159:
152:, designed and produced many Jacob Zook signs via screen printing. William Schuster, Milton Hill, Johnny Ott, and Johnny and Eric Claypoole also contributed to this hex sign revival or adaptation. Modern artists may stress the symbolic meanings, for example, a horse head is used to protect animals from disease and the building from lightning and a dove represents peace and contentment. An unusual use is the official logo of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Radiation Protection, which incorporates the international symbol for radiation into its yellow-and-red adaptation of a traditional hex sign design.
191:
124:. However, the modern decoration of barns is a late development in Pennsylvania Dutch folk art. Prior to the 1830s, the cost of paint meant that most barns were unpainted. As paint became affordable, the Pennsylvania Dutch began to decorate their barns much like they decorated items in their homes. Barn decorating reached its peak in the early 20th century, at which time there were many artists who specialized in barn decorating. Drawing from a large repertoire of designs, barn painters combined many elements in their decorations. The
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38:
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67:. Barn paintings, usually in the form of "stars in circles", began to appear on the landscape in the early 19th century and became widespread decades later when commercial ready-mixed paint became readily available. By the 1950s commercialized hex signs, aimed at the tourist market, became popular and these often include stars,
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158:
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In recent years, hex signs have come to be used by non–Pennsylvania Dutch persons as talismans for folk magic rather than as items of decoration. Some believe that both the
Pennsylvania German barn design and hex designs originate with the Alpine Germans. They note that hexes are of
266:
was published. Nutting, who was not a
Pennsylvania native, interviewed farmers about their distinctive barn decoration. Before this time there was no standardized term and many Pennsylvania German farmers simply called the signs as a
139:
Throughout the 20th century, hex signs were often produced as commodities for the tourist industry in
Pennsylvania. These signs could be bought and then mounted onto barns and used as household decorations. Jacob Zook of
91:
nature to the signs; the other sees them as purely decorative. Both schools recognize that there are sometimes superstitions associated with certain hex sign themes and neither ascribes strong magical power to them. The
282:
These signs were traditionally adorned with six-pointed stars. There is also the belief that the origin leading to the term "hex sign" is that
English settlers mispronounced the German word for six, "sechs", as "hex".
2602:
190:
132:
can be seen in the patterns of many hex signs. Hearts and tulips seen on barns are commonly found on elaborately lettered and decorated birth, baptism, and marriage certificates known as
3676:
279:(meaning 'witch foot') in his description. The term became popular with Pennsylvania Germans themselves during the blossoming tourist trade of southeastern Pennsylvania.
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Some view the designs as decorative symbols of ethnic identification, possibly originating in reaction to 19th century attempts made by the government to suppress the
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144:, claimed to have originated the modern mountable sign in 1942, based on traditional designs, to be sold in souvenir gift shops to tourists along the
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have taken up the practice of creating hex signs, incorporating other pre-Christian signs and symbols into the hex work. Gandee, in his book
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262:". However, the term "hex sign" was not used until the 20th century, after 1924 when Wallace Nutting's book
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and
Mennonites, have a negative view of hex signs, and they are rarely, if ever, seen on an Amish or
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There are two opposing schools of belief regarding the derivation of the name. The term
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87:. Two schools of thought exist on the meaning of hex signs. One school ascribes a
835:
Several digitized books on
Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts, design, and prints
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666:(Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
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La Gorce, John Oliver (July–December 1948). "Artists Look at
Pennsylvania".
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306:
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1004:
922:
798:
Care And Use of
Pennsylvania Dutch Hex Signs; Their Symbolism and Meanings
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129:
88:
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Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
2269:
Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
3535:
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715:. Making of America series. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 53–116.
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1974:
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674:
Hex Signs: Tips, Tools, and
Techniques for Learning the Craft
275:(meaning flowers or stars). However one farmer used the term
108:
in circular borders are a common sight on Pennsylvania Dutch
754:
Hex Signs: Pennsylvania Dutch Barn Symbols and Their Meaning
643:
Gandee, Lee R. (1971). "The Strangest Prayers Are Painted".
578:
The Red Church Or the Art of Pennsylvania German Braucherei
30:"Hexology" redirects here. For a series of six works, see
3291:
3277:
3267:
3257:
664:
The Pennsylvania German Hex Sign: A Study in Folk Process
112:
in central and southeastern Pennsylvania, especially in
645:
Strange Experience: The Autobiography of a Hexenmeister
164:
H. & S. Hoffman Barn, bearing twelve hex signs, in
3677:
Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena
3609:
3250:
3096:
2867:
2774:
2738:
2702:
2661:
2565:
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2116:
1993:
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882:
523:
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
315:
Strange Experience, Autobiography of a Hexenmeister
232:
Souvenir shop in Lancaster County selling hex signs
581:. Sunland, CA: Pendraig Publishing. p. 317.
445:
443:
441:
368:
366:
776:. Zaubereigarten/The Hex Factory. pp. 7–9.
603:"Il significato del simbolo del Sole delle Alpi"
2126:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
913:
2639:
2213:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
1422:
1174:
894:
856:
837:from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
736:. Llewellyn Publications. pp. 145, 146.
246:with occult connotations may derive from the
8:
757:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole. p. 96.
733:Northern Magic: Rune Mysteries and Shamanism
730:Thorsson, Edred (1998). "Operant Hexology".
519:"Bureau of Radiation Protection's Home Page"
397:
395:
393:
391:
317:, described hex signs as "painted prayers".
2646:
2632:
2624:
2335:
2283:
1452:
1429:
1415:
1407:
863:
849:
841:
291:Germanic origin; for instance, a circled
182:Oley Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
671:Hoyt, Ivan E.; Hoyt, Dorothy M. (2008).
605:(in Italian). Lega Nord. Archived from
479:
455:Pennsylvania Dutch Hex Tour Association
432:
362:
154:
2532:List of people executed for witchcraft
774:Heiden Hexology, Essays and Interviews
751:Yoder, Don; Graves, Thomas E. (2000).
677:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
626:
414:from the original on February 25, 2010
2501:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
41:12-pointed compass rose on a hex sign
7:
3198:Russian traditions and superstitions
820:Hex Signs at Pennsylvania Dutch.com
216:A simple hex sign in the form of a
2598:Left-hand path and right-hand path
2173:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
803:Pictures of hand painted Hex Signs
27:Pennsylvania Dutch folk art symbol
25:
3697:Superstitions in Muslim societies
328:sects in the region, such as the
225:
209:
189:
173:
157:
2885:Superstition in the Philippines
2296:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
2157:Summis desiderantes affectibus
914:
713:The Pennsylvania Dutch Country
402:Igou, Brad (October 1, 2001).
1:
3672:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
3429:End-of-the-day betting effect
3193:Ravens of the Tower of London
3109:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
830:Hex Signs in PA Dutch Country
3296:Seventh son of a seventh son
2301:accusations against children
2197:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
709:""Pennsylvania Dutch stuff""
695:National Geographic Magazine
322:Pennsylvania German language
404:"The Story of the Hex Sign"
150:Gilbertsville, Pennsylvania
3769:
3753:Pennsylvania Dutch culture
3728:19th-century introductions
3083:Numbers in Chinese culture
2221:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
662:Graves, Thomas E. (1984).
309:). Based on this history,
200:hex signs at the historic
71:, stylized birds known as
65:Pennsylvania Dutch Country
29:
3682:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
2918:Ghosts in Bengali culture
2253:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
1175:
895:
772:Yoder, Hunter M. (2012).
548:Nutting, Wallace (1924).
3743:Ornaments (architecture)
3369:Auspicious wedding dates
3146:Icelandic magical staves
2958:Puppy pregnancy syndrome
2880:Superstition in Pakistan
2746:Superstition in Ethiopia
2730:Theatrical superstitions
2583:Christian views on magic
2261:The Discovery of Witches
2133:Directorium Inquisitorum
238:Controversy over origins
3692:Superstition in Judaism
3213:Spilling water for luck
3203:Superstition in Britain
2189:De praestigiis daemonum
2141:De maleficis mulieribus
1189:Pictish painted pebbles
707:Richman, Irwin (2004).
575:Bilardi, C. R. (2009).
554:. Old America Company.
180:Barn with hex signs in
3461:Four eleven forty-four
3208:Superstition in Serbia
2890:Japanese superstitions
2725:Sailors' superstitions
2720:List of bad luck signs
2245:Compendium Maleficarum
2237:Magical Investigations
2128:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
551:Pennsylvania (eastern)
525:. 2012. Archived from
457:. 2012. Archived from
264:Pennsylvania Beautiful
142:Paradise, Pennsylvania
96:do not use hex signs.
42:
3748:Pennsylvania folklore
3627:Astrology and science
3374:Baseball superstition
2895:Superstition in Korea
2875:Superstition in India
2715:List of lucky symbols
2710:List of superstitions
1868:Cloak of invisibility
1624:Solitary practitioner
1537:Witch-cult hypothesis
40:
3702:Traditional medicine
3188:Rabbit rabbit rabbit
2588:Magical organization
2103:Witches of Benevento
529:on February 14, 2012
497:Jacob Zook hex Signs
351:Pow-wow (folk magic)
3511:Maternal impression
3363:Number of the Beast
3134:The Goodman's Croft
2809:Curse of Tippecanoe
2205:Newes from Scotland
2165:Malleus Maleficarum
1542:Anglo-Saxon England
629:, pp. 305–320.
336:household or farm.
250:word "hex" (German
248:Pennsylvania German
204:in Lancaster County
148:. Edward Buchak of
3687:Questionable cause
3657:Magic and religion
3419:Davy Jones' Locker
3183:Powder of sympathy
2854:White lighter myth
2557:Witches in fiction
2545:In popular culture
2119:historic treatises
1371:Magic and religion
813:2007-10-14 at the
702:. Washington, D.C.
408:Amish Country News
220:on a suburban shed
50:Pennsylvania Dutch
43:
3733:American folk art
3715:
3714:
3561:Sign of the horns
3466:Gambler's conceit
3323:triskaidekaphobia
3315:The Thirteen Club
3219:The Scottish Play
2928:Kuai Kuai culture
2783:Ascalapha odorata
2621:
2620:
2578:Witch (archetype)
2540:
2539:
2489:
2488:
1815:Sympathetic magic
1642:
1641:
1404:
1403:
825:Hex Signs History
654:978-0-13-850966-8
647:. Prentice-Hall.
482:, pp. 53–54.
461:on March 20, 2012
451:"About Hex Signs"
376:. LancasterPA.com
166:Montgomery County
16:(Redirected from
3760:
3662:Magical thinking
3622:Apotropaic magic
3556:Shoes on a table
3531:Numismatic charm
3496:Law of contagion
3491:Knocking on wood
3389:Bread and butter
3319:thirteenth floor
3282:Four-leaf clover
3272:Three on a match
3230:Tycho Brahe days
3152:In bocca al lupo
2978:Okiagari-koboshi
2839:Oscar love curse
2789:Bermuda Triangle
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2552:Magic in fiction
2382:Northern Moravia
2336:
2316:Papua New Guinea
2284:
2068:Nine sorceresses
1820:Witches' Sabbath
1669:Ceremonial magic
1659:Apotropaic magic
1453:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1386:Religious fetish
1381:Numismatic charm
1346:Apotropaic magic
1339:Related articles
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3652:Fortune-telling
3605:
3476:Human sacrifice
3471:Good luck charm
3455:Flying Dutchman
3424:Dead man's hand
3379:Beginner's luck
3333:Heptadecaphobia
3311:Friday the 13th
3246:
3178:Painted pebbles
3092:
3003:Hindu astrology
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2694:Myth and ritual
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1928:Magical weapons
1878:Flying ointment
1829:
1674:Magical formula
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1522:Greece and Rome
1444:
1435:
1405:
1400:
1334:
1315:Seal of Solomon
1293:
1040:Good luck charm
878:
869:
815:Wayback Machine
808:Hex Sign Themes
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146:Lincoln Highway
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59:, found in the
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3444:Fertility rite
3441:
3439:Fear of ghosts
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3073:White elephant
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2824:Fortune cookie
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2766:Sleeping child
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2452:Western Europe
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2108:Witch of Endor
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2015:
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1985:Witch's ladder
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1075:Hercules' Club
1072:
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1037:
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990:Cross necklace
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985:Corn husk doll
982:
977:
970:
965:
960:
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950:
945:
940:
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928:Brigid's cross
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904:Amulet MS 5236
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792:External links
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295:is called the
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48:are a form of
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3738:Magic symbols
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3647:Folk religion
3645:
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3601:Witching hour
3599:
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3571:Spilling salt
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3566:Something old
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3541:Rabbit's foot
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3516:Miasma theory
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3434:Fear of frogs
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3262:Ace of spades
3259:
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3163:Klabautermann
3161:
3159:
3158:Kitchen witch
3156:
3154:
3153:
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3141:
3137:
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3119:Blarney Stone
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3068:Vastu shastra
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2923:Jackal's horn
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2829:Groundhog Day
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2608:Folk religion
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2098:Three Witches
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2058:Morgan le Fay
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1903:Kitchen witch
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1554:Latin America
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1478:Witch smeller
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1391:Superstitions
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1366:Folk religion
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1254:Tintinnabulum
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1199:Rabbit's foot
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1100:Jackal's horn
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1055:Hanging craft
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609:on 2014-01-12
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588:9780982031858
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561:9781585499953
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289:pre-Christian
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122:Lehigh County
119:
115:
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107:
99:
97:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:compass roses
66:
63:tradition in
62:
58:
55:, related to
54:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
3707:Urban legend
3591:Wishing well
3551:Ship sponsor
3526:Numerophobia
3506:Lock of hair
3453:
3404:Chain letter
3239:
3217:
3150:
3140:Himmelsbrief
3138:
3104:August curse
3088:Yantra cloth
2900:
2859:Witch window
2781:
2655:Superstition
2573:Witch (word)
2522:Witch's mark
2331:Early Modern
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2229:Daemonologie
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2181:Laienspiegel
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2063:Muma Pădurii
1994:Folklore and
1965:Sator Square
1918:Magic circle
1913:Magic carpet
1873:Crystal ball
1810:Spiritualism
1634:Witch doctor
1517:Cunning folk
1351:Curse tablet
1289:Yantra cloth
1284:Witch bottle
1249:Thunderstone
1224:Sator Square
1145:Medicine bag
1115:Kagome crest
1010:Dreamcatcher
995:Dacian Draco
972:
958:Celtic cross
909:Axe of Perun
773:
753:
732:
712:
699:
693:
673:
663:
644:
622:
611:. Retrieved
607:the original
597:
577:
570:
550:
543:
533:February 29,
531:. Retrieved
527:the original
522:
513:
503:February 29,
501:. Retrieved
496:
487:
480:Richman 2004
475:
463:. Retrieved
459:the original
454:
433:Richman 2004
428:
416:. Retrieved
407:
378:. Retrieved
319:
314:
296:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
263:
258:), meaning "
255:
251:
243:
241:
218:compass rose
202:Mascot Mills
198:compass rose
138:
128:patterns of
114:Berks County
103:
100:Form and use
85:tree of life
45:
44:
3632:Coincidence
3586:Toi toi toi
3501:Literomancy
3394:Break a leg
3353:Curse of 39
3286:tetraphobia
3225:Troll cross
3114:Bayern-luck
3048:Kuman Thong
2973:Maneki-neko
2968:Kanai Anzen
2953:Pichal Peri
2948:Nazar battu
2834:I'noGo tied
2662:Main topics
2280:Persecution
2149:Formicarius
2093:Spearfinger
2033:Elbow witch
1933:Magic sword
1898:Julleuchter
1883:Goofer dust
1825:White magic
1738:Incantation
1664:Black magic
1619:Renaissance
1587:Chaos magic
1559:Middle East
1490:Philippines
1325:Uncial 0152
1274:Voodoo doll
1269:Troll cross
1259:Touch piece
1130:Koan kroach
1125:Kanai Anzen
1120:Kagura suzu
1095:I'noGo tied
1080:Horse brass
890:Abracadabra
627:Gandee 1971
465:November 3,
380:January 14,
374:"Hex Signs"
73:distelfinks
61:Fancy Dutch
3722:Categories
3667:Numerology
3642:Divination
3596:Witch ball
3546:Rainmaking
3449:First-foot
3409:Cramp-ring
3399:Bullroarer
3241:Wolfssegen
3235:Witch post
3129:Cornicello
3053:Palad khik
3033:Pagtatawas
2593:Maleficium
2517:Witch-hunt
2321:Witch camp
1980:Witch ball
1923:Magic ring
1908:Love charm
1763:Necromancy
1758:Moon magic
1753:Mediumship
1748:Love magic
1733:Gray magic
1713:Divination
1512:Benandanti
1442:witchcraft
1376:Numerology
1330:Wolfsangel
1279:Witch ball
1264:Triskelion
1204:Red string
1184:Palad khik
1045:Gorgoneion
980:Corn dolly
968:Cornicello
948:Bullroarer
916:Azusa Yumi
743:1567187099
613:2014-01-12
357:References
326:Anabaptist
196:Barn with
106:barn stars
89:talismanic
3617:Apophenia
3581:Threshold
3384:Black cat
3173:Need-fire
3063:Nang Kwak
3013:Albularyo
2998:Feng shui
2993:Fan death
2938:Navaratna
2908:Chhaupadi
2756:Gris-gris
2689:Talismans
2494:Classical
2013:Baba Yaga
1996:mythology
1805:Spiritism
1795:Sex magic
1773:Shamanism
1768:Occultism
1723:Evocation
1718:Entheogen
1696:Damnation
1647:Practices
1361:Feng shui
1310:Navaratna
1298:Talismans
1110:Kabura-ya
1090:Hoko doll
1085:Horseshoe
1065:Hama yumi
1050:Gris-gris
1035:God's eye
1020:Elf-arrow
974:Crepundia
876:talismans
493:"History"
418:August 7,
346:Pentagram
334:Mennonite
311:neopagans
307:Po Valley
126:geometric
46:Hex signs
18:Hex signs
3637:Debunker
3168:Mooncalf
3124:Cimaruta
3078:Jin Chan
2814:Curupira
2799:Carranca
2794:Brujería
2775:Americas
2674:Evil eye
2527:Pricking
2438:Scotland
2361:Virginia
2351:New York
2346:Maryland
2339:Americas
2088:Sorginak
2078:Pasiphaë
1970:Talisman
1940:Mojo bag
1888:Grimoire
1783:Regional
1728:Familiar
1691:Anathema
1607:Neopagan
1602:Medieval
1507:Akelarre
1356:Evil eye
1320:Swastika
1140:Mandrake
1025:Fascinus
1015:Dzi bead
963:Cimaruta
811:Archived
412:Archived
340:See also
277:Hexefoos
254:, Dutch
104:Painted
53:folk art
32:Hexalogy
3610:Related
3343:27 Club
3251:General
2988:Omamori
2963:Akabeko
2933:Muhurta
2903:(ghost)
2804:Cooties
2566:Related
2510:Related
2428:Iceland
2423:Finland
2418:England
2413:Denmark
2377:Hungary
2073:Obayifo
2003:Agamede
1960:Potions
1893:Incense
1834:Objects
1654:Animism
1629:Warlock
1564:Oceania
1547:Britain
1244:Thokcha
1177:Omamori
1160:Mugwort
1150:Mjölnir
1060:Hama ya
883:Amulets
872:Amulets
637:Sources
303:Padania
293:rosette
184:in 1941
134:fraktur
83:, or a
57:fraktur
3521:Nelson
3097:Europe
3058:Takrut
3018:Barang
3008:Agimat
2913:Churel
2739:Africa
2669:Amulet
2479:Basque
2464:Geneva
2459:France
2443:Sweden
2433:Norway
2408:Baltic
2392:Russia
2387:Poland
2288:Modern
2272:(1751)
2264:(1647)
2256:(1627)
2248:(1608)
2240:(1599)
2232:(1597)
2224:(1595)
2216:(1593)
2208:(1591)
2200:(1584)
2192:(1563)
2184:(1509)
2176:(1489)
2168:(1487)
2160:(1484)
2152:(1475)
2144:(1440)
2136:(1376)
2083:Sebile
2038:Hecate
2008:Aradia
1955:Poppet
1950:Nkondi
1863:Censer
1846:Athame
1841:Amulet
1800:Sigils
1788:Yellow
1597:Hoodoo
1592:Goetia
1569:Mākutu
1497:Europe
1468:Azande
1463:Africa
1456:Region
1239:Takrut
1234:Ta'wiz
1214:Sachet
1194:Poppet
1005:Dōtaku
953:Carnyx
923:Bonshō
897:Agimat
780:
761:
740:
719:
681:
651:
585:
558:
499:. 2012
273:Sterne
130:quilts
120:, and
81:tulips
77:hearts
3536:Penny
3414:Curse
3302:11:11
3038:Pasma
3023:Kulam
2983:Ofuda
2943:Nazar
2901:Bhoot
2844:Susto
2819:Djucu
2761:Sampy
2703:Lists
2613:Adept
2474:Spain
2469:Italy
2356:Salem
2311:Nepal
2306:India
2117:Major
2053:Medea
2048:Kalku
2028:Drude
2023:Dayan
2018:Circe
1945:Nkisi
1856:besom
1851:Broom
1778:Black
1708:Demon
1686:Curse
1681:Coven
1612:Wicca
1532:Völva
1527:Seiðr
1502:Italy
1473:Ghana
1449:Types
1438:Magic
1396:Torma
1305:Lamen
1219:Sampy
1170:Ofuda
1165:Nazar
1070:Hamsa
1000:Djucu
943:Bulla
937:Besom
933:Broom
330:Amish
305:(the
269:Blume
260:witch
168:, Pa.
110:barns
94:Amish
3481:Jinx
3043:Usog
3028:Lihi
2868:Asia
2849:Veve
2751:Buda
2684:Omen
2679:Luck
2043:Huld
1975:Wand
1743:Jinn
1701:Jinx
1580:Form
1485:Asia
1440:and
1229:Suzu
1155:Mojo
1105:Juju
1030:Fulu
874:and
778:ISBN
759:ISBN
738:ISBN
717:ISBN
679:ISBN
649:ISBN
583:ISBN
556:ISBN
535:2012
505:2012
467:2012
420:2006
382:2014
256:heks
252:Hexe
3486:Hex
3359:666
1209:Rin
301:in
271:or
244:hex
3724::
3349:39
3339:27
3329:17
3321:,
3317:,
3313:,
3307:13
3284:,
711:.
700:94
698:.
521:.
495:.
453:.
440:^
410:.
406:.
390:^
365:^
324:.
136:.
116:,
79:,
75:,
3365:)
3361:(
3355:)
3351:(
3345:)
3341:(
3335:)
3331:(
3325:)
3309:(
3298:)
3294:(
3292:7
3288:)
3280:(
3278:4
3274:)
3270:(
3268:3
3264:)
3260:(
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864:e
857:t
850:v
786:.
767:.
746:.
725:.
687:.
657:.
616:.
591:.
564:.
537:.
507:.
469:.
422:.
384:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
