High-altitude platform station

1000: 733: 1861: 829: 2164: 1746: 2013: 34: 2327: 4251: 411: 868: 4508: 4518: 2068:, the 150 ft (46 m) wide UAV has a gross takeoff weight of 9,800 lbs (4.4 t) and can carry a 450 lb (200 kg) payload. It cruises at 150 kn (280 km/h), can reach 65,000 ft (19,800 m) and have a four days endurance. A full size variant is designed to carry a 2,000 lb (910 kg) payload during ten days. In August 2016, the Phantom Eye demonstrator was transferred to the 2282: 4762: 1277:

concentrating on the full-scale version, by attempting a continuous 7-day flight at an altitude of 20 kilometers above mean sea level (AMSL) at a cruising speed of 100 km/h. NRT intends to develop the full-scale HAPS model (CATS Infinity), a far larger UAV intended for ninety-day endurance at high altitudes. With a payload capacity of 35 kg, the full-scale model will have a higher

2240:" (HALE-D) subscale demonstrator was launched on a test flight. HALE-D had a 500,000 cu ft (14,000 m) volume, was 240 ft (73 m) long and 70 ft (21 m) wide, had 15 kW (20 hp) solar cells charging 40 kWh Li-ion batteries and 2 kW (2.7 hp) electric motors to cruise at 20 kn (37 km/h) 1019:(KARI) began developing its Electrical Aerial Vehicle (EAV) in 2010, after subscale demonstrators, its latest 20 m (66 ft) wide EAV-3 weighs 66 kg (146 lb) and is designed to fly for months; it flew up to 14.2 km (47,000 ft) in August 2015, during 53 hours and up to 22 km (72,000 ft) in August 2020. 893:, with a sixth 41 ft (12 m) wing section for a 247 ft (75 m) span, and a fifth landing gear and systems pod. It first flew in late 1999, solar panels were added in 2000 and it reached 96,863 ft (29,524 m) on August 13, 2001. A production aircraft would fly for up to six months. It broke up in flight in 2003. 1822:, the Perseus Proof-Of-Concept UAV first flew in November 1991 followed by Perseus A on 21 December 1993, which reached over 50,000 ft (15,000 m). Designed to fly at 62,000 ft (18.9 km) and up to 24 hours, Perseus B first flew on 7 October 1994 and reached 60,280 ft (18,370 m) on June 27, 1998. Its 2227:

platform, telecommunications relay, or a weather observer. Launch was originally proposed in 2008, the production aircraft would be 500 ft (150 m) long and 150 ft (46 m) in diameter. Powered by solar cells, it would stay in the air for up to one month and was intended to survey a

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In May 2024, the scaled down prototype named HAPS was again flight tested and it set a new national endurance record of 27 hours at 26,000 ft. The flight test was conducted at Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range. NRT intends to conduct additional endurance studies using the HAPS scaled model before

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first flew on October 9, 1988, it reached 67,028 ft (20,430 m) and stayed aloft for nearly 60 hours; powered by two 175 hp (130 kW) piston engines, the 200 ft (61 m) wide UAV had a 20,300 lb (9,200 kg) gross weight and was designed to reach 73,000 ft (22,250 m) and to

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burning jet fuel with an increased gross weight to 11,000 lb (5,000 kg), designed to fly at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) during 120 hours (five days) with a 1,000lb payload, or a week with a smaller one; it made its first flight in August 2013 and flew during 80 hours in December 2015,

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between them and to ground stations. On June 28, 2016, it took its first flight, during ninety minutes and reaching 2,150 ft (660 m), but a twenty-foot section of the righthand wing broke off during final approach. It made another low-altitude test flights in 2017. On June 27, 2018,

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manned demonstrator made its first flight on 3 December 2009, and flew an entire diurnal solar cycle in a July 2010 26-hour flight. The 71.9 m (236 ft) wide, 2.3 tonnes (5,100 lb) Solar Impulse 2 first flew on 2 June 2014, it could reach 12,000 m (39,000 ft) and its longest flight was from

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piston engine boosted by a three-stage turbocharger flat-rated to 105 hp (78 kW) to 60,000 ft (18,000 m). It has a 2,500 lb (1,100 kg) maximum weight, is able to carry a 260 lb (120 kg) payload and its 71.5 ft (21.8 m) wing has a high 26:1

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design with high-efficiency solar cells to fly continuously for months at altitudes up to 19,000 m (62,000 ft), carrying payloads up to 6 kg (13 lb). During a test flight in Rwanda in October 2023, Mira Aerospace became the first company to successfully deliver

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for use at night. Costing less than $ 2 million, they could carry a 70 lb (30 kg) payload for up to five years, limited by battery deterioration. In 2013, Titan was flying two fifth-scale test models and aimed to flight test a full-sized prototype by 2014. In March 2014,

1035:, is developing the A3, a 38 m (125 ft) wingspan, 149 kg (330 lb) twin-boom solar-powered HAPS designed to stay aloft at 67,000 ft (20,000 m) for 90 days carrying a 25 kg (55 lb) payload. OS owns 51% of UK company 689:

for starting rockets: "As a rough estimate, a rocket that reaches an altitude of 20 km (66,000 ft) when launched from the ground will reach 100 km (54 nmi) if launched at an altitude of 20 km (66,000 ft) from a balloon."

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aircraft weigh less than 880 kg (1,940 lb) and can carry a 25kg (55lb) payload. It was designed to stay above 65,000 ft (20,000 m) up to three months at latitudes up to 20°. Its first flight was indefinitely delayed by July

2219:. In January 2006, Lockheed won a $ 149M Contract to build it and demonstrate its technical feasibility and military utility. It would operate above 60,000 ft (18,000 m) in a quasi-geostationary position to deliver persistent 1226:'s Ames Research Center in July 2020. Designed to operate at 70,000 ft (21,000 m), the persistent 72 ft (22 m) UAV weighs less than 180 lb (82 kg) and can carry up to 15 lb (6.8 kg) payloads. 1265:

and NewSpace Research. Its scaled down model underwent first flight in 2022. In February 2024, a test flight of the scaled down prototype weighing 23 kg was tested with a wingspan of 12 m at an altitude of 3 km was carried out on

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at 60,000 ft (18,000 m) with a 50 lb (23 kg) payload during 15 days. At 32,000 ft (9,800 m) a problem with the helium levels prevented it and the flight was terminated. It descended and crashed in a

2300:, 377 ft (115 m) long and weighting 15,000 lb (6,800 kg) including a 550 lb (250 kg) payload, it is designed for a five-year mission with annual servicing and a prototype was planned for late 2020. 1896:

piston engine, The 2,130 lb (970 kg) MTOW testbed could carry up to 330 lb (150 kg) of scientific instruments. The Altus II first flew on May 1, 1996, had an endurance over 26 hours, and reached a maximum

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Flying in late 1998, the Centurion had a redesigned high-altitude airfoil and span increased to 206 ft (63 m), 14 motors, four underwing pods to carry batteries, systems and landing gear. It was modified into the

1043:, developing the A3 since 2014 with scale model test flights in 2015 and full-scale low-altitude flights in 2016. High-altitude flights should begin in 2019, to complete tests in 2020 with a commercial introduction as for 296: 292: 1925:

with a 17 m (55 ft) front wing and a wider 24 m (78 ft) wide back wing for a maximum takeoff weight of 6.6 t (14,500 lb), could cruise at 450 km/h (240 kn) and stay 22 hours at 925 km (500 nmi) of its

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covered with solar cells. The 14 t (31,000 lb) aircraft could carry a 500 kg (1,100 lb) payload during 3 to 5 years as helium loss would be minimal at high altitudes. For energy storage, a 180kW

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had four sections of the Pathfinder wing out of five attached to a longer center section, increasing span to 121 ft (37 m), it flew in 1998 and reached 80,201 ft (24,445 m) on August 6 of that

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piston engines, the Theseus first flew on May 24, 1996. Designed to fly during 50 hours up to 65,000 ft (20,000 m), the 5,500 (2.5 t) maximum weight UAV was 140 ft (42.7 m) wide and could carry a 340 kg (750 lb)

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with a duration of eight and a half hours. Officials stated that the development is now expected for completion in 2027. In the next test, expected to happen in March 2024, the duration shall be increased to 24

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Stratospheric airships are often presented as a competing technology. However few prototypes have been built and none are operational. Among balloons specifically, the most well known high-endurance project was

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HAPS has completed over 100 test flights across 3 continents, building off technologies first developed in 2014. With a wingspan of 14 m (46 ft), the unmanned ApusDuo 14 aircraft utilizes a flexible

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in late 1993 as the Pathfinder, and with solar cells covering the entire wing added later, it reached 50,500 ft (15,400 m) on September 11, 1995 and then 71,530 ft (21,800 m) in 1997. The

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Wind profile variation with altitude from NASA, showing minimum wind speeds between 17 and 22 km (56,000 and 72,000 ft). Although absolute values will vary, the trends shown are similar for most

295: 603:, over a coverage area similar to that of a satellite. Military communications can be improved in remote areas like in Afghanistan, where mountainous terrain interferes with communications signals. 3964: 4407: 116:

have been proposed as alternatives to conventional engines. Above commercial air transport and wind turbulence, at high altitudes, drag as well as lift are reduced. HAPS could be used for

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The first stratospheric powered airship flight took place in 1969, reaching 70,000 feet (21 km) for 2 hours with a 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) payload. By August 2002, US company

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UAV spanning 132 ft (40 m) and weighing 935 lb (424 kg), designed to stay aloft at FL650 for 90 days. It was designed and manufactured by UK company Ascenta for

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between 17 and 22 km (56,000 and 72,000 ft), although this is variable with the latitude and season. Altitudes above 55,000 ft (17,000 m) are also above

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is a rotorcraft produced by Boeing. First flown in 2002, the program had goals of a 24-hour endurance, and 30,000 ft (9,100 m) altitude, but was abandoned in December 2012.

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design bureau is flight-testing the LA-252, an 82 ft (25 m)-span, 255 lb (116 kg) solar-powered UAV designed to stay aloft 100 days in the stratosphere.

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turbofan, weighs up to 32,250 lb (14.6 t) at takeoff, and carries a 3,000 lb (1,360 kg) payload up to 60,000 ft (18,300 m) over more than 34 hours. It can be used as a

2136:, as a part the South Korean HAA development program. By April 2004, stratospheric airships were being developed in USA, UK, Canada, Korea and Japan. In May 2004, the 3444: 3124: 359:(Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology) was started in September 1994 to study high-altitude UAVs, and was terminated in 2003. In July 1996, the USAF 4015: 4554: 1852:

first flew on 31 March 1995 and reached 18,552 m (60,897 ft). The 56.5 m (185 ft) wide aircraft was powered by two 300 kW (400 hp) piston engines turbocharged by a

664: 3652: 3693: 3747: 1946:, the 114 ft (35 m) wide aircraft can weigh up to 22,100 lb (10 t). Having a 50,700 ft (15,450 m) ceiling, it flew for 76 hours and 45 minutes in February 2006. 724:

reached an altitude of 21,360 m (70,080 ft) in 1993, a variant of the M-17 first flown in 1982, which reached 21,830 m (71,620 ft) in 1990.

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LTA-based launch systems for Mars exploration, with development taking place via terrestrial high-altitude platforms. The first systems were tested by 2021.

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turbojet, it was designed to fly 30 hours up to 70,000 ft (21,340 m), and managed to fly during 17.4 hours and up to 55,000 feet (16,800 m); the competing

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bought Titan Aerospace in April 2014, managed to fly a prototype in May 2015 but it crashed within minutes and Titan Aerospace was shut down by early 2017.

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due to its high speed generating a centrifugal force matching the gravity. Changing a satellite orbit requires expending its extremely limited fuel supply.

4250: 2839: 294: 4411: 3974: 3629: 2100:, with a wingspan of 60 m (200 ft), that would fly at 60,000 ft (18,000 m) for nine-days with a payload of 140 kg (310 lb). 4129: 2619:"High altitude long endurance unmanned aerial vehicle of a new generation – a design challenge for a low cost, reliable and high performance aircraft" 4037: 3708: 3598: 3552: 925:. The latest Zephyr 8/S model weighs 75 kg (165 lb), has a wingspan of 25 m (82 ft), and reached 23,200 m (76,100 ft). 3929: 3887: 4798: 2707: 2346:(60,000 to 70,000 ft (18 to 21 km) above sea level) at a fixed point over the Earth's surface. At that altitude the air has 1/10 of its 3422: 3239: 463:

between 20,000 to 35,000 ft (6,100 to 10,700 m). Maintaining a position facing variable winds is a challenge. Relatively mild wind and

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Scientific ballooning: technology and applications of exploration balloons floating in the stratosphere and the atmospheres of other planets

4455: 3369: 1892:) which had a 48 hours endurance, with a longer wingspan at 55.3 ft (16.9 m). Powered by a 100 hp (75 kW) turbocharged 2407: 159:

have been capable of reaching high altitudes since the 1950s, their endurance is limited. One of the few operational HALE aircraft is the

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are designed to operate at very high 60,000 to 75,000 feet (18.3 to 22.9 km) altitudes during weeks, months or years. Subjected to

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at 65,000 ft (20,000 m) is above clouds and turbulence with winds below 5 kn (9 km/h), and above FAA-regulated

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operates at altitudes of 19.8 km (65,000 ft), while carrying a 1,100 kg (2,400 lb) payload. Powered by two

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of the Compass Cope program first flew on 17 August 1974 and was designed to fly up to 70,000 ft (21,340 m) and during 30 hours

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direct to devices over a 200 km (125 mi) diameter area On 21–22 September 2020, the HAPSMobile Hawk30 (rebranded as

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sailplane, designed to reach 40,000 feet (12,000 m) and capable to fly 28 hours. The following Compass Cope program saw the

4766: 4007: 2493: 2037: 1988: 1712: 1258: 1254: 967: 188: 2155:(SwRI), sponsored by the Army Space and Missile Defense Command (ASMDC), successfully demonstrated powered flight of the 4439: 4387: 4383: 4192: 4117:. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies - RAST2011. IEEE. pp. 13–16. 4096: 3660: 3132: 2152: 2069: 1955: 227:(MALE) aircraft flying between 25,000 and 50,000 ft (7,600 and 15,200 m) during 24 hours, more vulnerable to 4737: 4511: 2885: 1935: 663:

can deploy scientific equipment to measure environmental changes or to keep track of weather. In partnership with The

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in daylight to stay aloft at night. The earliest model flew in December 2005. In March 2013, the project was sold to

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High-altitude, long endurance flight has been studied since at least 1983, and demonstrator programs since 1994.

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in South Australia; it should fly its 15 kg (33 lb) payload at around 70,000 ft for days or weeks.

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turboprop, it is 33 m (108 ft) wide, reached 16,329 m (53,574 ft), and can stay airborne for 13 hours.

4663: 4521: 4495: 2847: 2183:(ISIS) airship would have stayed for up to ten years at 70,000 ft (21,000 m), providing a persistent 1044: 922: 793: 476: 4167: 3992: 3538: 1966:; its takeoff weight of 7,000 lbs (3.2 tons) allowing 400 lbs (180 kg) payloads. It evolved into a twin turbo- 2081: 511:. Satellites are more expensive, take longer to deploy, and cannot be reasonably accessed for maintenance. A 4625: 4595: 4419: 3914: 3180: 2497: 2471: 2453: 2383: 2220: 801: 709: 424: 156: 74: 62: 3637: 4694: 4475: 4367: 3675: 3606: 3556: 3220: 2204: 1967: 1902: 1815: 1278: 1234: 1040: 910: 823: 428: 315: 3801: 3579: 2472:

High Altitude Long Endurance Air Vehicle Analysis of Alternatives and Technology Requirements Development

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on an object at an altitude of 20 to 50 km and at a specified, nominal, fixed point relative to the Earth

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Preliminary reliability design of a solar-powered high-altitude very long endurance unmanned air vehicle

260: 228: 149: 94: 4092:"Flugzeug, Hubschrauber und Luftschiff in einem: Baden-Badener Konstrukteur entwickelt neues Fluggerät" 3837: 2711: 2678: 1087:

flew a 147 ft (45 m)-span solar-powered UAV to FL650 in a 15 hours test flight in July 2017.

1051:, communications and security. In March 2021, the project was ended as no strategic partner was found. 4709: 4699: 4640: 4578: 4487: 4399: 4371: 4355: 4303: 4299: 4073: 3969: 2415: 2053: 2000: 1885: 1782: 1778: 1661: 1197: 464: 309: 70: 2163: 1745: 1604: 1172:) flew 20 hours and reached an altitude of 62,500 ft (19.1 km), testing the long-distance 1116: 578:

to the 5 billion people lacking it, either with 11,000 airplane UAVs or with balloons like Google's

4675: 4600: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4283: 2293: 2257: 2012: 1173: 777: 648: 504: 4517: 4471: 4343: 4319: 4311: 4158: 4063: 3948: 3523: 2246: 2057: 2021: 1877: 1819: 1786: 1774: 1766: 1750: 1205: 1181: 979: 854: 436: 356: 2156: 199:, using helium-filled high-altitude balloons to reach the stratosphere. Loon was ended in 2021. 3106: 2596: 4803: 4479: 2966: 2937: 2265: 2097: 2060:

first flew in June 2012. Powered by two 150 hp (110 kW) turbocharged Ford 2.3 liter

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of 57,300 ft (17,500 m) on March 5, 1999. They led to the larger, turboprop-powered

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Facebook announced it will halt the project and plan to have other companies build the drones.

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In Europe, scientists are considering HAPS to deliver high-speed connectivity to users, over

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A lower altitude covers more effectively a small region, implies a lower telecommunications

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first flew on 5 August 2010. After a crash in April 2011, the Pentagon shelved the project.

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Nobuyuki Yajima; et al. (2004). "3.7.2.3 Launching Rockets from Ballons (Rockoons)".

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service in 2001. The 131 ft (40 m) wide, 48 ft (14.5 m) long RQ-4 is powered by a single

4077: 2882:. Asian Association on Remote Sensing (AARS) Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (ACRS). 2277:. A 80 kW (110 hp) motor would allow a 24 m/s (47 kn) maximum speed. 410: 386:

proposed its PW-114 concept that would fly at 20 km (66,000 ft) for 40 hours.

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and wind tunnel test were up to a ceiling of 25 km (82,000 ft) and Mach 0.8.

4782: 4459: 4435: 4291: 4255: 2959: 2803: 2766: 2241: 2184: 2061: 2049: 1963: 1943: 1918: 1802: 1412: 1201: 1141: 1108: 963: 939: 934: 902: 680: 547: 272: 254: 180: 176: 172: 129: 102: 3872:(Press release). Southwest Research Institute News. 17 November 2005. Archived from 4658: 4443: 4351: 4339: 4315: 4307: 2363: 2343: 2331: 2270: 1790: 1242: 805: 713: 616: 579: 543: 472: 125: 3482:"Aurora Flight Science's long-endurance drone to make first flight in spring 2019" 3087: 2574: 2036:

and designed to fly at up to 65,000 ft (20,000 m) for up to 7 days, the

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platform would cruise at 65,000 ft (20,000 m) for 100 hours, powered by

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sailplane and designed to fly 24 hours and to reach 50,000 ft (15,240 m); and the

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More than 90% of atmospheric matter is below the high-altitude platform, reducing

3748:"Air Force Flight Test Museum taking in more NASA history with Phantom Eye, LLRV" 3258: 215:

capable of flying at 60,000 ft (18,000 m) over 32 hours, like the USAF

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to reduce the power required for the trailing aircraft by 79%, allowing smaller

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report forecast HALE UAVs maintaining air occupation with 24 hours flights. The

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The airborne Remote Sensing technical system of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

2084:, created in 2014, went public on 19 October 2020; after flight trials of a 4G/ 1793:

turbofan, first flew on 17 August 1974 and was designed to fly during 30 hours.

4635: 4610: 4467: 3733: 3519:"Meet HAPS: India's very own UAV that can fly 20 km high and float for months" 3463:"Aurora indefinitely delays first flight of Odysseus ultra-long-endurance UAV" 2933: 2089: 1889: 1762: 1636: 1145: 1144:

will design and development solar-powered UAV prototypes for $ 65 million for

975: 955: 914: 753: 480: 468: 452: 325: 20: 3820:"Aeros Completes 50 M Envelope For South Korea High-Altitude Airship Program" 3165: 2502:"Design and experimental results for a high-altitude, long-endurance airfoil" 2429: 4680: 4114:

A low cost alternative for satellites- tethered ultra-high altitude balloons

3200: 2987:"Northrop Grumman Celebrates 20th Anniversary of Global Hawk's First Flight" 2905: 2782: 2351: 2274: 2093: 1996: 1992: 1893: 1836: 1827: 1577: 1133:

connectivity from a fixed-wing HAPS autonomous aircraft in the stratosphere.

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can fly above 60,000 ft (18,000 m) over 32 hours, while civil HAPS are

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Designed to fly at 24,000 m (78,700 ft) and for up to 48 hours, the manned

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propelled by eight electric motors, first flew in June 1983. It joined the

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Design and experimental results for a high-altitude, long-endurance airfoil

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A high altitude platform can provide observation or communication services.

4130:"FDC/aerofilter selected by Boeing Phantom Works for the A160 Hummingbird" 4054:

Singer, Cs (June 2012). "Ultralight Solar Powered Hybrid Research Drone".

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corrosion and challenging station keeping, they can be solar-powered with

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thin air, well above the 40–160 kn (74–296 km/h) high winds and

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have been used in prototypes since 1970 and can fly for 60 hours like the

4724: 4684: 4630: 4620: 4587: 3930:"Lockheed Martin, U.S. Army Demonstrate HALE-D During Abbreviated Flight" 3370:"Mira Aerospace delivers world's first 5G connectivity from stratosphere" 3018:"Northrop Grumman Unmanned Aircraft Systems Achieve 100,000 Flight Hours" 2454:

A Preliminary Study of Solar Powered Aircraft and Associated Power Trains

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at 45,000 ft (14,000 m), the start-up is developing a hydrogen-

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II first flew on May 1, 1996, and reached 57,300 ft (17,500 m)

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forest. Two days after, it was destroyed by a fire before its recovery.

974:. Their wing, over 160 ft (50 m) wide, would be covered with 906: 699: 640: 535: 379: 345: 280: 117: 90: 4689: 3823: 3822:(Press release). Worldwide Aeros Corp. 30 August 2002. Archived from 3404:"HAPSMobile Sunglider reaches 63,000ft, demos broadband transmission" 3128: 2359: 2308: 2273:

would fill H2 and O2 tanks, to be converted back to water by a 150kW

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Capable of flying up to 60,000 ft (18,300 m) more than 34 hours, the

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that can fly for 64 days; few are as advanced as these. Conventional

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made demonstrations of long-endurance UAV craft. In September 1996,

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Design of Long Endurance Unmanned Airplanes Incorporating Solar and

4188:"High-Altitude Platforms — Present Situation and Technology Trends" 756:

first flew on 24 June 1987 and was certified in 1991. Powered by a

4431: 4068: 3148:"Airbus Zephyr breaks more aviation records during flight testing" 2325: 2280: 2162: 2118: 2011: 1859: 1744: 998: 866: 827: 731: 717: 636: 620: 600: 409: 395: 289: 32: 2159:

stratospheric airship at an altitude of 74,000 feet (23 km).

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EAV-3 flew during 53 hours and up to 22 km (72,000 ft).

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High-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) aircraft are non-weaponized

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able to offer observation or communication services similarly to

4208: 4154: 3965:"Lockheed Martin's prototype blimp crashes during maiden voyage" 3602: 2478: 1316: 1223: 773: 741: 720:

above 80,000 ft (24,000 m). The twin-turbofan powered

668: 321: 232: 163:. There are many solar powered, lightweight prototypes like the 26:"Atmospheric satellite" redirects here. Not to be confused with 4536: 4222: 3989:"Lockheed Martin High Altitude Airship's Maiden Voyage Aborted" 3069:"AeroVironment's Stratospheric Satellites Persistence Pays Off" 1281:

of 450 kg. Indian Navy has also shown interest in this project.

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at an altitude of 20 to 50 km above waypoints, for weeks.

4132:(Press release) – via Vertical magazine, MHM publishing. 1312: 3709:"AeroVironment teams with Lockheed Martin on Global Observer" 3345: 2296:

develops the Stratobus unmanned, solar-powered stratospheric

4146: 1942:, was designed to fly around the world. Powered by a single 716:

could fly above 70,000 ft (21,000 m) and the 1964

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Satellite emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station

3910:"Lockheed Wins $ 149.2M Contract for High Altitude Airship" 2800:"Advantages of HAPS: (ii) Compared with Satellite Services" 2085: 1165: 1130: 77:(UAVs), they remain aloft through atmospheric lift, either 19:"Pseudo-satellite" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3423:"BAE joins high-altitude race with maiden PHASA-35 flight" 2822:"Facebook In Talks To Acquire Drone Maker Titan Aerospace" 2024:

should have reached 65,000 ft (19,800 m) during four days.

800:

sensors. A total 42 of them have been in service with the

2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 1761:

The USAF Compass Dwell UAV program saw the flight of the

1148:, a joint venture 95% funded and owned by Japanese telco 1033:

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

595:. HAPS could deliver bandwidth and capacity similar to a 390:

proposed its Substrata solar-powered aircraft that would

3274:"Facebook's Aquila Drone Creates a Laser-net In the Sky" 3166:"Google buys solar-powered drone maker Titan Aerospace" 3750:(Press release). Edwards Air Force Base. Aug 25, 2016. 3676:"China Flies Its Largest Ever Drone: The Divine Eagle" 966:, high-altitude atmospheric satellites similar to the 402:

to remain aloft indefinitely up to a latitude of 50°.

3240:"Cartographic Agency Shuts Down Astigan HAPS Project" 2989:(Press release). Northrop Grumman. February 28, 2018. 2815: 2813: 2767:"High-altitude platforms for wireless communications" 2401: 2399: 423:

Power is required for continuous operation, limiting

2535: 2533: 2531: 1176:

communications developed with Loon for standard LTE

4723: 4649: 4586: 4577: 4570: 4266: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3653:"Divine Eagle UAV spotted at China's Malan airbase" 2901:"NASA Recruits Unmanned Aircraft for Earth Science" 2771:

Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal

2645:"Luminati: Perpetual Solar-powered Flight Possible" 1071:, to provide internet connectivity. UAVs would use 4111:Izet-Unsalan, Kunsel; Unsalan, Deniz (June 2011). 4038:"HALE Airship - Manufacture, Flight and Operation" 3372:(Press release). Mira Aerospace. October 27, 2023. 3214: 3212: 3210: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 2998: 2996: 2958: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2132:was building a stratospheric demonstrator for the 1081:China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation 987:was interested in the company, led at the time by 849:prototype, a 185 kg (410 lb), 30 m (98.4 ft) wide 382:project aimed to develop HALE vehicles, while the 4404:Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station 3778: 3776: 3553:"Fact Sheet: Perseus B Remotely Piloted Aircraft" 3438: 3436: 3309:"Reviewing Aquila's first full-scale test flight" 3181:"Google Shuts Down Vern Raburn's Titan Aerospace" 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 1160:with 10 electric-driven propellers would provide 4155:"Centre for High Altitude Platform Applications" 3932:(Press release). Lockheed Martin. July 27, 2011. 3696:(Press release). AeroVironment. August 16, 2010. 3456: 3454: 2760: 2758: 2756: 1773:in April 1972, based on a piston engine-powered 772:first flew on 28 February 1998 and was put into 324:, as long endurance flight could be compared to 187:can fly even longer, a week or longer, like the 16:Aircraft that provides common satellite services 2408:"Future of unmanned capabilities: MALE vs HALE" 2144:, a part of its Stratosphere Platform Project. 1765:in February 1970, based on a turboprop-powered 665:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 627:; and is able to transmit its data in realtime. 554:for a fraction of the cost. Other uses include 4193:Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management 3630:"Aurora Claims Endurance Record For Orion UAS" 3555:. NASA Armstrong. Feb 28, 2014. Archived from 3385:"The Week In Technology, April 29-May 3, 2019" 3328:"High altitude connectivity: The next chapter" 2820:Perez, Sarah; Constine, Josh (March 4, 2014). 2794: 2792: 4548: 4234: 3501:"Anatomy Of Aurora Flight Sciences' Odysseus" 3125:"First flight of Astrium's Zephyr solar HAPS" 2708:"NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Helios Prototype" 2561: 2559: 2358:over a large area. One prior project was the 1222:completed its maiden flight partnership with 8: 4168:"Mobile Telecommunications via Stratosphere" 4056:Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration 3852:"Expectations soar for our huge new airship" 3599:"Fact Sheet: Proteus High-Altitude Aircraft" 2802:. SkyLARC Technologies. 2001. Archived from 2573:(Report). The U.S. Air-force. Archived from 2566:B.W. Carmichael; et al. (August 1996). 2470:C.L. Nickol; et al. (January 1, 2007). 978:to provide energy for day flight, stored in 619:for surveillance and security. It carries a 507:), a lower power consumption, and a smaller 263:(RR). HAPS can also be the abbreviation for 4008:"Lockheed Martin's prototype airship burns" 2430:"Terminology and technical characteristics" 2228:600 mi (970 km) diameter of land. 1975:landing with enough fuel for 37 hours more. 1781:first flight on 28 July 1973: powered by a 4761: 4583: 4574: 4555: 4541: 4533: 4412:Standard frequency and time signal station 4241: 4227: 4219: 3221:"The Week In Technology, Feb. 18-22, 2019" 1980:Shenyang Aircraft Corporation Divine Eagle 1284: 694:have been proposed for launching to orbit. 4794:High-altitude and long endurance aircraft 4067: 4036:John Pattinson, Lindstrand Technologies. 2710:. NASA. February 28, 2014. Archived from 2238:High Altitude Long Endurance-Demonstrator 1241:in November 2018. The 74.1m (243ft) wide 534:Atmospheric satellites could be used for 487:ending at 60,000 ft (18,000 m). 3674:Jeffrey Lin; P.W. Singer (Feb 6, 2015). 2961:2081: a hopeful view of the human future 2452:D.W. Hall; et al. (December 1983). 2203:The United States Department of Defense 1107:A joint venture between Abu Dhabi-based 659:For environment and weather monitoring, 2884:The Joint Center for Remote Sensing of 2679:"The drone that may never have to land" 2459:(Report). NASA Langley Research Centre. 2395: 2366:, which envisioned using helium-filled 2191:at up to 600 km (320 nmi) or 1196:, the 35 m (115 ft)-wingspan 991:founder Vern Raburn, for $ 60 million. 523:Further information on Satellites: 3024:. Faircount Media Group. Sep 13, 2013. 2863:"RQ-4A Global Hawk (Tier II+ HAE UAV)" 1884:I & II were civil variants of the 1063:UAV was a carbon fiber, solar-powered 427:by the need for refueling. Persistent 365:Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office 328:spacecraft. In 1984 was published the 97:. High-altitude long endurance (HALE) 3295:"Aviation Investigation - DCA16CA197" 3259:"Facebook's drones - made in Britain" 249:International Telecommunication Union 244:High-altitude platform station (HAPS) 7: 3634:Aviation Week & Space Technology 3505:Aviation Week & Space Technology 3389:Aviation Week & Space Technology 3244:Aviation Week & Space Technology 3225:Aviation Week & Space Technology 3073:Aviation Week & Space Technology 2865:. Federation of American Scientists. 2597:"HALE UAV for intelligence missions" 2195:at up to 300 km (160 nmi). 1835:. A larger follow-on powered by two 1703:goal: 70,000 ft (21,000 m) 1514:goal: 67,000 ft (20,000 m) 804:. It is the basis for the US Navy's 656:Weather and environmental monitoring 4254: 4128:FDC/aerofilter (October 28, 2005). 3707:Stephen Trimble (7 February 2014). 3443:Swift Engineering (July 20, 2020). 3131:. 25 September 2013. Archived from 2765:T. C. Tozer; D. Grace (June 2001). 2151:On December 4, 2005, a team led by 1758:USAF Compass Dwell and Compass Cope 1268:Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range 1218:'s Swift Ultra Long Endurance 1156:, the 256 ft (78 m) span 371:detailed the design of a HALE UAV. 208:High-altitude long endurance (HALE) 3856:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 3651:Sean O'Connor (14 November 2018). 3597:Yvonne Gibbs, ed. (Aug 7, 2017) . 3578:Yvonne Gibbs, ed. (Aug 7, 2017) . 3272:Perry, Tekla S. (April 13, 2016). 3257:Rory Cellan-Jones (21 July 2016). 3037:"The Prehistory of Endurance UAVs" 2138:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 2134:Korea Aerospace Research Institute 1017:Korea Aerospace Research Institute 946:over 117 h 52 min on 28 June 2015. 471:is found in most locations in the 435:daylight energy for the night, in 378:was published. The European Union 340:report proposed applications as a 14: 4184:Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço 3421:Dan Thisdell (17 February 2020). 3201:"Electrical Aerial Vehicle (EAV)" 3179:Stephen Pope (January 19, 2017). 2542:"The NASA ERAST HALE UAV Program" 2354:. A GBS could be used to provide 1888:750 (which also spawned the USAF 1111:AI and American UAV manufacturer 770:Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk 765:Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk 675:UAVs to study Earth's atmosphere. 613:Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk 161:Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk 4760: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4249: 4202:"High Altitude Platform Systems" 4006:Jim Mackinnon (August 2, 2011). 3783:Peter Lobner (9 January 2023) , 3761:Tim Robinson (23 October 2020). 3539:"Condor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle" 3146:Sampson, Ben (15 October 2021). 2677:Dillow, Clay (August 23, 2013). 2217:Ballistic Missile Defense System 1192:Designed by Prismatic Ltd., now 223:. This is above and longer than 4715:Vehicular communication systems 4448:Instrument landing system (ILS) 4396:Radio direction-finding station 4258:and systems in accordance with 4018:from the original on 2016-04-08 3963:Jim Mackinnon (July 27, 2011). 3840:. Aviation Today. 1 April 2004. 3628:Graham Warwick (Jan 22, 2015). 3499:Graham Warwick (Nov 22, 2018). 3402:Garrett Reim (8 October 2020). 3383:Graham Warwick (Apr 29, 2019). 3238:Tony Osborne (March 30, 2021). 3152:Aerospace Testing International 3086:Amos, Jonathan (24 June 2003). 3067:Graham Warwick (Jan 12, 2018). 2340:geostationary balloon satellite 2322:Geostationary balloon satellite 1856:turboprop as the gas generator. 909:, a commercial offshoot of the 635:An area could be monitored for 225:Medium-Altitude, Long-Endurance 4799:Radio stations and systems ITU 4380:Radionavigation mobile station 4348:On-board communication station 4296:High altitude platform station 4186:); et al. (8 June 2016). 4100:(in German). 11 February 2021. 2617:Z. Goraj; et al. (2004). 2406:Pomerleau, Mark (2015-05-27). 2181:Integrated Sensor Is Structure 2176:Integrated Sensor Is Structure 2169:Integrated Sensor Is Structure 1625:54,744 ft (16,686 m) 1567:65,000 ft (20,000 m) 1429:76,100 ft (23,200 m) 1401:96,863 ft (29,524 m) 1374:80,201 ft (24,445 m) 1349:71,530 ft (21,800 m) 599:wireless access network, like 265:high-altitude pseudo-satellite 55:high-altitude platform systems 51:high-altitude pseudo-satellite 43:high-altitude platform station 1: 3944:"High Altitude Airship (HAA)" 3888:"High Altitude Airship (HAA)" 3838:"Airships: Making a Comeback" 3219:Tony Osborne (Feb 18, 2019). 2861:John Pike; Steven Aftergood. 2643:Mark Huber (August 2, 2018). 2494:Pennsylvania State University 2038:AeroVironment Global Observer 2029:AeroVironment Global Observer 1989:Shenyang Aircraft Corporation 1651:62,500 ft (19.1 km) 1359:AeroVironment Pathfinder plus 968:AeroVironment Global Observer 796:(SAR), and high and low band 608:Surveillance and intelligence 189:AeroVironment Global Observer 4428:Ship's emergency transmitter 4388:Radiolocation mobile station 4384:Radionavigation land station 4097:Badische Neueste Nachrichten 3785:"5.6 Stratospheric airships" 3480:Garrett Reim (14 Nov 2018). 3326:Maguire, Yael (2018-06-27). 3105:Craig Hoyle (11 July 2006). 3088:"Strato-plane looks forward" 2540:Greg Goebel (1 March 2010). 2153:Southwest Research Institute 2070:Air Force Flight Test Museum 1956:Aurora Flight Sciences Orion 1951:Aurora Flight Sciences Orion 905:were originally designed by 4738:Automated vacuum collection 4182:Flavio Araripe d'Oliveira ( 2632:. Vol. 52, no. 3. 2096:-powered HAPS UAV built by 1931:Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer 1485:72,000 ft (22 km) 1395:2,048 lb (929 kg) 587:Radiocommunication services 318:and Associated Power Trains 4827: 4424:Experimental radio station 4392:Radiolocation land station 4376:Radiodetermination station 4360:Aeronautical earth station 3767:Royal Aeronautical Society 3035:Greg Goebel (1 Feb 2022). 2957:Gerard K. O'Neill (1981). 2628:Polish Academy of Sciences 2319: 2140:shown its test airship in 1818:for what would become the 1811:Aurora Perseus and Theseus 1541:2,150 ft (660 m) 1371:150 lb (67,5 kg) 1204:in February 2020 from the 1031:(OS), a subsidiary of the 913:. The UAVs are powered by 821: 697: 593:areas of up to 400 km 522: 499:(a 34 dB advantage over a 384:Polish Academy of Sciences 369:Israel Aircraft Industries 277:Radiocommunication service 270: 25: 18: 4756: 4502: 4328:Land mobile earth station 3657:IHS Jane's Defence Weekly 3605:Armstrong. Archived from 2934:10.1007/978-0-387-09727-5 2928:. Springer. p. 162. 2356:broadband Internet access 1915:Scaled Composites Proteus 1910:Scaled Composites Proteus 1806:fly for more than a week. 1771:Martin Marietta Model 845 1728:9,800 ft (3 km) 1672:330 lb (150 kg) 1622:7.9 lb (3.6 kg) 1589:255 lb (116 kg) 1536:935 lb (424 kg) 1508:330 lb (149 kg) 1398:726 lb (329 kg) 1368:700 lb (315 kg) 1343:560 lb (252 kg) 219:or its variants used for 4789:Unmanned aerial vehicles 4664:Alternative fuel vehicle 4496:Emergency locator beacon 3993:Lighter-Than-Air Society 3802:"Stratospheric Airships" 3789:Modern Airships – Part 1 3461:Pat Host (9 July 2019). 1880:, the high-altitude UAV 1700:15 lb (6.8 kg) 1697:180 lb (82 kg) 1480:146 lb (66 kg) 1457:520 ft (160 m) 1423:165 lb (75 kg) 1346:100 lb (45 kg) 1138:AeroVironment HAPSMobile 1045:environmental monitoring 923:Airbus Defence and Space 794:synthetic aperture radar 572:agricultural observation 492:Comparison to satellites 477:commercial air transport 150:agricultural observation 75:unmanned aerial vehicles 4626:Pulse detonation engine 4596:Adaptive compliant wing 4420:Radio astronomy station 2840:"High Altitude Airship" 2741:"HALE UAVs Come of Age" 2384:Boeing A160 Hummingbird 2379:Boeing A160 Hummingbird 2290:Thales Alenia Stratobus 2258:Lindstrand Technologies 2254:Lindstrand HALE airship 2236:On July 27, 2011, the " 2221:orbital station keeping 2082:Stratospheric Platforms 2077:Stratospheric Platforms 1723:51 lb (23 kg) 1675:33 lb (15 kg) 1669:115 ft (35 m) 1644:256 ft (78 m) 1619:95 lb (43 kg) 1560:147 ft (45 m) 1533:132 ft (40 m) 1511:55 lb (25 kg) 1505:125 ft (38 m) 1454:70 lb (30 kg) 1449:160 ft (50 m) 1392:247 ft (75 m) 802:United States Air Force 710:Reconnaissance aircraft 515:in the vacuum of space 451:Drag is reduced in the 314:A Preliminary Study of 157:reconnaissance aircraft 4809:Airship configurations 4695:Personal rapid transit 4616:High-altitude platform 4368:Aircraft earth station 4288:Survival craft station 3915:Defense Industry Daily 3580:"Fact Sheet: Altus II" 2965:. Simon and Schuster. 2516:Association: 148–153. 2368:high-altitude balloons 2335: 2286: 2233:Lockheed-Martin HALE-D 2205:Missile Defense Agency 2172: 2111:Stratospheric airships 2025: 1903:General Atomics Altair 1869: 1816:Aurora Flight Sciences 1754: 1720:39 ft (12 m) 1694:72 ft (22 m) 1687:Swift Engineering SULE 1616:46 ft (14 m) 1586:82 ft (25 m) 1477:66 ft (20 m) 1426:11 lb (5 kg) 1420:82 ft (25 m) 1257:is being developed by 1235:Aurora Flight Sciences 1211:Swift Engineering SULE 1152:. Resembling the 1999 1104:Mira Aerospace ApusDuo 1008: 951:Titan Aerospace Solara 911:UK Ministry of Defence 874: 835: 824:Solar-powered aircraft 745: 661:high-altitude balloons 429:solar-powered aircraft 416: 316:solar powered aircraft 305: 49:, which can also mean 38: 4564:Emerging technologies 4260:ITU Radio Regulations 4177:. Entico Corporation. 3168:. BBC. 14 April 2014. 3022:Defense Media Network 3006:. USAF. October 2014. 2783:10.1049/ecej:20010303 2438:ITU Radio Regulations 2329: 2284: 2225:surveillance aircraft 2213:High-Altitude Airship 2211:to build an unmanned 2166: 2015: 1882:General Atomics ALTUS 1873:General Atomics ALTUS 1866:General Atomics Altus 1863: 1748: 1340:98.4 ft (29.5 m) 1002: 962:was developing large 870: 831: 735: 698:Further information: 576:internet connectivity 413: 348:monitoring or cruise 336:report. In 1989, the 299: 261:ITU Radio Regulations 229:anti-aircraft defense 71:artificial satellites 59:atmospheric satellite 36: 4710:Transit Elevated Bus 4641:Supersonic transport 4488:Multi-satellite link 4444:Radar beacon (racon) 4400:Radio beacon station 4372:Broadcasting station 4356:Aeronautical station 4304:Mobile earth station 4012:Akron Beacon Journal 3970:Akron Beacon Journal 2876:Tong Qingxi (1990). 2630:, Technical Sciences 2595:) (September 1996). 2416:Government Executive 2054:Boeing Phantom Works 2048:An evolution of the 1783:General Electric J97 1779:Boeing YQM-94 B-Gull 1678:goal: 70,000 ft 1662:BAE Systems PHASA-35 1435:2024 planned intro. 1365:121 ft (36.3 m) 1198:BAE Systems PHASA-35 1189:BAE Systems PHASA-35 833:NASA Pathfinder Plus 712:like the late 1950s 632:Real-time monitoring 4733:Pneumatic transport 4676:Ground-effect train 4601:Backpack helicopter 4336:Coast earth station 4324:Land mobile station 4276:Terrestrial station 4213:Towers in the Skies 4166:R. Struzak (2004). 4078:2012LPICo1679.4059S 3858:. December 3, 2004. 3808:. 15 February 2023. 3609:on February 4, 2023 3332:Engineering at Meta 3315:. 16 December 2016. 3313:Engineering at Meta 3107:"Energetic Qinetiq" 2909:. January 17, 2009. 2714:on January 18, 2017 2506:Journal of Aircraft 2500:) (February 1989). 2342:(GBS) flies in the 2294:Thales Alenia Space 2200:Lockheed-Martin HAA 1954:The initial Boeing/ 1864:The piston-powered 1287: 1286:Solar-powered HAPS 1073:Laser communication 954:Founded in 2012 in 649:disaster management 615:UAV is used by the 574:. They could bring 4344:Ship earth station 4320:Base earth station 4312:Land earth station 4159:University of York 3949:GlobalSecurity.org 3524:The Indian Express 3004:"RQ-4 Global Hawk" 2336: 2287: 2173: 2115:ultraviolet damage 2064:running on liquid 2058:Boeing Phantom Eye 2045:Boeing Phantom Eye 2026: 2022:Boeing Phantom Eye 1921:turbofans, it had 1878:NASA ERAST Program 1870: 1820:NASA ERAST Program 1787:Ryan YQM-98 R-Tern 1775:Schweizer SGS 1-34 1767:Schweizer SGS 2-32 1755: 1751:Ryan YQM-98 R-Tern 1741:Hydrocarbon fueled 1594:goal: stratosphere 1547:2018 project halt 1404:goal: > 1-00:00 1285: 1206:Woomera Test Range 1182:wireless broadband 1027:UK mapping agency 1009: 980:electric batteries 875: 855:NASA ERAST Program 836: 746: 671:has started using 448:Altitude selection 437:electric batteries 417: 388:Luminati Aerospace 357:NASA ERAST Program 306: 39: 4776: 4775: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4530: 4529: 4480:Satellite network 4211:. February 2022. 3350:miraaerospace.com 3127:(Press release). 2972:978-0-671-24257-2 2943:978-0-387-09725-1 2591:S. Tsach et al. ( 2285:Stratobus airship 2266:non-rigid airship 2098:Scaled Composites 1940:Scaled Composites 1789:was powered by a 1738: 1737: 1734:subscale testing 1713:HAL CATS Infinity 1520:2021 project end 1251:HAL CATS Infinity 1216:Swift Engineering 749:Grob G 520 Egrett 568:disaster response 538:monitoring, as a 350:missile targeting 297: 185:Hydrogen aircraft 146:disaster response 120:monitoring, as a 57:), also known as 28:Weather satellite 4816: 4764: 4763: 4705:Self-driving car 4669:Hydrogen vehicle 4584: 4575: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4534: 4520: 4510: 4509: 4476:Satellite system 4364:Aircraft station 4271: 4253: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4220: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4178: 4172: 4162: 4150: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3995:. July 27, 2011. 3985: 3979: 3978: 3973:. Archived from 3960: 3954: 3953: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3894:. Archived from 3884: 3878: 3877: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3659:. Archived from 3648: 3642: 3641: 3636:. Archived from 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3559:on March 9, 2023 3549: 3543: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3447:(Press release). 3440: 3431: 3430: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3346:"Mira Aerospace" 3342: 3336: 3335: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3216: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3064: 3045: 3044: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2964: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2927: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2846:. Archived from 2836: 2830: 2829: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2762: 2751: 2750: 2737: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2704: 2687: 2686: 2674: 2653: 2652: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2626:Bulletin of the 2623: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2548:. Archived from 2537: 2526: 2525: 2496:); D.M. Somers ( 2489: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2403: 2193:enemy combatants 1899:density altitude 1826:is powered by a 1824:pusher propeller 1288: 1092:Lavochkin LA-252 989:Eclipse Aviation 944:Kalaeloa, Hawaii 891:Helios Prototype 884:Helios Prototype 778:Rolls-Royce F137 758:Honeywell TPE331 744:service in 2001. 738:RQ-4 Global Hawk 722:Myasishchev M-55 687:atmospheric drag 625:infrared imagers 594: 550:like an orbital 509:round-trip delay 485:Class A airspace 479:. Flying in the 392:fly in formation 298: 239:or its variants. 217:RQ-4 Global Hawk 65:, high altitude 4826: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4744: 4719: 4645: 4566: 4561: 4531: 4526: 4498: 4464:Radio altimeter 4440:Secondary radar 4416:Amateur station 4269: 4267: 4262: 4247: 4204: 4200: 4181: 4170: 4165: 4153: 4147:"HAPS Alliance" 4145: 4142: 4140:Further reading 4137: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4019: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3918:. Jan 16, 2006. 3908: 3907: 3903: 3892:Lockheed Martin 3886: 3885: 3881: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3680:Popular Science 3673: 3672: 3668: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3352: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3218: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3186:Flying magazine 3178: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3066: 3065: 3048: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2844:Lockheed Martin 2838: 2837: 2833: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2764: 2763: 2754: 2749:. Feb 20, 2007. 2739: 2738: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2690: 2676: 2675: 2656: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2568:Strikestar 2025 2565: 2564: 2557: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2522:10.2514/3.45736 2492:M.D. Maughmer ( 2491: 2490: 2486: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2405: 2404: 2397: 2393: 2376: 2324: 2318: 2247:Pittsburgh area 2209:Lockheed Martin 2189:cruise missiles 2148:SwRI HiSentinel 2142:Taiki, Hokkaido 2130:Worldwide Aeros 2125:for the night. 2107: 2034:liquid hydrogen 2010: 2008:Hydrogen fueled 1999:aircraft has a 1960:liquid hydrogen 1743: 1597:goal: 100-00:00 1526:Facebook Aquila 1463:2017 shut down 1441:Titan Aerospace 1310: 1231:Aurora Odysseus 1184:communications. 1061:Facebook Aquila 1056:Facebook Aquila 1029:Ordnance Survey 960:Titan Aerospace 860:Pathfinder Plus 841:NASA Pathfinder 826: 820: 815: 786:electro-optical 730: 707: 702: 623:, optical, and 592: 560:maritime patrol 556:border security 532: 527: 408: 394:like migratory 361:Strikestar 2025 290: 288: 283: 247:defined by the 213:military drones 205: 165:NASA Pathfinder 138:maritime patrol 134:border security 99:military drones 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4606:Delivery drone 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4514: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4484:Satellite link 4482: | 4456:ILS glide path 4386: | 4300:Mobile station 4274: 4272: 4264: 4263: 4256:Radio stations 4248: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4198: 4179: 4163: 4151: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4120: 4103: 4083: 4046: 4028: 3998: 3980: 3977:on 2013-04-11. 3955: 3935: 3921: 3901: 3898:on 2010-11-14. 3879: 3876:on 2006-08-19. 3861: 3843: 3829: 3826:on 2008-11-21. 3811: 3793: 3772: 3753: 3739: 3718: 3699: 3685: 3666: 3663:on 2018-11-18. 3643: 3640:on 2015-01-22. 3620: 3589: 3584:NASA Armstrong 3570: 3544: 3530: 3510: 3491: 3472: 3450: 3432: 3413: 3394: 3375: 3361: 3337: 3318: 3300: 3286: 3264: 3249: 3230: 3206: 3192: 3171: 3157: 3138: 3135:on 2013-10-05. 3116: 3097: 3078: 3046: 3041:airvectors.net 3027: 3009: 2992: 2978: 2971: 2949: 2942: 2912: 2892: 2868: 2853: 2850:on 2013-01-26. 2831: 2809: 2806:on 2006-11-01. 2788: 2777:(3): 127–137. 2752: 2746:Defense Update 2725: 2688: 2654: 2635: 2609: 2583: 2580:on 2015-12-10. 2555: 2552:on 2011-06-29. 2546:vectorsite.net 2527: 2484: 2462: 2444: 2421: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2320:Main article: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2291: 2279: 2278: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2215:(HAA) for its 2201: 2197: 2196: 2177: 2161: 2160: 2149: 2123:energy storage 2106: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2062:piston engines 2046: 2042: 2041: 2030: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1987:, produced by 1981: 1977: 1976: 1964:piston engines 1952: 1948: 1947: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1874: 1858: 1857: 1850:Grob Strato 2C 1846: 1845:Grob Strato 2C 1842: 1841: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1759: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635:AeroVironment 1632: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1605:Mira Aerospace 1601: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517:goal: 90-00:00 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383:AeroVironment 1380: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1331:AeroVironment 1328: 1327: 1324: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1283: 1282: 1274: 1272: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1237:announced its 1232: 1228: 1227: 1212: 1209: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1117:Mira Aerospace 1105: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1013: 997: 996: 972:QinetiQ Zephyr 952: 948: 947: 931: 927: 926: 899: 895: 894: 886: 880:NASA Centurion 878:AeroVironment/ 872:NASA Centurion 865: 864: 843: 839:AeroVironment/ 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 784:and can carry 766: 762: 761: 750: 729: 726: 706: 703: 696: 695: 683: 677: 676: 657: 653: 652: 645:remote sensing 633: 629: 628: 609: 605: 604: 589: 531: 528: 521: 520: 493: 489: 488: 449: 445: 444: 421: 407: 404: 287: 284: 269: 268: 245: 241: 240: 209: 204: 201: 177:aviation fuels 103:radio stations 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4822: 4821: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: | 4493: 4490: | 4489: 4486: | 4485: 4481: 4478: | 4477: 4474: | 4473: 4470: | 4469: 4466: | 4465: 4462: | 4461: 4460:Marker beacon 4458: | 4457: 4454: | 4453: 4452:ILS localizer 4450: | 4449: 4446: | 4445: 4442: | 4441: 4438: | 4437: 4436:Primary radar 4434: | 4433: 4430: | 4429: 4426: | 4425: 4422: | 4421: 4418: | 4417: 4414: | 4413: 4410: | 4409: 4406: | 4405: 4402: | 4401: 4398: | 4397: 4394: | 4393: 4390: | 4389: 4385: 4382: | 4381: 4378: | 4377: 4374: | 4373: 4370: | 4369: 4366: | 4365: 4362: | 4361: 4358: | 4357: 4354: | 4353: 4350: | 4349: 4346: | 4345: 4342: | 4341: 4338: | 4337: 4334: | 4333: 4332:Coast station 4330: | 4329: 4326: | 4325: 4322: | 4321: 4318: | 4317: 4314: | 4313: 4310: | 4309: 4306: | 4305: 4302: | 4301: 4298: | 4297: 4294: | 4293: 4292:Fixed station 4290: | 4289: 4286: | 4285: 4284:Space station 4282: | 4281: 4280:Earth station 4278: | 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4047: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3734:"Phantom Eye" 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3621: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3527:. 2024-02-10. 3526: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2683:Fortune (CNN) 2680: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2620: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185:early warning 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052:developed by 2051: 2050:Boeing Condor 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1944:Williams FJ44 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1919:Williams FJ44 1916: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1803:Boeing Condor 1800: 1798:Boeing Condor 1797: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1413:Airbus Zephyr 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:CATS Infinity 1253: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1202:maiden flight 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:AeroVironment 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1001: 994: 990: 986: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:solar-powered 961: 957: 953: 950: 949: 945: 941: 940:Nagoya, Japan 936: 935:Solar Impulse 932: 930:Solar Impulse 929: 928: 924: 920: 917:, recharging 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 898:Airbus Zephyr 897: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 876: 873: 869: 861: 856: 852: 848: 844: 842: 838: 837: 834: 830: 825: 818:Solar powered 817: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 764: 763: 759: 755: 751: 748: 747: 743: 740:was put into 739: 734: 727: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 704: 701: 693: 688: 684: 682: 681:Rocket launch 679: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 655: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 631: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 607: 606: 602: 598: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:earth imaging 545: 541: 537: 529: 526: 518: 514: 510: 506: 503:, 66 dB over 502: 498: 494: 491: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 419: 418: 412: 405: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 333: 327: 323: 319: 317: 311: 303: 285: 282: 278: 274: 273:Radio station 266: 262: 258: 256: 250: 246: 243: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207: 206: 202: 200: 198: 192: 190: 186: 182: 181:Boeing Condor 178: 174: 173:Airbus Zephyr 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:earth imaging 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 35: 29: 22: 4765: 4690:Maglev train 4659:Airless tire 4615: 4472:Space system 4352:Port station 4340:Ship station 4316:Base station 4308:Land station 4295: 4212: 4191: 4174: 4123: 4113: 4106: 4095: 4086: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4031: 4020:. 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