281:(EU), HFCS is known as isoglucose or glucose–fructose syrup (GFS) which has 20–30% fructose content compared to 42% (HFCS 42) and 55% (HFCS 55) in the United States. While HFCS is produced exclusively with corn in the U.S., manufacturers in the EU use corn and wheat to produce GFS. GFS was once subject to a sugar production quota, which was abolished on 1 October 2017, removing the previous production cap of 720,000 tonnes, and allowing production and export without restriction. Use of GFS in soft drinks is limited in the EU because manufacturers do not have a sufficient supply of GFS containing at least 42% fructose content. As a result, soft drinks are primarily sweetened by sucrose which has a 50% fructose content.
29:
253:
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had a 27–30% share of the
Japanese sweetener market. Japan consumed approximately 800,000 tonnes of HFCS in 2016. The United States Department of Agriculture states that HFCS is produced in Japan from U.S. corn. Japan imports at a level of 3 million tonnes per year, leading 20 percent of corn imports to be for HFCS production.
298:
Mexico is the largest importer of U.S. HFCS. HFCS accounts for about 27 percent of total sweetener consumption, with Mexico importing 983,069 tonnes of HFCS in 2018. Mexico's soft drink industry is shifting from sugar to HFCS which is expected to boost U.S. HFCS exports to Mexico according to a U.S.
268:
HFCS in China makes up about 20% of sweetener demand. HFCS has gained popularity due to rising prices of sucrose, while selling for a third the price. Production was estimated to reach 4,150,000 tonnes in 2017. About half of total produced HFCS is exported to the
Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and
1041:
with sucrose (table sugar) and would remove preservatives and other artificial additives from its menu items. Marion Gross, senior vice president of McDonald's stated, "We know that they don't feel good about high-fructose corn syrup so we're giving them what they're looking for instead." Over the
314:
The
Philippines was the largest importer of Chinese HFCS. Imports of HFCS would peak at 373,137 tonnes in 2016. Complaints from domestic sugar producers would result in a crackdown on Chinese exports. On 1 January 2018, the Philippine government imposed a tax of 12 pesos ($ .24) on drinks sweetened
289:
In Japan, HFCS is also referred to as isomerized sugar. HFCS production arose in Japan after government policies created a rise in the price of sugar. Japanese HFCS is manufactured mostly from imported U.S. corn, and the output is regulated by the government. For the period from 2007 to 2012, HFCS
372:
under quota has a 5% tax, and white and raw sugar not under quota have an 85% and 80% tax. In 2018, the
Vietnam Sugarcane and Sugar Association (VSSA) called for government intervention on current tax policies. According to the VSSA, sugar companies face tighter lending policies which cause the
323:
In the United States, HFCS was widely used in food manufacturing from the 1970s through the early 21st century, primarily as a replacement for sucrose because its sweetness was similar to sucrose, it improved manufacturing quality, was easier to use, and was cheaper. Domestic production of HFCS
1592:
Because the sugar profile of high-fructose corn syrup is similar to that of honey, high-fructose corn syrup was more difficult to detect until new tests were developed in the 1980s. Honey adulteration has continued to evolve to evade testing methodology, requiring continual updating of testing
1029:
There are various public relations concerns with HFCS, including how HFCS products are advertised and labeled as "natural." As a consequence, several companies reverted to manufacturing with sucrose (table sugar) from products that had previously been made with HFCS. In 2010, the Corn
Refiners
351:
Consumption of HFCS in the U.S. has declined since it peaked at 37.5 lb (17.0 kg) per person in 1999. The average
American consumed approximately 22.1 lb (10.0 kg) of HFCS in 2018, versus 40.3 lb (18.3 kg) of refined cane and beet sugar. This decrease in domestic
1087:
Prior to the development of the worldwide sugar industry, dietary fructose was limited to only a few items. Milk, meats, and most vegetables, the staples of many early diets, have no fructose, and only 5–10% fructose by weight is found in fruits such as grapes, apples, and blueberries. Most
919:
treatment, and filtration, among other common steps of sweetener manufacturing from natural sources. In the contemporary process to make HFCS, an "acid-enzyme" step is used in which the corn starch solution is acidified to digest the existing carbohydrates, then enzymes are added to further
206:. That purified solution is then run over immobilized xylose isomerase, which turns the sugars to ~50–52% glucose with some unconverted oligosaccharides and 42% fructose (HFCS 42), and again demineralized and again purified using activated carbon. Some is processed into HFCS 90 by liquid
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recommended that people limit total added sugar (including maltose, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, molasses, cane sugar, corn sweetener, raw sugar, syrup, honey, or fruit juice concentrates) in their diets to nine teaspoons per day for men and six for women.
2540:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
327:
Production of HFCS in the United States was 8.3 million tons in 2017. HFCS is easier to handle than granulated sucrose, although some sucrose is transported as solution. Unlike sucrose, HFCS cannot be hydrolyzed, but the free fructose in HFCS may produce
1092:, however, contain about 50% fructose. From 1970 to 2000, there was a 25% increase in "added sugars" in the U.S. When recognized as a cheaper, more versatile sweetener, HFCS replaced sucrose as the main sweetener of soft drinks in the United States.
950:
in some batches of HFCS. In a 2009 release, The Corn
Refiners Association stated that all factories in the American industry for manufacturing HFCS had used mercury-free processing over several previous years, making the prior report outdated.
367:
90% of
Vietnam's HFCS import comes from China and South Korea. Imports would total 89,343 tonnes in 2017. One ton of HFCS was priced at $ 398 in 2017, while one ton of sugar would cost $ 702. HFCS has a zero cent import tax and no quota, while
1937:
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Most countries, including Mexico, use sucrose, or table sugar, in soft drinks. In the U.S., soft drinks, such as Coca-Cola, are typically made with HFCS 55. HFCS has a sweeter taste than sucrose. Some
Americans seek out drinks such as
324:
increased from 2.2 million tons in 1980 to a peak of 9.5 million tons in 1999. Although HFCS use is about the same as sucrose use in the United States, more than 90% of sweeteners used in global manufacturing is sucrose.
1851:
2098:
920:
metabolize the corn starch and convert the resulting sugars to their constituents of fructose and glucose. Analyses published in 2014 showed that HFCS content of fructose was consistent across samples from 80 randomly selected
145:
of HFCS 55, used most commonly in soft drinks, is comparable to that of sucrose. HFCS provides advantages in food and beverage manufacturing, such as simplicity of formulation, stability, and enabling processing efficiencies.
94:, but manufacturing advantages of HFCS over sugar include that it is cheaper. "HFCS 42" and "HFCS 55" refer to dry weight fructose compositions of 42% and 55% respectively, the rest being glucose. HFCS 42 is mainly used for
3207:
Leblanc, B. W.; Eggleston, G; Sammataro, D; Cornett, C; Dufault, R; Deeby, T; St Cyr, E (2009). "Formation of hydroxymethylfurfural in domestic high-fructose corn syrup and its toxicity to the honey bee (Apis mellifera)".
352:
consumption of HFCS resulted in a push in exporting of the product. In 2014, exports of HFCS were valued at $ 436 million, a decrease of 21% in one year, with Mexico receiving about 75% of the export volume.
1071:
2709:
Jensen, Thomas; Abdelmalek, Manal F.; Sullivan, Shelby; Nadeau, Kristen J.; Green, Melanie; Roncal, Carlos; Nakagawa, Takahiko; Kuwabara, Masanari; Sato, Yuka; Kang, Duk-Hee; Tolan, Dean R. (May 2018).
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87:. HFCS was first marketed in the early 1970s by the Clinton Corn Processing Company, together with the Japanese Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, where the enzyme was discovered in 1965.
2369:
141:, raising the price of sucrose and reducing that of HFCS, creating a manufacturing-cost advantage among sweetener applications. In spite of having a 10% greater fructose content, the relative
798:
844:
has been the subject of controversy, but as of 2022, there is no scientific consensus that fructose or HFCS has any impact on cardiometabolic markers when substituted for sucrose. A 2014
6634:
1095:
Since 1789, the U.S. sugar industry has had trade protection in the form of tariffs on foreign-produced sugar, while subsidies to corn growers cheapen the primary ingredient in HFCS,
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bacteria and began shipping an early version of HFCS in February 1967. In 1983, the FDA accepted HFCS as "generally recognized as safe," and that decision was reaffirmed in 1996.
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2518:
1950:
1147:
229:
The most common forms of HFCS used for food and beverage manufacturing contain fructose in either 42% ("HFCS 42") or 55% ("HFCS 55") by dry weight, as described in the U.S.
2012:
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1007:, there is no evidence that HFCS is the only cause. Compared to hive honey, both HFCS and sucrose caused signs of malnutrition in bees fed with them, apparent in the
302:
On 1 January 2002, Mexico imposed a 20% beverage tax on soft drinks and syrups not sweetened with cane sugar. The United States challenged the tax, appealing to the
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1773:
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306:(WTO). On 3 March 2006, the WTO ruled in favor of the U.S. citing the tax as discriminatory against U.S. imports of HFCS without being justified under WTO rules.
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133:(table sugar) in the food industry. Factors contributing to the increased use of HFCS in food manufacturing include production quotas of domestic sugar, import
340:
continue to use sugar in other nations but transitioned to HFCS for U.S. markets in 1980 before completely switching over in 1984. Large corporations, such as
1745:"High Fructose Corn Syrup Market 2019 Industry Research, Share, Trend, Global Industry Size, Price, Future Analysis, Regional Outlook to 2024 Research Report"
1074:
developed a heat-stable xylose isomerase enzyme from yeast. In 1967, the Clinton Corn Processing Company obtained an exclusive license to manufacture glucose
6774:
6488:
4026:
2785:"CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as GRAS. Sec. 184.1866. High fructose corn syrup (amended 1 April 2020)"
1182:
White, John S. (21 February 2014). "Sucrose, HFCS, and Fructose: History, Manufacture, Composition, Applications, and Production". In Rippe, James M. (ed.).
1024:
1905:
1070:, Iowa, tried to turn glucose from corn starch into fructose, but the process they used was not scalable. In 1965–1970, Yoshiyuki Takasaki, at the Japanese
1003:, which is toxic to bees, can form from the breakdown of fructose. Although some researchers cite honey substitution with HFCS as one factor among many for
6712:
5471:
1224:"Misconceptions about high-fructose corn syrup: Is it uniquely responsible for obesity, reactive dicarbonyl compounds, and advanced glycation endproducts?"
5394:
3006:
2590:"Effect of fructose instead of glucose or sucrose on cardiometabolic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of isoenergetic intervention trials"
2396:"Response to Petition from Corn Refiners Association to Authorize "Corn Sugar" as an Alternate Common or Usual Name for High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)"
1425:
Goran, Michael I.; Ulijaszek, Stanley J.; Ventura, Emily E. (1 January 2013). "High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: A global perspective".
6550:
2984:
2627:
Allocca, M; Selmi C (2010). "Emerging nutritional treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". In Preedy VR; Lakshman R; Rajaskanthan RS (eds.).
859:
A 2018 review found that lowering consumption of sugary beverages and fructose products may reduce hepatic fat accumulation, which is associated with
2662:"Fructose, high-fructose corn syrup, sucrose, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or indexes of liver health: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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1979:
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186:. High-temperature enzymes are added to further metabolize the starch and convert the resulting sugars to fructose. The first enzyme added is
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2547:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
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6358:
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5309:
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1608:
Hobbs, Larry (2009). "21. Sweeteners from Starch: Production, Properties and Uses". In BeMiller, James N.; Whistler, Roy L. (eds.).
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evolved during processing. This concern was dismissed, however, with evidence that HFCS poses no dietary risk from these compounds.
860:
162:
2510:
1280:
4138:
1151:
884:, and there is no evidence that retail HFCS products differ in safety from those containing alternative nutritive sweeteners. The
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6535:
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885:
1054:
also phased out HFCS, replacing it with conventional sugar because consumers perceived sugar to be healthier. Companies such as
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6393:
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1326:(Bray, 2004 & U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Sugar and Sweetener Yearbook series, Tables 50–52)
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The AHA recommendations focus on all added sugars, without singling out any particular types such as high-fructose corn syrup
895:
One consumer concern about HFCS is that processing of corn is more complex than used for common sugar sources, such as fruit
5236:
3342:
2566:
6512:
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5902:
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The global market for HFCS is expected to grow from $ 5.9 billion in 2019 to a projected $ 7.6 billion in 2024.
28:
1517:
6926:
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5170:
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2021:
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and Heinz have also released products that use sugar in lieu of HFCS, although they still sell HFCS-sweetened products.
877:
110:
1066:
Commercial production of corn syrup began in 1964. In the late 1950s, scientists at Clinton Corn Processing Company of
943:
182:
and an "acid-enzyme" process is used, in which the corn-starch solution is acidified to begin breaking up the existing
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when stored at high temperatures; these differences are most prominent in acidic beverages. Soft drink makers such as
230:
3162:"Effect of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) on mortality of artificially reared honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera carnica)"
2784:
2245:
256:
Consumption of sugar and corn-based sweeteners in the United States from 1966 to 2013, in dry-basis pounds per capita
237:
HFCS 42 (approx. 42% fructose if water were ignored) is used in beverages, processed foods, cereals, and baked goods.
999:
colonies during times when nectar is in low supply. However, when HFCS is heated to about 45 °C (113 °F),
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2313:
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1985:
1912:
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Association applied to allow HFCS to be renamed "corn sugar," but that petition was rejected by the FDA in 2012.
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113:(FDA) states that it is not aware of evidence showing that HFCS is less safe than traditional sweeteners such as
2340:"Table 51-Refined cane and beet sugar: estimated number of per capita calories consumed daily, by calendar year"
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5314:
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1004:
986:
303:
3014:
2183:
1305:
2310:"Table 52-High fructose corn syrup: estimated number of per capita calories consumed daily, by calendar year"
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153:) is the primary ingredient in most brands of commercial "pancake syrup," as a less expensive substitute for
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3739:
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1108:
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252:
211:
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6368:
6247:
5701:
5481:
3899:
3823:
3041:"Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera"
1099:. Accordingly, industrial users looking for cheaper sugar replacements rapidly adopted HFCS in the 1970s.
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1990:
1000:
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785:
2099:"Report of the Agricultural Technical Advisory Committee (ATAC) for Sweeteners and Sweetener Products"
121:. Uses and exports of HFCS from American producers have grown steadily during the early 21st century.
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is mixed in and converts them to glucose. The resulting solution is filtered to remove protein using
138:
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33:
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3270:"Pepsi, Coke And Other Soda Companies Want You To Think 'Real' Sugar Is Good For You—It's Not"
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896:
845:
721:
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20:
4133:
3105:"Diet-dependent gene expression in honey bees: Honey vs. Sucrose or high fructose corn syrup"
71:, the starch is broken down into glucose by enzymes. To make HFCS, the corn syrup is further
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2601:
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1562:"Economically motivated adulteration (EMA) of food: common characteristics of EMA incidents"
1489:
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199:
99:
91:
76:
210:, and then mixed with HFCS 42 to form HFCS 55. The enzymes used in the process are made by
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4143:
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1197:
1008:
223:
191:
3429:"Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews (updated 29 April 2019)"
3428:
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in ethnic groceries because they prefer the taste over that of HFCS-sweetened Coca-Cola.
797:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
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Krainer, S; Brodschneider, R; Vollmann, J; Crailsheim, K; Riessberger-Gallé, U (2016).
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1852:"Updated factsheet on glucose fructose syrups, isoglucose and high fructose corn syrup"
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1617:
1113:
849:
278:
207:
95:
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3385:
Marshall R. O.; Kooi E. R. (1957). "Enzymatic Conversion of d-Glucose to d-Fructose".
2481:"Sugar association seeks help amid bankruptcy fears | DTiNews – Dan Tri International"
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4016:
3931:
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3749:
3605:
3364:"Hershey considers removing high-fructose corn syrup from products in favor of sugar"
3292:"FDA rejects industry bid to change name of high fructose corn syrup to "corn sugar""
3193:
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1830:"The end of EU sugar production quotas and its impact on sugar consumption in the EU"
1719:"Japan Corn Starch Co., Ltd. Releasing the New High-Fructose Corn Syrup, "HFCS 70"!!"
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1034:
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821:
813:
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187:
2808:"Fructose content and composition of commercial HFCS-sweetened carbonated beverages"
2211:. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 20 August 2019
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HFCS is 24% water, the rest being mainly fructose and glucose with 0–5% unprocessed
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2936:"High Fructose Corn Syrup Mercury Study Outdated; Based on Discontinued Technology"
1080:
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908:
904:
900:
853:
825:
408:
195:
183:
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to detect adulteration of sweetened products with HFCS, such as liquid honey, use
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2886:"Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar"
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179:
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64:
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2856:"Soda Warning? High-fructose Corn Syrup Linked To Diabetes, New Study Suggests"
2727:
2542:
2398:. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration
2074:"Mexicos HFCS imports usage increasing | World-grain.com | 29 April 2011 09:04"
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1308:. Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. 21 January 2015
938:
Through the early 21st century, some factories manufacturing HFCS had used a
129:
In the United States, HFCS is among the sweeteners that have mostly replaced
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3490:
3452:
High Fructose Corn Syrup: A Guide for Consumers, Policymakers, and the Media
3065:
2677:
2632:
1980:"Table 32-U.S. high fructose corn syrup exports, by destinations, 2000–2015"
1351:"Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain't"
1201:
1075:
996:
614:
369:
333:
142:
60:
3546:. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. November 2006. Archived from
3499:
3414:
3229:
3185:
3146:
3084:
2921:
2841:
2753:
2695:
2613:
2562:
2287:
1678:
1659:
1587:
1454:
1384:
1249:
359:
petitioned the FDA to call HFCS "corn sugar," but the petition was denied.
4635:
3586:
2902:
2712:"Fructose and Sugar: A Major Mediator of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"
2660:
Chung, M; Ma, J; Patel, K; Berger, S; Lau, J; Lichtenstein, A. H. (2014).
1503:
1240:
1223:
6667:
6257:
6206:
6062:
6002:
5830:
5800:
5527:
5109:
4987:
4927:
4695:
4585:
4434:
4418:
4393:
4383:
4234:
4178:
4163:
3991:
3976:
3313:"McDonald's to remove corn syrup from buns, curbs antibiotics in chicken"
1047:
974:
928:
345:
315:
with HFCS versus 6 pesos ($ .12) for drinks sweetened with other sugars.
84:
2823:
824:
in significant amounts. In a 100-gram reference amount, it supplies 281
6123:
5840:
5810:
5744:
5674:
5585:
5231:
5199:
5130:
5057:
5007:
4947:
4922:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4705:
4615:
4519:
4444:
4439:
4265:
4229:
4214:
4209:
4153:
4148:
4098:
3864:
3767:
3692:
3687:
1055:
1043:
817:
510:
130:
114:
80:
6840:
3221:
3128:
2787:. US Code of Regulations, Food and Drug Administration. 23 August 1996
2158:"Philippines drinks makers shun China corn syrup imports to avoid tax"
1643:"Health implications of fructose consumption: A review of recent data"
927:
One prior concern in manufacturing was whether HFCS contains reactive
848:
found little evidence for an association between HFCS consumption and
6267:
6225:
5795:
5632:
5620:
5092:
5037:
4710:
4610:
4560:
4514:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4352:
4327:
4322:
4219:
4204:
4199:
4158:
970:
916:
597:
134:
72:
1033:
In August 2016, in a move to please consumers with health concerns,
3544:"Food without Thought: How U.S. Farm Policy Contributes to Obesity"
1612:(3rd ed.). London: Academic Press/Elsevier. pp. 797–832.
6221:
5873:
5077:
5012:
4902:
4827:
4666:
4605:
4550:
4540:
4469:
4357:
4317:
4255:
4250:
4173:
4118:
3628:
1399:
1096:
995:
in the United States, HFCS is a honey substitute for some managed
422:
373:
association's member companies with increased risk of bankruptcy.
337:
158:
118:
27:
3597:
1774:"Old foes sugar and corn syrup battle for lucrative Asian market"
4312:
4260:
4108:
3996:
3981:
2938:. The Corn Refiners Association. 26 January 2009. Archived from
1072:
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
734:
5748:
4639:
3601:
299:
Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service report.
190:, which breaks the long chains down into shorter sugar chains (
6118:
5145:
2045:"Table 34a-U.S. exports of high fructose corn syrup to Mexico"
1900:
1898:
1400:"Dark sugar: The decline and fall of high-fructose corn syrup"
1038:
876:
Since 2014, the United States FDA has determined that HFCS is
452:
2280:"Archer Daniels Midland: A Case Study in Corporate Welfare"
1150:. European Food Information Council (EUFIC). Archived from
3343:"Major Brands No Longer Sweet on High-Fructose Corn Syrup"
2511:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1478:"Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose"
3458:. Grocery Manufacturers Association. 2008. pp. 1–14.
2421:"Sugar association seeks help against corn syrup imports"
973:
Coca-Cola, sold in the U.S. around the Jewish holiday of
1951:"Japan Trade Agreements Affect US Sweetener Confections"
1938:
Alternative Sweeteners in a High Sugar Price Environment
946:
for digesting corn raw material, left trace residues of
3246:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 16 September 2016
1306:"U.S. Exports of Corn-Based Products Continue to Climb"
1037:
announced that it would be replacing all HFCS in their
178:
In the contemporary process, corn is milled to extract
1184:
Fructose, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose and Health
1802:"Glucose-fructose syrup: An ingredient worth knowing"
1134:"Factsheet on Glucose Fructose Syrups and Isoglucose"
6783:
6721:
6645:
6600:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
6422:
6344:
6291:
6220:
6170:
6142:
6104:
5993:
5901:
5849:
5782:
5683:
5573:
5505:
5417:
5387:
5255:
5192:
5183:
5123:
4961:
4826:
4819:
4758:
4683:
4533:
4427:
4366:
4243:
4187:
4044:
3969:
3960:
3913:
3855:
3822:
3786:
3760:
3635:
942:corn processing method which, in cases of applying
770:
758:
733:
720:
707:
694:
681:
668:
655:
634:
613:
596:
580:
563:
546:
529:
508:
473:
449:
431:
421:
405:
391:
386:
348:for the continuation of government corn subsidies.
102:, whereas HFCS 55 is used mostly for production of
2544:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
3039:Mao, W; Schuler, M. A.; Berenbaum, M. R. (2013).
2806:White, J. S.; Hobbs, L. J.; Fernandez, S (2014).
2451:"VSSA proposes self-defense measure against HFCS"
2013:"Production Sufficient to Meet U.S. Quota Demand"
1283:. US Food and Drug Administration. 4 January 2018
1281:"High Fructose Corn Syrup: Questions and Answers"
646:
520:
2135:Office of the United States Trade Representative
2107:Office of the United States Trade Representative
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1015:and other processes affecting honey bee health.
786:Full report from USDA National Nutrient Database
3045:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1874:"Quality Labeling Standard for Processed Foods"
19:"HFCS" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2588:Fattore E, Botta F, Bosetti C (January 2022).
1772:Gu, Hallie; Cruz, Enrico Dela (20 July 2017).
1560:Everstine K, Spink J, Kennedy S (April 2013).
882:ingredient for food and beverage manufacturing
387:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
5760:
4651:
3613:
2770:. American Heart Association. 17 April 2018.
1518:"5 Things You Need to Know About Maple Syrup"
1148:"Glucose-fructose syrup: How is it produced?"
8:
6775:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
6590:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
6489:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1936:International Sugar Organization March 2012
1854:. Starch EU, Brussels, Belgium. 13 July 2018
1832:. Starch EU, Brussels, Belgium. 20 June 2017
1132:European Starch Association (10 June 2013).
1042:early 21st century, other companies such as
1025:Public relations of high-fructose corn syrup
381:
6713:United Kingdom food information regulations
5472:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
3366:. The Guardian, London, UK. 3 December 2014
1699:Economic Research Service. 14 November 2014
202:. Then the solution is demineralized using
5767:
5753:
5745:
5189:
4823:
4658:
4644:
4636:
3966:
3620:
3606:
3598:
3210:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3098:
3096:
3094:
2507:United States Food and Drug Administration
1539:"Advances in Honey Adulteration Detection"
1355:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
903:, but all sweetener products derived from
490:
380:
90:As a sweetener, HFCS is often compared to
6551:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
3489:
3263:
3261:
3136:
3074:
3064:
2911:
2901:
2831:
2743:
2685:
2049:United States Department of Agriculture,
2020:United States Department of Agriculture,
1984:United States Department of Agriculture,
1807:. Starch EU, Brussels, Belgium. June 2017
1668:
1658:
1577:
1493:
1366:
1239:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
6595:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
6457:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
3895:International corn production statistics
3336:
3334:
3103:Wheeler, M. M.; Robinson, G. E. (2014).
2370:"U.S. Consumption of Caloric Sweeteners"
2231:"Understanding High Fructose Corn Syrup"
1603:
1601:
251:
67:. As in the production of conventional
36:) of fructose (left) and glucose (right)
6565:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
3469:Leeper H. A.; Jones E. (October 2007).
3431:. US Food and Drug Administration. 2019
3307:
3305:
3007:"Kosher Coke 'flying out of the store'"
2130:"U.S. Wins Mexico Beverage Tax Dispute"
1697:United States Department of Agriculture
1124:
6580:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
6157:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
3034:
3032:
2666:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2629:Nutrition, diet therapy, and the liver
1541:. Food Safety Magazine. 12 August 1974
1482:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
977:, also uses sucrose rather than HFCS.
832:of 19 grams, it supplies 53 calories.
240:HFCS 55 is mostly used in soft drinks.
2879:
2877:
2444:
2442:
2415:
2413:
1824:
1822:
1796:
1794:
1767:
1765:
1300:
1298:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
886:2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
7:
6871:
6759:Institute for Food Safety and Health
6499:Australian meat substitution scandal
6467:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
6243:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
2246:"Coke, Pepsi to use more corn syrup"
907:involve similar processing steps of
165:and other advanced testing methods.
6891:
6747:Food Information and Control Agency
3280:from the original on 23 March 2020.
2244:Daniels, Lee A. (7 November 1984).
3268:Senapathy, Kavin (28 April 2016).
2969:. Associated Press. Archived from
2521:from the original on 27 March 2024
1989:. 20 November 2018. Archived from
1958:US Department of Agriculture Japan
1693:"Sugar and Sweeteners: Background"
1618:10.1016/B978-0-12-746275-2.00021-5
816:and 24% water, containing no fat,
243:HFCS 70 is used in filling jellies
14:
6764:International Food Safety Network
6688:International Food Safety Network
6409:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
6359:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
6086:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
5581:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
4677:List of sugars and sugar products
2963:"Is Mexican Coke the real thing?"
1349:White, John S (1 November 2008).
1186:. Humana Press (published 2014).
872:Safety and manufacturing concerns
861:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
163:differential scanning calorimetry
6890:
6880:
6870:
6861:
6860:
6849:
6839:
6769:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
6605:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
6536:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
6531:ICA meat repackaging controversy
5729:
5728:
5719:
5718:
3585:
3341:Zmuda, Natalie (15 March 2010).
2812:International Journal of Obesity
2394:Landa, Michael M (30 May 2012).
1610:Starch: chemistry and technology
1398:Engber, Daniel (28 April 2009).
6708:Quality Assurance International
6615:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
6585:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
6479:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
6394:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2569:from the original on 9 May 2024
2449:Chanh, Trung (20 August 2018).
933:advanced glycation end-products
892:should be limited in the diet.
6737:European Food Safety Authority
6610:Food safety incidents in China
6447:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
6414:Water fluoridation controversy
3005:Dixon, Duffie (9 April 2009).
2961:Louise Chu (9 November 2004).
2346:. 18 July 2019. Archived from
2316:. 18 July 2019. Archived from
836:Obesity and metabolic syndrome
1:
4291:List of tortilla-based dishes
1906:"Sweetener Policies in Japan"
1476:Hanover LM, White JS (1993).
397:1,176 kJ (281 kcal)
6742:Food and Drug Administration
6424:Food contamination incidents
3407:10.1126/science.125.3249.648
2985:"Mexican Coke a hit in U.S."
2022:Foreign Agricultural Service
1579:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-399
1439:10.1080/17441692.2012.736257
793:Percentages estimated using
111:Food and Drug Administration
6796:Food and drink prohibitions
6570:Bihar school meal poisoning
6494:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
6452:1900 English beer poisoning
5806:Antibiotic use in livestock
3939:National Cornbread Festival
3905:Three Sisters (agriculture)
2967:The San Diego Union-Tribune
231:Code of Federal Regulations
6948:
6791:Curing (food preservation)
5864:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
5467:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
5447:Demerara rebellion of 1823
5427:1811 German Coast uprising
5033:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
3244:"Colony collapse disorder"
2728:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.019
1647:Nutrition & Metabolism
1022:
984:
865:American Heart Association
18:
6834:
6821:Genetically modified food
6673:Food labeling regulations
6541:2008 Chinese milk scandal
5714:
4674:
3178:10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x
2374:Economic Research Service
2344:Economic Research Service
2314:Economic Research Service
2051:Economic Research Service
1986:Economic Research Service
792:
782:
778:
754:
746:
630:
626:
504:
500:
493:
489:
469:
465:
445:
441:
401:
357:Corn Refiners Association
218:Composition and varieties
21:HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons)
6683:Food safety in Australia
5879:High-fructose corn syrup
4893:High-fructose corn syrup
3592:High-fructose corn syrup
1641:Rizkalla, S. W. (2010).
1368:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825b
1090:traditional dried fruits
1005:colony collapse disorder
987:Colony collapse disorder
840:The role of fructose in
382:High-fructose corn syrup
304:World Trade Organization
248:Commerce and consumption
41:High-fructose corn syrup
6663:Acceptable daily intake
6575:2013 horse meat scandal
6016:Clostridium perfringens
5442:Colonial molasses trade
4898:High-maltose corn syrup
3562:"Corn Production/Value"
3066:10.1073/pnas.1303884110
2884:Dufault, Renee (2009).
2678:10.3945/ajcn.114.086314
2184:"USDA ERS – Background"
1109:High-maltose corn syrup
944:mercury cell technology
795:US recommendations
79:to convert some of its
6731:Centre for Food Safety
6546:2008 Irish pork crisis
6248:Benzene in soft drinks
5702:Pure, White and Deadly
5482:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
5388:By region (historical)
3900:List of popcorn brands
3471:"How bad is fructose?"
2606:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa077
2209:"Sugar and sweeteners"
1660:10.1186/1743-7075-7-82
1495:10.1093/ajcn/58.5.724S
1488:(suppl 5): 724S–732S.
799:the National Academies
342:Archer Daniels Midland
257:
212:microbial fermentation
139:subsidies of U.S. corn
137:on foreign sugar, and
57:glucose–fructose syrup
37:
6922:Corn-based sweeteners
6753:Food Standards Agency
6703:Organic certification
6698:Nutrition facts label
6442:Esing Bakery incident
6230:environment pollution
5492:Taiwan Sugar Railways
5432:Amelioration Act 1798
3705:Quality Protein Maize
3550:on 27 September 2007.
3491:10.1093/ajcn/86.4.895
2903:10.1186/1476-069X-8-2
2716:Journal of Hepatology
2596:(Systematic review).
2233:. Beverage Institute.
1241:10.3945/jn.108.097998
1222:White, J. S. (2009).
1011:of genes involved in
1001:hydroxymethylfurfural
924:sweetened with HFCS.
495:Vitamins and minerals
330:hydroxymethylfurfural
255:
32:Structural formulae (
31:
6522:2006 North American
6180:Acesulfame potassium
6009:Campylobacter jejuni
5903:Intestinal parasites
5776:Consumer food safety
5171:Unrefined sweeteners
4993:Crystalline fructose
4908:Inverted sugar syrup
3678:Genetically modified
3594:at Wikimedia Commons
3524:on 19 September 2018
2890:Environmental Health
1723:www.businesswire.com
1427:Global Public Health
1228:Journal of Nutrition
922:carbonated beverages
16:Processed corn syrup
6927:Japanese inventions
6826:Conspiracy theories
6379:Heterocyclic amines
6283:Shellfish poisoning
5256:By region (current)
5156:Sugar confectionery
3944:Sweet Corn Festival
3514:"U.S. Sugar Policy"
3399:1957Sci...125..648M
3121:2014NatSR...4E5726W
3057:2013PNAS..110.8842M
2973:on 27 October 2007.
2824:10.1038/ijo.2014.73
2110:. 27 September 2018
2078:www.world-grain.com
565:Pantothenic acid (B
383:
233:(21 CFR 184.1866).
204:ion-exchange resins
34:Fischer projections
6484:Toxic oil syndrome
6437:Swill milk scandal
6263:Diethylstilbestrol
5935:Diphyllobothriasis
5660:Sweetened beverage
5487:Sugar Intervention
5395:Danish West Indies
5377:U.S. Sugar Program
5136:Cotton candy floss
5043:Plantation Reserve
4938:Steen's cane syrup
4139:Mămăligă în pături
3847:Maize streak virus
3564:. Allcountries.org
3109:Scientific Reports
3017:on 2 February 2011
2250:The New York Times
1725:. 17 February 2017
1361:(6): 1716S–1721S.
1234:(6): 1219S–1227S.
1013:protein metabolism
897:juice concentrates
842:metabolic syndrome
760:Other constituents
258:
149:HFCS (or standard
109:The United States
77:D-xylose isomerase
38:
6917:Agrarian politics
6904:
6903:
6811:Food preservation
6620:Foodborne illness
6172:Sugar substitutes
5925:Cryptosporidiosis
5907:parasitic disease
5821:HGH controversies
5788:food contaminants
5742:
5741:
5591:Blood sugar level
5457:Leith Sugar House
5413:
5412:
5372:Sugar Association
5179:
5178:
5141:Maple sugar foods
4846:Barley malt syrup
4669:as food commodity
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
3794:Corn construction
3590:Media related to
3478:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
3393:(3249): 648–649.
3222:10.1021/jf9014526
3129:10.1038/srep05726
3051:(22): 8842–8846.
2988:The Seattle Times
2646:978-1-4200-8549-5
2594:Nutrition Reviews
2554:978-0-309-48834-1
2164:. 30 January 2018
2054:. 6 November 2019
1960:. 5 February 2019
1883:. 27 October 2006
1627:978-0-12-746275-2
967:Mexican Coca-Cola
888:recommended that
846:systematic review
805:
804:
750:
749:
224:glucose oligomers
100:breakfast cereals
47:), also known as
6939:
6894:
6893:
6884:
6874:
6873:
6864:
6863:
6856:Drink portal
6854:
6853:
6852:
6844:
6843:
6755:(United Kingdom)
6504:Jack in the Box
6475:
6462:Minamata disease
6374:Food irradiation
6354:4-Hydroxynonenal
6202:Sodium cyclamate
6045:Escherichia coli
6037:Escherichia coli
5769:
5762:
5755:
5746:
5732:
5731:
5722:
5721:
5655:Sugar substitute
5497:Triangular trade
5190:
4851:Brown rice syrup
4824:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4637:
4374:Battered sausage
4308:Pastel de choclo
4244:Breads and cakes
4027:Public relations
3967:
3935:(1994 sculpture)
3875:Cornstalk fiddle
3622:
3615:
3608:
3599:
3589:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3520:. Archived from
3510:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3100:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3068:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3013:. Archived from
3002:
2996:
2995:
2994:on 29 June 2011.
2990:. Archived from
2981:
2975:
2974:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2942:on 15 March 2017
2932:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2862:. 23 August 2007
2852:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2722:(5): 1063–1075.
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2461:on 1 August 2020
2457:. Archived from
2455:The Saigon Times
2446:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2350:on 1 August 2020
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2320:on 1 August 2020
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2286:. Archived from
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2188:www.ers.usda.gov
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:on 1 August 2020
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1911:. Archived from
1910:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1662:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1581:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1370:
1346:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1019:Public relations
960:Taste difference
856:or fat content.
650:
601:
585:
568:
551:
534:
524:
491:
384:
200:activated carbon
192:oligosaccharides
92:granulated sugar
49:glucose–fructose
6947:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6850:
6848:
6846:Food portal
6838:
6830:
6779:
6717:
6678:Food libel laws
6641:
6469:
6418:
6384:Modified starch
6346:Food processing
6340:
6287:
6216:
6166:
6162:Sodium benzoate
6138:
6100:
6095:Vibrio cholerae
5989:
5960:Gnathostomiasis
5945:Fasciolopsiasis
5897:
5845:
5836:Mercury in fish
5778:
5773:
5743:
5738:
5710:
5679:
5638:Sugar addiction
5569:
5560:Sugar sculpture
5501:
5409:
5383:
5360:Tate & Lyle
5351:United Kingdom
5268:Bundaberg Sugar
5251:
5247:Sugar marketing
5175:
5161:Sugarcane juice
5119:
4957:
4815:
4754:
4679:
4670:
4664:
4634:
4625:
4546:Bourbon whiskey
4529:
4455:Corn on the cob
4423:
4362:
4239:
4183:
4046:
4040:
3956:
3909:
3851:
3818:
3804:Nixtamalization
3782:
3756:
3631:
3626:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3319:. 2 August 2016
3311:
3310:
3303:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3216:(16): 7369–76.
3206:
3205:
3201:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3102:
3101:
3092:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2487:. 10 April 2019
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2290:on 11 July 2007
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2025:. 15 April 2019
2015:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1348:
1347:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1257:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1105:
1064:
1027:
1021:
989:
983:
962:
957:
874:
863:. In 2018, the
838:
828:, while in one
810:
788:
783:
741:
728:
715:
702:
689:
676:
663:
651:
621:
608:
599:
591:
583:
575:
566:
558:
549:
541:
532:
525:
496:
485:
480:
461:
456:
417:
412:
379:
365:
321:
312:
296:
287:
275:
266:
250:
220:
176:
171:
127:
96:processed foods
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6945:
6943:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6909:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6888:
6878:
6868:
6858:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6801:Food marketing
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6784:Related topics
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6727:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6519:
6510:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6369:Food additives
6366:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6041:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5995:Microorganisms
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:Paragonimiasis
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5930:Cyclosporiasis
5927:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5851:Food additives
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5826:Lead poisoning
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5648:Residual sugar
5643:Sugars in wine
5640:
5635:
5630:
5628:Health effects
5625:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5603:
5601:Flavored syrup
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5565:Treacle mining
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5335:Tongaat Hulett
5332:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5227:Sugarcane mill
5224:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Molasses sugar
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4836:List of syrups
4832:
4830:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4750:Reducing sugar
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4691:Monosaccharide
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:Chicha de jora
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:Maíz con hielo
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:Corn schnitzel
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4338:Sopa paraguaya
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4114:Ginataang mais
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Corn crab soup
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Binte biluhuta
4056:
4050:
4048:
4045:Soups, stews,
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3629:Maize and corn
3627:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3581:
3580:External links
3578:
3576:
3575:
3553:
3535:
3505:
3484:(4): 895–896.
3461:
3442:
3420:
3377:
3355:
3330:
3301:
3298:. 31 May 2012.
3283:
3257:
3235:
3199:
3152:
3090:
3028:
2997:
2976:
2953:
2927:
2873:
2847:
2818:(1): 176–182.
2798:
2776:
2768:"Added sugars"
2759:
2701:
2672:(3): 833–849.
2652:
2645:
2619:
2600:(2): 209–226.
2580:
2553:
2532:
2498:
2472:
2438:
2409:
2386:
2361:
2331:
2301:
2278:James Bovard.
2270:
2236:
2222:
2200:
2175:
2149:
2138:. 3 March 2006
2121:
2090:
2065:
2036:
2004:
1971:
1942:
1929:
1918:on 21 May 2017
1894:
1865:
1843:
1818:
1790:
1761:
1736:
1710:
1684:
1633:
1626:
1597:
1552:
1530:
1509:
1468:
1417:
1404:Slate Magazine
1390:
1328:
1319:
1294:
1255:
1207:
1192:
1165:
1154:on 17 May 2017
1139:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:List of syrups
1111:
1104:
1101:
1063:
1060:
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
985:Main article:
982:
979:
961:
958:
956:
953:
873:
870:
850:liver diseases
837:
834:
822:micronutrients
809:
806:
803:
802:
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
768:
767:
762:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
739:
737:
731:
730:
726:
724:
718:
717:
713:
711:
705:
704:
700:
698:
692:
691:
687:
685:
679:
678:
674:
672:
666:
665:
661:
659:
653:
652:
645:
640:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
619:
617:
611:
610:
606:
604:
594:
593:
589:
587:
578:
577:
573:
571:
561:
560:
556:
554:
544:
543:
539:
537:
527:
526:
519:
514:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
487:
486:
483:
481:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
457:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
429:
428:
425:
419:
418:
415:
413:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
378:
375:
364:
361:
320:
317:
311:
308:
295:
292:
286:
283:
279:European Union
274:
273:European Union
271:
265:
262:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
238:
219:
216:
208:chromatography
175:
172:
170:
167:
126:
123:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6944:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6897:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6869:
6867:
6859:
6857:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6806:Food politics
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6771:(South Korea)
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6635:United States
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6556:2011 Germany
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6513:1996 Odwalla
6511:
6509:
6507:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6473:
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6430:
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6427:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
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6349:
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6343:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
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6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
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6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
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6269:
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6264:
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6219:
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6208:
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6178:
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6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6144:Preservatives
6141:
6135:
6134:Methamidophos
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6097:
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6092:
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6084:
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6077:
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6034:
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6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:Toxoplasmosis
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5886:Vegetable oil
5884:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5735:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Robert Lustig
5689:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
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5649:
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5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5561:
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5556:
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5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:United States
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:British Sugar
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Sugar alcohol
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:Glucose syrup
4881:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Maesil-cheong
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Colada morada
4574:
4572:
4571:Chicha morada
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Makki di roti
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:Corn tortilla
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
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4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
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4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Hasty pudding
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
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4077:
4075:
4072:
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4067:
4065:
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4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:High-fructose
4020:
4018:
4017:Glucose syrup
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:Field of Corn
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:United States
3881:
3880:
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3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
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3854:
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3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3814:Popcorn maker
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:Maize milling
3797:
3795:
3792:
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3588:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3563:
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3554:
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3545:
3539:
3536:
3523:
3519:
3518:SugarCane.org
3515:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3497:
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3211:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3166:Ecotoxicology
3163:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3139:
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3130:
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3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
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2427:. 28 May 2018
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2079:
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2053:
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2046:
2040:
2037:
2024:
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2014:
2008:
2005:
1992:
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1981:
1975:
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1959:
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1939:
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1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
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1580:
1575:
1572:(4): 723–35.
1571:
1567:
1563:
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1553:
1540:
1534:
1531:
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1513:
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1199:
1195:
1193:9781489980779
1189:
1185:
1178:
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1172:
1170:
1166:
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1143:
1140:
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1128:
1125:
1119:
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1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:derived from
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
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978:
976:
972:
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949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
931:compounds or
930:
925:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:raw materials
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
880:(GRAS) as an
879:
871:
869:
866:
862:
857:
855:
854:enzyme levels
851:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:carbohydrates
807:
800:
796:
791:
787:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
763:
761:
757:
753:
745:
738:
736:
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723:
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641:
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629:
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618:
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612:
605:
603:
595:
588:
586:
579:
572:
570:
562:
555:
553:
545:
538:
536:
531:Riboflavin (B
528:
523:
518:
515:
513:
512:
507:
503:
499:
492:
488:
482:
479:
478:
472:
468:
464:
458:
455:
454:
448:
444:
440:
436:
434:
433:Dietary fiber
430:
426:
424:
420:
414:
411:
410:
409:Carbohydrates
404:
400:
396:
394:
390:
385:
376:
374:
371:
362:
360:
358:
355:In 2010, the
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
319:United States
318:
316:
309:
307:
305:
300:
293:
291:
284:
282:
280:
272:
270:
263:
261:
254:
247:
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239:
236:
235:
234:
232:
227:
225:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:alpha-amylase
185:
184:carbohydrates
181:
173:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
6816:Food quality
6723:Institutions
6557:
6523:
6514:
6505:
6389:Nitrosamines
6152:Benzoic acid
6114:Chlorpyrifos
6093:
6087:
6078:
6061:
6044:
6036:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
5985:Trichuriasis
5970:Toxocariasis
5940:Enterobiasis
5878:
5816:Formaldehyde
5700:
5550:Sugar people
5538:Sugar packet
5462:Molasses Act
5437:Blackbirding
5330:Illovo Sugar
5325:South Africa
5278:Wilmar Sugar
5073:Butterscotch
5068:Barley sugar
4973:
4892:
4888:Golden syrup
4866:Mogwa-cheong
4718:Disaccharide
4591:Corn whiskey
4389:Corn fritter
4367:Fried dishes
4169:Suam na mais
4104:Creamed corn
4084:Corn pudding
4074:Corn chowder
4047:and porridge
4034:High-maltose
4021:
4007:Steep liquor
3962:Maize dishes
3948:
3930:
3837:Corn allergy
3566:. Retrieved
3556:
3548:the original
3538:
3526:. Retrieved
3522:the original
3517:
3508:
3481:
3477:
3464:
3451:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3423:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3321:. Retrieved
3316:
3295:
3286:
3273:
3248:. Retrieved
3238:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3172:(2): 320–8.
3169:
3165:
3155:
3112:
3108:
3048:
3044:
3019:. Retrieved
3015:the original
3010:
3000:
2992:the original
2987:
2979:
2971:the original
2966:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2940:the original
2930:
2893:
2889:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:ScienceDaily
2859:
2850:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2779:
2771:
2762:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2628:
2622:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2543:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2514:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:the original
2454:
2429:. Retrieved
2425:Vietnam News
2424:
2400:. Retrieved
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2249:
2239:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2161:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2133:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2105:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2048:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2019:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1983:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1957:
1945:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1885:. Retrieved
1880:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1809:. Retrieved
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1687:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1609:
1591:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1533:
1523:29 September
1521:. Retrieved
1512:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1433:(1): 55–64.
1430:
1426:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1358:
1354:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1285:. Retrieved
1231:
1227:
1183:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1142:
1127:
1094:
1086:
1081:Streptomyces
1079:
1065:
1032:
1028:
990:
963:
940:chlor-alkali
937:
926:
901:agave nectar
894:
890:added sugars
875:
858:
839:
812:HFCS is 76%
811:
764:
759:
647:
642:
635:
521:
516:
509:
475:
451:
407:
366:
354:
350:
326:
322:
313:
301:
297:
288:
276:
267:
259:
228:
221:
196:Glucoamylase
177:
148:
128:
108:
89:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:
25:
6896:WikiProject
6733:(Hong Kong)
6470: [
6432:Devon colic
6306:Breast milk
6278:Nonylphenol
6253:Bisphenol A
6190:controversy
6057:Hepatitis E
6052:Hepatitis A
6030:Enterovirus
6023:Cronobacter
5980:Trichinosis
5950:Fasciolosis
5920:Anisakiasis
5891:controversy
5784:Adulterants
5696:John Yudkin
5606:Fruit syrup
5523:Sugar shack
5513:Added sugar
5452:Holing cane
5310:Philippines
5210:Casa-grande
5124:Other forms
5100:Sugar glass
5063:Sugar candy
5003:Gula melaka
4983:Candi sugar
4962:Solid forms
4953:Yacón syrup
4943:Table syrup
4918:Maple syrup
4871:Yuja-cheong
4841:Agave syrup
4776:Agave syrup
4745:Added sugar
4556:Champurrado
4505:Maque choux
4480:Huitlacoche
4460:Corn relish
4450:Corn flakes
4428:Other foods
4414:Milho frito
4281:Corn cookie
4271:Chipa guasu
3987:Mielie-meal
3970:Ingredients
3926:Corn School
3921:Corn Palace
3879:By country
3809:Wet-milling
3528:11 February
3435:17 November
3348:16 November
3323:16 November
2635:. pp.
2465:18 November
2431:18 November
2379:17 November
2354:17 November
2324:17 November
2168:18 November
2142:11 November
2114:17 November
2058:11 November
2029:11 November
1997:11 November
1964:17 November
1887:18 November
1881:Punto Focal
1783:18 November
1749:MarketWatch
1566:J Food Prot
1406:. Slate.com
310:Philippines
180:corn starch
155:maple syrup
104:soft drinks
65:corn starch
6911:Categories
6647:Regulation
6630:death toll
6399:Shortening
6364:Acrylamide
6293:Food fraud
6273:Mycotoxins
6106:Pesticides
6080:Salmonella
5955:Giardiasis
5915:Amoebiasis
5859:Flavorings
5734:Production
5611:Date honey
5596:Cane knife
5533:Sugar nips
5222:Sugar bush
5205:Plantation
5193:Production
5088:Rock candy
5053:Preserving
4933:Pine honey
4878:Corn syrup
4766:Sugar beet
4465:Corn sauce
4343:Spoonbread
4298:Johnnycake
3857:Production
3832:BBCH-scale
3787:Processing
3731:By origin
3643:Amylomaize
3568:6 November
3370:30 January
2791:10 January
2491:4 December
2485:dtinews.vn
2263:20 January
2215:15 October
2193:4 December
2083:4 December
1858:20 October
1836:10 October
1811:20 October
1754:4 December
1729:4 December
1410:6 November
1158:9 February
1120:References
1035:McDonald's
1009:expression
993:apiculture
981:Beekeeping
913:hydrolysis
830:tablespoon
696:Phosphorus
169:Production
151:corn syrup
69:corn syrup
63:made from
53:isoglucose
6693:ISO 22000
6655:watchdogs
6651:standards
6625:outbreaks
6526:outbreaks
6404:Trans fat
6316:Olive oil
6238:Aflatoxin
6212:Sucralose
6197:Saccharin
6185:Aspartame
6129:Malathion
6074:Rotavirus
6069:Norovirus
5670:Sweetness
5665:Sweetener
5555:Sugar tit
5543:Sucrology
5518:Crop Over
5477:Sugar Act
5320:Sri Lanka
5305:Mauritius
5290:Caribbean
5263:Australia
5105:Sugarloaf
5023:Muscovado
4975:Peen tong
4913:Kuromitsu
4771:Sugarcane
4738:Trehalose
4701:Galactose
4684:Chemistry
4601:Pinolillo
4596:Mazamorra
4581:Corn beer
4534:Beverages
4525:Succotash
4500:Maja maíz
4409:Hushpuppy
4379:Corn chip
4276:Cornbread
4225:Nacatamal
4094:Corn stew
4089:Corn soup
3870:Corn crib
3842:Corn smut
3824:Pathology
3720:Varieties
3636:Varieties
3194:207121566
3011:USA Today
2736:0168-8278
2633:CRC Press
2258:0362-4331
1447:1744-1692
1377:0002-9165
1287:19 August
1202:37192628M
1076:isomerase
1052:Hershey's
997:honey bee
808:Nutrition
709:Potassium
683:Magnesium
615:Vitamin C
598:Folate (B
582:Vitamin B
548:Niacin (B
370:sugarcane
334:Coca-Cola
143:sweetness
73:processed
61:sweetener
6886:Cookbook
6866:Category
6668:E number
6560:outbreak
6517:outbreak
6508:outbreak
6258:Dieldrin
6207:Sorbitol
6063:Listeria
6003:Botulism
5831:Melamine
5801:Aldicarb
5724:Category
5684:Research
5528:Sugaring
5342:Tanzania
5217:Refinery
5185:Industry
5110:Wasanbon
5048:Powdered
4988:Chancaca
4928:Molasses
4820:Products
4796:Honeydew
4696:Fructose
4621:Tesgüino
4586:Corn tea
4435:Alivenci
4419:Sorullos
4394:Corn nut
4384:Corn dog
4235:Pasteles
4164:Sagamite
4134:Mămăligă
4069:Cocoloși
3977:Cornmeal
3888:Tanzania
3500:17921361
3415:13421660
3296:CBS News
3278:Archived
3230:19645504
3186:26590927
3147:25034029
3115:: 5726.
3085:23630255
2946:14 March
2922:19171026
2842:24798032
2754:29408694
2696:25099546
2614:33029629
2567:Archived
2563:30844154
2525:28 March
2519:Archived
2509:(2024).
2284:cato.org
1922:26 April
1679:21050460
1593:methods.
1588:23575142
1463:15658896
1455:23181629
1385:19064536
1250:19386820
1103:See also
1048:Gatorade
975:Passover
929:carbonyl
826:calories
765:Quantity
643:Quantity
637:Minerals
592:0.024 mg
576:0.011 mg
542:0.019 mg
517:Quantity
511:Vitamins
85:fructose
6876:Commons
6749:(Spain)
6558:E. coli
6524:E. coli
6515:E. coli
6506:E. coli
6326:Seafood
6226:poisons
6124:Lindane
6088:E. coli
6047:O157:H7
6039:O104:H4
5841:Sudan I
5811:Cyanide
5675:Vinasse
5586:Bagasse
5574:Related
5506:Culture
5419:History
5232:Engenho
5200:Boilery
5166:Tuzemák
5131:Caramel
5058:Sucanat
5008:Jaggery
4998:Gelling
4948:Treacle
4923:Mizuame
4786:Coconut
4759:Sources
4733:Sucrose
4728:Maltose
4723:Lactose
4706:Glucose
4616:Tejuino
4520:Popcorn
4445:Conkies
4440:Binatog
4399:Cornick
4266:Cachapa
4230:Pamonha
4215:Hallaca
4210:Guanime
4188:Tamales
4154:Polenta
4149:Pashofa
4129:Kačamak
4099:Cou-cou
3914:Culture
3865:Biofuel
3740:Ecuador
3735:Bolivia
3710:Shoepeg
3693:MON 863
3688:MON 810
3395:Bibcode
3387:Science
3250:3 March
3138:4103092
3117:Bibcode
3076:3670375
3053:Bibcode
2913:2637263
2866:3 March
2833:4285619
2745:5893377
2687:4135494
2637:131–146
2573:21 June
2402:3 March
2294:12 July
2162:Reuters
1778:Reuters
1670:2991323
1504:8213603
1312:4 March
1068:Clinton
1062:History
1056:PepsiCo
1044:Yoplait
948:mercury
909:pulping
818:protein
742:0.22 mg
677:0.42 mg
657:Calcium
477:Protein
363:Vietnam
277:In the
269:India.
174:Process
135:tariffs
131:sucrose
115:sucrose
81:glucose
59:, is a
6932:Starch
6331:Shrimp
6268:Dioxin
6222:Toxins
5796:3-MCPD
5705:(1972)
5633:Nectar
5621:Jallab
5405:Hawaii
5347:Uganda
5315:Rwanda
5093:Toffee
5038:Panela
4856:Cheong
4828:Syrups
4711:Xylose
4611:Tejate
4561:Chicha
4515:Pinole
4490:Kuymak
4485:Kenkey
4475:Hominy
4353:Totopo
4328:Sloosh
4323:Pupusa
4220:Humita
4205:Binaki
4200:Tamale
4159:Pozole
4002:Starch
3953:(film)
3778:Stover
3773:Kernel
3700:Purple
3498:
3413:
3276:. US.
3274:Forbes
3228:
3192:
3184:
3145:
3135:
3083:
3073:
2920:
2910:
2840:
2830:
2752:
2742:
2734:
2694:
2684:
2643:
2612:
2561:
2551:
2256:
1703:26 May
1677:
1667:
1653:: 82.
1624:
1586:
1502:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1383:
1375:
1248:
1200:
1190:
1050:, and
971:Kosher
917:enzyme
722:Sodium
423:Sugars
393:Energy
377:Health
294:Mexico
159:Assays
6474:]
6321:Prawn
6301:Bread
5874:Sugar
5616:Grape
5300:India
5295:Kenya
5242:Zafra
5237:Batey
5115:White
5078:Candy
5013:Misri
4969:Brown
4903:Honey
4801:Maple
4781:Birch
4667:Sugar
4606:Pozol
4551:Cauim
4541:Atole
4470:Gofio
4358:Wotou
4318:Proja
4256:Bollo
4251:Arepa
4195:Acaçá
4179:Xarém
4174:Ugali
4119:Grits
4054:Banku
4012:Syrup
3761:Parts
3745:Italy
3715:Sweet
3673:Flour
3668:Flint
3663:Field
3474:(PDF)
3456:(PDF)
3190:S2CID
3021:4 May
2896:: 2.
2102:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1954:(PDF)
1916:(PDF)
1909:(PDF)
1877:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1545:9 May
1459:S2CID
955:Other
820:, or
771:Water
346:lobby
338:Pepsi
285:Japan
264:China
119:honey
83:into
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