was probably intended for resale in the manner of the earlier two West Virginia short lines. However, if so, the ploy was foiled by collusion of the bigger railroads, who were both controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad and agreed with each other to neither purchase it or grant favorable interchange rates. 1561: 1328: 593:, long regarded as the principal founder, was of a modest background and education. Born in New York in 1839, he moved with his family to Cleveland in 1855. His first job was as an assistant bookkeeper for a produce company. He delighted, as he later recalled, in "all the methods and systems of the office". He became particularly well skilled at calculating transportation costs, a skill which would later serve him well. He worked in variety of small business enterprises during the next few years, owning interests in several. 600:. The two men had much in common, as they were both conservative, hard-working, energetic, and driven to make money. Their backgrounds included working separately for a number of years in various retail enterprises, including the grain business. Although they were teetotalers personally, distilled spirits were a byproduct of the handling of corn, and both embraced the business opportunity that they presented; making money was clearly paramount. 693:, to the nearest railroad. This initial success led to the construction of pipelines to connect crude oil production, increasingly moving west as new fields were discovered and Pennsylvania fields declined, to refineries located near major demand centers in the Northeast. Biographer Z. James Varanini writes, "the completion of these pipelines represented a move towards a new type of interconnectivity of previously isolated states." 44: 833:, which was the subject of much acrid criticism then and for years afterward. In the building of this great trust, some of the most ruthless strokes in modern business history were dealt: the $ 38,000,000 "watering" of the stock of the first corporation, its subsequent manipulation, the seizure of the copper property of the Butte & Boston Consolidated Mining Company, the using of the latter as a weapon against the 1494: 575:(1858 to 1913), became Corporate Secretary of Standard Oil. As a part owner of Pratt and Company, Rogers, who was about 35 years old, now owned a share of Standard Oil himself. In the deal, Rockefeller had also added Henry Rogers to his team. He undoubtedly placed a high value on Rogers' potential. History does not tell us if he foresaw that the promising young man was destined to become one of his major partners. 2678: 663:, the equally poor availability of good lodging, and the potential the impoverished state held as a vacation destination for northerners. Sensing a major business opportunity, he began to invest and become a major developer of Florida's east coast in what many regard as his "second career." However, his ventures in Florida marked the beginning of his gradual reduction in management participation at Standard Oil. 1027: 2688: 547:

committee of three, with Rogers as head, to Oil City to consult with the Oil Producers' Union. Working with the Pennsylvania independents, Rogers and the New York delegation managed to forge an agreement with the railroads, whose leaders eventually agreed to open their rates to all and promised to end their shady dealings with South Improvement.

1265:, called "Castle on the Hill," was completed in 1906. Rogers funded the draining of the mill pond to create a park, installed the town's public water and sewer systems, and served as superintendent of streets for his hometown. Years later, Henry H. Rogers' daughter, Cara Leland Rogers Broughton (Lady Fairhaven), purchased the site of 564:

apparently learned a lot about Rogers' talents and negotiating skills during the South Improvement conflict. He quietly accepted the offer on the exact terms Rogers had laid out. In this manner, Charles Pratt and Company (including Astral Oil) became one of the important independent refiners to join the Standard Oil Trust.

1111:. Over a period of about five months, he gradually recovered. In 1908, he put the remaining financing in place needed to see his railroad to completion. When completed the following year, the Virginian Railway was called by the newspapers "the biggest little railway in the world" and proved both viable and profitable. 524:(PRR), the South Improvement scheme was an example of the type of business tactics which Rockefeller and his associates used to become successful. Although Rockefeller became the target of many who decried Standard Oil's ruthlessness in subsequent years, the South Improvement rebate scheme was Flagler's idea. 393:. Rogers and Ellis and their refinery made US$ 30,000 during their first year. This amount was more than the earnings of three whaling ship trips during an average voyage of more than a year's duration. When Rogers returned home to Fairhaven for a short vacation the next year, he was greeted as a success. 1396:. Rogers reorganized Twain's tangled finances, and the two became close friends for the rest of Rogers' life. By the 1890s, Twain's fortunes began to decline; in his later life, Twain suffered from depression. He lost three of his four children, and his wife, Olivia Langdon, before his death in 1910. 1040:

Page was the "front man" for the Deepwater project, and it is likely the leaders of the big railroads were unaware that their foe was backed by the wealthy Rogers, who did not give up a good fight easily. Instead of abandoning the project, Page and Rogers secretly developed a plan to extend their new

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if sales ran over $ 50,000 a year. The Rogers' family moved to Brooklyn. Rogers moved steadily from foreman to manager, and then superintendent of Pratt's Astral Oil Refinery. He accomplished and exceeded the substantial sales increase goal which Pratt had set when recruiting him. As promised, Pratt

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By all accounts, Rockefeller was an extraordinarily talented manager and financial planner, Flagler was an exceptional marketer, and Andrews had the know-how to oversee refining aspects. It was to be a very successful combination. As the demand for kerosene and a new byproduct, gasoline, grew in the

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Newspapers were quick to publicize the issue. The injustice of the South Improvement scheme outraged many independent oil producers and owners of refineries. Rogers led the opposition among the New York refiners. The New York interests formed an association, and about the middle of March 1872 sent a

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Before I forget it, let me remind you that I shall want the trunk and the things you took away from my house as soon as possible. I learn that instead of taking old things, you took my best. Mrs. Rogers is at the White Mountains. I am going to Fairhaven this afternoon. I hope you will not be there.

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Rogers and Twain enjoyed a more than 16-year friendship. Rogers' family became Twain's surrogate family, and he was a frequent guest at the Rogers townhouse in New York City. Earl J. Dias described the relationship in these words: "Rogers and Twain were kindred spirits—fond of poker, billiards, the

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Many historians consider the Virginian Railway to be one of Henry Rogers' greatest legacies. The 600-mile (970 km) Virginian Railway (VGN) followed his philosophy regarding investing in the best equipment and paying its employees and vendors well throughout its profitable history. It operated

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traffic. Built following his policy of investing in the best route and equipment on initial selection and purchase to save operating expenses, the VGN enjoyed a more modern pathway built to the highest standards, and provided major competition to its larger neighboring railroads, each of whom tried

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East Ohio Gas Company (EOG) was incorporated on September 8, 1898, as a marketing company for the National Transit Company, the natural gas arm of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. The company launched its business by selling to consumers in northeast Ohio gas produced by another National Transit

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Rockefeller and his associates quickly started another approach, which frequently included buying up opposing interests. Their dominance of the growing industry and the squeezing out of smaller competitors continued and expanded. But, the South Improvement incident prompted growing public sentiment

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Rogers joined in the organization of holding companies aimed at controlling natural gas production and distribution. In 1884, with associates, Rogers formed the Consolidated Gas Company, and thereafter for several years he was instrumental in gaining control of great city plants, fighting terrific

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In Virginia and West Virginia, former employees, area residents, and enthusiasts of the Virginian Railway consider the entire railroad to have been a memorial to him. Almost 50 years after it was merged into a competitor, Rogers' railroad has a remarkable following. One of the most active Yahoo!

1474:. Twain praised "this marvelous child" and hoped that Helen would not be forced to retire from her studies because of poverty. He urged the Rogerses to aid Keller and to solicit other Standard Oil chiefs to help her. Rogers helped pay for her education at Radcliffe and arranged a monthly stipend. 1416:

some articles that was laying around...two books, Mr. Rogers' brown slippers, and a ham. I thought it was one of ourn. It looked like one we used to have, but it shan't occur again, and don't you worry. He will temper the wind to the shorn lamb, and I will send some of the things back if there is

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Although public opposition to Rockefeller and Standard Oil existed prior to Tarbell's investigation, there had been general opposition to Standard Oil and trusts. Her book is widely credited with hastening the 1911 breakup of Standard Oil by the United States Supreme Court. "They had never played

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lineage. She returned with him to the oil fields where they lived in a one-room shack along Oil Creek, where her young husband and Ellis worked the Wamsutta Oil Refinery. While they lived in Pennsylvania, their first daughter, Anne Engle Rogers, was born in 1865. They had five surviving children

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In 1874, Rockefeller approached Pratt with a plan to cooperate and consolidate their businesses. Pratt discussed it with Rogers, and they decided that the combination would benefit them. Rogers formulated terms, which guaranteed financial security and jobs for Pratt and himself. Rockefeller had

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In the second half of the 19th century, the United States began a transition from use of whale oil to petroleum for heating and lighting. Discovery of oil fields in western Pennsylvania in the late 1850s and the promise of increased industrial activity and economic growth after the end of the

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of 1879, investigating the railroads of New York, he fine-tuned his circumlocutory, ambiguous, and haughty responses. His most intractable performance was later in a 1906 lawsuit by the state of Missouri, which claimed that two companies in that state registered as independents were actually

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Henry Huttleston Rogers, one of the foremost of the country's captains of industry, and a notable figure for many years in financial and corporation development in this country, died suddenly at his home, 3 East Seventy-eighth Street, at 7:20 o'clock yesterday morning, following a stroke of

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and started his strategy of buying up the competition and consolidating all oil refining under one company. It was during this period that the Pratt interests and Henry Rogers were brought into the fold. By 1878 Standard Oil held about 90% of the refining capacity in the United States.

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to refine and sell to Pratt, the two young men agreed to sell the entire output of their small Wamsutta refinery to Pratt's company at a fixed price. This worked well at first. Then, a few months later, crude oil prices suddenly increased due to manipulation by speculators. The young

670:. By this time, the three main men of Standard Oil Trust had become John D. Rockefeller, his brother William, and Henry Rogers, who had emerged as a key financial strategist. By 1890, Rogers was a vice president of Standard Oil and chairman of the organization's operating committee. 1539:

Washington told about Rogers' philanthropy: "funding the operation of at least 65 small country schools for the education and betterment of African Americans in Virginia and other portions of the South, all unknown to the recipients." Rogers had also generously provided support to

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Twain had some very bad times with his businesses. His publishing company ended up going bankrupt, and he lost thousands of dollars on a typesetting machine that was never quite perfected for commercial use. He also lost a great deal of revenue on royalties from his books being

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Their son, Henry Huttleston Rogers Jr., was born in 1879 and was known as Harry. He lived in New York City and became a colonel in the New York Militia. He served on the Mexican border in 1916, and with the U.S. Army in France from 1917 to 1919 as a lieutenant colonel in the

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Much of what we know about Rogers and his style in business dealings was recorded by others. His behavior in public Court Proceedings provide some of the better examples and some insight. Rogers' business style extended to his testimony in many court settings. Before the

868:. Trolleys, which cost only a nickel a ride through most of their existence, help facilitate mass transit across the Island by reaching communities not serviced by trains. Henry H. Rogers was long-known as the Staten Island transit magnate, and was also involved with the 1192:

Rogers was an energetic man, and exhibited ruthlessness, and iron determination. In the financial and business world he could be grasping and greedy, and operated under a flexible moral code that often stretched the rules of both honesty and fair play. On Wall Street in

1301:, at 471-tons, was 200 feet (61 m) long and manned by a crew of 39. For the final ten years of his life, Rogers entertained friends as they sailed on cruises mostly along the East Coast of the United States, north to Maine and Canada, and south to Virginia. With 1385: 1513:. The next day, Rogers contacted the educator and invited him to his offices. They had common ground in relatively humble beginnings and became strong friends. Washington became a frequent visitor to Rogers' office, his 85-room mansion in Fairhaven, and the yacht. 659:. On advice of her physician, he took her to Florida for the winter months beginning in 1877, and she did seem to improve with the gentle winter and cool ocean breezes there. While in Florida, Flagler was struck with the lack of good rail transportation south of 718:, was the first to take advantage of the lower prices for natural gas. It granted the East Ohio Gas Company a franchise in September 1898, the same month that the company was founded. During the winter of 1898–99, the National Transit Company built a 10-inch 761:. This act is the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbids every contract, scheme, deal, conspiracy to restrain trade. It also forbids inspirations to secure monopoly of a given industry. The Standard Oil Trust attracted attention from 1087:

However, the time and enormous effort Rogers expended on the project continued to undermine his already declining health, not only because of his Herculean work but also because of the uncertain economy of the period, exacerbated by the financial

516:, Rockefeller, a manager of extraordinary abilities, and Flagler, an exceptional marketer, recognized that the costs and control of the shipment of crude oil would be key elements in competition with other refiners. With its combination of clever 195:

bought his and Pratt's business in 1874, and Rogers rose rapidly in Standard Oil. He designed the idea of a very long pipeline for transporting oil, as opposed to using railway cars. In the 1880s, he broadened his interests beyond oil to include

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When Pratt met Rogers at McClintocksville on a business trip, he already knew Charles Ellis, having earlier bought whale oil from him back east in Fairhaven. Although Ellis and Rogers had no wells and were dependent upon purchasing

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Charles Ellis gave up, but in 1866, Henry Rogers went to Pratt in New York and told him he would take personal responsibility for the entire debt. This so impressed Pratt that he immediately hired him for his own organization.

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His first wife, Mai Rogers Coe, was the youngest daughter of H. H. Rogers, one of the founders of the Standard Oil Company. The Coes, who had four children, also owned a town house in Manhattan, along with the ranch in Cody,

1412:, They had a standing joke that Twain was inclined to pilfer items from the Rogers household whenever he spent the night there as a guest. Two letters provide an illustration. Twain wrote to Anne Rogers that he had packed: 1408:

theater, practical jokes, mild profanity, the good-natured spoof. Their friendship, in short, was based on a community of interests and on the fact that each, in some way, needed the other." Their letters were published as

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In their separate forays into business, financial results for the two had been mixed. Flagler, nine years senior to Rockefeller, had been completely wiped out financially in a venture into salt. Only a loan from a relative,

212:, as well as the Consolidated Gas Company that provided coal gas to major cities. By the 1890s, as Rockefeller was withdrawing from the oil business, Rogers was a dominant figure at Standard Oil. In 1899, Rogers set up the 955:(B&O). The expansion plans had the desired effect of essentially forcing B&O to purchase the Ohio River Railroad to block the competition in the new coal areas. The Ohio River Railroad was sold to B&O in 1898. 404:, Pratt had been one of eleven children. His father, Asa Pratt, was a carpenter. Of modest means, he spent three winters as a student at Wesleyan Academy, and is said to have lived on a dollar a week at times. In nearby 707:. In 1881, the National Transit Company was formed by Standard Oil to own and operate Standard's pipelines. The National Transit Company remained one of Rogers' favorite projects throughout the rest of his life. 1201:" of his day, as times were changing. Nevertheless, Rogers amassed a great fortune, estimated at over $ 100 million. He invested heavily in various industries, including copper, steel, mining, and railways. 834: 2066:

But Helen's formal schooling was widening beyond Annie's tutelage. With her teacher at her side—and the financial support of such patrons as John Spaulding, the Sugar King, and Henry Rogers, of Standard

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When Rockefeller observed this, he began to acquire many of the new pipelines. Soon, his Standard Oil companies owned a majority of the lines, which provided cheap, efficient transportation for oil.

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Tarbell blasted Standard Oil for dubious business practices, including subduing competitors and engaging in illegal transportation deals with the railroad companies to undercut competitors' prices.

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railroad all the way across West Virginia and Virginia to port at Hampton Roads. They modified the Deepwater Railway charter to reach the Virginia-state line. A Rogers coal property attorney in

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which began in March of that year. To obtain the needed financing, he was forced to pour many of his own assets into the railroad. Management of the funding Rogers was providing was handled by

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in the process. In 1907, the name of the Tidewater Railway was changed to The Virginian Railway Company, and it acquired the Deepwater Railway to form the needed West Virginia-Virginia link.

991:, in 1902. (I have never seen any documentation that involves Rogers in this railroad, and comments by Gov. MacCorkle in his book suggest that Rogers was not involved with this deal.) TWS 2635: 1584:, and Fairhaven High School. A granite shaft on the High School lawn is dedicated to Rogers. In Riverside Cemetery, the Henry Huttleston Rogers Mausoleum is patterned after the 408:, Pratt joined a company specializing in paints and whale oil products. In 1850 or 1851, he came to New York City, where he worked for a similar company handling paint and oil. 2742: 2605: 1524:, making speeches at many locations over a seven-day period. Washington said Rogers had urged the trip to explore how to improve race relations and economic conditions for 2792: 2787: 2782: 288:

Rogers was an average student, and he was in the first graduating class of the local high school in 1856. Continuing to live with his parents, he was hired on with the

244:, on January 29, 1840. He was the elder son of Rowland Rogers (a former ship captain, bookkeeper and grocer) and his wife, Mary Eldredge Huttleston. Both parents were 1615:, on February 21, 1943, it was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat in the North Atlantic Ocean 600 miles (970 km) off the coast of Ireland while en route from 567:

By this date, Charles Pratt was reaching an age to consider retirement, and he subsequently devoted much of his time and interests to activities such as founding the

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to Akron, with branches to Canton, Massillon, Dover, New Philadelphia, Uhrichsville, and Dennison. The first gas from the pipeline burned in Akron on May 10, 1899.

1247:. Beginning in 1885, he began to donate buildings to his hometown of Fairhaven, Massachusetts. These included a grammar school, Rogers School, built in 1885. The 1596: 1339: 551:

to support governmental oversight and regulation of large businesses, including the railroads. Congress passed new antitrust laws, the administration created the

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and Rogers were two of the largest owners and the Ohio River Railroad's General Manager was C.M. Burt. Its General Solicitor was former West Virginia governor

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Financed almost entirely from Rogers' own resources, and completed in 1909, instead of interchanging, the new Virginian Railway competed with the much larger

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presented the new Town Hall in 1894. The George H. Taber Masonic Lodge building, named for Rogers' "uncle" and boyhood mentor, was completed in 1901. The

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Although Rogers had died suddenly a few weeks earlier, in June 1909 Dr. Washington went on a previously arranged speaking tour along the newly completed

168:. He also played a major role in numerous corporations and business enterprises in the gas industry, copper, and railroads. He became a close friend of 1052:

The battle for the Tidewater Railway's rights-of-way displayed Rogers at his most crafty and ingenious. He was able to persuade the leading citizens of

686:. This mule-drawn transportation was expensive and fraught with difficulties: leaking barrels, muddy trails, wagon breakdowns and mule/driver problems. 1359:. It was less than six weeks before full operations were scheduled to begin on his Virginian Railway. After a funeral at the First Unitarian Church in 1364: 1646:(NRHS) chapter in Roanoke. Fully equipped, it offers an interpretive display of the business conducted in a caboose along the historic right-of-way. 331:

After the family moved to New York in 1866, Cara Leland Rogers was born in Fairhaven in 1867, Millicent Gifford Rogers was born in 1873, followed by

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was completed in 1893 and was a gift to the Town by the Rogers children in memory of their sister Millicent, who had died in 1890 at the age of 17.

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struggled to try to live up to their contract with Pratt, but soon their surplus was wiped out. Before long, they were heavily in debt to Pratt.

220:, that dominated an industry in high demand as the nation needed wire to build its electric networks. His last major enterprise was building the 2330: 1607:-class tanker of 8,807 tons with a capacity of 119,390 barrels (18,981 m) of oil. It was operated by Panama Transport Co., a subsidiary of 1466:, then sixteen years old. Although she had been made blind and deaf by illness as a young child, she had been reached by her teacher-companion, 2376: 1261:

was dedicated in 1904 to the memory of Rogers' mother, Mary Huttleston (née Eldredge) Rogers. He had the Tabitha Inn built in 1905, and a new

285:. Henry Rogers' father was one of the many men of New England who changed from a life on the sea to other work to provide for their families. 1813: 1760: 1450:, a "Mountains to Sea" engineering marvel of the day. The construction of the new railroad had been solely financed by industrialist Rogers. 254:. His mother's family had earlier used the spelling "Huddleston" rather than "Huttleston". (Consequently, Rogers' name is often misspelled.) 2595: 589:

Standard Oil was an oil refining conglomerate. Its successors continued to be among the world's biggest corporations over 140 years later.

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The threat of Congressional rate regulation frightens monopolists like John D Rockefeller (on throne) and Rogers (lower left), Cartoon by

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Dias, Earl J. "Henry Huttleston Rogers (1840 – 1909): An evaluation on the 150th Anniversary of his Birth" (The Millicent Library, 2009)

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were first developed in Pennsylvania in the 1860s to replace transport in wooden barrels loaded on wagons drawn by mules and driven by

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to the south. In the mid-1850s, whaling was already an industry in decline in New England. Whale oil was soon replaced by kerosene and

1707: 2242: 2747: 2491: 1980: 1840: 1565: 830: 144: 1676: 1197:, he became known as "Hell Hound Rogers" and "The Brains of the Standard Oil Trust." He was considered one of the last and great " 637: 505: 350:

Abbie Palmer Gifford Rogers died unexpectedly on May 21, 1894. Her childhood home, a two-story, gable-end frame house built in the

423:. Pratt's product later gave rise to the slogan, "The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil". He also later founded the 332: 224:

to service the West Virginia coal fields. After 1890, he became a prominent philanthropist, as well as a friend and supporter of

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In 1861, 21-year-old Henry pooled his savings of approximately US$ 600 with a friend, Charles P. Ellis. They set out to western

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At his death he held assets later estimated to be worth $ 100 million, but a 2012 critical examination of his wealth considers

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A holding company aimed at controlling copper production and distribution, Amalgamated Copper controlled the copper mines of

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The first successful metal pipeline was completed in 1865, when Samuel Van Syckel built a four-mile (6 km) pipeline from

2663: 1972: 826: 552: 382: 1217:, Rogers listed more than twenty corporations of which he was either president and director or vice president and director. 1906: 469:, 1909). As their family grew, Henry and Abbie continued to live in New York City, but vacationed frequently at Fairhaven. 2653: 2301: 1162: 865: 754: 666:

In 1881 the company was reorganized as the Standard Oil Trust. In 1885, the headquarters were relocated from Cleveland to

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style, has been preserved. It is made available for tours of Fairhaven, Massachusetts, where she and her husband grew up.

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along the route of the new railway. It connected many previously isolated rural communities in the southern portions of

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Rogers was a modest man, and some of his generosity became known only after his death. Examples are found in writings by

745:. Standard Oil's interest in steel properties led to Rogers becoming one of the directors when it was organized in 1901. 2737: 2610: 1944: 1198: 1142: 861: 2340: 1832:

The Natural Gas Industry in Appalachia: A History from the First Discovery to the Tapping of the Marcellus Shale, 2d ed

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combined to make the refining of crude oil seem an attractive business to Rockefeller. He and Flagler enlisted chemist

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In 2004, volunteers engraved Rogers' initials (and those of VGN co-founder William Nelson Page) into new rail laid in

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By the way, I have been using a pair of your gloves in the Mountains, and they don't seem to be much of an attraction.

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The VGN was merged into the Norfolk & Western in 1959. However, almost all of the former VGN mainline trackage in

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in 1898 by either a son of Charles Pratt or the estate of Charles Pratt. Its line ran 15 miles (24 km) from the

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Excerpts from their trips together to the 1907 Jamestown Exposition and the 1909 Dedication of the Virginian Railway

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Under Rogers' leadership, they formed a subsidiary, West Virginia Short Line Railroad, to build a new line between

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east of Roanoke, while most westbound traffic of empty coal cars uses the original Norfolk and Western main line.

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In 1896, Rogers remarried to Emelie Augusta Randel Hart, a divorcée and New York socialite. They had no children.

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The Natural Gas Industry in Appalachia: A History from the First Discovery to the Tapping of the Marcellus Shale

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gave Rogers an interest in the business. In 1867, with Henry Rogers as a partner, he established the firm of

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Manns, Leslie D. "Dominance in the Oil Industry: Standard Oil from 1865 to 1911" in David I. Rosenbaum ed,

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with Rogers in April 1909, and was the guest speaker at the dedication dinner held for the newly completed

2501: 2116: 1292: 901: 555:(ICC), and the courts eventually ordered the breakup of the Standard Oil Trust in the early 20th century. 386: 2080: 837:, the guerrilla warfare against certain private interests, and the wrecking of the Globe Bank of Boston. 2772: 2681: 2362: 2257: 1506: 1262: 1206: 1130:(Kalmbach, 1961), the VGN gained a following of railway enthusiasts which continues to the present day. 1084:

several times unsuccessfully to acquire it after they realized it could not be blocked from completion.

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opened for business in New York on the Tuesday after June 29, 1902, there were 13 directors, including

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In Fairhaven, the Rogers family gifts are located throughout the town. These include Rogers School,

1502: 1435: 1277: 1244: 1222: 1174: 1150: 937: 648: 277:. Fairhaven is a small seaside town on the south coast, bordering the Acushnet River to the west and 229: 1481:, "To Henry H. Rogers, my Dear Friend of Many Years." On the fly leaf of Rogers's copy, she wrote: 2519: 2451: 2420: 2400: 2192:

Messent, Peter. "Mark Twain, Manhood, The Henry H. Rogers Friendship, and 'Which Was the Dream?'."

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For more information about Abbie and Henry Rogers' children, marriages and their descendants, see

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and its newly discovered oil fields. Borrowing another US$ 600, the young partners began a small

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In the early 1871–1872, Pratt and Company and other refiners became involved in a conflict with

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railway enthusiasts groups has more than 800 members. A passenger station has been restored in

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To Mrs Rogers The best of the world I live in is the kindness of friends like you and Mr Rogers

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battles with rivals for some of them, as in the case of Boston. Almost the whole story of his

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United States, by 1868, what was to become Standard Oil was the world's largest oil refinery.

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Mark Twain, a biography: the personal and literary life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, Volume 3

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The Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York: Its History, Organization, Machinery and Methods

1830: 2486: 2349: 2081:"Henry Huttleston Rogers (1840 – 1909): An evaluation on the 150th Anniversary of his Birth" 1965: 1665: 1525: 1439: 1120: 1101: 1097: 597: 501: 481: 416: 1642:. It carries a VGN Class 10-A caboose, built by the company and restored by members of the 787:, ran in 19 parts from November 1902 to October 1904. They were collected and published as 2334: 2276: 2187: 1948: 1787: 1660: 1459: 1272:

After Abbie's death, Rogers developed close friendships with two other notable Americans:

1254: 1007:(VGN), which eventually extended 600 miles (970 km) from the coal fields of southern 734: 697: 568: 528: 424: 340: 320: 313: 104: 2446: 2354: 2177:

Market Dominance: How Firms Gain, Hold, or Lose it and the Impact on Economic Performance

2004: 43: 2496: 1941: 1549: 1296: 1166: 1064:, that his new railroad would be a boon to both communities, secretly securing crucial 881: 841: 772: 540: 462: 266: 217: 1907:"Apoplexy Carries Off the Financier Famous in Standard Oil, Railways, Gas, and Copper" 1592:, Greece. Henry, his first wife Abbie, and several family members are interred there. 1384: 527:

South Improvement was basically a mechanism to obtain secret favorable net rates from

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to reach new coal mining areas, into territory already planned for expansion by the

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attracted great attention from the newspapers, the major public media of the era.

979:. Once again, new coal mining territory was involved. Rogers, acting on behalf of 2207: 1803: 319:

While vacationing in Fairhaven in 1862, Rogers married his childhood sweetheart,

2337:

of preservationists, authors, photographers, historians, modelers, and rail fans

2311: 1748: 1681: 1284:. Urged on by Twain, Rogers and his second wife financed her college education. 825:

properties in the western United States. In 1899, with William Rockefeller, and

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fair, and that ruined their greatness for me", Tarbell wrote about the company.

715: 704: 629: 453: 304:. He worked there for three to four years, while carefully saving his earnings. 282: 2160: 2154:

History of Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey): Pioneering in Big Business 1882–1911)

1470:. When she was 20, Keller passed with distinction the entrance examination to 1026: 17: 1960: 1780: 1401: 1393: 1302: 1273: 1240: 1210:

subsidiaries of Standard Oil, a secret ownership Rogers finally acknowledged.

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Montague, Gilbert Holland. "The Rise and Supremacy of the Standard Oil Co.,"

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is still in use in 2006 as the preferred route for eastbound coal trains for

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In mid-1890s, Rogers became president of the Ohio River Railroad, founded by

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projects, one of which would grow much larger than he probably anticipated.

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Flagler's wife was in failing health due to what was later determined to be

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Mark Twain's Letters to the Rogers Family: The Millicent Library Collection

1927: 1529: 1138: 885: 683: 476:, a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds produced during the distillation of 412: 301: 164:. He made his fortune in the oil refining business, becoming a leader at 2222:

Montague, Gilbert Holland. "The Later History of the Standard Oil Co.,"

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Initially, Rogers' involvement in the project began in 1902 with Page's

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While working with Pratt, Rogers invented an improved way of separating

452:

Pratt made Rogers foreman of his Brooklyn refinery, with a promise of a

2658: 2227: 2217: 1585: 1123: 270: 205: 1589: 1356: 1108: 1093: 987:(C&O) in 1901 and its sale to a newly formed C&O subsidiary, 822: 703:

Rogers conceived the idea of long pipelines for transporting oil and

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Pratt was a pioneer of the natural oil industry, and established his

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during the First World War. He was also a member of the Rhode Island

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and were descended from the Pilgrims who arrived in 1620 aboard the

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Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893–1909

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Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893–1909

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The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859–1899

1967:

Mark Twain's correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893–1909

1410:

Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893–1909

608:, allowed him to keep creditors at bay and stay out of total ruin. 2551: 2543: 2527: 2003:

Paine, Albert Bigelow (1912). "196: Mr. Rogers and Helen Keller".

1675: 1619:, England to the United States. All 73 persons aboard were saved. 1559: 1492: 1383: 1288: 1269:, and donated it to the Town of Fairhaven in her father's memory. 1115:

some of the largest and most powerful steam, electric, and diesel

940:. The owners wished to sell the railroad, which was losing money. 835:

Boston & Montana Consolidated Copper and Silver Mining Company

829:, he formed the first $ 75,000,000 section of the gigantic trust, 364: 201: 1738:

Members of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati. 1924–1925.

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throughout its 50-year history. Chronicled by rail historian and

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During the 1890s, Rogers became interested in Anaconda and other

2535: 1227: (equivalent to $ 1,390,000,000 in 2023) a closer estimate. 1080: 2358: 1438:

in celebration of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the

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Handbill from 1909 tour of southern Virginia and West Virginia

1458:

In May 1896, at the home in New York City of editor-essayist

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Dr. Booker T. Washington papers—comments about Henry Rogers

2291:, ed. by Lewis Leary (1969). Contains 464 letters by Rogers. 1025: 2156:. (1956); 869pp; a standard scholarly study of the company. 779:

author and journalist, who was known as one of the leading

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together, four girls and a boy. Another son died at birth.

2237:

John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise

2170:

John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron or Industrial Statesman?

1421:

Rogers responded on October 31, 1906, with the following:

1631:, and work is underway on a larger former VGN station in 2266:

American Petroleum Industry: the Age of Energy 1899–1959

999:

His final achievement, working with consulting engineer

461:. In the next few years, Rogers became, in the words of 2341:

The Story of Fairhaven compiled by Thomas Tripp in 1929

1392:

In 1893, a mutual friend introduced Rogers to humorist

1145:

due to the more favorable gradients while crossing the

179:

in 1866, when he invented an improved process by which

2302:

Millicent Library, Fairhaven MA, Henry Rogers homepage

1776: 1774: 1772: 261:, during Rogers' early childhood, the family lived in 2636:

Standard Oil Co. v. United States (Standard Stations)

2130:

Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers: An Odd Couple

2226:, Vol. 17, No. 2 (February, 1903), pp. 293–325 2216:, Vol. 16, No. 2 (February, 1902), pp. 265–292 1045:

formed another intrastate railroad in Virginia, the

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Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers in Virginia.

2123:

Henry Huttleston Rogers: Portrait of a "Capitalist"

1548:. Rogers supported projects with at least partial 1367:train. He was interred beside Abbie in Fairhaven's 722:pipeline that stretched from the Pipe Creek on the 137: 127: 116: 97: 89: 71: 50: 34: 2268:, 1964. The standard history of the oil industry. 2159:Huddleston, Eugene L. "Rogers, Henry Huttleston"; 1964: 636:, went into the refining business in Cleveland as 596:During this time, Rockefeller became friends with 156:(January 29, 1840 – May 19, 1909) was an American 2307:Henry H. Rogers, Fairhaven, MA, Office of Tourism 1404:before he had a chance to publish them himself. 1305:among his frequent guests, the movements of the 2628:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States 175:Rogers' success in the oil industry began with 1597:Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company 1388:Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers in 1908 860:'s first trolley line opened, running between 579:Building Standard Oil with John D. Rockefeller 508:, a Cleveland-based refining company) and the 465:, Pratt's "hands and feet and eyes and ears" ( 2370: 1430:In April 1907, they traveled together on the 1363:, his body was transported to Fairhaven by a 1107:On July 22, 1907, he suffered a debilitating 8: 2204:The Rise And Progress of the Standard Oil Co 1627:, a replica built and museum established in 1417:some that won't keep. Yores in Jesus, S.L.C. 1104:, and many other natural resource projects. 520:, and hard-nosed dealings with the powerful 2743:American businesspeople in the oil industry 2132:(Millicent Library, 1984), scholarly study. 2110:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. 2009:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 1355:On May 19, 1909, Rogers died suddenly of a 1280:. He was instrumental in the education of 2377: 2363: 2355: 1753:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr 1708:"Gold Coast Servants' Quarters: Less Gilt" 872:and the Richmond Power and Light Company. 396:In Pennsylvania, Rogers was introduced to 42: 31: 2793:20th-century American railroad executives 2788:19th-century American railroad executives 2346:Works by or about Henry Huttleston Rogers 2328:Virginian Railway (VGN) Enthusiasts Group 2142:Dias, Earl J. "Mark Twain in Fairhaven." 2038:. USA: Delacore Press. pp. 206, 594. 1365:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 769:filed and won an antitrust suit in 1892. 535:(PRR) and other railroads through secret 2783:People from Venango County, Pennsylvania 1797: 1795: 1520:. He rode in Rogers' personal rail car, 2172:(1949). Primary and secondary sources. 1698: 1182:Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York 989:Kanawha and Paint Creek Railway Company 965:Kanawha and Pocahontas Railroad Company 959:Kanawha and Pocahontas Railroad Company 813:interests was one of business warfare. 790:The History of the Standard Oil Company 2758:American steel industry businesspeople 2248:, 1904. The famous original exposé in 1100:, with whom he had also worked on the 711:subsidiary, Hope Natural Gas Company. 559:Combining forces: joining Standard Oil 1781:HHR- Dictionary of American Biography 888:operations. He was a director of the 870:Staten Island-Manhattan Ferry Service 7: 2778:Mutual Alliance Trust Company people 2723:People from Fairhaven, Massachusetts 2687: 1564:A granite memorial to Rogers on the 1501:Around 1894, Rogers attended one of 1180:By 1907, Rogers was a member of the 928:who was also secretly involved with 737:, long the leading steel magnate of 2245:The History of the Standard Oil Co. 2152:Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. 1706:Toy, Vivian S. (October 13, 2002). 1644:National Railway Historical Society 1287:In 1899, Rogers had a luxury steam 880:Rogers was also close associate of 2763:Founders of the petroleum industry 2733:American people of English descent 2162:American National Biography Online 1462:, Rogers and Mark Twain first saw 638:Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler 512:. In developing what would become 506:Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler 389:. They named their new enterprise 25: 2728:Businesspeople from Massachusetts 2079:Dias, Earl J. (January 8, 2013). 1930:, the second one he had suffered. 1882:Armstrong Nelson, Samuel (1907), 1255:Abbie Palmer (née Gifford) Rogers 848:, a revert to its original name. 831:Amalgamated Copper Mining Company 2686: 2677: 2676: 2049:Ozick, Cynthia (June 16, 2003). 1338: 1326: 1060:, both strongholds of the rival 143: 27:American businessman (1840–1909) 743:United States Steel Corporation 480:, from the oil. He was granted 265:, a fishing village across the 2768:American mining businesspeople 2753:American railway entrepreneurs 2664:Petroleum in the United States 2224:Quarterly Journal of Economics 2214:Quarterly Journal of Economics 1973:University of California Press 1188:Business summary: "Hell Hound" 553:Interstate Commerce Commission 1: 1992:– via Internet Archive. 1835:. McFarland. pp. 67–69. 1163:Mutual Alliance Trust Company 1149:' continental divide and the 628:, and Flagler's relative and 419:in the Greenpoint section of 132:Mary Millicent Abigail Rogers 1963:(1969). Leary, Lewis (ed.). 1375:Friendships and philanthropy 1143:Norfolk Southern Corporation 1019:, Virginia in the harbor of 983:negotiated its lease to the 649:Standard Oil Company of Ohio 647:In 1870, Rockefeller formed 467:Little Journeys to the Homes 292:, an early precursor of the 2202:Montague, Gilbert Holland. 2164:(2000). Access Apr 28 2016 2112:London: Warner Books, 1998. 1863:, p. 35, June 29, 1902 1857:"Mutual Alliance Trust Co." 1808:(2nd ed.). McFarland. 1755:. Random House. p. 6. 1477:Keller dedicated her book, 1077:Norfolk and Western Railway 1073:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 985:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 953:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 259:Mattapoisett, Massachusetts 257:Except for a brief move to 2809: 2544:Standard Oil of New Jersey 2520:Standard Oil of California 2386:Standard Oil Company, Inc. 2275:December 25, 2011, at the 2186:February 19, 2011, at the 1871:– via Newspapers.com 1609:Standard Oil of New Jersey 1215:Marquis Who's Who for 1908 1003:, was the building of the 884:in the latter's extensive 714:Rubber-manufacturing city 582: 335:(known as "Mai") in 1875. 311: 109:Emelie Augusta Randel Hart 2672: 1802:Waples, David A. (2012). 1671:South Improvement Company 1656:National Transit Building 1582:Unitarian Memorial Church 1453: 1320:Funeral and resting place 1259:Unitarian Memorial Church 1231:Philanthropy in Fairhaven 1137:and about 50% of that in 981:Charles Pratt and Company 510:South Improvement Company 459:Charles Pratt and Company 345:Society of the Cincinnati 290:Fairhaven Branch Railroad 142: 41: 2748:American philanthropists 2552:Standard Oil of New York 2536:Standard Oil of Kentucky 2333:October 5, 2013, at the 2034:Lash, Joseph P. (1980). 2022:Mark Twain: A Biography. 1829:David A. Waples (2012). 1629:Princeton, West Virginia 1454:Helen Keller's education 1345:The Rogers mausoleum in 1184:, one of around 13,000. 571:. However, Pratt's son, 402:Watertown, Massachusetts 242:Fairhaven, Massachusetts 236:Early life and education 65:Fairhaven, Massachusetts 2528:Standard Oil of Indiana 2462:Henry Huttleston Rogers 2406:William Rockefeller Jr. 2270:online edition of vol 1 2125:(1974) 190pp; biography 2051:"What Helen Keller Saw" 1291:built by a shipyard in 858:Staten Island, New York 846:Anaconda Copper Company 749:Regulating Standard Oil 154:Henry Huttleston Rogers 36:Henry Huttleston Rogers 1689: 1569: 1498: 1428: 1419: 1389: 1161:When the newly formed 1030: 975:up a tributary called 852:Transit: Staten Island 620:and with his brother, 598:Henry Morrison Flagler 448:New York, oil refining 370: 333:Mary Huttleston Rogers 105:Abigail Palmer Gifford 2258:Williamson, Harold F. 2085:The Millicent Library 1679: 1566:Fairhaven High School 1563: 1507:Madison Square Garden 1496: 1423: 1414: 1387: 1263:Fairhaven High School 1128:The Virginian Railway 1029: 922:United States senator 918:Johnson Newlon Camden 767:Ohio Attorney General 759:Sherman Antitrust Act 691:Pithole, Pennsylvania 674:Oil and gas pipelines 573:Charles Millard Pratt 533:Pennsylvania Railroad 522:Pennsylvania Railroad 484:on October 31, 1871. 482:U.S. Patent # 120,539 406:Boston, Massachusetts 391:Wamsutta Oil Refinery 368: 2560:Standard Oil of Ohio 2437:John Dustin Archbold 2260:and Arnold R. Daum. 2196:61.1 (2005): 57–84. 2146:13.4 (1967): 11–15. 1942:millicentlibrary.org 1503:Booker T. Washington 1489:Booker T. Washington 1442:. Twain returned to 1436:Jamestown Exposition 1278:Booker T. Washington 1245:Booker T. Washington 1175:Cornelius Vanderbilt 1151:Blue Ridge Mountains 967:was incorporated in 938:William A. MacCorkle 488:Fighting Rockefeller 321:Abbie Palmer Gifford 308:Marriages and family 230:Booker T. Washington 2738:American financiers 2579:Atlantic Refinering 2452:Oliver Hazard Payne 2421:Stephen V. Harkness 2401:John D. Rockefeller 1479:The World I Live In 1171:William Rockefeller 1157:Banking and trading 1147:Allegheny Mountains 1062:Norfolk and Western 1001:William Nelson Page 912:Ohio River Railroad 906:short-line railroad 634:Stephen V. Harkness 622:William Rockefeller 606:Stephen V. Harkness 591:John D. Rockefeller 518:market manipulation 494:John D. Rockefeller 400:(1830–91). Born in 294:Old Colony Railroad 240:Rogers was born in 193:John D. Rockefeller 183:was separated from 122:Mary Huttleston Coe 2251:McClure's Magazine 2144:Mark Twain Journal 2135:Dias, Earl J. ed. 1947:2012-07-31 at the 1912:The New York Times 1861:The New York Times 1786:2007-02-09 at the 1713:The New York Times 1690: 1640:Victoria, Virginia 1570: 1542:Tuskegee Institute 1499: 1390: 1369:Riverside Cemetery 1347:Riverside Cemetery 1043:Staunton, Virginia 1031: 614:American Civil War 421:Brooklyn, New York 371: 323:, who was also of 214:Amalgamated Copper 83:New York, New York 2700: 2699: 2596:Bowling Green, KY 2589:Historic stations 2442:Jabez A. Bostwick 2194:Arizona Quarterly 2179:. Praeger, 1998. 2168:Latham, Earl ed. 2036:Helen and Teacher 1815:978-0-7864-7000-6 1762:978-0-679-43808-3 1625:Suffolk, Virginia 1586:Temple of Minerva 1578:Millicent Library 1546:Hampton Institute 1526:African Americans 1518:Virginian Railway 1472:Radcliffe College 1448:Virginian Railway 1444:Norfolk, Virginia 1249:Millicent Library 1207:Hepburn Committee 1121:rail photographer 1047:Tidewater Railway 1035:Deepwater Railway 1005:Virginian Railway 995:Virginian Railway 856:On July 1, 1892, 844:and later became 765:authorities. The 222:Virginian Railway 151: 150: 16:(Redirected from 2800: 2690: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2512:The Ohio Oil Co. 2487:Buckeye Partners 2379: 2372: 2365: 2356: 2350:Internet Archive 2254:of Standard Oil. 2243:Tarbell, Ida M. 2239:. 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Flagler 417:Astral Oil Works 383:McClintocksville 216:trust, based in 147: 78: 61:January 29, 1840 60: 58: 46: 32: 21: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2668: 2642: 2615: 2584: 2567: 2473: 2466: 2425: 2389: 2383: 2335:Wayback Machine 2298: 2285: 2283:Primary sources 2277:Wayback Machine 2264:, 1959: vol 2, 2188:Wayback Machine 2108:Chernow, Ron. 2105: 2103:Further reading 2100: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2015: 2013: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1949:Wayback Machine 1940: 1936: 1918: 1916: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1788:Wayback Machine 1779: 1770: 1763: 1751:(May 5, 1998). 1747: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1719: 1717: 1716:. p. LI-14 1705: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1661:William N. 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Retrieved 1711: 1701: 1685: 1637: 1621: 1613:World War II 1604: 1600: 1594: 1571: 1538: 1521: 1515: 1500: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1464:Helen Keller 1457: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1398: 1391: 1354: 1333:1909 funeral 1306: 1297: 1286: 1282:Helen Keller 1271: 1267:Fort Phoenix 1253: 1237:Helen Keller 1234: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1203: 1191: 1179: 1160: 1132: 1127: 1113: 1106: 1086: 1070: 1051: 1039: 1032: 998: 962: 942: 930:Standard Oil 915: 892:, St. Paul, 879: 855: 839: 820: 807: 799: 795: 788: 784: 771: 753:In 1890 the 752: 733: 720:wrought iron 713: 709: 702: 695: 688: 677: 665: 661:Jacksonville 657:tuberculosis 654: 646: 642: 610: 602: 595: 588: 585:Standard Oil 566: 562: 549: 545: 526: 514:Standard Oil 491: 471: 466: 451: 442: 429: 410: 395: 375:Pennsylvania 372: 369:H. H. Rogers 356: 349: 337: 330: 324: 318: 287: 279:Buzzards Bay 256: 249: 239: 189:oil refining 174: 166:Standard Oil 153: 152: 77:(1909-05-19) 75:May 19, 1909 29: 2718:1909 deaths 2713:1840 births 2492:Chesebrough 2388:(1870–1911) 1961:Twain, Mark 1892:February 6, 1682:J. S. Pughe 1601:H.H. Rogers 1402:plagiarized 1117:locomotives 977:Paint Creek 811:natural gas 804:Natural gas 757:passed the 716:Akron, Ohio 705:natural gas 454:partnership 283:natural gas 275:New Bedford 93:Businessman 2707:Categories 2515:(Marathon) 2507:Vacuum Oil 2430:Executives 1693:References 1394:Mark Twain 1380:Mark Twain 1303:Mark Twain 1274:Mark Twain 1241:Mark Twain 1225:41,000,000 1096:financier 949:Clarksburg 898:Lackawanna 781:muckrakers 739:Pittsburgh 724:Ohio River 678:Petroleum 298:expressman 226:Mark Twain 170:Mark Twain 90:Occupation 57:1840-01-29 2601:Odell, Il 2523:(Chevron) 2474:companies 2472:Successor 2206:. (1902) 1617:Liverpool 1611:. During 1595:In 1916, 1574:Town Hall 1361:Manhattan 1293:the Bronx 876:Railroads 793:in 1904. 785:McClure's 763:antitrust 684:teamsters 680:pipelines 539:from the 529:Tom Scott 478:crude oil 433:crude oil 415:refinery 325:Mayflower 269:from the 263:Fairhaven 251:Mayflower 210:railroads 185:crude oil 162:financier 138:Signature 128:Relatives 2682:Category 2620:Lawsuits 2482:Atlantic 2394:Founders 2331:Archived 2273:Archived 2228:in JSTOR 2218:in JSTOR 2184:Archived 1988:June 10, 1945:Archived 1928:apoplexy 1867:June 10, 1784:Archived 1720:June 10, 1650:See also 1530:Virginia 1139:Virginia 890:Santa Fe 886:railroad 777:American 413:kerosene 387:Oil City 379:refinery 302:brakeman 296:, as an 273:port of 117:Children 2692:Commons 2659:Big Oil 2647:Related 2563:(Sohio) 2555:(Mobil) 2547:(Exxon) 2531:(Amoco) 2348:at the 2139:(1970). 1633:Roanoke 1434:to the 1432:Kanawha 1307:Kanawha 1298:Kanawha 1124:H. Reid 1058:Norfolk 1054:Roanoke 1013:Norfolk 537:rebates 531:of the 474:naphtha 271:whaling 246:Yankees 206:banking 187:during 181:naphtha 98:Spouses 2639:(1949) 2631:(1911) 2581:(1874) 2539:(Kyso) 2198:online 2148:online 2117:online 2067:Oil... 1979: 1839: 1812: 1759: 1590:Athens 1556:Legacy 1357:stroke 1295:. The 1243:, and 1109:stroke 1094:Boston 823:copper 817:Copper 500:, and 361:Career 208:, and 198:copper 1688:1905. 1605:Pratt 1522:Dixie 1313:Death 1289:yacht 924:from 775:, an 730:Steel 385:near 202:steel 2092:2017 2062:2017 2018:2017 2011:1035 1990:2022 1977:ISBN 1921:2008 1894:2017 1869:2022 1837:ISBN 1810:ISBN 1757:ISBN 1727:Wyo. 1722:2022 1686:PUCK 1603:, a 1568:lawn 1544:and 1532:and 1276:and 1081:coal 1079:for 1075:and 1056:and 963:The 947:and 920:, a 894:Erie 864:and 504:(of 300:and 228:and 160:and 72:Died 51:Born 1684:in 1588:in 1509:in 1213:In 1126:in 1015:at 381:at 2709:: 2235:. 2083:. 2064:. 2053:. 2020:. 1975:. 1971:. 1923:. 1909:. 1859:, 1794:^ 1771:^ 1724:. 1710:. 1635:. 1580:, 1576:, 1536:. 1371:. 1239:, 1223:$ 1173:, 1169:, 1049:. 1023:. 932:. 900:, 896:, 640:. 632:, 624:, 496:, 427:. 347:. 232:. 204:, 200:, 191:. 172:. 2378:e 2371:t 2364:v 2094:. 1845:. 1818:. 1765:. 316:. 59:) 55:( 20:)

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