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added each year to persistent roots. About two thirds of all perennial dicotyledonous herb species with a persistent root that grow in the strongly seasonal zone of the northern hemisphere show at least fairly clear annual growth rings.
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because of the similarity of the structures investigated. The term was introduced in the late 1990s, however, the existence of annual rings in perennial herbs was already observed in earlier times by several researchers.
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Annual growth rings in herbs are usually only visible by means of a microscope and a specific staining method. Ring-like patterns visible in root cross-sections by the naked eye may be "false rings".
48:. Lignified tissue is stained reddish using Phloroglucinol/HCL. Black markers denote annual ring borders. Individual collected in the Churfirsten Mountain range, Switzerland (2002)
30:. Lignified tissue is stained reddish using Phloroglucinol/HCL. Black markers denote annual ring borders. Individual collected at the Wallowa Mts., Oregon, USA (2003)
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The width of an annual growth ring depends on conditions during its formation: in a favorable year, a ring is wider, and in a less favorable year it is narrower.
547:
Dietz H, von Arx G (2005). "Climatic fluctuation causes large-scale synchronous variation in radial increments of the main roots of northern hemisphere forbs".
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Dietz H, Ullmann I (1998). "Ecological application of 'Herbchronology': Comparative stand age structure analyses of the invasive plant Bunias orientalis L.".
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66:. Lignified tissue is stained reddish using Phloroglucinol/HCL. Black markers denote annual ring borders. Individual collected at Davos, Switzerland (2003)
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Werner PA (1978). "On the determination of age in
Liatris aspera using cross-sections of corms: implications for past demographic studies".
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225:… the population age structure; this is valuable for questions into population dynamics or the spreading patterns of invasive species.
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Moloney KA, Knaus F, Dietz H (2009). "Evidence for a shift in life-history strategy during the secondary phase of a plant invasion".
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von Arx G, Edwards PJ, Dietz H (2006). "Evidence for life history changes in high altitude populations of three perennial forbs".
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Counting of annual growth rings can be used to determine the age of a perennial herb similarly as it is done in trees using
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Schweingruber FH, Poschlod P (2005). "Growth rings in herbs and shrubs: life span, age determination and stem anatomy".
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species; this is valuable information for flora books and an important aspect of life history strategy of a species.
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or denser arrangement of vessels, whereas latewood tissue shows narrower vessels and/or lower vessel density.
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Herbchronology is used as a tool to estimate plant age. This may be relevant information to determine :
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Dietz H (2002). "Plant invasion patches - reconstructing pattern and process by means of herb-chronology".
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52:
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Dietz H, Schweingruber FH (2002). "Annual rings in native and introduced forbs of lower
Michigan, USA".
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von Arx G, Dietz H (2006). "Growth rings in the roots of temperate forbs are robust annual markers".
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often persists for many years or even the entire life. Perennial herb species belonging to the
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Herbchronology is used in many fields of ecological and biological research, for instance in
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Zoller H (1949). "Beitrag zur
Altersbestimmung von Pflanzen aus der Walliser Felsensteppe".
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tissue or growth ring every year. This addition of a new lateral layer each year is called
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and is exactly the same as in woody plants. Each individual growth ring consists of
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128:. This way it was found that some perennial herbs live up to 50 years and more.
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Bakshi TS, Coupland RT (1960). "Vegetative propagation in
Linaria vulgaris".
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Herbchronology allows to assess long-term annual growth rates of a perennial
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tissue formed in summer and fall. Earlywood tissue is characterized by wide
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without having to monitor it. This may be relevant information to assess …
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Like trees and woody plants, perennial herbs have a growth zone called
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tissue that is formed at the beginning of the growing season and
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is active during growing season and produces a new layer of
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136:The term herb-chronology is referring to
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456:Petersen HE (1908). "Diapensiaceae".
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218:… the longevity of a perennial
108:group (also known as perennial
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268:Canadian Journal of Botany
73:is the analysis of annual
640:Herb-chronology web pages
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351:. Bern: Haupt: 195–415.
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519:The American Naturalist
458:Meddelelser Am Gronland
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615:2009BiInv..11..625M
389:2006Ecol...87..665V
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555:: 327–333.
118:growth ring
106:dicotyledon
60:(30 μm) of
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464:: 141–154.
248:References
357:1424-5108
171:earlywood
83:perennial
479:: 61–68.
413:26567998
405:16602296
334:17849550
326:16547867
175:latewood
88:. While
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549:Ecology
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377:Ecology
306:Bibcode
179:vessels
132:History
665:Botany
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157:. The
90:leaves
409:S2CID
330:S2CID
163:xylem
155:xylem
110:forbs
94:stems
79:xylem
56:Root
38:Root
20:Root
401:PMID
353:ISSN
322:PMID
207:and
102:root
100:the
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