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reactants in order to remove the stress of added heat. For similar reasons, lower temperatures would favor the exothermic forward reaction, and produce more products. This works in this case, since due to loss of entropy the reaction becomes less exothermic as temperature increases; however reactions that become more exothermic as temperature increases would seem to violate this principle.
229:, George (1857–1935), and André (1861–1929). His mother raised the children by regimen, described by Henry Louis: "I was accustomed to a very strict discipline: it was necessary to wake up on time, to prepare for your duties and lessons, to eat everything on your plate, etc. All my life I maintained respect for order and law. Order is one of the most perfect forms of civilization."
31:
402:
Le
Chatelier in 1901 attempted the direct combination of the two gases nitrogen and hydrogen at a pressure of 200 atm and 600 °C in the presence of metallic iron. An air compressor forced the mixture of gases into a steel Berthelot bomb, where a platinum spiral heated them and the reduced iron
568:
The forward reaction is exothermic and the reverse reaction is endothermic. Viewed by Le
Chatelier's principle a larger amount of thermal energy in the system would favor the endothermic reverse reaction, as this would absorb the increased energy; in other words the equilibrium would shift to the
260:
Despite training as an engineer, and even with his interests in industrial problems, Le
Chatelier chose to teach chemistry rather than pursue a career in industry. In 1887, he was appointed head of the general chemistry to the preparatory course of the École des Mines in Paris. He tried
251:
Le
Chatelier married Geneviève Nicolas, a friend of the family and sister of four fellow students of the Polytechnique. They had seven children, four girls and three boys, five of whom entered scientific fields; two died preceding Le Chatelier's death.
411:
were successful in producing ammonia on a commercial scale. Near the end of his life, Le
Chatelier wrote, "I let the discovery of the ammonia synthesis slip through my hands. It was the greatest blunder of my scientific career”.
224:
into the iron and steel industries, and the rise of railway transportation. Le
Chatelier's father profoundly influenced his son's future. Henry Louis had one sister, Marie, and four brothers, Louis (1853–1928),
353:, and on varying solubility of salts in an ideal solution. He published no fewer than thirty papers on these topics between 1884 and 1914. His results on chemical equilibrium were presented in 1884 at the
390:
in equal parts rendered a flame of more than 3000 celsius, in 1899 Charles Picard (1872-1957) started to investigate this phenomenon but failed because of soot deposits. In 1901 the latter consulted with
659:
in 1887, became "officier" (officer) in 1908, "commandeur" (Knight
Commander) in 1919, and was finally awarded the title of "grand officier" (Knight Grand Officer) in May 1927. He was admitted to the
403:
catalyst. A terrific explosion occurred which nearly killed an assistant. Le
Chatelier found that the explosion was due to the presence of air in the apparatus used. And thus it was left for
1058:
442:
ceramics. Henry Louis seems to have encouraged Alfred's workshop and assisted with experiments in the composition of porcelain and the reactions of quartz inclusions, and also designed a
1113:
471:; to restore equilibrium, the system will favor a chemical pathway to reduce or eliminate the disturbance so as to restabilize at thermodynamic equilibrium. Put another way,
333:
After four unsuccessful campaigns (1884, 1897, 1898 and 1900), Le
Chatelier was elected to the Académie des sciences (Academy of Science) in 1907. He was also elected to the
1068:
1078:
1053:
702:
1098:
961:
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407:
to succeed where several noted French chemists, including
Thenard, Sainte Claire Deville and even Berthelot had failed. Less than five years later, Haber and
264:
240:
on 25 October 1869. Like all the pupils of the Polytechnique, in September 1870, Le Chatelier was named second lieutenant and later took part in the
236:
in Paris. At the age of 19, after only one year of instruction in specialized engineering, he followed in his father's footsteps by enrolling in the
1108:
1028:
596:
Le Chatelier was politically conservative. In 1934, he published an opinion on the French forty-hour work week law in the Brussels publication
528:
If one increases the pressure of the reactants, the reaction will tend to move towards the products to decrease the pressure of the reaction.
399:
industry was born. In 1902 Fouché invented a gas welder tool with French patent number 325,403 and in 1910 Picard developed the needle valve.
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Part of Le Chatelier's work was devoted to industry. For example, he was a consulting engineer for a cement company, the
1103:
786:
Robert-Hauglustaine, Anne-Catherine (2000). "Les métiers du soudage en France et la création de filières de formation".
600:. However, in spite of certain anti-parliamentarian convictions, he kept away from any extremist or radical movements.
360:
Le Chatelier also carried out extensive research on metallurgy and was one of the founders of the technical newspaper
577:
It was then typical for scientists and engineers to have a very scientific vision of industry. In the first issue of
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and Louise Durand. His father was an influential figure who played important roles in the birth of the French
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unsuccessfully to get a position teaching chemistry at the École polytechnique in 1884 and again in 1897.
237:
221:
164:
55:
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200:, used by chemists and chemical engineers to predict the effect a changing condition has on a system in
303:
Theory of chemical equilibria, high temperature measurements and phenomena of dissociation (1898–1899)
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853:
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This qualitative law enables one to envision the displacement of equilibrium of a chemical reaction.
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For example: a change in concentration of a reaction in equilibrium for the following equation:
349:
In chemistry, Le Chatelier is best known for his work on his principle of chemical equilibrium,
245:
581:, Le Chatelier published an article describing his convictions on the subject, discussing the
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Le Chatelier was born on 8 October 1850 in Paris and was the son of French materials engineer
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438:(alias Jean Lahor), listed the workshop as one of the best producers in France of
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Some practical applications of the fundamental principles of chemistry (1906–1907)
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404:
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Le Chatelier's Principle states that a system always acts to oppose changes in
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On the advice of a paper of Le Chatelier that the combustion of a mixture of
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Cement. His 1887 doctoral thesis was dedicated to the subject of mortars:
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866:
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4. "Henri Le Chatelier: His Publications," Ceram. Abs., 16, (Oct., 1937)
30:
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Recherches expérimentales sur la constitution des mortiers hydrauliques
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Recherches expérimentales sur la constitution des mortiers hydrauliques
244:. After brilliant successes in his technical schooling, he entered the
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379:(Experimental Research on the Composition of Hydraulic Mortars).
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488:, the equilibrium will shift in order to minimize that change.
767:. SIPPAF. Système d'Information Patrons et Patronat Français
700:
Desch, C. H. (1938). "Henry Louis Le Chatelier. 1850–1936".
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If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in
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and together they obtain a perfectly stable flame and the
283:
as chair of inorganic chemistry. Later he taught at the
337:
in 1907. In 1924, he became an Honorary Member of the
196:
of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He devised
996:"Henry LE CHATELIER (1850–1936) Sa vie, son œuvre."
904:
H.L. Le Chatelier, "Role of Science in Industry" in
744:"President of honour and honorary members of PTChem"
312:
General methods of analytical chemistry (1901–1902)
192:; 8 October 1850 – 17 September 1936) was a French
160:
150:
123:
112:
102:
84:
62:
37:
21:
279:At the Collège de France, Le Chatelier succeeded
1059:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
923:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
703:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
315:General laws of analytical chemistry (1901–1902)
294:At the Collège de France, Le Chatelier taught:
269:The Sorbonne. Professor Henry Louis Le Chatelier
655:Le Chatelier named "chevalier" (knight) of the
423:), near Versailles, in 1897. The workshop made
962:"Alfred Le Chatelier et l'Atelier de Glatigny"
539:, the second stage is a reversible reaction:
369:Société des chaux et ciments Pavin de Lafarge
8:
1114:Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
842:"Le Chatelier and the synthesis of ammonia"
327:Properties of metals and some alloys (1907)
18:
1079:Academic staff of the University of Paris
1054:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
865:
531:However consider another example: in the
318:General laws of chemical mechanics (1903)
638:Introduction à l'étude de la métallurgie
1069:Academic staff of the Collège de France
692:
1099:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
892:
880:
306:Properties of metal alloys (1899–1900)
232:As a child, Le Chatelier attended the
919:"Henry Louis Le Chatelier. 1850–1936"
187:
7:
1094:Foreign members of the Royal Society
321:Silica and its compounds (1905–1906)
929:(6). Royal Society: 250–259. 1938.
677:Foreign Member of the Royal Society
434:and glassware. In 1901, the critic
589:. In 1928, he published a book on
220:industry, the introduction of the
14:
1000:, special edition, January 1937.
628:(1904; English translation, 1905)
335:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
971:(in French) (26), archived from
820:. TRACES DE FRANCE. 13 May 2018.
29:
1109:French male non-fiction writers
733:, special edition, January 1937
598:Revue économique internationale
449:to measure temperature in the
300:Phenomena of combustion (1898)
287:university, where he replaced
1:
846:Journal of Chemical Education
840:Silverman, Alexander (1938).
720:See signature on second page.
616:High Temperature Measurements
1049:20th-century French chemists
1044:19th-century French chemists
622:(1901; second edition, 1902)
612:(1896; second edition, 1902)
610:Cours de chimie industrielle
273:Bibliothèque de La Sorbonne
1130:
1064:University of Paris alumni
1029:École Polytechnique alumni
679:in 1913 and awarded their
644:La silice et les silicates
460:
189:[ɑ̃ʁilwiləʃɑtəlje]
16:French chemist (1850–1936)
456:
174:
143:
28:
1034:Mines Paris - PSL alumni
908:, n°1, 1904 page 1 to 10
673:Iron and Steel Institute
587:Frederick Winslow Taylor
463:Le Chatelier's principle
457:Le Chatelier's principle
351:Le Chatelier's principle
222:Martin-Siemens processes
198:Le Chatelier's principle
181:Henry Louis Le Chatelier
89:Le Chatelier's principle
23:Henry Louis Le Chatelier
906:La revue de métallurgie
675:in 1911, admitted as a
579:La revue de métallurgie
362:La revue de métallurgie
339:Polish Chemical Society
309:Iron alloys (1900–1901)
1084:French science writers
935:10.1098/rsbm.1938.0005
716:10.1098/rsbm.1938.0005
535:for the production of
491:
276:
1074:Scientists from Paris
960:Arthur, Paul (2017),
818:"LE CHALUMEAU (1902)"
662:Academie des Sciences
632:Leçons sur le carbone
583:scientific management
473:
364:(Metallurgy Review).
355:Académie des sciences
267:
185:French pronunciation:
998:Révue de Métallurgie
731:Révue de métallurgie
469:chemical equilibrium
202:chemical equilibrium
93:Thermal flame theory
74:Miribel-les-Échelles
1104:Bessemer Gold Medal
867:10.1021/ed015p289.3
858:1938JChEd..15R.289S
788:Le Mouvement Social
669:Bessemer Gold Medal
667:He was awarded the
417:Alfred Le Chatelier
238:École Polytechnique
165:École Polytechnique
117:Alfred Le Chatelier
651:Honours and awards
277:
248:in Paris in 1871.
227:Alfred (1855–1929)
214:Louis Le Chatelier
107:Louis Le Chatelier
371:, today known as
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145:Scientific career
66:17 September 1936
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1089:French inventors
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657:Légion d'honneur
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1039:Corps des mines
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938:. Retrieved
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769:. Retrieved
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161:Institutions
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68:(1936-09-17)
1024:1936 deaths
1019:1850 births
1004:(in French)
940:8 September
893:Arthur 2017
881:Arthur 2017
749:23 February
482:temperature
440:Art Nouveau
405:Fritz Haber
1013:Categories
982:2018-02-25
852:(6): 289.
687:References
681:Davy Medal
585:theory of
421:Le Chesnay
409:Carl Bosch
357:in Paris.
208:Early life
135:Davy Medal
97:Detonation
44:1850-10-08
683:in 1916.
664:in 1907.
591:Taylorism
484:or total
447:pyrometer
432:porcelain
425:sandstone
388:acetylene
218:aluminium
155:Chemistry
119:, brother
113:Relatives
573:Politics
486:pressure
428:ceramics
285:Sorbonne
275:, NuBIS)
169:Sorbonne
128:ForMemRS
953:Sources
854:Bibcode
804:3779979
557:(g) ⇌ 2
517:(g) ⇌ 2
373:Lafarge
194:chemist
969:Sèvres
802:
771:30 May
646:(1914)
640:(1912)
634:(1908)
550:(g) +
384:oxygen
256:Career
151:Fields
138:(1916)
131:(1913)
124:Awards
103:Father
56:France
976:(PDF)
965:(PDF)
800:JSTOR
604:Works
510:) + 3
451:kilns
78:Isère
52:Paris
942:2020
773:2022
751:2020
386:and
63:Died
38:Born
931:doi
862:doi
792:doi
712:doi
564:(g)
524:(g)
1015::
967:,
925:.
921:.
860:.
850:15
848:.
844:.
798:.
706:.
593:.
559:SO
545:SO
519:NH
480:,
453:.
341:.
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552:O
547:2
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512:H
508:g
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501:N
271:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
