430:
346:
220:
270:
369:
442:
134:
33:
409:
These events may have initiated an alliance between the Greeks and the Yuezhi (even possibly a dynastic alliance), explaining why the Yuezhi gained pre-eminence after the reign of
Hermaeus. However the Yuezhi invaders imitated Hermaeus' coinage style possibly after taking over his kingdom, thereby
1341:
Since R.C. Senior suggests that the original posthumous
Hermaeus coins were not struck by the Yuezhi but by Sakas, he suggests that Kujula Kadphises' use of the obverse of Hermaeus coins with his own reverse should be seen as Kadphises adapting his coinage to a popular local type after having
235:
Hermaeus issued Indian silver coins of three types. The first type has a diademed or sometimes helmeted portrait, with reverse of sitting Zeus making benediction gesture. Hermaeus also issued a rare series of Attic silver tetradrachms of this type, which were issued for export to
Bactria.
293:
Chap. 96A could possible be related to
Hermaeus, even though this is very speculative and the record more likely refers to later Saka kings. The chronicle tells how a king who may possibly be identified as Hermaeus received the support of the Chinese against
326:, themselves allies of the Chinese since around 100 BCE according to the Hanshu) and killed Wutoulao's son. Yinmofu (Hermaeus?) was then installed as king of Jibin, as a vassal of the Chinese Empire, and receiving the Chinese seal and ribbon of investiture.
207:
associated himself to
Hermaeus on his coins, either in attempt to solidify legitimacy or due to the difficulties minting early coins. In any case, the Yuezhi-Kushans preserved a close cultural interaction with the Greeks as late as the 3rd century CE.
247:, and it has been suggested that the coin represented a marital alliance between the two dynastic lines. The horseman on Hermaeus' version is however portrayed somewhat different, being equipped with a typical Scythian longbow.
298:
occupants, and may explain why his kingdom was suddenly so prosperous despite the general decline of the Indo-Greeks during the period. The
Chinese records would put Hermaeus's dates later, with his reign ending around 40 BCE.
243:. The reverse departs from the traditional Hermaeus format, in that it shows the king on a prancing horse. The "king on a prancing horse" is characteristic of the contemporary Greek kings in the eastern Punjab such as
314:
Valley), killed some
Chinese envoys. After the death of the king, his son (Spaladagames) sent an envoy to China with gifts. The Chinese general Wen Zhong, commander of the border area in western
429:
414:
even imitated
Hermaeus' name on his coins but misspelled it by leaving out the letter 'M'. Therefore the name Heraios is a corrupted version of Hermaios. The first true Kushan emperor
318:, accompanied the escort back. Wutoulao's son plotted to kill Wen Zhong. When Wen Zhong discovered the plot, he allied himself with Yinmofu (Hermaeus?), "son of the king of Rongqu" (
2394:
345:
1458:
181:) may have been a daughter of Philoxenus, according to Senior. Judging from his coins, Hermaeus' rule was long and prosperous, but came to an end when the
473:
2885:
1377:
China in
Central Asia, the Early Stage: 125 B.C.-A.D. 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty
580:
219:
418:
associated himself with
Hermaeus on his coins, but it is also possible that this ruler was identical to the aforementioned Heraios.
1451:
1259:
O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p.453
2575:
2467:
466:
189:, overran most of his Greek kingdom in the Paropamisade around 70 BCE. According to Bopearachchi, these nomads were the
2716:
2702:
2570:
2555:
1710:
211:
Given the importance of Hermaeus to the nomad rulers, it is possible that Hermaeus himself was partially of nomad origin.
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2565:
2550:
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1394:
2764:
2749:
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2472:
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1655:
1444:
1351:
Senior, “The Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian king sequences in the second and first centuries BC”, ONS 2004 Supplement.
1342:
conquered the Paropamisade. "The Decline of the Indo-Greeks", R. C. Senior, David John MacDonald, (1998), pp. 46-47.
2580:
2535:
2510:
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441:
100:
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Hermaeus-style diademed bust. Corrupted Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΤΗΡΟΣΣΥ ΕΡΜΑΙΟΥ: "King Hermaeus, the Saviour".
333:(48–33 BCE), then sent envoys to apologize to the Chinese court, but he was disregarded. During the reign of
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Coin of Hermaeus and Kalliope, Greek legend on obverse reads: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΣΩTHPOΣ EPMAIOY KAI KAΛΛIOΠHΣ,
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Later Yinmofu (Hermaeus?) himself is recorded to have killed Chinese envoys in the reign of
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The third series combined the reverses of the first series, without portrait.
140:
Hermaeus bareheaded and diademed, with Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΕΡΜΑΙΟΥ
96:
88:
43:
397:
legend reads: "Kujula Kadphises ruler of the Kushans, steadfast in the Law ("
337:(51–7 BCE) other envoys were sent, but they were rejected as simple traders.
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285:, with Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΕΡΜΑΙΟΥ: "King Hermaeus, the Saviour".
228:
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322:, the Greeks). They attacked Jibin (possibly with the support of the
303:
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190:
182:
158:
1271:"History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE"
1379:, A. F. P. Hulsewé, and M. A. N. Loewe, 1979. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1023:
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script on the reverse also showing Hermaeus on horseback. 105 BCE.
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depicting themselves as his successors. The early Kushan ruler
239:
The second type was a joint series of Hermaeus with his queen
193:, the ancestors of the Kushans, whereas Senior considers them
91:
king of the Eucratid dynasty, who ruled the territory of
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2006:
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1935:
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1371:
The Coin Types of the Indo-Greek Kings, 256-54 B.C.
253:Hermaeus also issued bronze coins with the head of
62:
58:
50:
42:
21:
341:Imitations by Indo-Scythian and Yuezhi invaders
227:"(of) King Hermaeus the Savior and Kalliope".
161:", and he seems to have been the successor of
87:meaning "Hermaeus the Saviour") was a Western
1452:
467:
8:
1459:
1445:
1437:
1399:
507:
474:
460:
452:
31:
18:
1367:, W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.
581:Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India
273:Indian-standard square coin of Hermaeus.
1269:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2 April 2019).
654:
367:
344:
268:
225:Basileos Soteros Hermaiou kai Kalliopes,
218:
132:
1334:
1252:
425:
435:Another coin of Hermaeus and Calliope.
2391:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
854:
852:
289:A Chinese historical record from the
261:and a prancing horse on the reverse.
7:
2859:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
349:Hermaeus posthumous issue struck by
393:standing with club and lion skin.
111:). Bopearachchi dates Hermaeus to
14:
1273:. BRILL – via Google Books.
489:kings, territories and chronology
310:?), king of Jibin (Kophen, upper
157:Hermaeus' name means "devoted to
144:"(of) King Hermaeus the Saviour".
118:–70 BCE and R. C. Senior to
440:
428:
2886:1st-century BC monarchs in Asia
1365:The Greeks in Bactria and India
1:
2863:in most of their territories.
1661:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
358:
119:
112:
99:region, with his capital in
1656:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
376:(30-80 CE) in the style of
185:, coming from neighbouring
2904:
153:making a blessing gesture.
142:Basileos Soteros Hermaiou,
101:Alexandria of the Caucasus
80:
2857:
1561:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
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178:
30:
1922:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
1721:Cleopatra VII Philopator
447:Silver coin of Hermaeus.
2719:'s attempted rule with
2400:Mithridates V Euergetes
1812:Antiochus III the Great
1625:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1566:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
1490:Alexander III the Great
306:, Chap. 96A, Wutoulao (
2503:Monarchs of Cappadocia
2405:Mithridates VI Eupator
1927:Philip II Philoromaeus
1912:Antiochus XII Dionysus
1902:Demetrius III Eucaerus
1897:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
1882:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
1822:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1817:Seleucus IV Philopator
1802:Seleucus II Callinicus
1701:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
1576:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1395:More coins of Hermaeus
1298:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
647:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
406:
365:
286:
232:
154:
2445:Monarchs of Commagene
2366:Mithridates I Ctistes
1907:Philip I Philadelphus
1887:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
1877:Antiochus VIII Grypus
1872:Seleucus V Philometor
1857:Antiochus VII Sidetes
1847:Antiochus VI Dionysus
1807:Seleucus III Ceraunus
1706:Berenice IV Epiphanea
1651:Ptolemy VI Philometor
1635:Ptolemy IV Philopator
1630:Ptolemy III Euergetes
1495:Philip III Arrhidaeus
1318:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
371:
348:
272:
222:
136:
2279:Monarchs of Bithynia
1862:Alexander II Zabinas
1842:Demetrius II Nicator
1759:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
1726:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
1691:Ptolemy XI Alexander
1666:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
1571:Antigonus II Gonatas
37:Profile of Hermaeus.
2861:Hellenistic satraps
1892:Antiochus X Eusebes
1827:Antiochus V Eupator
1769:Cleopatra Selene II
1696:Ptolemy XII Auletes
1681:Ptolemy X Alexander
1676:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
1640:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
1581:Antigonus III Doson
644:Independence of the
265:Contacts with China
2765:Monarchs of Epirus
2598:Cimmerian Bosporus
2358:Monarchs of Pontus
1917:Cleopatra Selene I
1797:Antiochus II Theos
1787:Seleucus I Nicator
1754:Demetrius the Fair
1736:Monarchs of Cyrene
407:
366:
287:
233:
155:
85:Hermaîos ho Sōtḗr,
2868:
2867:
2348:Socrates Chrestus
1837:Alexander I Balas
1832:Demetrius I Soter
1792:Antiochus I Soter
1538:Antipater Etesias
1435:
1434:
1426:Succeeded by
1390:Coins of Hermaeus
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
302:According to the
215:Coins of Hermaeus
70:
69:
2893:
2881:Indo-Greek kings
2660:
2576:Ariobarzanes III
1950:Ptolemy Epigonos
1852:Diodotus Tryphon
1645:Cleopatra I Syra
1620:Ptolemy Keraunos
1461:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1413:Indo-Greek Ruler
1403:Preceded by
1400:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1220:Kujula Kadphises
1105:(Indo-Scythians)
601:Creation of the
595:Creation of the
508:
476:
469:
462:
453:
444:
432:
416:Kujula Kadphises
374:Kujula Kadphises
363:
362: 80-75 BCE
360:
205:Kujula Kadphises
180:
124:
121:
117:
114:
82:
35:
19:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2853:
2759:
2750:Mithridates III
2654:
2597:
2596:Monarchs of the
2590:
2571:Ariobarzanes II
2556:Ariarathes VIII
2497:
2483:Mithridates III
2439:
2381:Mithridates III
2352:
2273:
2080:
2008:Greco-Bactrians
2002:
1954:
1931:
1773:
1730:
1615:Ptolemy I Soter
1601:
1547:
1504:
1471:
1465:
1431:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1386:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1303:Seleucid Empire
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1244:(Indo-Scythian)
1243:
1235:(Indo-Scythian)
1234:
1208:(Indo-Scythian)
1176:
1145:25 BCE – 10 CE
857:
819:
815:
804:
649:
645:
613:Seleucid Empire
597:Seleucid Empire
547:
528:
501:
490:
480:
448:
445:
436:
433:
424:
386:
381:
372:Tetradrachm of
361:
343:
335:Emperor Chengdi
267:
217:
169:, and his wife
145:
131:
122:
115:
81:Ἑρμαῖος ὁ Σωτήρ
38:
17:
16:Indo-Greek king
12:
11:
5:
2901:
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2883:
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2808:Neoptolemus II
2805:
2800:
2795:
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2785:
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2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
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2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2703:Mithridates II
2700:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Paerisades III
2666:
2661:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
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2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
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2589:
2588:
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2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Ariobarzanes I
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Ariarathes VII
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Ariarathes III
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
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2495:
2490:
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2480:
2475:
2473:Mithridates II
2470:
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2376:Mithridates II
2373:
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2239:Apollodotus II
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2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
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2001:
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1995:
1990:
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1964:
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1879:
1874:
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57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
29:
26:"the Saviour"
25:
20:
2823:Alexander II
2679:Paerisades V
2642:Spartokos IV
2606:Paerisades I
2581:Ariarathes X
2536:Ariarathes V
2511:Ariarathes I
2493:Antiochus IV
2478:Antiochus II
2410:Pharnaces II
2371:Ariobarzanes
2343:Nicomedes IV
2333:Nicomedes II
2259:Apollophanes
2244:Hippostratos
2223:
2159:Heliokles II
2119:Demetrius II
2099:Antimachus I
2061:Eucratides I
2056:Demetrius II
2041:Antimachus I
2026:Euthydemus I
1711:Ptolemy XIII
1686:Berenice III
1533:Antipater II
1500:Alexander IV
1418:Paropamisade
1411:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1347:
1337:
1264:
1255:
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1218:
1204:
1192:
1166:
1159:
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1137:Apollophanes
1125:
1101:
1081:Hippostratus
1073:
1045:
1022:
1014:
998:
892:Heliocles II
881:110–100 BCE
864:120–110 BCE
835:
832:130–120 BCE
799:
796:155–130 BCE
788:Eucratides I
784:170–145 BCE
770:160–155 BCE
762:Demetrius II
758:175–170 BCE
744:180–160 BCE
736:Antimachus I
732:185–170 BCE
715:190–180 BCE
703:190-185 BCE
697:Sunga Empire
688:200–190 BCE
680:Euthydemus I
676:230–200 BCE
664:239–223 BCE
641:255–239 BCE
586:Nanda Empire
577:326-325 BCE
545:Paropamisade
527:Territories/
498:Bopearachchi
408:
387:
382:
328:
301:
288:
274:
252:
249:
245:Hippostratos
238:
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210:
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156:
146:
141:
137:
84:
72:
71:
23:
2844:Pyrrhus III
2828:Olympias II
2798:Alexander I
2655: [
2652:Spartokos V
2521:Ariamnes II
2468:Antiochus I
2430:Pythodorida
2386:Pharnaces I
2307:Zipoetes II
2302:Nicomedes I
2219:Artemidoros
2214:Menander II
2154:Antialcidas
2139:Agathokleia
2094:Demetrius I
2086:Indo-Greeks
2076:Heliocles I
2031:Demetrius I
2021:Diodotus II
1998:Eumenes III
1993:Attalus III
1968:Philetaerus
1937:Lysimachids
1749:Berenice II
1716:Ptolemy XIV
1598:(pretender)
1528:Alexander V
1510:Antipatrids
1468:Hellenistic
1423:90 – 70 BC
1194:Gondophares
1168:Kharahostes
1154:Gondophares
1127:Vijayamitra
987:Artemidorus
982:Menander II
915:100–95 BCE
887:Antialcidas
858:inscription
856:Yavanarajya
821:Heliocles I
803:occupation,
692:Demetrius I
668:Diodotus II
617:Mauryan war
109:Afghanistan
2875:Categories
2834:Pyrrhus II
2813:Alcetas II
2778:Tharrhypas
2745:Gepaepyris
2717:Scribonius
2611:Satyros II
2541:Orophernes
2453:Ptolemaeus
2435:Polemon II
2328:Prusias II
2297:Zipoetes I
2269:Strato III
2194:Theophilos
2174:Philoxenus
2129:Menander I
2109:Agathocles
2051:Agathocles
2016:Diodotus I
1988:Attalus II
1983:Eumenes II
1945:Lysimachus
1553:Antigonids
1329:References
1178:Strato III
1118:55–35 BCE
1094:55–35 BCE
1075:Spalirises
1066:65–55 BCE
1038:75–70 BCE
1018:occupation
993:90–70 BCE
971:90–85 BCE
955:Theophilus
927:95–90 BCE
921:Philoxenus
849:Agathoclea
839:occupation
826:Menander I
807:Ai-Khanoum
719:Agathocles
651:Diodotus I
633:Ai-Khanoum
520:Indo-Greek
487:Indo-Greek
308:Spalirises
163:Philoxenus
97:Hindu-Kush
89:Indo-Greek
44:Indo-Greek
2818:Pyrrhus I
2783:Alcetas I
2689:Pharnaces
2664:Kamasarye
2647:Leukon II
2631:Hygiainon
2586:Archelaus
2425:Polemon I
2323:Prusias I
2264:Strato II
2254:Zoilos II
2249:Dionysios
2229:Archebius
2199:Peukolaos
2164:Polyxenos
2104:Pantaleon
2046:Pantaleon
1978:Attalus I
1973:Eumenes I
1779:Seleucids
1607:Ptolemies
1596:Philip VI
1543:Sosthenes
1523:Philip IV
1518:Cassander
1485:Philip II
1232:Bhadayasa
1174:Strato II
1161:Zeionises
1110:Zoilus II
1086:Dionysius
1004:Archebius
960:Peucolaus
904:Polyxenus
724:Pantaleon
551:Arachosia
496:Based on
395:Kharoṣṭhī
229:Kharoshti
129:Biography
125:–80 BCE.
123: 95
116: 90
54:90–70 BCE
22:Hermaeus
2849:Deidamia
2830:(regent)
2803:Aeacides
2740:Aspurgus
2633:(regent)
2616:Prytanis
2458:Sames II
2314:(regent)
2287:Boteiras
2234:Telephos
2224:Hermaeus
2179:Diomedes
2149:Strato I
2134:Zoilos I
1960:Attalids
1647:(regent)
1586:Philip V
1292:See also
1206:Rajuvula
1131:Azilises
1053:Telephus
999:Hermaeus
933:Diomedes
898:100 BCE
875:Strato I
844:Zoilus I
805:loss of
655:Emperor
628:280 BCE
609:305 BCE
592:312 BCE
556:Gandhara
391:Heracles
378:Hermaeus
277:radiate
241:Kalliope
179:Καλλιόπη
171:Kalliope
167:Diomedes
149:Radiate
66:Kalliope
2839:Ptolemy
2793:Arybbas
2773:Admetus
2755:Cotys I
2735:Polemon
2730:Polemon
2726:Dynamis
2721:Dynamis
2712:Dynamis
2708:Asander
2698:Dynamis
2694:Asander
2621:Eumelos
2420:Arsaces
2395:Laodice
2318:Ziaelas
2312:Etazeta
2189:Epander
2184:Amyntas
1591:Perseus
1477:Argeads
1359:Sources
1047:Vonones
949:90 BCE
943:Epander
938:Amyntas
571:Mathura
540:Bactria
534:Bactria
422:Gallery
412:Heraios
259:Mithras
187:Bactria
95:in the
63:Consort
2415:Darius
2209:Nicias
2204:Thraso
2144:Lysias
1470:rulers
1406:Nicias
1241:Sodasa
1103:Azes I
1016:Yuezhi
977:Nicias
965:Thraso
870:Lysias
837:Yuezhi
801:Yuezhi
657:Ashoka
615:after
522:kings
516:kings
500:(1991)
399:Dharma
324:Yuezhi
320:Yonaka
304:Hanshu
291:Hanshu
283:Mithra
203:ruler
201:Kushan
191:Yuezhi
183:Yuezhi
159:Hermes
2728:with
2710:with
2696:with
2659:]
2393:with
2066:Plato
1744:Magas
1024:Maues
817:Plato
538:East
532:West
529:dates
355:Kabul
353:near
316:Gansu
312:Kabul
195:Sakas
175:Greek
105:Kabul
51:Reign
24:Soter
1416:(in
485:and
401:").
388:Rev:
383:Obv:
279:Zeus
275:Obv:
255:Zeus
151:Zeus
147:Rev.
138:Obv:
46:king
2292:Bas
165:or
2877::
2657:ru
1420:)
1129:/
359:c.
357:,
197:.
177::
120:c.
113:c.
107:,
83:,
79::
1460:e
1453:t
1446:v
1226:)
1222:(
1200:)
1196:(
1030:)
1026:(
475:e
468:t
461:v
405:.
380:.
364:.
281:-
257:-
173:(
75:(
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