358:) was like dividing the social world into different groups of people (e.g., French, Germans, British). The results of his experiments showed how cognitively deep-seated it was for perceivers to assume that all members of a certain nationality-based category (for instance, all the French or all the British) were more similar to each other than they actually were, and to assume that the members of different categories differed more than they did (for instance, to exaggerate the differences between the French and the British). In this respect, the judging of lines was similar to making stereotyped judgements about social groups. Tajfel also argued that if the categories were of value to the perceiver, then these processes of exaggeration were likely to be enhanced.
454:. This book was a posthumous tribute to Tajfel, containing chapters written by many of his former students. Some of his students went on to develop his theories of social identity and some continued his early work on social judgement. There were also chapters from former students who developed very different sorts of social psychology. However, both those who continued Tajfel's work directly and those who moved in other directions were united in paying tribute to the force of Tajfel's vision for a broad-based, politically important social psychology.
150:
208:(OSE), a Jewish humanitarian organisation. Tajfel's work with OSE involved resettling Jewish children, many of whom were orphans who had lost all their family. Tajfel would often say that his work with OSE was the most important achievement in his life and he kept in touch with many of the children whose lives he helped to rebuild. He also worked for the
447:
engaged with broader issues. Too much social psychology was, in his view, trivial and based on what he called "experiments in a vacuum". Tajfel thought that social psychologists should seek to address serious social problems by examining how psychological dimensions interact with historical, ideological, and cultural factors.
387:
the future. Still, members of both groups allocated resources in such a way that showed favouritism for members of their own group in a way that maximized their own group's outcomes in comparison to the alternate group, even at the expense of maximum gains for their own group. Even "on the basis of a
326:
He conducted a series of experiments, investigating the role of categorization. One of his most notable experiments looked at the way that people judged the length of lines. He found that the imposition of a category directly affected judgements. If the lines, which were presented individually, were
309:
involved examining the processes of social judgement. He believed that the cognitive processes of categorization contributed strongly to the psychological dimensions of prejudice, which went against the prevailing views of the time. Many psychologists assumed that extreme prejudice was the result of
462:
In 2019, evidence emerged documenting that Tajfel displayed inappropriate conduct toward female members of his lab. Tajfel regularly directed unwanted sexual attention to female colleagues. In his own research, he was uninterested in applying social identity theory to gender. As a consequence, the
386:
experiments. In these studies, test subjects were divided arbitrarily into two groups, based on a trivial and almost completely irrelevant basis. Participants did not know other members of the group, did not even know who they were, and had no reason to expect that they would interact with them in
361:
The implications of this position were profound. It meant that some of the basic psychological roots of prejudice lay not in particular personality types, but in general, "ordinary" processes of thinking, especially processes of categorising. Tajfel outlined these ideas in his article, "Cognitive
446:
Henri Tajfel's influence on social psychology, especially in
Britain and Europe, continues to be significant. His influence has reached beyond his particular views on social identity and social judgement, as he had a wide vision of creating a social psychology that was genuinely social and was
322:
and had held extreme views about Jews. Nazism would not have been successful without the support of "ordinary" Germans. Tajfel sought to discover whether the roots of prejudice might be found in "ordinary" processes of thinking, rather than in "extraordinary" personality types.
227:
in 1946. However, he was soon to meet his future wife Anna-Sophie Eber (Ann), who had been born in
Germany but had moved to Britain before the Second World War. Henri and Ann set up home in Britain where their two sons, Michael and Paul, were born. Henri took on
314:. According to this perspective, only those with personalities that predisposed them to prejudice were likely to become bigots. Tajfel believed this was mistaken. He had seen how large numbers of Germans—not just those with particular
411:. They proposed that people have an inbuilt tendency to categorize themselves into one or more "ingroups", building a part of their identity on the basis of membership of that group and enforcing boundaries with other groups.
284:. At Bristol he conducted research into intergroup relations and was active in making Bristol University a European centre for social psychology. He retired from Bristol and moved back to Oxford shortly before his death from
1054:
577:
form of the German word "Teufel", which means "devil". Yiddish was then the dominant language in/of the Jewish community in Poland. The reason why Henri Tajfel's family adopted this name is unknown.
190:
identity. He reasoned that if he denied being Jewish and if the
Germans found out later that he was Jewish, he would certainly have been killed. In the event, Tajfel survived the war in a series of
426:(they make us feel good about ourselves). The theory of social identity has had a very substantial impact on many areas of social psychology, including group dynamics, intergroup relations,
343:) as being more similar to each other than they were; and perceivers would judge the differences between categories as greater than they were (i.e., the differences between the longest
133:
391:...simple categorization into groups seems to be sufficient reason for people to dispense valued rewards in ways that favor in-group members over those who are 'different'".
1186:
1181:
1171:
201:. He was to write later about the profound effect that this had on him and how it led to his later work on the psychology of prejudice and intergroup relations.
1047:
1002:
Brown, R. (2020) Realms of
Recognition: Rupert Brown considers the life and legacy of Henri Tajfel (1919-1982). The Psychologist June 2020, Vol 33 (46-49).
186:
by the
Germans. He faced a dilemma: whether or not to admit to the Germans that he was a Polish Jew. He claimed to be a French citizen but did not deny his
1196:
347: line and the shortest 'A' line). These findings have continued to influence subsequent work on categorization and have been replicated subsequently.
350:
Tajfel viewed these investigations into social judgement as being directly related to the issue of prejudice. Imposing category distinctions on lines (
1134:
362:
Aspects of
Prejudice", which was first published in 1969 and has been republished subsequently. For this article, Tajfel was awarded the first annual
1176:
234:
885:
For details of Tajfel's influence, see: Dumont, K. and Louw, J. (2009). "A citation analysis of Henri Tajfel's work on intergroup relations",
946:
870:
840:
621:
561:
1191:
588:
776:
212:
693:"On the role of familiarity with units of measurement in categorical accentuation: Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) revisited and replicated"
33:
1116:
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.),
938:
927:
790:
657:
613:
602:
553:
542:
205:
1095:
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). An
Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.),
808:
1166:
327:
shown without any category label, then errors of judgement tended to be random. If the longest lines were each labelled
400:
197:
On his return home he discovered that none of his immediate family, and few of his friends, had survived the Nazi
149:
435:
1065:
Tajfel, H., Billig, M., Bundy, R. P. & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour.
1003:
262:
229:
1140:
498:
493:
404:
383:
379:
224:
129:
335:, then the errors followed a pattern. Perceivers would tend to judge the lines of each category (whether
483:
281:
61:
1064:
1161:
1156:
306:
302:
254:
246:
191:
633:
Jahoda, G. (2004). 'Henri Tajfel', Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
175:
121:
1016:
985:
720:
692:
375:
1090:
Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations
782:
Differentiation between social groups. Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations
265:. In his research work at the University of Oxford, Tajfel examined several different areas of
942:
934:
923:
866:
836:
786:
738:
712:
653:
643:
617:
609:
598:
557:
549:
538:
488:
419:
277:
266:
258:
899:
677:
673:
977:
832:
704:
574:
311:
242:
1058:
812:
524:
503:
408:
183:
162:
101:
79:
154:
57:
1130:
463:
prestigious Tajfel Award will be renamed by the
European Society for Social Psychology.
478:
473:
363:
249:. He won a competitive scholarship for mature students with an essay on the subject of
209:
1150:
989:
528:
414:
Social identity theory suggests that people identify with groups in such a way as to
388:
724:
431:
179:
805:
750:
917:
858:
826:
780:
647:
592:
532:
423:
315:
270:
204:
After the war Tajfel worked for a series of relief organisations including the
981:
966:"Reasonable men: Sexual harassment and norms of conduct in social psychology"
762:
708:
427:
250:
198:
171:
125:
97:
716:
32:
1004:
https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-33/june-2020/realms-recognition
182:, he volunteered to serve in the French army. A year later, he was taken
1074:
Tajfel, H. (1972). La catégorisation sociale. In S. Moscovici (Ed.),
319:
285:
187:
919:
Social Groups and
Identities. Developing the legacy of Henri Tajfel
678:
five ("Differences and similarities: some contexts of judgements")
148:
124:, best known for his pioneering work on the cognitive aspects of
594:
Human Groups and Social Categories. Studies in social psychology
167:
1033:
Tajfel, H. (1959). Quantitative judgment in social perception.
859:"The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour (pp. 7–24)"
1109:
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations.
253:. In 1954 he graduated and worked as a lecturer, first at the
1081:
Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour.
1048:
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination.
965:
366:
by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.
273:, and, most importantly, the cognitive aspects of prejudice.
450:
The influence of his general vision can be seen in the book
763:
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination
751:
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination
806:
Tajfel, H. (1974). Social Identity and Intergroup Behavior
777:"The achievement of group differentiation (pp. 77-98)"
134:
European Association of Experimental Social Psychology
1133:
from the European Association of Social Psychology (
1040:Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice.
93:
68:
39:
23:
861:. In Austin, William G.; Worchel, Stephen (eds.).
589:"Chapter one ("The development of a perspective")"
170:in university education , he left Poland to study
1019:. European Society for Social Psychology. 2019.
674:chapter four ("The importance of exaggerating")
1143:from Investigating Psychology, Open University
739:chapter six ("Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice")
132:, as well as being one of the founders of the
1097:The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations
8:
241:In 1951 Tajfel began studying psychology at
160:Tajfel grew up in Poland. Because of Polish
16:Polish-born British psychologist (1919–1982)
916:Robinson, W. P.; Tajfel, H. (edd.) (1996).
261:. In 1962 he was made a Founding Fellow of
959:
957:
955:
652:. New York: Harper and Bros. p. 990.
153:Plaque on the building in his native city
120:; 22 June 1919 – 3 May 1982) was a Polish
20:
364:Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize
1106:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
537:. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 296.
1187:British people of Polish-Jewish descent
900:chapter two ("Experiments in a vacuum")
785:. London: Academic Press. p. 474.
597:. Cambridge: CUP Archive. p. 369.
516:
235:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
232:(for details, see the biography in the
1182:Academics of the University of Bristol
1172:Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
964:Young, JL; Hegarty, P (27 June 2019).
865:(2nd ed.). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
534:The Making of Modern Social Psychology
1076:Introduction à la psychologie sociale
1067:European Journal of Social Psychology
399:Subsequently, Tajfel and his student
382:relations and conducted the renowned
7:
887:International Journal of Psychology
857:Tajfel, H.; Turner, J. C. (1986) .
825:Smith, E.R.; Mackie, D. M. (2007).
691:Corneille, O.; et al. (2002).
1197:20th-century British psychologists
1118:Psychology of Intergroup Relations
1104:Human Groups and Social Categories
922:. Oxford: Routledge. p. 386.
904:Human Groups and Social Categories
863:Psychology of Intergroup Relations
213:International Refugee Organisation
14:
1035:British Journal of Psychology, 50
416:maximize positive distinctiveness
331:, and the shortest were labelled
31:
1111:Annual Review of Psychology, 33
1177:Academics of Durham University
1083:Social Science Information, 13
422:(they tell us who we are) and
269:, including social judgement,
178:in France. At the outbreak of
1:
1099:. Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole .
741:, Tajfel, H. (1981). Op. cit.
680:, Tajfel, H. (1981). Op. cit.
649:The Authoritarian Personality
310:personality factors, such as
276:In 1967 he was made Chair of
1042:Journal of Social Issues, 25
452:Social Groups and Identities
318:—had given their support to
206:Œuvre de secours aux enfants
1017:"Renaming the Tajfel Award"
378:, Tajfel began his work on
301:Tajfel's early research at
1213:
1088:Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (1978).
1078:(Vol. 1). Paris: Larousse.
1069:, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 149-178
1092:. London: Academic Press.
970:Feminism & Psychology
441:
436:organizational psychology
292:Work in social psychology
107:
86:
30:
1050:Scientific American, 223
982:10.1177/0959353519855746
709:10.1111/1467-9280.00468
263:Linacre College, Oxford
1120:. Chicago: Nelson-Hall
811:6 January 2012 at the
646:; et al. (1950).
499:Minimal group paradigm
494:Ingroups and outgroups
395:Social identity theory
157:
130:social identity theory
1192:People from Włocławek
902:, Tajfel, H. (1981).
697:Psychological Science
484:Collective narcissism
282:University of Bristol
192:prisoner-of-war camps
152:
1167:Social psychologists
1006:. (Accessed 12.3.21)
418:. Groups offer both
370:Intergroup relations
307:University of Oxford
303:University of Durham
255:University of Durham
247:University of London
145:Early life in Poland
1102:Tajfel, H. (1981).
1057:13 May 2016 at the
775:Tajfel, H. (1978).
587:Tajfel, H. (1981).
230:British citizenship
122:social psychologist
831:. United Kingdom:
442:Tajfel's influence
376:Bristol University
225:French citizenship
158:
947:978-0-750-63083-2
872:978-0-830-41075-0
842:978-1-841-69408-5
828:Social Psychology
622:978-0-521-22839-8
573:This name is the
562:978-0-745-62966-7
489:Cultural identity
458:Sexual harassment
278:Social Psychology
267:social psychology
180:World War II
111:
110:
88:Scientific career
1204:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
993:
961:
950:
933:
913:
907:
896:
890:
883:
877:
876:
854:
848:
846:
833:Psychology Press
822:
816:
803:
797:
796:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
735:
729:
728:
687:
681:
670:
664:
663:
640:
634:
631:
625:
608:
584:
578:
571:
565:
548:
521:
374:Having moved to
312:authoritarianism
243:Birkbeck College
166:restrictions on
75:
53:
51:
35:
21:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1147:
1146:
1127:
1059:Wayback Machine
1030:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
963:
962:
953:
930:
915:
914:
910:
897:
893:
884:
880:
873:
856:
855:
851:
843:
824:
823:
819:
813:Wayback Machine
804:
800:
793:
774:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
736:
732:
690:
688:
684:
671:
667:
660:
642:
641:
637:
632:
628:
605:
586:
585:
581:
572:
568:
545:
525:Serge Moscovici
523:
522:
518:
513:
508:
504:Moral exclusion
469:
460:
444:
409:social identity
397:
372:
299:
294:
223:He was granted
221:
219:Move to Britain
184:prisoner-of-war
163:numerus clausus
147:
142:
102:social identity
82:
80:Oxford, England
77:
73:
64:
55:
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1126:
1125:External links
1123:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1062:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1008:
995:
976:(4): 453–474.
951:
928:
908:
891:
878:
871:
849:
841:
817:
798:
791:
767:
755:
743:
730:
703:(4): 380–383.
682:
665:
658:
635:
626:
603:
579:
566:
543:
515:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
479:Michael Billig
476:
474:Gordon Allport
470:
468:
465:
459:
456:
443:
440:
403:developed the
396:
393:
384:minimal groups
371:
368:
298:
297:Early research
295:
293:
290:
220:
217:
210:United Nations
146:
143:
141:
138:
109:
108:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
84:
83:
78:
76:(aged 62)
70:
66:
65:
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:0-750-63083-3
936:
931:
929:9780750630832
925:
921:
920:
912:
909:
905:
901:
895:
892:
888:
882:
879:
874:
868:
864:
860:
853:
850:
844:
838:
834:
830:
829:
821:
818:
814:
810:
807:
802:
799:
794:
792:9780126825503
788:
784:
783:
778:
771:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
734:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:For example:
686:
683:
679:
675:
669:
666:
661:
659:9780393004922
655:
651:
650:
645:
639:
636:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:0-521-22839-5
611:
606:
604:9780521228398
600:
596:
595:
590:
583:
580:
576:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:0-745-62966-0
551:
546:
544:9780745629667
540:
536:
535:
530:
529:Ivana Marková
526:
520:
517:
510:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
466:
464:
457:
455:
453:
448:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
385:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
359:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
321:
317:
316:personalities
313:
308:
304:
296:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
236:
231:
226:
218:
216:
214:
211:
207:
202:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
156:
151:
144:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Hersz Mordche
115:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
71:
67:
63:
59:
44:Hersz Mordche
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1028:Bibliography
1011:
998:
973:
969:
918:
911:
903:
894:
889:, 44, 46-59.
886:
881:
862:
852:
827:
820:
801:
781:
770:
758:
746:
733:
700:
696:
685:
668:
648:
638:
629:
593:
582:
569:
533:
519:
461:
451:
449:
445:
432:stereotyping
415:
413:
398:
373:
360:
355:
351:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
300:
275:
257:and then at
240:
233:
222:
203:
196:
161:
159:
117:
114:Henri Tajfel
113:
112:
87:
74:(1982-05-03)
54:22 June 1919
25:Henri Tajfel
18:
1162:1982 deaths
1157:1919 births
1071:(abstract).
1061:(abstract).
847:See p. 204.
424:self-esteem
401:John Turner
271:nationalism
1151:Categories
1141:Commentary
511:References
380:intergroup
72:3 May 1982
50:1919-06-22
1131:Biography
990:198624196
428:prejudice
389:coin toss
288:in 1982.
251:prejudice
199:Holocaust
172:chemistry
155:Włocławek
140:Biography
126:prejudice
98:Prejudice
58:Włocławek
1085:, 65–93.
1055:Archived
1052:, 96-102
1044:, 79–97.
1037:, 16–29.
809:Archived
725:25836438
717:12137143
531:(2006).
467:See also
420:identity
176:Sorbonne
1113:, 1-39.
575:Yiddish
280:at the
174:at the
988:
945:
937:
926:
869:
839:
789:
723:
715:
656:
644:Adorno
620:
612:
601:
560:
552:
541:
434:, and
405:theory
320:Nazism
286:cancer
259:Oxford
188:Jewish
116:(born
94:Fields
62:Poland
986:S2CID
721:S2CID
1135:EASP
943:ISBN
935:ISBN
924:ISBN
898:See
867:ISBN
837:ISBN
787:ISBN
737:See
713:PMID
676:and
672:See
654:ISBN
618:ISBN
610:ISBN
599:ISBN
558:ISBN
550:ISBN
539:ISBN
430:and
354:and
305:and
168:Jews
128:and
69:Died
40:Born
978:doi
705:doi
407:of
339:or
238:).
1153::
984:.
974:29
972:.
968:.
954:^
941:;
835:.
779:.
719:.
711:.
701:13
699:.
695:.
616:;
591:.
556:;
527:;
438:.
245:,
215:.
194:.
136:.
100:,
60:,
1137:)
992:.
980::
949:.
932:.
906:.
875:.
845:.
815:.
795:.
765:.
753:.
727:.
707::
662:.
624:.
607:.
564:.
547:.
356:B
352:A
345:B
341:B
337:A
333:B
329:A
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
