246:
33:
233:
cells are relatively small, ranging in size from 18 to 34 Ξm in diameter. They appear golden brown, and appear in clusters. Morphology is highly variable, but does not appear to vary significantly between locations. One culture may contain flat or round individual cells. Molecular techniques
358:
may be responsible for gill damage. However, research suggests hydrogen peroxide concentrations are far too low to have significant effects on fish. Mucus production is another proposed, but poorly supported, mechanism for fish mortality. The effective toxin possibly is chemically unstable, and
288:
with ingestion of bacteria. Each cell may contain 18-27 chloroplasts. These cells have been observed to glide and twirl under microscopic examination, but nonmotile cells have been associated with toxic blooms. Blooms are clearly visible by air, appearing as a red area in otherwise blue water.
322:
of these cysts leads to large-scale blooms, which can be laterally transferred by tides and currents. A 2007 review of these blooms in Puget Sound suggested that salmon farming was probably not a strong driver of their incidence or severity. Bottom water temperature must reach at least
441:
in 2006 led to the loss of $ 2 million of farmed salmon. In 2014, a bloom near Port Hardy, British
Columbia, killed nearly 280,000 Atlantic salmon. In 2018, a bloom near British Columbia killed near 250,000 Atlantic salmon at two seafood farms. In March 2022, a
450:, South Africa, killed thousands of fish and crustaceans, compromising the ecosystem value of the estuary as a "fish nursery" that benefits ecosystem diversity and the fishing industry. 1995 article noted that the global distribution of
323:
15 °C for germination to occur. Blooms are most often associated with summer months, and some areas may see two blooms within one year. Blooms are known to be lethal once concentrations of cells reach 3x10 to 7 x 10 cells/L.
264:
has been identified off the coasts of the United States, Canada, Chile, the
Netherlands, Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Japan, S.Korea, Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Most of the literature suggests
2808:
659:
3304:
3330:
2729:
350:, but others suggest the concentrations of these toxins are too low to account for such a large effect on fish populations. Some have argued the production of
851:
Kim, J. H.; Park, B. S.; Wang, P.; Kim, J. H.; Youn, S. H.; Han, M. S. (2015). "Cyst morphology and germination in
Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)".
1140:
1169:
3278:
2849:
293:, conditions which are associated with very low toxicity. Maximum toxicity occurs (and relatively slow growth) occurs at 20 °C and 200 ΞE ms
2791:
1268:
3366:
514:
747:
945:"A close relationship between algicidal bacteria and termination of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) blooms in Hiroshima Bay, Japan"
3443:
2722:
3405:
3132:
1309:
1018:
1304:
1109:
612:"Raphidophyceae [Chadefaud Ex Silva] systematics and rapid identification: sequence analyses and Real-Time PCR Assays"
3188:
2854:
2813:
481:
1193:
Anderson, Donald M. (July 1995). "Toxic red tides and harmful algal blooms: A practical challenge in coastal oceanography".
772:
Smayda, T. J. (1997). "Harmful Algal Blooms: Their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea".
1236:
3317:
3193:
3173:
3127:
3100:
2971:
2803:
1388:
1378:
1361:
393:
forms massive golden tides that impact the survival of organisms at every trophic level. This alga has been shown to kill
888:"Viral impacts on total abundance and clonal composition of the harmful bloom-forming phytoplankton Heterosigma akashiwo"
3002:
2881:
2715:
562:
Hara, Y; M. Chihara (1987). "Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of the raphidophycean alga
Heterosigma akashiwo".
3438:
3158:
2738:
3137:
2876:
1261:
3335:
3142:
820:"Effects of temperature and light intensity on the growth and toxicity of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)"
331:
viruses (HaV) have been shown to only leave resistant alga alive. Similarly, certain bacteria may also reduce
3203:
2769:
375:
Genetic sequences are highly conserved between
Pacific and Atlantic populations. Relevant probe sequences for
1241:
1077:"Sublethal effects of the toxic alga Heterosigma akashiwo on the southeastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)"
3088:
3076:
3020:
2866:
1393:
351:
2149:
3220:
3049:
2939:
2818:
2601:
2596:
2564:
2559:
2185:
2121:
2591:
2358:
2297:
3106:
2946:
2824:
2753:
2576:
2506:
2331:
1356:
1254:
653:
218:. However, Hara and Chihara (1987) described both specimens as one species, validly describing them as
147:
2624:
2611:
2221:
2157:
1987:
1570:
2581:
2403:
2088:
1982:
1949:
1821:
3410:
3345:
3265:
3094:
3056:
3037:
2989:
2914:
2843:
2586:
2569:
2501:
2366:
2307:
2010:
1765:
1760:
1617:
1601:
1471:
1453:
1202:
1033:
956:
899:
781:
301:
111:
3257:
2408:
2398:
2339:
2267:
2163:
1845:
1803:
1775:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1528:
3433:
2996:
2886:
2860:
2292:
2108:
1916:
1706:
1583:
1464:
184:
3397:
2619:
2413:
2372:
986:"Neurotoxins in a toxic red tide of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) in Kagoshima Bay, Japan"
725:
2891:
2829:
2483:
2028:
1793:
1596:
1373:
1351:
1339:
1314:
868:
797:
676:
Lars-Johan, N; Einar D., and D. Didrik (2002). "A new bloom of
Chattonella in Norwegian waters".
579:
40:
1500:
726:"Fish Kills from the harmful alga Heterosigma akashiwo in Puget Sound: recent blooms and review"
3309:
2097:
1443:
269:
is associated with shallow water within 10 m of the surface, but this is not a universal rule.
3379:
2932:
2629:
2244:
2193:
2131:
1936:
1458:
1383:
1346:
1334:
1324:
1134:
925:
641:
510:
355:
1737:
3384:
2966:
2953:
2460:
1611:
1298:
1210:
1091:
1041:
997:
964:
915:
907:
860:
831:
789:
631:
623:
571:
539:
422:
235:
183:. It is a swimming marine alga that episodically forms toxic surface aggregations known as
3353:
3013:
2960:
2836:
2468:
2203:
2139:
2116:
1714:
610:
Bowers, H. A.; Tomas C., Tengs T., Kempton J. W., Lewitus A. J., and D. W. Oldach (2006).
434:
339:
1019:"Toxic Effects of Heterosigma akashiwo do not appear to be mediated by hydrogen peroxide"
1206:
1037:
960:
943:
Ishida, Y; Yoshinaga, I; Imai, I; Nagasaki, K; Itakura, S; Uchida, A; Ishida, Y (1998).
903:
785:
245:
3183:
2871:
2785:
2317:
2272:
2239:
2049:
2020:
1826:
1783:
1606:
1329:
1281:
1002:
985:
636:
611:
505:
Hallegraeff, G.M.; Hara, Y (2003). Hallegraeff, D.M.; Anderson, D.M.; Cembella (eds.).
447:
305:
285:
180:
99:
87:
51:
530:
Throndsen, J (1996). "Note on the taxonomy of
Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)".
3427:
3026:
2759:
2533:
2493:
2385:
1967:
1959:
1944:
1925:
1051:
920:
911:
887:
836:
819:
793:
627:
414:
376:
1231:
1154:
1116:
1076:
872:
801:
583:
3063:
3007:
2695:
2478:
2473:
2345:
2312:
2287:
2277:
2262:
2254:
2176:
2062:
2057:
2005:
1972:
1816:
1657:
1591:
1538:
1510:
1285:
543:
338:
The exact mode of bloom toxicity is currently unknown, but gill damage leading to
3392:
3322:
3291:
3069:
2908:
2779:
2682:
2393:
2234:
2229:
1811:
1695:
1670:
1505:
1435:
1246:
438:
319:
281:
63:
3243:
3163:
3043:
2764:
2707:
2449:
2302:
2211:
1997:
1977:
1881:
1482:
1095:
1046:
398:
347:
75:
3252:
3198:
3178:
3168:
3082:
3031:
2976:
2926:
2551:
2067:
1898:
1788:
1665:
1556:
1520:
1277:
360:
929:
645:
3358:
425:, for example, coincided with a dramatic increase in mortality of captive
3237:
2920:
2541:
2522:
1852:
1724:
1676:
1533:
1491:
1448:
1426:
1368:
410:
192:
1170:"Algal bloom kills half of Grieg's salmon at two British Columbia farms"
446:
bloom, triggered by sewage pollution, in the
Swartkops River estuary in
3283:
2774:
2282:
1646:
1564:
969:
944:
575:
402:
394:
324:
3296:
1214:
730:
National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report
3111:
2982:
1415:
426:
406:
3214:
864:
32:
315:
244:
239:
3371:
176:
3270:
3218:
2711:
1250:
379:
238:) are preferred over traditional microscope fixing, which may
1155:"Marine Harvest Canada, Salmon Farming in British Columbia"
748:"Sewage pollution surge threatens besieged Swartkops again"
557:
555:
553:
327:
may act as a natural control on bloom populations, as
1017:
Twiner, M. J.; Dixon S. J., and C. G. Trick. (2001).
1242:
Heterosigma
Research @ Western Washington University
886:
Tarutani, K; Nagasaki K., and M. Yamaguchi. (2000).
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
367:
blooms, while many other marine fish are decimated.
3227:
3151:
3120:
2900:
2745:
2674:
2610:
2550:
2532:
2519:
2492:
2459:
2446:
2384:
2357:
2330:
2253:
2220:
2202:
2184:
2175:
2148:
2130:
2107:
2087:
2080:
2048:
2041:
2019:
1996:
1958:
1935:
1915:
1908:
1895:
1878:
1835:
1802:
1774:
1736:
1723:
1705:
1692:
1656:
1643:
1582:
1555:
1519:
1490:
1481:
1434:
1425:
1412:
417:, and wild fish are likely, but unknown. The 1997
289:Optimal growth occurs at 25 °C and 100 ΞE ms
1237:Heterosigma Research @ University of Washington
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
433:contributed to the loss of over 1,000 tons of
2723:
1262:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
500:
498:
163:(Y. Hada) Y. Hada ex Y. Hara & M. Chihara
8:
671:
669:
658:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
984:Khan, S; Arakawa O., and Y. Onoue. (1997).
813:
811:
475:
473:
471:
3215:
2730:
2716:
2708:
2607:
2529:
2516:
2456:
2443:
2181:
2084:
2077:
2045:
1912:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1733:
1702:
1689:
1653:
1640:
1579:
1487:
1431:
1422:
1409:
1269:
1255:
1247:
31:
20:
1045:
1001:
968:
919:
835:
635:
409:survival. Further ecological impacts to
342:is the proposed cause for fish death.
284:alga, supplementing nutrient uptake and
467:
214:have been recognized as two species of
1139:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1132:
892:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
818:Ono, K; Khan S., and Y. Onoue (2000).
651:
454:is increasing, as is the frequency of
2850:Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida
2809:Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis
7:
3346:4a422c88-9b94-4b13-9509-8716847c9b15
741:
739:
507:Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae
252:anatomy from Hara and Chihara 1987
1003:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01309.x
14:
1232:The harmful phytoplankton project
3133:Diseases and parasites in salmon
912:10.1128/AEM.66.11.4916-4920.2000
837:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00463.x
794:10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1137
628:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00285.x
359:therefore difficult to detect.
3189:Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
2814:Infectious pancreatic necrosis
1168:Huffman, Jason (6 June 2018).
949:Marine Ecology Progress Series
234:for identification (including
1:
3194:Paralytic shellfish poisoning
3174:Diarrheal shellfish poisoning
3128:Diseases and parasites in cod
3101:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
2972:Epizootic ulcerative syndrome
746:Rogers, Guy (29 March 2022).
544:10.2216/i0031-8884-35-4-367.1
1075:Keppler, Charles J. (2005).
401:egg development, and impact
175:is a species of microscopic
3159:Amnesic shellfish poisoning
2739:Fish diseases and parasites
363:appear to be unaffected by
3460:
3444:Protists described in 1987
3138:Disease in ornamental fish
1026:Limnology and Oceanography
774:Limnology and Oceanography
318:as a resting stage. The
191:is from the Japanese for "
3143:List of aquarium diseases
2690:
2515:
2442:
2076:
1891:
1874:
1688:
1639:
1408:
1292:
1096:10.1016/j.hal.2004.05.002
1047:10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1400
564:Journal of Plant Research
153:
146:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
3204:Scombroid food poisoning
3089:Sphaerothecum destruens
3077:Schistocephalus solidus
3021:Lernaeocera branchialis
2867:Spring viraemia of carp
352:reactive oxygen species
3050:Nanophyetus salmincola
2940:Clinostomum marginatum
2792:Hematopoietic necrosis
2760:Nervous necrosis virus
2186:Discosporangiophycidae
724:Rensel, J. E. (2007).
437:in 2001. A bloom in
397:, compromise fish and
253:
2947:Dactylogyrus vastator
2825:Mycobacterium marinum
2754:Aeromonas salmonicida
2150:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1195:Reviews of Geophysics
509:. UNESCO Publishing.
248:
3229:Heterosigma akashiwo
3095:Swim bladder disease
3057:Pseudorhabdosynochus
3038:Myxobolus cerebralis
2990:Gyrodactylus salaris
2915:Amoebic gill disease
2844:Pfiesteria piscicida
2798:Heterosigma akashiwo
2602:Arachnoidiscophytina
2597:Rhizosloleniophytina
2565:Leptocylindrophyceae
2560:Leptocylindrophytina
2122:Pleurochloridellales
1454:Pseudodendromonadida
990:Aquaculture Research
824:Aquaculture Research
616:Journal of Phycology
312:Heterosigma akashiwo
302:reproduces asexually
278:Heterosigma akashiwo
262:Heterosigma akashiwo
250:Heterosigma akashiwo
204:Entomosigma akashiwo
202:(Hulburt 1965), and
200:Olisthodiscus luteus
172:Heterosigma akashiwo
157:Heterosigma akashiwo
25:Heterosigma akashiwo
2997:Henneguya zschokkei
2861:Streptococcus iniae
2592:Coscinodiscophytina
2359:Schizocladiophyceae
2298:Phaeosiphoniellales
2109:Phaeothamniophyceae
1917:Olisthodiscophyceae
1707:Hyphochytriomycetes
1584:Labyrinthulomycetes
1207:1995RvGeo..33S1189A
1038:2001LimOc..46.1400T
961:1998MEPS..170...25K
904:2000ApEnM..66.4916T
786:1997LimOc..42.1137S
187:. The species name
185:harmful algal bloom
3439:Ochrophyte species
2830:Aquarium granuloma
2577:Ellerbeckiophytina
2525:
2521:
2507:Sarcinochrysidales
2484:Rhizochromulinales
2452:
2448:
2332:Phaeosacciophyceae
2029:Pinguiochrysidales
1901:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1725:Peronosporomycetes
1698:
1694:
1649:
1645:
1418:
1414:
970:10.3354/meps170025
678:Harmful Algae News
576:10.1007/bf02488320
254:
3421:
3420:
3380:Open Tree of Life
3221:Taxon identifiers
3212:
3211:
2933:Ceratomyxa shasta
2705:
2704:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2630:Bacillariophyceae
2625:Biddulphiophyceae
2612:Bacillariophytina
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2326:
2325:
2245:Syringodermatales
2222:Dictyochophycidae
2194:Discosporangiales
2158:Chrysoparadoxales
2132:Chrysomerophyceae
2037:
2036:
1988:Thallochrysidales
1937:Eustigmatophyceae
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1571:Pseudophyllomitus
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1215:10.1029/95RG00440
1201:(S2): 1189â1200.
1174:Undercurrent News
898:(11): 4916â4920.
516:978-92-3-103871-6
356:hydrogen peroxide
198:Synonyms include
168:
167:
3451:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3323:NHMSYS0021058816
3313:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3216:
3003:Ich (freshwater)
2967:Eustrongylidosis
2954:Diphyllobothrium
2819:Koi herpes virus
2804:Hole in the head
2770:Enteric redmouth
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2608:
2582:Probosciophytina
2530:
2526:
2517:
2461:Dictyochophyceae
2457:
2453:
2444:
2404:Rhizochloridales
2182:
2089:Aurearenophyceae
2085:
2078:
2046:
1983:Rhizochrysidales
1950:Goniochloridales
1913:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1822:Salilagenidiales
1734:
1730:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1612:Thraustochytrida
1580:
1488:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1321:
1301:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1219:
1218:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1115:. Archived from
1114:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1050:. Archived from
1049:
1032:(6): 1400â1405.
1023:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
981:
975:
974:
972:
940:
934:
933:
923:
883:
877:
876:
848:
842:
841:
839:
815:
806:
805:
780:(5): 1137â1153.
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
743:
734:
733:
721:
686:
685:
673:
664:
663:
657:
649:
639:
622:(6): 1333â1348.
607:
588:
587:
559:
548:
547:
527:
521:
520:
502:
493:
492:
490:
488:
477:
423:British Columbia
236:quantitative PCR
159:
139:H. akashiwo
35:
21:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3409:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3354:Observation.org
3352:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3223:
3213:
3208:
3147:
3116:
3014:Kudoa thyrsites
2961:Cymothoa exigua
2896:
2837:Novirhabdovirus
2741:
2736:
2706:
2701:
2686:
2634:
2606:
2587:Melosirophytina
2570:Corethrophyceae
2546:
2520:
2511:
2502:Pelagomonadales
2488:
2469:Florenciellales
2447:
2418:
2380:
2367:Schizocladiales
2353:
2322:
2308:Scytothamniales
2249:
2216:
2204:Ishigeophycidae
2198:
2171:
2144:
2140:Chrysomeridales
2126:
2117:Phaeothamniales
2103:
2072:
2033:
2015:
2011:Chlamydomyxales
1992:
1954:
1931:
1896:
1879:
1858:
1831:
1798:
1770:
1766:Rozellopsidales
1761:Olpidiopsidales
1728:
1727:
1719:
1715:Hyphochytriales
1693:
1684:
1644:
1623:
1618:Stellarchytrium
1602:Oblongichytrida
1578:
1543:
1515:
1477:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1319:
1297:
1288:
1275:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1110:"Archived copy"
1108:
1107:
1103:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1011:
983:
982:
978:
942:
941:
937:
885:
884:
880:
865:10.2216/15-26.1
850:
849:
845:
817:
816:
809:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
745:
744:
737:
723:
722:
689:
675:
674:
667:
650:
609:
608:
591:
561:
560:
551:
529:
528:
524:
517:
504:
503:
496:
486:
484:
479:
478:
469:
464:
458:HAB formation.
435:Atlantic salmon
388:
386:Economic impact
373:
296:
292:
275:
259:
228:
164:
161:
155:
142:
128:
114:
112:Chattonellaceae
102:
90:
78:
66:
54:
17:
16:Species of alga
12:
11:
5:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3402:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3350:
3340:
3327:
3314:
3301:
3288:
3275:
3262:
3249:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Marine viruses
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3152:Related topics
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Taura syndrome
2869:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2786:Flavobacterium
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2676:Incertae sedis
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:Tribonematales
2406:
2401:
2399:Mischococcales
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2340:Phaeosacciales
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2318:Tilopteridales
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Desmarestiales
2270:
2268:Asterocladales
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:Sphacelariales
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:Chrysoparadoxa
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Chattonellales
2054:
2052:
2050:Raphidomonadea
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:Pinguiophyceae
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:Diatomophthora
1841:
1839:
1837:incertae sedis
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1827:Saprolegniales
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1804:Saprolegniidae
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Peronosporales
1780:
1778:
1776:Peronosporidae
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:Lagenismatales
1753:
1751:Haptoglossales
1748:
1746:Anisolpidiales
1742:
1740:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:Labyrinthulida
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Proteromonadea
1525:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:Mesomycetozoea
1391:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1330:Diaphoretickes
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1226:External links
1224:
1221:
1220:
1185:
1160:
1146:
1101:
1090:(2): 275â285.
1067:
1009:
976:
935:
878:
859:(5): 435â439.
843:
830:(5): 427â433.
807:
764:
735:
687:
665:
589:
570:(2): 151â163.
549:
522:
515:
494:
466:
465:
463:
460:
448:Port Elizabeth
387:
384:
382:can be found.
372:
369:
306:binary fission
294:
290:
286:photosynthesis
274:
271:
258:
255:
227:
224:
181:Raphidophyceae
166:
165:
162:
151:
150:
144:
143:
136:
134:
130:
129:
122:
120:
116:
115:
110:
108:
104:
103:
100:Chattonellales
98:
96:
92:
91:
88:Raphidophyceae
86:
84:
80:
79:
74:
72:
68:
67:
62:
60:
56:
55:
50:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3456:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Microsporidia
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:Salmon anemia
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2534:Bolidophyceae
2531:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2494:Pelagophyceae
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2386:Xanthophyceae
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Neodermatales
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Actinophryida
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Chromulinales
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1960:Chrysophyceae
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Eustigmatales
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1926:Olisthodiscus
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Stramenopiles
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:(major groups
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:Stramenopiles
1283:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1122:on 2006-02-26
1118:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Harmful Algae
1078:
1071:
1068:
1057:on 2017-04-07
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
977:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
936:
931:
927:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
765:
753:
749:
742:
740:
736:
731:
727:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
688:
683:
679:
672:
670:
666:
661:
655:
647:
643:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
523:
518:
512:
508:
501:
499:
495:
483:
476:
474:
472:
468:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:invertebrates
412:
408:
405:, as well as
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:
383:
381:
378:
377:small subunit
370:
368:
366:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
335:populations.
334:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
307:
303:
300:
287:
283:
279:
272:
270:
268:
263:
256:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
232:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:(Hada 1967).
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:of the class
178:
174:
173:
160:
158:
152:
149:
148:Binomial name
145:
141:
140:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
121:
118:
117:
113:
109:
106:
105:
101:
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
59:Superphylum:
58:
57:
53:
49:
46:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3228:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3068:
3055:
3048:
3036:
3019:
3012:
3008:Ich (marine)
2995:
2988:
2981:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2859:
2842:
2835:
2823:
2797:
2796:
2784:
2752:
2696:paraphyletic
2681:
2675:
2620:Mediophyceae
2479:Pedinellales
2474:Dictyochales
2414:Vaucheriales
2373:Schizocladia
2371:
2346:Phaeosaccion
2344:
2313:Sporochnales
2288:Laminariales
2278:Ectocarpales
2263:Ascoseirales
2255:Fucophycidae
2177:Phaeophyceae
2162:
2096:
2006:Synchromales
1973:Hibberdiales
1924:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1817:Leptomitales
1675:
1658:Bigyromonada
1616:
1592:Amphitremida
1569:
1539:Blastocystea
1511:Opalomonadea
1470:
1463:
1379:Opisthokonta
1198:
1194:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1163:
1149:
1124:. Retrieved
1117:the original
1104:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1059:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1029:
1025:
1012:
993:
989:
979:
952:
948:
938:
895:
891:
881:
856:
852:
846:
827:
823:
777:
773:
767:
755:. Retrieved
751:
729:
681:
677:
654:cite journal
619:
615:
567:
563:
535:
531:
525:
506:
485:. Retrieved
455:
451:
443:
430:
418:
390:
389:
374:
364:
346:may produce
343:
337:
332:
328:
311:
310:
298:
277:
276:
266:
261:
260:
257:Distribution
249:
242:the cells.
230:
229:
219:
215:
212:H. inlandica
211:
207:
203:
199:
197:
188:
171:
170:
169:
156:
154:
138:
137:
124:
123:
47:(unranked):
24:
18:
3393:SeaLifeBase
3292:iNaturalist
3121:Fish groups
3070:Saprolegnia
3064:Salmon lice
2909:Abergasilus
2780:Fish dropsy
2683:Platysulcus
2394:Botrydiales
2235:Onslowiales
2230:Dictyotales
1812:Albuginales
1794:Rhipidiales
1729:(Oomycetes)
1696:Pseudofungi
1671:Pirsoniales
1597:Amphifilida
1506:Nanomonadea
1436:Bicosoecida
757:4 September
482:"Algaebase"
456:H. akashiwo
452:H. akashiwo
444:H. akashiwo
439:Puget Sound
431:H. akashiwo
419:H. akashiwo
391:Heterosigma
365:H. akashiwo
348:brevetoxins
344:H. akashiwo
333:H. akashiwo
329:H. akashiwo
320:germination
299:H. akashiwo
282:mixotrophic
267:H. akashiwo
231:H. akashiwo
226:Description
220:H. akashiwo
216:Heterosigma
208:H. akashiwo
125:Heterosigma
64:Heterokonta
3434:Ochrophyta
3428:Categories
3164:Brevetoxin
3044:Myxosporea
2892:Yellowhead
2887:White spot
2765:Columnaris
2450:Diatomista
2303:Ralfsiales
2212:Ishigeales
2068:Commatiida
1998:Picophagea
1978:Hydrurales
1882:Ochrophyta
1501:Placididea
1483:Placidozoa
1179:2018-06-08
1126:2007-03-25
1061:2016-05-24
853:Phycologia
752:The Herald
538:(4): 367.
532:Phycologia
480:Guiry, M.
462:References
399:sea urchin
273:Physiology
76:Ochrophyta
3253:AlgaeBase
3199:Saxitoxin
3179:Fish kill
3169:Ciguatera
3083:Sea louse
3032:Monogenea
2927:Carp lice
2901:Parasites
2746:Pathogens
2552:Diatomeae
2098:Aurearena
1899:Chrysista
1789:Pythiales
1666:Developea
1557:Sagenista
1521:Opalinata
1444:Bicoecida
1374:Amoebozoa
1352:Alveolata
1340:Cryptista
1315:Eukaryota
1278:Eukaryota
955:: 25â32.
487:3 October
421:bloom in
361:Sablefish
314:produces
133:Species:
3310:10010212
3244:Q5747757
3238:Wikidata
2921:Anisakis
2542:Parmales
2523:Khakista
1853:Miracula
1677:Pirsonia
1534:Opalinea
1492:Wobblata
1459:Borokida
1449:Anoecida
1427:Opalozoa
1369:Amorphea
1347:Rhizaria
1335:Hacrobia
1325:Excavata
1310:Bacteria
1135:cite web
996:: 9â14.
930:11055943
873:85790577
802:16822520
646:20411032
584:10393570
411:plankton
403:copepods
371:Genetics
193:red tide
189:akashiwo
107:Family:
71:Phylum:
3284:3194420
2775:Fin rot
2283:Fucales
1738:Eogamia
1647:Gyrista
1565:Eogyrea
1472:Cantina
1384:Animals
1305:Archaea
1203:Bibcode
1034:Bibcode
957:Bibcode
900:Bibcode
782:Bibcode
637:2856949
395:finfish
340:hypoxia
325:Viruses
119:Genus:
95:Order:
83:Class:
3411:160585
3398:108492
3385:427257
3372:160585
3359:192979
3343:NZOR:
3297:484666
3271:899618
3112:Xenoma
3107:Velvet
2983:Glugea
2977:Flukes
2698:groups
1465:Rictus
1416:Bigyra
1362:Plants
1299:Domain
928:
918:
871:
800:
684:: 3â5.
644:
634:
582:
513:
427:salmon
407:oyster
3406:WoRMS
3305:IRMNG
3258:54512
1389:Fungi
1120:(PDF)
1113:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
1022:(PDF)
921:92399
869:S2CID
798:S2CID
580:S2CID
354:like
316:cysts
280:is a
177:algae
3367:OBIS
3336:2829
3331:NCBI
3279:GBIF
3060:spp.
1141:link
926:PMID
759:2022
660:link
642:PMID
511:ISBN
489:2011
240:lyse
210:and
3318:NBN
3266:EoL
2882:VHS
2877:UDN
1909:SII
1282:SAR
1211:doi
1092:doi
1042:doi
998:doi
965:doi
953:170
916:PMC
908:doi
861:doi
832:doi
790:doi
632:PMC
624:doi
572:doi
568:100
540:doi
380:RNA
304:by
297:.
195:".
52:SAR
3430::
3408::
3395::
3382::
3369::
3356::
3333::
3320::
3307::
3294::
3281::
3268::
3255::
3240::
2081:PX
2042:SI
1284::
1280::
1209:.
1199:33
1197:.
1172:.
1137:}}
1133:{{
1086:.
1082:.
1040:.
1030:46
1028:.
1024:.
994:28
992:.
988:.
963:.
951:.
947:.
924:.
914:.
906:.
896:66
894:.
890:.
867:.
857:54
855:.
828:31
826:.
822:.
810:^
796:.
788:.
778:42
776:.
750:.
738:^
728:.
690:^
682:23
680:.
668:^
656:}}
652:{{
640:.
630:.
620:42
618:.
614:.
592:^
578:.
566:.
552:^
536:35
534:.
497:^
470:^
429:.
413:,
308:.
295:â1
291:â1
222:.
2832:)
2828:(
2731:e
2724:t
2717:v
2694:*
1494:*
1396:)
1270:e
1263:t
1256:v
1217:.
1213::
1205::
1182:.
1157:.
1143:)
1129:.
1098:.
1094::
1088:4
1064:.
1044::
1036::
1006:.
1000::
973:.
967::
959::
932:.
910::
902::
875:.
863::
840:.
834::
804:.
792::
784::
761:.
732:.
662:)
648:.
626::
586:.
574::
546:.
542::
519:.
491:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
