626:
475:" locomotive. Baldwin experienced considerable difficulties before the locomotive performed satisfactorily, but the difficulties encountered were as nothing compared with those the English builders had to overcome. Baldwin's locomotive traversed one mile in 58 seconds. Still, Baldwin's problems arose from defective exhaust pipes, valve gear and steam joints, all required reconstruction. Baldwin was forced to wait on payment and in the end took a $ 500 penalty on the price. As a design, Baldwin never repeated it as the locomotive amply demonstrated the problems with using rigid British locomotives on American railroads.
231:
380:
780:, and 63 Leviathan. Although both engines have been scrapped, and therefore technically do not count as having been preserved, there were exact, full size operating replicas built in recent years. The Jupiter was built for the National Park Service along with a replica of Union Pacific's 119 for use at their Golden Spike National Historic Site. Leviathan was finished in 2009, is privately owned, and travels to various railroads to operate.
143:
cheap it "goes as you please." Over these eccentric roads the
American locomotive adjusts itself to every change of level both across and along the line ; it takes curves that would be impossible for the rigid English engine ; and, finally, it runs over a crazy track, up hill and down, in perfect safety. It has been well said that all that the English engine can do on a perfect road the
372:
692:
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Baldwin engines. The key constraint in this approach was that it had limited traction because of the single driver. These locomotives were equally characterized by both axles, powered or unpowered, being of equal size. Even though the locomotive had the 2-2-0 designation, the leading axle was unpowered and not a
551:
With the issuance of his patent in 1836, Campbell worked with James Brooks to build the first 4-4-0 using his idea. Although it proved to develop 60 percent more tractive effort than the
Standard Baldwin 4-2-0, it was not widely adopted. This was largely because of the rigid frame which did not allow
151:
Not only did the new
American Type steam locomotive deliver more horsepower, tractive effort, and reliability it also laid the groundwork for locomotive engineering in the 19th century with boilers mounted horizontally (instead of vertically), smoke stacks mounted vertically at the front to expel the
1372:
Development of the
Locomotive Engine: A History of the Growth of the Locomotive from Its Most Elementary Form, Showing the Gradual Steps Made Toward the Developed Engine, with Biographical Sketches of the Eminent Engineers and Inventors who Nursed it on Its Way to the Perfected Form of To-day. Many
482:
was built, the first locomotive to be built entirely within the United States for revenue service. It also produced the first locomotive boiler explosion in the US. Over the next five years, the
Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad with Campbell as Chief Engineer would take delivery of
425:
which could be built with either inside or outside steam cylinders. The critical element of the design was the single pair of driving wheels placed either in front of the firebox, as in the Norris engines, or in back of the firebox, as patented in 1834 by E. L. Miller and used extensively by in the
413:
for example, is relatively low-powered but with a high starting tractive effort for getting heavy cars rolling quickly. These locomotives are geared to produce high torque but are restricted to low top speeds and have small diameter driving wheels. Switchers are rail analogs to tugboats. For higher
809:
in 1961 for storage. The locomotive was moved to the
Wilmington and Western in 1964, and would start operating on the Wilmington and Western, in the fall of 1972. The Engine is currently one of two operational American Type steam locomotives, east of the Mississippi. The engine is expected to be
722:
While
Campbell originally conceived of and patented the 4-4-0 design and would later sue for any patent infringement, he originally included a rigid front truck which could not successfully negotiate curves in the rails or uneven track. The Eastwick & Harrison Company beat him to the punch on
588:
over its production of 4-4-0 locomotives with an unknown degree of success. Campbell's design with
Harrison's equalizer as a concept was criticized at first by the other locomotive builders. But by 1845, the advantages were apparent and Matthias Baldwin unable to sell any of its proprietary 4-2-0
142:
English railroads were short, solid, straight and level, and laid with the best rails in the world ; and their massive and powerful, and rigid-framed engines are thoroughly adopted to those perfect roads. On the contrary, the
American road is generally of great length, and being necessarily
597:
By the late 1840s, Campbell had left
Philadelphia for New England, where he worked as chief engineer for the Vermont Central Railroad and the Vermont & Canada Railroad. He designed and constructed many covered bridges in New England and became known as the bridge-builder of New England.
131:. Campbell contributed to American railroading and bridge-building in the first half of the 19th century. Campbell patented his 4-4-0 design in February 1836, just a few months before the patent law was changed to require that claims include proof of originality or novelty.
540:
The problem with these locomotives was weight distribution. This concern influenced Campbell to design a locomotive that would be easy on American track which was relatively light and very flexible. By 1835, strap rails laid on wooden stringers were still the rule, and the
181:
Henry was one of nine children in the family. Henry's brother John D. Campbell (1821–1863) would also go on to become a civil engineer while helping his brother Henry construct bridges for the Vermont Central Railroad, and then went on to become superintendent of the
581:. These locomotives weighed thirteen tons, cylinders were twelve and a-half inches in diameter; stroke was sixteen inches, driving wheels fifty-four inches diameter, and capable of transporting from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty tons over the road.
134:
The 4-4-0 or American type steam locomotive was the most popular wheel arrangement in 19th century American railroads and was widely copied. White noted that the design was successful because it "... met every requirement of early United States railroads".
643:
The Committee on Science and the Arts constituted by the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the promotion of the Mechanic Arts to whom was referred for examination a Spirit Level invented by Mr Henry R Campbell of Philadelphia.
178:, to Amos Campbell, (1779 in Bucks County, Pa; died 1868) and Ann Roe . Amos Campbell was a bridge builder and of Scottish descent, settled in Pennsylvania in 1837. His mother's family, the Roe's were among the early settlers of New Jersey.
639:
Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown Rail Road Company., Campbell, H. R., & Strickend, W. (1833). Report and estimates of the engineers of the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Rail-Road Company. Philadelphia: publisher not
687:, Virginia ; locks of eight feet lift, on the same aqueducts across Rivanna River and Byrd Creek, on the same ; superstructure, etc., of farm bridges, on the same ; lock gates and mitre sills. London: J. Weale.
622:, completed what was then attributed to be the longest swing-span movable bridge (472 feet in length) in the world at Perth Amboy in New Jersey but the harsh winter weather of that project eventually caused his demise.
708:
Patent No. 9,355 For the 4-4-0 Locomotive configuration. This locomotive had a three-point suspension and a leading truck and operated well on uneven tracks as well as powerful because of its four connected driving
712:
Patent No. 11,003 which was for a double rail system of inverted "U" rails where the flange on the carriage wheel rode between the rails such that it allowed the flanges of the wheels to run freely between
308:
Campbell resigned his position with the Philadelphia, Germantown & Norristown Railroad in 1839 to become an independent civil engineer, taking on a variety of projects such as engineering the
278:, and Campbell. Henry R. Campbell remained on the Columbia Railway as assistant and principal assistant engineer until February, 1832, when he received the appointment of chief engineer of the
271:
548:
Campbell's solution to the problem of weight distribution and tractive effort was to develop two coupled drivers, one in front of the boiler and one at the rear with a two axle lead truck.
336:
and converged with the existing State owned railway on Lancaster pike. The total length of the alignment as proposed varied from 8 to 9 miles with a practical grade of 40 feet per mile.
1113:
606:
During the 1860s, Campbell returned to Pennsylvania and continued to accept a variety of bridge and construction contracts. Campbell was resident engineer for the construction by the
442:
197:(1836-1891), a graduate of West Point (Class of 1861) and civil war veteran (Battle of Antietam) and Henry Roe Campbell Jr., who was also involved in railroads and civil engineering.
138:
At the end of Campbell's career. a Harper's Magazine article in March 1879 noted that the impact Campbell's design played in railroad development in the United States when it wrote:
301:
During this period, Campbell became quite busy designing other rail lines and structures while still employed as the PG&N's chief engineer. He drafted plans for a bridge on the
545:
which was the site of the recent improvements with Jervis' 4-2-0, was considered particularly substantial with strap rails, 2.5 inches wide, laid on substantial pine stringers.
453:. It was ready for its American design locomotive. In 1832, Campbell was chief engineer for the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad when that line first adopted
926:
849:
which is privately owned, the latter of which it is the only operable example. It was common practice for American railroads of the 19th century to name their engines after
654:
West Philadelphia Rail Road Company. First annual report of the West Philadelphia Rail Road Company. Philadelphia, 1835. 9pp. Source Library:The American Antiquarian Society
1700:
Source Information: Ancestry.com. Web: BillionGraves.com Burial Index . Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.Original data: Headstone Search. BillionGraves.
664:
Campbell, H. R., & Gettysburg Railroad. (1839). Map and profile of the Gettysburg Rail Road as surveyed by order of the legislature of Pennsylvania, 1839. Philadelphia.
1869:
1720:
1302:
328:) on the Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad. In March 1835, Campbell reported on his engineering recommendations for the proposed railroad alignment starting near the
647:
Campbell, H. R., Kramm, G., & Lehman & Duval Lithrs. (1835). Plan of the West-Philadelphia Rail-Road. Philadelphia: Lehman & Duval Lithrs. For Map see this
1884:
625:
155:
This design also provided greater protection with an enclosed cab and many other features including things like cowcatchers, front-mounted headlamps/lights, etc.).
667:
Strickland, W., Gill, E. H., & Campbell, H. R. (1841). Reports, specifications, and estimates of public works in the United States of America: Comprising the
1879:
1807:
1904:
1874:
183:
401:
which is largely a function of its intended application and purpose. The fundamental principle of design for 19th century steam locomotives was
648:
1634:
1507:
1121:
158:
While Campbell's 4-4-0 design was less attractive by the end of the 19th century as more powerful locomotives took their place such as the
1864:
515:
190:
356:
Working for the State of Pennsylvania, Campbell drafted a map and profile of the proposed Gettysburg Railroad in Pennsylvania in 1839.
166:
wheel arrangement even though some 4-4-0s remained in service into the 1940s, over 100 years after the design was initially conceived.
1899:
658:
578:
325:
255:
218:
1859:
942:
936:
661:
Rail Road; by Order of the Canal Commissioners of the State of Pennsylvania. A. Seyfert & Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1499:
866:
Campbell died in Woodbury, New Jersey, on February 6, 1879, and is interred in Green Cemetery, Woodbury, Gloucester, New Jersey.
842:
302:
230:
783:
672:
585:
805:, the owner of the Louisiana Eastern Railroad. The engine was sold again to Thomas C. Marshall, in 1960, and was moved to the
1909:
607:
227:
As a young person, Henry Campbell learned architecture and civil engineering while working as an apprentice to his father.
767:. Second oldest operating locomotive after KFNB Licaon in Western Hemisphere, and third oldest in the world after the 1855
147:(4-4-0) engine will do ; and much more than this, it will do work on any road, however rough, hilly, curved and cheap.
1213:
684:
75:
48:
838:
794:
345:
1854:
1145:"A GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY ITS PREDECESSORS AND SUCCESSORS AND ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT"
790:
746:
1582:
309:
1604:
758:
739:
488:
459:
379:
819:
479:
450:
321:
827:
798:
769:
434:
329:
1814:
657:
Campbell, H. R. (1837) Report of Surveys Made to Avoid the Inclined Plane Upon and for the Improvement of the
1114:"Passages To Pennsylvania's Past Bucks County's 12 Covered Bridges Can Be Visited At Leisure In A Single Day"
1054:
619:
542:
1260:"Map and profile of the Gettysburg Rail Road as surveyed by order of the legislature of Pennsylvania, 1839"
724:
574:
By 1840, Campbell established his own locomotive works in the Northern Liberties section of Philadelphia.
564:
754:
728:
680:
668:
446:
259:
189:
Henry Roe Campbell married Sidney Boyd of Lancaster, Pa. in 1833. Henry met Sidney while he worked on the
589:
designs, bought the Campbell and Harrison patents. This ended Campbell's career as a locomotive builder.
224:
In 1849, at age 70, Amos traveled to Maumee, Ohio to erect the largest covered bridge he had ever built.
1555:
267:
1894:
1889:
1440:"Why Rail Has 20X Energy Saving Advantage Over Rubber Tire Road Vehicles - The Science of Locomotion"
1005:
854:
777:
734:
A number of American Type steam locomotives have been preserved and a few even remain in operation.
467:
with 54 inch diameter driving wheels, 45 inch lead wheels and 9.5 inch cylinders that was a copy of
251:
214:
175:
71:
44:
802:
1642:
1264:
853:, and other mythological figures to attract attention, thus the engine should not be confused with
850:
816:
806:
553:
552:
for maintaining equal weight on the drivers and it was prone to derail. This problem was solved by
472:
234:
364:
For a detailed history of the development of the 4-4-0 steam locomotive in the United States, see
1839:
1794:
1773:
1752:
1729:
1462:
1439:
1437:
Note that the horsepower estimates do not correlate to tested, 20th century power standards; see
1428:
1401:
1343:
1311:
1021:
978:
505:
454:
406:
263:
194:
110:
801:. The engine ran for the Mississippi Central Railroad from 1909 to 1944, before it was sold to
1808:"Pennsylvania Historic Resource Form: Chester Valley Railroad, Bridgeport to Downington, 2004"
1682:
1513:
1503:
1389:
1029:
932:
846:
468:
397:
95:
1096:
217:. Starting in 1820, the father, a master carpenter, built covered bridges over the Delaware (
1743:
1013:
969:
884:
676:
560:
392:
333:
275:
793:
of Schenectady, NY in January 1909 (construction #45921). The locomotive was built for the
266:, future Pennsylvania railroad engineer and president, assistant engineers; John P. Baily,
1695:
1568:
823:
750:
568:
291:
279:
305:
in New York. He also served as engineer for the West Philadelphia railroad in 1835-1836.
1144:
1009:
763:
679: ; Delaware Breakwater ; Philadelphia Water Works ; dam and lock on the
421:
Prior to 1832, the typical locomotive for general road service on American roads was a
402:
206:
128:
1188:
610:
of a freight classification yard and repair facility at Renovo, Pennsylvania in 1866.
1848:
1077:"JOHN D. CAMPBELL.: BIOGRAPHY AND PHRENOLGICAL CHARACTER. BIOGRAPHY. PHRENOLOGICAL".
557:
427:
415:
295:
1453:
Heydinger, Earl J. (October 1954). "The English Influence on American Railroads".
1172:
1667:, a newspaper published in his home town of Woodbury, N.J. for February 12, 1879
1230:
Campbell biographical material sourced from an unpublished manuscript by Schopp.
629:
Philadelphia Water Works, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views
210:
1240:"West Philadelphia Railroad:Extract from the Report of Mr. Henry R. Campbell".
695:
Campbell patent depicting rail wheel and rail interaction with inverted U rails
371:
1017:
834:
79:
52:
1718:
Young, E. G. (May 1928). "Historical Notes on Locomotive Design, 1769-1840".
1583:"Patent US11003 - Combination of railroad tracks and wheels - Google Patents"
1517:
1004:(3). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 35. July 17, 1880.
810:
taken out of service in 2019 for its Federally Mandated 1,472 Day Inspection.
414:
speeds, larger boilers were required which in turn led to the development of
298:, fresh out of West Point, served Campbell as an apprentice on the PG&N.
124:
91:
1764:
Warner, Paul T. (October 1934). "The 4-4-0 (American) Type of Locomotive".
1419:
Fisher, Chas. E. (October 1943). "Von Gerstner and our First Locomotives".
1334:
Warner, Paul T. (October 1934). "The 4-4-0 (American) Type of Locomotive".
1033:
743:
691:
571:. Campbell tried to sue Eastwick for patent infringement With no success.
410:
1798:
1777:
1756:
1733:
1612:
1466:
1432:
1405:
1347:
1315:
982:
254:, US Army Corps of Engineers was charged with locating the route of the
1025:
1259:
324:
as conceived of as a way to eliminate the use of an inclined plane (
262:, and Philadelphia, with a survey party that included among others
1496:
The Pennsylvania Railroad: Volume I, Building an Empire, 1846–1917
831:
786:
690:
624:
464:
422:
384:
378:
370:
365:
229:
163:
159:
1805:
For details on Campbell's early life and some of his career, see
1785:
Warner, Paul T. (October 1952). "Some Early Locomotive Patents".
1741:
Francis, Edward (Autumn 1987). "Henry Roe Campbell (1807-1879)".
967:
Francis, Edward (Autumn 1987). "Henry Roe Campbell (1807-1879)".
241:", delivered to the Philadelphia and Germantown Railroad in 1832.
928:
A history of the American locomotive; its development: 1830-1880
344:
With his father, Amos Campbell, Campbell constructed the 8-mile
723:
this much needed design improvement, delivering its first, the
1481:
Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Canal Commissioners for 1839
1300:
Warner, Paul T. (October 1943). "Atlantic Type Locomotives".
577:
Campbell then engineered and built three locomotives for the
375:
Schematic of the first 4-2-0 locomotive, the Brother Jonathan
123:(September 9, 1807 – February 6, 1879) was an American
1701:
1544:
Mechanics' Magazine, and Journal of the Mechanics' Institute
1751:(157). Railway and Locomotive Historical Society: 110–113.
1392:(April 1968). "Old Ironsides, Baldwin's First Locomotive".
977:(157). Railway and Locomotive Historical Society: 110–113.
1531:
Anon. (June 2, 1876). "The Railroad Gazette". p. 244.
1373:
Particulars are Also Given Concerning Railroad Development
457:
with the delivery of Matthias Baldwin's first locomotive,"
1772:(35). Railway and Locomotive Historical Society: 10–37.
1342:(35). Railway and Locomotive Historical Society: 10–37.
1793:(87). Railway and Locomotive Historical Society: 9–20.
1728:(17). Railway and Locomotive Historical Society: 9–22.
1218:
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - DATA SHEET
1067:
Schopp posted in an email additional biographical data
174:
Henry Roe Campbell was born on September 9, 1807, in
152:
smoke and cinders away from the crew and passengers.
1214:"Chester Valley Railroad, Bridgeport to Downingtown"
1663:Francis cites the Campbell obituary printed in the
102:
87:
60:
30:
23:
1787:Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
1766:Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
1721:Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
1455:Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
1421:Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
1394:Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
1336:Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
1303:Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
1174:Notes on the Internal Improvements of Pennsylvania
478:This Baldwin delivery was only one year after the
437:had already assembled one British locomotive, the
290:In 1832 Campbell became the chief engineer of the
286:Philadelphia, Germantown & Norristown Railroad
931:. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 46–57.
847:Eureka and Palisade Railroad no. 4, the "Eureka"
391:One of the most visually striking features of a
113:was a West Point graduate and Civil War veteran.
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1220:. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
445:and made a detailed inspection of another, the
274:, Major Wilson's son and future PRR executive,
184:Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad
140:
1085:(5). American Periodicals: 131. November 1863.
837:in the United States, the other two being the
1329:
1327:
1325:
1295:
1293:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
8:
1384:
1382:
704:Campbell received two patents for his work:
675:across the Swatara ; twin locks on the
205:His father, Amos Campbell, was a well-known
162:wheel arrangement and Consolidations of the
1277:
1275:
1166:
1164:
584:Several years later in 1843, Campbell sued
270:(1805–1885), future chief engineer of the
221:- 1840), Schuylkill and Conestoga Rivers.
98:, Locomotive designers, Railroad executive
20:
1870:19th-century American railroad executives
292:Philadelphia, Germantown & Norristown
280:Philadelphia, Germantown & Norristown
1677:"Campbell mortality data". Ancestry.com.
1284:Perfecting the American Steam Locomotive
1048:
1046:
1044:
1101:. Wynkoop and Thomas. 1862. p. 94.
996:"Evolution of Locomotives in America".
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
875:
738:Baltimore & Ohio Railroad #25, the
483:the following locomotives, all 2-2-0s:
1885:American railroad mechanical engineers
1691:
1680:
1564:
1553:
841:no. 12, the "Sonoma" displayed at the
822:is a narrow gauge steam locomotive in
1038:(Emphasis and 4-4-0 reference added.)
7:
883:Campbell, H. R. (February 5, 1836).
191:Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad
16:American surveyor and civil engineer
1605:"An American Locomotive Turns 100"
1053:Schopp, Paul W. (April 11, 1998).
755:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum
579:Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad
348:which opened on January 29, 1838.
246:Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad
14:
1880:Locomotive builders and designers
1375:. A. Sinclair Publishing Company.
1242:Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania
443:Newcastle and Frenchtown railroad
366:4-4-0 § American development
272:Huntington and Broad Top Railroad
237:first steam locomotive (2-2-0), "
1905:People from Woodbury, New Jersey
1609:Wilmington and Western RR Museum
1500:University of Pennsylvania Press
1098:Low's Railway Directory for 1862
843:California State Railroad Museum
310:Norristown & Valley Railroad
303:Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad
1875:19th-century American engineers
1112:Branson, Harry (May 25, 1990).
855:the engine of Golden Spike fame
360:Locomotive designer and builder
1079:American Phrenological Journal
776:Central Pacific's numbers 60,
753:in Baltimore, Maryland at the
618:In 1875, Campbell working for
608:Philadelphia and Erie Railroad
602:Philadelphia and Erie Railroad
346:Camden & Woodbury Railroad
340:Camden & Woodbury Railroad
1:
1840:American Locomotive Engineers
1542:Mechanics' Institute (1834).
887:. United States Patent Office
826:It is one of three preserved
685:James River and Kanawha Canal
530:10 hp Newcastle Co. 1835
498:12 hp Newcastle Co. 1832
1494:Churella, Albert J. (2013).
1177:. Railway World. p. 18.
839:North Pacific Coast Railroad
795:Mississippi Central Railroad
784:Wilmington & Western #98
567:with the development of the
1286:. Indiana University Press.
925:White, John H. Jr. (1968).
791:American Locomotive Company
1926:
1865:American railroad pioneers
1639:Official City of Las Vegas
1248:(11): 175. March 14, 1835.
1171:Wilson, W. Hasell (1879).
759:The Great Locomotive Chase
383:1836 picture of the first
363:
322:West Philadelphia Railroad
316:West Philadelphia Railroad
193:. Two are their sons were
1900:Engineers from New Jersey
1702:http://billiongraves.com/
1018:10.1126/science.os-1.4.35
659:Columbia and Philadelphia
480:Best Friend of Charleston
451:Camden and Amboy railroad
107:
1860:American civil engineers
1370:Sinclair, Angus (1907).
1282:Lamb, J. Parker (2003).
1244:. American Periodicals.
799:Hattiesburg, Mississippi
757:built in 1856, used in "
749:October 1, 2016, at the
593:Vermont Central Railroad
851:Jupiter, "King of Gods"
813:Pennsylvania D16 #1223.
620:Keystone Bridge Company
614:Keystone Bridge Company
536:20 hp Baldwin 1836
524:20 hp Baldwin 1835
492:10 hp Baldwin 1832
761:, and later the movie
729:Beaver Meadow Railroad
696:
681:Sandy and Beaver Canal
669:Philadelphia gas works
630:
563:manufacturing firm of
543:Beaver Meadow railroad
388:
376:
260:Columbia, Pennsylvania
242:
201:Covered bridge builder
149:
1910:Burials in New Jersey
1820:on September 15, 2016
1645:on September 27, 2007
1189:"Campbell, Henry Roe"
1118:Philadelphia Inquirer
1055:"CAMPBELL-L Archives"
789:#98 was built by the
725:Hercules (locomotive)
694:
628:
565:Eastwick and Harrison
382:
374:
294:Railroad (PG&N).
276:William Hasell Wilson
233:
1502:. pp. 310, 43.
433:During this period,
411:switching locomotive
252:Major John A. Wilson
215:lattice truss bridge
195:Joseph Boyd Campbell
176:Woodbury, New Jersey
170:Early life and works
1635:"Las Vegas, Nevada"
1483:. 1840. p. 60.
1265:Library of Congress
1143:Baer, Christopher.
1010:1880Sci.....1...35.
817:Santa Cruz Railroad
807:Strasburg Rail Road
683: ; dam on the
554:Joseph Harrison Jr.
352:Gettysburg Railroad
1855:American surveyors
1390:White, John H. Jr.
1124:on October 5, 2016
697:
631:
506:West Point Foundry
389:
377:
264:John Edgar Thomson
243:
235:Matthias Baldwin's
121:Henry Roe Campbell
111:Joseph B. Campbell
25:Henry Roe Campbell
1690:Missing or empty
1563:Missing or empty
1509:978-0-8122-4348-2
945:on June 26, 2018.
556:, partner in the
469:Robert Stephenson
449:intended for the
398:wheel arrangement
268:Samuel W. Mifflin
118:
117:
76:Gloucester County
49:Gloucester County
41:September 9, 1807
1917:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1813:. Archived from
1812:
1802:
1781:
1760:
1744:Railroad History
1737:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1641:. Archived from
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1615:on April 6, 2017
1611:. Archived from
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1539:
1533:
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1522:
1521:
1498:. Philadelphia:
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1168:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1120:. Archived from
1109:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1050:
1039:
1037:
993:
987:
986:
970:Railroad History
964:
947:
946:
941:. Archived from
922:
897:
896:
894:
892:
880:
677:Schuylkill Canal
586:Locks and Canals
561:steam locomotive
405:which relies on
393:steam locomotive
387:steam locomotive
334:Schuylkill River
109:Campbell's son,
67:
64:February 6, 1879
40:
38:
21:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1845:
1844:
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1821:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1784:
1763:
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1689:
1679:
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1662:
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1618:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1552:
1550:. DK Minor: 95.
1541:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1510:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1333:
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1323:
1299:
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1281:
1280:
1273:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1042:
995:
994:
990:
966:
965:
950:
939:
924:
923:
900:
890:
888:
882:
881:
877:
872:
864:
824:Washington D.C.
751:Wayback Machine
720:
702:
636:
616:
604:
595:
569:equalising beam
369:
362:
354:
342:
330:Columbia Bridge
318:
288:
250:In April 1828,
248:
203:
172:
114:
83:
82:, United States
69:
65:
56:
55:, United States
42:
36:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1803:
1782:
1761:
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1710:
1707:
1706:
1669:
1656:
1626:
1595:
1574:
1534:
1523:
1508:
1486:
1472:
1445:
1411:
1400:(118): 85–87.
1378:
1353:
1321:
1289:
1271:
1251:
1232:
1205:
1193:Steamindex.com
1180:
1160:
1135:
1104:
1088:
1069:
1057:. Ancestry.com
1040:
988:
948:
937:
898:
885:"Patent#9355X"
874:
873:
871:
868:
863:
860:
859:
858:
814:
811:
803:Paulsen Spence
787:4-4-0 American
781:
774:
764:Wild Wild West
719:
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715:
714:
710:
701:
698:
689:
688:
665:
662:
655:
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645:
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615:
612:
603:
600:
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591:
538:
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531:
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403:tractive force
361:
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350:
341:
338:
317:
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287:
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247:
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209:builder using
207:covered bridge
202:
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171:
168:
129:civil engineer
116:
115:
108:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:civil engineer
89:
85:
84:
70:
68:(aged 71)
62:
58:
57:
43:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
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1434:
1430:
1427:(62): 44–62.
1426:
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1395:
1391:
1385:
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938:0-486-23818-0
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869:
867:
861:
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840:
836:
833:
829:
828:Baldwin Class
825:
821:
818:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:
775:
772:
771:
766:
765:
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752:
748:
745:
741:
740:William Mason
737:
736:
735:
732:
730:
726:
717:
711:
707:
706:
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673:reservoir dam
670:
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623:
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489:Old Ironsides
486:
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462:
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460:old ironsides
456:
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448:
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326:Belmont Plane
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299:
297:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
240:
239:old ironsides
236:
232:
228:
225:
222:
220:
219:Centre bridge
216:
212:
208:
200:
198:
196:
192:
187:
185:
179:
177:
169:
167:
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161:
156:
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148:
146:
139:
136:
132:
130:
126:
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112:
106:
101:
97:
93:
90:
88:Occupation(s)
86:
81:
77:
73:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
33:
29:
22:
19:
1822:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1790:
1786:
1769:
1765:
1748:
1742:
1725:
1719:
1672:
1665:Constitution
1664:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1638:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1608:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1577:
1565:|title=
1556:cite journal
1547:
1543:
1537:
1526:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1461:(91): 7–45.
1458:
1454:
1448:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1397:
1393:
1371:
1339:
1335:
1310:(62): 7–20.
1307:
1301:
1283:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1222:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1173:
1151:. Retrieved
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:the original
1117:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1059:. Retrieved
1001:
997:
991:
974:
968:
943:the original
927:
889:. Retrieved
878:
865:
830:8/18 C
768:
762:
733:
721:
703:
617:
605:
596:
583:
576:
573:
550:
547:
539:
533:
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521:
511:
501:
495:
487:
477:
458:
438:
432:
420:
396:
390:
355:
343:
319:
307:
300:
296:Herman Haupt
289:
249:
238:
226:
223:
213:'s patented
204:
188:
180:
173:
157:
154:
150:
144:
141:
137:
133:
120:
119:
66:(1879-02-06)
18:
1895:1879 deaths
1890:1807 births
835:locomotives
770:Fairy Queen
640:identified.
504:12 hp
455:steam power
416:lead trucks
211:Ithiel Town
1849:Categories
1692:|url=
1619:October 6,
1588:October 7,
1198:October 5,
1128:October 4,
870:References
845:, and the
744:exhibition
516:Wm. Norris
514:8 hp
428:lead truck
282:Railroad.
80:New Jersey
53:New Jersey
37:1807-09-09
1649:March 20,
1518:759594295
731:in 1837.
447:John Bull
332:over the
1834:See also
1799:43517671
1778:43519735
1757:43521236
1734:43504504
1683:cite web
1467:43517750
1433:43519969
1406:43518251
1348:43519735
1316:43519967
1034:17782550
983:43521236
747:Archived
671: ;
558:American
502:Velocity
441:for the
439:Delaware
407:adhesion
258:between
256:railroad
145:American
125:surveyor
92:surveyor
72:Woodbury
45:Woodbury
1824:May 22,
1712:Sources
1153:May 22,
1026:2901041
1006:Bibcode
998:Science
891:May 22,
778:Jupiter
727:to the
709:wheels.
700:Patents
649:website
534:Arabian
496:Sampson
435:Baldwin
395:is its
1797:
1776:
1755:
1732:
1603:Anon.
1516:
1506:
1465:
1431:
1404:
1346:
1314:
1224:May 7,
1061:May 7,
1032:
1024:
981:
935:
718:Legacy
644:(1835)
473:Planet
1818:(PDF)
1811:(PDF)
1795:JSTOR
1774:JSTOR
1753:JSTOR
1730:JSTOR
1463:JSTOR
1429:JSTOR
1402:JSTOR
1344:JSTOR
1312:JSTOR
1148:(PDF)
1022:JSTOR
979:JSTOR
862:Death
832:4-4-0
820:No. 3
713:them.
634:Works
528:Arrow
522:Eagle
465:2-2-0
463:" an
423:2-2-0
385:4-4-0
164:2-8-0
160:4-6-0
103:Notes
1826:2016
1696:help
1651:2007
1621:2016
1590:2016
1569:help
1514:OCLC
1504:ISBN
1226:2013
1200:2016
1155:2016
1130:2016
1063:2013
1030:PMID
933:ISBN
893:2016
518:1834
512:Star
508:1834
471:'s "
409:. A
320:The
127:and
61:Died
31:Born
1749:157
1398:118
1014:doi
975:157
797:of
742:on
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1791:87
1789:.
1770:35
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1747:.
1726:16
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1685:}}
1681:{{
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1274:^
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1028:.
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1000:.
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951:^
901:^
430:.
418:.
312:.
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1704:.
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1694:(
1653:.
1623:.
1592:.
1571:)
1567:(
1548:3
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1442:.
1435:.
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1350:.
1318:.
1268:.
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1157:.
1132:.
1065:.
1036:.
1016::
1008::
1002:1
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895:.
857:.
773:.
651:.
368:.
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
