20:
253:
260:
691:
351:
650:
643:
636:
622:
629:
344:
330:
725:
337:
246:
430:
Generally, the heteropolymetalates are more thermally robust than homopolymetalates. This trend reflects the stabilizing influence of the tetrahedral oxyanion that "glues" together the transition metal oxo framework. One reflection of their ruggedness, heteropolymetalates can be isolated in their
1148:
Mbombekalle, I. M.; Keita, B.; Nadjo, L.; Berthet, P.; Neiwert, W. A.; Hill, C. L.; Ritorto, M. D.; Anderson, T. M. (2003). "Manganous heteropolytungstates. Synthesis and heteroatom effects in Wells–Dawson-derived sandwich complexes".
1079:
Blazevic, Amir; Rompel, Annette (January 2016). "The
Anderson–Evans polyoxometalate: From inorganic building blocks via hybrid organic–inorganic structures to tomorrows "Bio-POM"".
178:
atoms to form a closed 3-dimensional molecular framework. In contrast to isopolymetalates, which contain only one kind of metal atom, the heteropolymetalates contain differing
663:
The structure of some POMs are derived from a larger POM's structure by removing one or more addenda atoms and their attendant oxide ions, giving a defect structure called a
1176:
Kastner, K.; Margraf, J. T.; Clark, T.; Streb, C. (2014). "A Molecular
Placeholder Strategy To Access a Family of Transition-Metal-Functionalized Vanadium Oxide Clusters".
709:
in the alpha form. The isomers differ by the position of the half-rings toward each other. This POVs can be linked e.g. by octahedrally coordinated nickel(II).
214:
Certain structural motifs recur. The Keggin ion for example is common to both molybdates and tungstates with diverse central heteroatoms. The Keggin and
1048:
762:
as they can possess qualities such as good thermal stability, high acidity and high oxidising ability. Some examples of catalysis are:
1322:
1291:
1123:
252:
219:
1246:
Kozhevnikov, I. V. (1998). "Catalysis by heteropoly acids and multicomponent polyoxometalates in liquid-phase reactions".
231:
1340:
206:. Many exceptions to these general statements exist, and the class of compounds includes hundreds of examples.
350:
1345:
994:
993:
Heteropolyacids have long been used in analysis and histology and are a component of many reagents e.g. the
755:
19:
528:
The Keggin structure has 5 isomers, which are obtained by (conceptually) rotating one or more of the four
259:
751:
343:
1015:
1010:
493:
464:
1138:
Handbook of
Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY.
1020:
998:
435:
1310:
649:
1318:
1287:
1265:
1228:
1193:
1119:
1044:
925:
718:
198:
anions. For most heteropolymetalates the W, Mo, or V, is complemented by main group oxyanions
1306:
1257:
1248:
1220:
1185:
1158:
1111:
1088:
759:
682:. In 2014, vanadate species with similar, selective metal-binding properties were reported.
288:
215:
168:
642:
635:
336:
889:
830:
191:
187:
183:
164:
621:
628:
329:
809:
1106:
Dias, J. A.; Dias, S. C. L.; Caliman, E. (2014). "Keggin
Structure Polyoxometalates".
245:
1334:
938:
921:
856:
774:
690:
195:
1115:
1092:
223:
179:
235:
199:
156:
1269:
1232:
1197:
1189:
864:
714:
431:
acid form, whereas homopolymetalates typically cannot. Examples include:
203:
171:
860:
770:
724:
227:
1261:
1224:
1162:
885:
175:
1211:
Mizuno, Noritaka; Misono, Makoto (1998). "Heterogeneous
Catalysis".
723:
689:
18:
1282:"Oxide catalysts in solid state chemistry". T Okuhara, M Misono.
667:. An example of a compound with a Dawson lacunary structure is
1110:. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 36. p. 210-217.
1286:. Editor R Bruce King (1994). John Wiley and Sons.
1313:; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999),
1043:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
190:(V, Nb, Ta) transition metals in their highest
1317:(6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience,
713:This type of acid is a common re-usable acid
8:
758:catalysts, particularly those based on the
1001:and EPTA, ethanolic phosphotungstic acid.
543:The five isomers of the Keggin structure
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
956:
952:
948:
944:
932:
928:
910:
903:
899:
895:
878:
874:
870:
844:
840:
836:
823:
819:
815:
803:
799:
795:
788:
784:
780:
741:
737:
733:
705:
701:
697:
678:
674:
670:
611:
607:
597:
593:
583:
579:
569:
565:
555:
551:
541:
535:
531:
515:
507:
503:
499:
486:
478:
474:
470:
457:
449:
445:
441:
414:
410:
398:
394:
382:
378:
366:
362:
318:
314:
310:
298:
294:
279:
275:
271:
240:
194:. They are usually colorless to orange,
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
115:
111:
107:
103:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
59:
55:
51:
43:
35:
31:
27:
1039:Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997).
1031:
750:The heteropolyacids are widely used as
694:A polyoxovanadate (POV) of the species
182:oxyanions. The metal atoms are usually
969:to acid and aldehyde by mixed addenda
7:
997:, folins phenol reagent used in the
230:, and the Anderson structure has an
1284:Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry
1066:Heteropoly and Isopoly Oxometalates
1108:Keggin Structure Polyoxoometalates
222:-coordinated heteroatoms, such as
14:
167:, which consist of three or more
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
349:
342:
335:
328:
258:
251:
244:
16:Ion with many transition metals
1081:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
1:
852:Heterogeneous acid catalysis
1315:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
1068:. New York: Springer Verlag.
407:Dexter–Silverton structure,
766:Homogeneous acid catalysis
1362:
1116:10.1002/9781118744994.ch39
391:Weakley–Yamase structure,
174:linked together by shared
1093:10.1016/j.ccr.2015.07.001
1041:Chemistry of the Elements
186:(Mo, W) or less commonly
375:Allman–Waugh structure,
995:Folin-Ciocalteu reagent
1190:10.1002/chem.201403592
918:Homogeneous oxidation
747:
710:
268:Strandberg structure,
234:central atom, such as
152:
941:by the mixed addenda
727:
693:
22:
1064:Pope, M. T. (1983).
1016:Phosphotungstic acid
1011:Phosphomolybdic acid
494:Phosphotungstic acid
465:Phosphomolybdic acid
359:Anderson structure,
163:are a subset of the
23:Heteropolymetalates:
1311:Wilkinson, Geoffrey
1184:(38): 12269–12273.
1021:Silicotungstic acid
999:Lowry protein assay
867:to hydrocarbons by
659:Lacunary structures
544:
539:units through 60°.
436:Silicotungstic acid
161:heteropolymetalates
829:polymerisation of
748:
730:Dawson structure,
719:chemical reactions
711:
665:lacunary structure
542:
307:Dawson structure,
153:
1307:Cotton, F. Albert
1262:10.1021/cr960400y
1225:10.1021/cr960401q
1157:(13): 2646–2650.
1050:978-0-7506-3365-9
746:
656:
655:
423:
422:
419:
403:
387:
371:
323:
303:
284:
216:Dawson structures
1353:
1341:Heteropoly acids
1327:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1249:Chemical Reviews
1243:
1237:
1236:
1213:Chemical Reviews
1208:
1202:
1201:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:10.1039/b304255c
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1036:
987:
968:
959:
935:
913:
906:
881:
847:
826:
806:
791:
760:Keggin structure
745:
729:
708:
681:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
615:
601:
587:
573:
559:
545:
538:
519:
490:
461:
418:
406:
402:
390:
386:
374:
370:
358:
353:
346:
339:
332:
322:
306:
302:
289:Keggin structure
287:
283:
267:
262:
255:
248:
241:
192:oxidation states
169:transition metal
165:polyoxometalates
151:
127:
99:
71:
47:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1007:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
934:
930:
926:
912:
908:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:(isohexane) by
890:2-methylpentane
884:reformation of
880:
876:
872:
868:
855:dehydration of
846:
842:
838:
834:
825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
743:
739:
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731:
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609:
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557:
553:
549:
537:
533:
529:
526:
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509:
505:
501:
497:
488:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
451:
447:
443:
439:
428:
426:Heteropolyacids
416:
412:
408:
400:
396:
392:
384:
380:
376:
368:
364:
360:
320:
316:
312:
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269:
212:
149:
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109:
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37:
33:
29:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1346:Acid catalysts
1343:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1275:
1256:(1): 171–198.
1238:
1203:
1168:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1098:
1071:
1056:
1049:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
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1006:
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991:
990:
989:
988:
960:
916:
915:
914:
882:
850:
849:
848:
827:
810:Prins reaction
807:
769:hydrolysis of
687:
684:
660:
657:
654:
653:
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617:
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10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
1358:
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1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1326:
1324:0-471-19957-5
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1303:
1299:
1293:
1292:0-471-93620-0
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1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1125:9781118744994
1121:
1117:
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1042:
1035:
1032:
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1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
961:
940:
936:
923:
920:
919:
917:
891:
887:
883:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
851:
832:
828:
811:
808:
776:
772:
768:
767:
765:
764:
763:
761:
757:
756:heterogeneous
753:
726:
722:
720:
716:
692:
685:
683:
666:
658:
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
619:
618:
603:
589:
575:
561:
547:
546:
540:
523:
513:
495:
492:
484:
466:
463:
455:
437:
434:
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432:
425:
405:
389:
373:
357:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
327:
326:
305:
290:
286:
266:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:tetrahedrally
217:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
121:
65:
41:
21:
1314:
1283:
1278:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1181:
1178:Chem. Eur. J
1177:
1171:
1154:
1151:Dalton Trans
1150:
1143:
1134:
1107:
1101:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1040:
1034:
992:
749:
712:
664:
662:
527:
511:
482:
453:
429:
213:
160:
154:
119:
63:
39:
1219:: 199–217.
939:adipic acid
922:cyclohexene
857:propan-2-ol
775:propan-2-ol
752:homogeneous
728:Dawson ion
196:diamagnetic
1335:Categories
1300:References
962:ketone by
232:octahedral
180:main group
1087:: 42–64.
1027:Citations
524:Isomerism
236:aluminium
210:Structure
200:phosphate
172:oxyanions
157:chemistry
146:]·8H
138:[CeMo
106:[CrMo
94:]·5H
82:[NiMo
1270:11851502
1233:11851503
1198:25082170
1005:See also
865:methanol
773:to give
715:catalyst
204:silicate
30:[IMo
861:propene
771:propene
606:[XM
592:[XM
578:[XM
564:[XM
550:[XM
409:[XM
393:[XM
377:[XM
361:[XM
293:[XM
270:[HP
188:group 5
184:group 6
118:]·
62:]·
54:[PV
38:]·
1321:
1290:
1268:
1231:
1196:
1122:
1047:
886:hexane
732:[X
510:·
481:·
452:·
309:[X
176:oxygen
159:, the
218:have
1319:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1266:PMID
1229:PMID
1194:PMID
1155:2003
1120:ISBN
1045:ISBN
863:and
792:and
754:and
686:Uses
202:and
1258:doi
1221:doi
1186:doi
1159:doi
1112:doi
1089:doi
1085:307
975:PMo
947:PMo
937:to
909:SiO
907:on
888:to
859:to
833:by
831:THF
812:by
783:PMo
777:by
717:in
444:SiW
226:or
155:In
130:(NH
74:(NH
1337::
1309:;
1264:.
1254:98
1252:.
1227:.
1217:98
1215:.
1192:.
1182:20
1180:.
1153:.
1118:.
1083:.
985:40
977:10
957:40
924:+
904:40
900:12
898:PW
879:40
875:12
873:PW
845:40
841:12
839:PW
824:40
820:12
818:PW
804:40
800:12
798:PW
789:40
785:12
742:62
738:18
721:.
706:42
700:Sb
698:14
679:56
675:15
669:As
612:40
608:12
604:ε-
598:40
594:12
590:δ-
584:40
580:12
576:Îł-
570:40
566:12
562:β-
556:40
552:12
548:α-
536:13
508:40
506:PO
504:12
496:,
479:40
477:PO
475:12
473:Mo
467:,
450:40
446:12
438:,
415:42
411:12
399:36
395:10
383:32
367:24
319:62
315:18
299:40
295:12
291:,
280:23
274:Mo
238:.
228:Si
144:42
140:12
112:24
88:24
60:36
56:12
50:Ag
36:24
1272:.
1260::
1235:.
1223::
1200:.
1188::
1165:.
1161::
1128:.
1114::
1095:.
1091::
1053:.
983:O
981:2
979:V
973:5
971:H
966:2
964:O
955:O
953:6
951:V
949:6
945:3
943:H
933:2
931:O
929:2
927:H
911:2
902:O
896:3
894:H
877:O
871:3
869:H
843:O
837:3
835:H
822:O
816:3
814:H
802:O
796:3
794:H
787:O
781:3
779:H
744:]
740:O
736:M
734:2
704:O
702:8
696:V
677:O
673:W
671:2
614:]
610:O
600:]
596:O
586:]
582:O
572:]
568:O
558:]
554:O
534:O
532:3
530:M
518:O
516:2
514:H
512:n
502:W
500:3
498:H
489:O
487:2
485:H
483:n
471:3
469:H
460:O
458:2
456:H
454:n
448:O
442:4
440:H
417:]
413:O
401:]
397:O
385:]
381:O
379:9
369:]
365:O
363:6
321:]
317:O
313:M
311:2
301:]
297:O
282:]
278:O
276:5
272:2
224:P
150:O
148:2
142:O
136:8
134:)
132:4
126:O
124:2
122:H
120:n
116:6
114:H
110:O
108:6
104:3
102:K
98:O
96:2
92:6
90:H
86:O
84:6
80:4
78:)
76:4
70:O
68:2
66:H
64:n
58:O
52:7
46:O
44:2
42:H
40:n
34:O
32:6
28:5
26:K
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