329:(chair, 1991–92; president of Division of Experimental Psychology, 1986–87), NATO symposiums on Image Evaluation and Motion Perception, National Institute of Mental Health, National Eye Institute, American Academy of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley School of Optometry, Aerospace Medical Association, Optical Society of America, Federal Railway Administration, and the American Federation for Aging Research.
261:
He also connected advances in visual psychophysics and neuroscience with a wide range of matters in health science, national defense, child development, and transportation safety. He proposed that the hazards of night driving, for example, can be better understood through the neurological concept of
206:
He was also a tireless advocate for psychological science. Once when offering testimony to a
Congressional committee, Leibowitz pointed out that the military was investing less annually in human factors research than the cost of a single aviation mishap despite the fact that the military was blaming
317:
He served in many government and public service roles, including consultant to the
Veterans Administration, Gallaudet College, Institute for Defense Analyses, Department of the Interior, University of Michigan Infrared Physics Laboratory and Transportation Research Institute, Department of Defense,
299:
was written by several of his former students and published in his honor. Hersh always said that his greatest professional achievement was the number of students who passed through his classroom on their way to success in psychology and other fields. Over the years his former students have returned
341:
For all that he accomplished, however, Leibowitz's scientific and personal philosophies will often be distilled down to a single maxim known as “Leibowitz’s Law.” Linking neuroanatomy, psychophysics, and everyday experience, Leibowitz's Law is illuminating for its simplicity, for its accuracy, for
332:
He served on the U.S. Olympic
Committee's Sports Medicine Division's Committee on Visual Performance and Safety. In 1983, he testified before the U.S. House of Representatives' Sub-Committee on Science, Research and Technology, and in 1990, testified before the U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee
148:
and for his symbiotic approach to conducting research that both advanced theory and helped in the understanding and relief of societal problems. His research on transportation safety included studies of nearsightedness during night driving, vision during civil twilight, an illusion that underlies
377:
Leibowitz was a Fellow of the
American Psychological Association, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Academy of Optometry, Human Factors Society, and Optical Society of America, and a member of the International Perimetric Society, Eastern Psychological Association,
373:
He also served on the advisory board of the
Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, Penn State Applied Research Laboratory, Center for Higher Education, National Society to Prevent Blindness, and Life-Sight Advisory Committee. In addition, he was active on the National Research Council Vision
308:
Leibowitz served on the editorial board of
Psychological Research (1965–88) and Perception and Psychophysics (1969–93). He was a consulting editor for International Journal of Vision Research, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Psychological Bulletin, SCIENCE, Behavior Research Methods and
242:, peripheral vision and oculomotor functioning. He also studied problems of aviation, traffic safety, motion sickness, postural instability (especially during stair descent), and the effects of stress on perception. Indeed, one of the striking characteristics of Leibowitz's research was his
214:
was written by his students and close colleagues in 2002; the book contains pearls of wisdom that continue to prove useful. In general, Leibowitz enjoyed bringing into the laboratory the visual challenges that are routinely faced by people in highly demanding situations.
342:
its implicit request to honor simple truths, and for reflecting
Leibowitz's unique sense of humor. Leibowitz's Law states that “You can’t see a damn thing in the dark!” It is a telling sample of Leibowitz's unique approach toward science, education, and friendship.
195:(1951–1960). Following this, Leibowitz was an advisory psychologist and manager of behavioral research at IBM (1960–1962). He returned to academia in 1962 as a member of the Department of Psychology at The Pennsylvania State University where he was named
318:
Institute for
Environmental Medicine, Council of Graduate Schools, U.S. Air Force, Pennsylvania College of Technology, and Essex Corporation. He also served as an expert witness in cases involving crashes between motor vehicles and trains.
277:
Leibowitz loved inter-disciplinary collaboration and he built productive friendships with colleagues in fields ranging from anthropology to zoology, including athletics, biomechanics, health science, law, physiology, and physics.
180:
after his military service, and then resumed his studies at the
University of Pennsylvania. He later earned his M.A. (Experimental Psychology) and his Ph.D. (Physiology) from Columbia University under the guidance of
378:
American
Medical Athletic Association, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Society for Scientific Exploration, International Society for Ecological Psychology, American Psychological Society, and
269:
A defining characteristic of Leibowitz's approach to science was his enthusiasm for cultivating the development of younger scientists. He encouraged his graduate students to indulge their curiosity (
250:
and used it to advance our basic understanding of the eyes’ focusing behavior (visual accommodation); these “basic” experiments simultaneously addressed real-world difficulties such as night myopia
262:
two visual systems, explaining drivers’ over-confidence at night as resulting from sustained efficiency of visual guidance combined with selective degradation of focal recognition abilities
202:
By the time of his retirement in 1995 Leibowitz had published more than 250 articles in scientific journals and had been recognized as one of the most influential researchers in perception
149:
the behavior of motorists involved in auto-train collisions, susceptibility of pilots to illusions caused by visual-vestibular interactions, and the design of aircraft instrument panels.
210:
His extended family of former graduate students and colleagues gathered in State College on several occasions for LeiboFest celebrations of science, friendship, and mentorship. The book
157:
Herschel Leibowitz was the only child of Lewis and Nettie Wolfson Leibowitz. He was born and raised in York, Pennsylvania and attended school in York. He later earned his B.A. at the
218:
Leibowitz also became an avid runner; he was 50 when he completed the first of his 15 marathons. You can read more about Hersh from his family, friends, colleagues and students on
816:
811:
796:
367:
666:
801:
363:
644:
766:
786:
781:
698:
322:
675:
618:
403:
806:
791:
351:
326:
761:
533:
Tyrrell, RA; Leibowitz, HW (1990). "The Relation of Vergence Effort to Reports of Visual Fatigue Following Prolonged Near Work".
358:’s Prentice Medal (1987), Pennsylvania Optometric Association's Van Essen Award (1987), and honorary Doctor of Science from the
711:
85:
American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award for the Applications of Psychology (1994)
355:
116:
359:
756:
53:
366:
for research at the University of Munich, Senior von Humboldt Fellowship (1976–78). In 1983, he was a Fellow at the
776:
751:
185:. Leibowitz's dissertation explored the effect of pupil size on visual acuity for photometrically matched stimuli.
158:
64:
393:
188:
In 1949, he married the former Eileen Wirtshafter. They had two children, Marjorie (1950) and Michael (1953).
172:. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II, 75th Infantry Division, European Theater, and fought in the
192:
771:
309:
Instrumentation, Contemporary Psychology, Human Factors, and Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.
660:
496:
Leibowitz, HW; Owens, DA (1978). "New evidence for the intermediate position of relaxed accommodation".
702:
683:
223:
746:
741:
77:
Night vision, visual illusions, visual-vestibular interactions, symbiotic psychology, Leibowitz's Law
720:
291:
Leibowitz is the author of more than 250 articles in scholarly publications, in addition to a book,
177:
173:
162:
67:
558:
521:
246:
of “basic” and “applied” science. In the early 1970s, for example, Leibowitz's lab developed the
32:
624:
614:
550:
513:
418:
399:
354:’s Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award for the Applications of Psychology (1994), the
239:
145:
106:
606:
598:
583:
542:
505:
482:
443:
123:
735:
235:
562:
525:
362:(1991). He launched distant collaborations with the support of fellowships from the
191:
He began his career as a faculty member in the Department of Neurophysiology at the
169:
458:
546:
321:
Among the other organizations he served are the National Science Foundation,
196:
168:
Leibowitz's early studies at University of Pennsylvania were interrupted by
628:
554:
422:
688:
517:
379:
432:"Big bangs in perception: the most often cited authors and publications"
588:
572:"Oculomotor adjustments in darkness and the specific distance tendency"
571:
509:
487:
470:
448:
431:
300:
to Penn State to celebrate Hersh and his continuing influence on them.
247:
87:
Honorary doctor of science from the State University of New York (1991)
599:"Two modes of visual processing: Implications for spatial orientation"
219:
721:"Herschel W. Leibowitz Dies at 85; Studied Night Vision's Tricks"
610:
273:), while always insisting on attention to his favorite question
161:
and M.A. (Experimental Psychology) and Ph.D. (Physiology) at
297:"Visual Perception: The Influence of Herschel W. Leibowitz"
91:
Pennsylvania Optometric Association Van Essen Award (1987).
603:
Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance
459:"Clarence Henry Graham 1906-1971: A Biographical Memoir"
199:
Professor in 1977. He retired from Penn State in 1995.
368:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
212:“Visual Perception: The Influence of H.W. Leibowitz”
471:"Laser optometer incorporating the Badal principle"
122:
112:
102:
89:
American Academy of Optometry Prentice Medal (1987)
81:
73:
60:
39:
25:
18:
395:Visual Perception: The Influence of H.W. Leibowitz
350:Among his numerous honors, Leibowitz received the
234:Leibowitz's research investigated basic issues of
475:Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation
643:Observer (September, 2011) (19 August 2011).
597:Leibowitz, HW; Shupert, CL; Post, RB (1985).
8:
817:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
812:United States Army personnel of World War II
392:Andre, J; Owens, DA; Harvey Jr., LO (2002).
665:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
374:Committee, chairing numerous initiatives.
15:
587:
486:
447:
144:is widely recognized for his research in
296:
211:
797:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
645:"In Appreciation: Hershel W. Leibowitz"
658:
398:. American Psychological Association.
292:
140:Scholar, educator, and philanthropist
802:Pennsylvania State University faculty
697:College of Liberal Arts, Penn State.
264:(Leibowitz, Shupert & Post, 1985)
238:, perception of size, distance &
7:
719:Benedict Carey (February 16, 2011).
469:Hennessy, RT; Leibowitz, HW (1972).
767:20th-century American psychologists
684:"Herschel W. Leibowitz on facebook"
436:Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
352:American Psychological Association
327:American Psychological Association
207:many such mishaps on human error.
14:
787:University of Pennsylvania alumni
570:Owens, DA; Leibowitz, HW (1976).
364:Guggenheim Fellowship (1957-58)
263:
256:(Tyrrell & Leibowitz, 1990)
782:People from York, Pennsylvania
699:"Herschel Leibowitz 1925-2011"
576:Perception & Psychophysics
255:
1:
676:"Tributes to Hersh Leibowitz"
356:American Academy of Optometry
252:(Leibowitz & Owens, 1978)
203:
117:Pennsylvania State University
360:State University of New York
251:
807:United States Army soldiers
712:"Herschel Weldon Leibowitz"
674:Rick Tyrrell (2 May 2013).
182:
128:
54:State College, Pennsylvania
833:
792:University of Paris alumni
547:10.1177/001872089003200307
293:"Visual Perception" (1965)
159:University of Pennsylvania
153:Life, education and career
65:University of Pennsylvania
498:Documenta Ophthalmologica
323:National Research Council
134:
95:
20:Herschel Weldon Leibowitz
762:American neuroscientists
370:at Stanford University.
275:“Why is that important?”
193:University of Wisconsin
413:Leibowitz, HW (1965).
271:“study what bugs you!”
129:Clarence Henry Graham
295:. In 2002, the book
236:visual psychophysics
176:. He studied at the
336:
254:and visual fatigue
174:Battle of the Bulge
163:Columbia University
68:Columbia University
757:Neuropsychologists
725:The New York Times
589:10.3758/bf03198694
510:10.1007/bf00174103
488:10.3758/bf03210005
457:Riggs, LA (1975).
449:10.3758/bf03334740
430:White, MJ (1987).
142:Herschel Leibowitz
33:York, Pennsylvania
777:Visual perception
752:Vision scientists
710:Stephen Pincock.
620:978-0-309-07780-4
415:Visual Perception
405:978-1-55798-945-1
346:Honors and awards
146:visual perception
138:
137:
107:Visual perception
97:Scientific career
50:February 13, 2011
29:February 21, 1925
824:
728:
715:
706:
701:. Archived from
693:
679:
670:
664:
656:
632:
593:
591:
566:
529:
492:
490:
465:
463:
453:
451:
426:
409:
124:Doctoral advisor
49:
47:
16:
832:
831:
827:
826:
825:
823:
822:
821:
732:
731:
718:
709:
696:
682:
673:
657:
642:
639:
621:
596:
569:
532:
495:
468:
461:
456:
429:
412:
406:
391:
388:
348:
339:
337:Leibowitz's Law
315:
306:
289:
284:
282:Accomplishments
248:laser optometer
232:
183:Clarence Graham
155:
90:
88:
86:
61:Alma mater
56:
51:
45:
43:
35:
30:
21:
12:
11:
5:
830:
828:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
734:
733:
730:
729:
716:
707:
705:on 2011-01-29.
694:
680:
671:
638:
637:External links
635:
634:
633:
619:
594:
567:
541:(3): 341–357.
530:
504:(1): 133–147.
493:
481:(5): 237–239.
466:
454:
442:(6): 458–461.
427:
410:
404:
387:
384:
347:
344:
338:
335:
314:
311:
305:
302:
288:
285:
283:
280:
244:symbiotic view
231:
228:
204:(White, 1987).
154:
151:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
93:
92:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:Known for
71:
70:
62:
58:
57:
52:
41:
37:
36:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
829:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:Psychophysics
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
690:
685:
681:
677:
672:
668:
662:
654:
650:
646:
641:
640:
636:
630:
626:
622:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:Human Factors
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
460:
455:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
401:
397:
396:
390:
389:
385:
383:
381:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
334:
333:for Defense.
330:
328:
324:
319:
312:
310:
303:
301:
298:
294:
286:
281:
279:
276:
272:
267:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
227:
225:
221:
216:
213:
208:
205:
200:
198:
194:
189:
186:
184:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
152:
150:
147:
143:
133:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
28:
24:
17:
724:
703:the original
687:
661:cite journal
652:
649:Aps Observer
648:
611:10.17226/916
602:
579:
575:
538:
534:
501:
497:
478:
474:
439:
435:
414:
394:
376:
372:
349:
340:
331:
320:
316:
307:
290:
274:
270:
268:
260:
243:
233:
217:
209:
201:
190:
187:
170:World War II
167:
156:
141:
139:
113:Institutions
96:
747:2011 deaths
742:1925 births
736:Categories
582:(1): 2–9.
386:References
313:Consultant
46:2011-02-13
605:: 25–28.
220:posterous
197:Evan Pugh
689:Facebook
629:25032463
563:27719316
526:38114493
380:Sigma Xi
230:Research
224:Facebook
178:Sorbonne
555:2258180
627:
617:
561:
553:
524:
518:729454
516:
423:224951
421:
402:
304:Editor
287:Author
240:motion
103:Fields
82:Awards
559:S2CID
522:S2CID
462:(PDF)
667:link
625:PMID
615:ISBN
551:PMID
514:PMID
419:OCLC
400:ISBN
222:and
40:Died
26:Born
607:doi
584:doi
543:doi
506:doi
483:doi
444:doi
738::
723:.
686:.
663:}}
659:{{
653:24
651:.
647:.
623:.
613:.
601:.
580:20
578:.
574:.
557:.
549:.
539:32
537:.
520:.
512:.
502:46
500:.
477:.
473:.
440:25
438:.
434:.
417:.
382:.
325:,
266:.
258:.
226:.
165:.
727:.
714:.
692:.
678:.
669:)
655:.
631:.
609::
592:.
586::
565:.
545::
528:.
508::
491:.
485::
479:4
464:.
452:.
446::
425:.
408:.
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.