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a storage room, or a financial trading center all with minimal re-distribution of structural elements. The external services of a high-tech building, in this understanding of the style, exist solely to make the central space habitable and do not define its function. This can lead to an effect wherein the maintenance elements of a building can be understood and interpreted without issue, but the function of the interior space is difficult to guess. The Lloyd's building is an excellent example of this, wherein its service towers quite clearly communicate their function but the usage of the central atrium is difficult to determine from the exterior.
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high-tech buildings intends to convey an ethos of science and progress. While transparency and honesty of materials is heavily valued, high-tech designs strive to evoke an ever dynamic sense of movement and change. Adaptability, flexibility, and openness are all key aims of the high-tech style. To obviously and creatively display the functional nature of service elements and to clearly communicate the changeable nature of the spaces created inside them are important goals of the vast majority of high-tech buildings.
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designing buildings. Norman Foster's HSBC Building was specifically designed to be built over a public plaza, so as not to take up more land in space-conscious Hong Kong. Minoru
Yamasaki's World Trade Center had centered around a five-acre, raised public plaza, completely devoid of cars, so pedestrians could walk freely through the complex. Additionally, the World Trade Center had led to the construction of a brand new
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accommodate truly mass-produced materials, but nonetheless seek to convey a sense of factory creation and broad distribution. Tensile structures, cross beams, and exposed support and maintenance elements are all important components found in high-tech designs. A focus on strong, simplistic, and transparent elements all connect high-tech as a style to the principles of engineering. The engineer
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244:, also a member of Archigram. These theoretical designs, along with many others, were circulated widely in British and American architectural circles due to their examination by Reyner Banham. These conceptual plans laid out the ideas and elements that would later go on to be hugely influential in the works of prominent high-tech architects like Norman Foster and
317:. The Lloyd's building also has offices designed to be changed and configured as needed by the shifting and removal of partitions – creating a flexible and adaptable interior environment that can be changed to meet the needs of the building's occupants. This theme of reconfigurable spaces is an important component of high-tech buildings. The
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over fire safety and structural soundness. In many cases high-tech buildings exhibit compromises between radical honesty in design and considerations of safety in implementation. High-tech architecture balances art and engineering as its primary themes, and as such incurs trade-offs between the aesthetics of the two disciplines.
193:. The concepts of transparency, honesty in materials, and a fascination with the aesthetics of industry can all be traced to modern architects. High-tech architecture, much like modernism, shares a belief in a "spirit of the age" that should be incorporated and applied throughout each building. The influence of
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High-tech architecture was most commonly employed in the construction of factories, corporate offices, or art galleries, all spaces that could effectively leverage the aesthetic of industry and find good use for the flexible spaces the style created. The application of technological themes throughout
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At the core of many high-tech buildings is the concept of the "omniplatz". This is the idea that a building and the spaces within it should not necessarily be absolutely defined, but rather perform a range of desired functions. As such, a room in a high-tech building could be used as a factory floor,
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station, serving the rail commuters coming from New Jersey into New York. This approach to building, with the architect having just as much responsibility to the city surrounding their building as the building itself, was a key theme of many structures designed in the high-tech style. The appropriate
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High-tech architecture attempts to embody a series of ideals that its practitioners felt were reflective of the "spirit of the age". Concerns over adaptability, sustainability, and the changing industrial world drove a shift in the way that many architects around the world approached the challenge of
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Plug-in City, a theoretical mega structure designed around the detach-ability and replacement of each of its individual units. The concept of removable and interchangeable elements of buildings would later become a widespread characteristic within the high-tech style. Less direct precursors included
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High-tech buildings often incorporate a range of materials reminiscent of industrial production. Steel, aluminium, glass, and concrete are all commonly found in high-tech structures, as these elements evoke a feeling of being mass-produced and widely available. Not all high-tech designs are made to
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The high-tech style is often interpreted as glorifying technology and emphasizing the functional purpose of each element of the building. These designs incorporate elements that obviously display the technical nature of the components within them, creating a sense of honest, open transparency. The
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While the goal of many high-tech buildings is to honestly and transparently communicate their form and function, practical considerations may prevent the absolute expression of this principle. The Centre
Pompidou, for example, has several elements that are built up or covered over due to concerns
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in Paris, by Renzo Piano and
Richard Rogers, exemplifies the technicality and focus on the exposure of service elements. The externalization of functional components is a key concept of high-tech architecture, though this technique may also be applied to generate an aesthetic of dynamic light and
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in Hong Kong, designed by Norman Foster, is another excellent example of a high-tech building designed to be changed over time according to the needs of its users. Its use of suspended floor panels and the design of its social spaces as individual towers both place emphasis on the new approach to
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High-tech architecture has generated some criticism for its forays into home building and design, an issue it shares in common with
Modernism. Many of the houses designed by high-tech architects were never inhabited by anyone other than themselves or their close relatives. Many outside observers
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Buildings built in the high-tech style often share a number of characteristic layout elements. These include an open floor plan, a large central area serviced by many smaller maintenance spaces, and repeated elements which either can be or appear to be able to be detached and replaced as needed.
189:), with many of its most famous early proponents being British. However, the movement has roots in a number of earlier styles and draws inspiration from a number of architects from earlier periods. Many of the ideals communicated through high-tech architecture were derived from the
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Spaces or elements dedicated to service and mechanical components like air conditioners, water processors, and electrical equipment are left exposed and visible to the viewer. Often these spaces are placed in large service towers external to the building, as in the
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shadow across the facade of a building. Color also plays an important role in the decoration of high-tech buildings, as various colors can be used to represent different service elements or to give the building the appearance of a set of architectural diagrams.
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was hugely influential in both the design, choice of materials, and ultimate expression of many of the earliest high-tech buildings in
Britain, and as such many of these designs are suffused with a focus on the aesthetics of engineering and construction.
104:(the technology for which had developed earlier), as these materials were becoming more advanced and available in a wider variety of forms at the time the style was developing – generally, advancements in a trend towards lightness of weight.
111:, and programmatic design. It seeks to avoid links to the past, and as such eschews building materials commonly used in older styles of architecture. Common elements include hanging or overhanging floors, a lack of internal
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utilization and distribution of space is often an integral component of high-tech theory, and as such these ideals are often found in concert with practical concerns over habitability and practicality of design.
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As of 2016, recent
Structural Impressionism has two major trends: braced systems and diagrid systems. Both structural systems have the structural support elements visible from the outside, unlike many
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is designed with a distinctive 40-metre-diameter disc, clad in stainless steel, which shelters the ticket hall and marks the station entrance. It is designed to blend in with the neighboring
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and known in the UK as
Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)) had only become widely available in the early 1970s, high-tech architecture saw much experimentation with this material.
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115:, and reconfigurable spaces. Some buildings incorporate prominent, bright colors in an attempt to evoke the sense of a drawing or diagram. High-tech utilizes a focus on
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concept of "served" and "servant" spaces, particularly when implemented in the form of service towers, later became a widespread feature of high-tech architecture.
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84:. It emphasizes transparency in design and construction, seeking to communicate the underlying structure and function of a building throughout its interior and
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Other projects and designs that contained or inspired elements common across the high-tech style include the
Archigram member Mike Webb's concept of
225:, whose focus on minimizing construction resources generated an emphasis on tensile structures, another important element in many high-tech designs.
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found the high-tech style's focus on industry and expression of services to be antithetical to comfort and home living. Norman Foster's housing at
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The
Original World Trade Center in New York City, by Minoru Yamasaki. The Twin Towers had completely open floor plans, with zero internal columns.
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buildings where most structural elements are hidden in the interior. The braced systems have strong exterior columns connected by "heavy"
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and a large central space serviced by many smaller maintenance areas to evoke a feeling of openness, honesty, and transparency.
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system consists of a lattice of "light" diagonal elements and horizontal rings forming triangles, without vertical columns.
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1930:"An Overview of Structural and Aesthetic Developments in Tall Buildings Using Exterior Bracing and Diagrid Systems"
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1873:"Norman Foster's Hong Kong HSBC headquarters tore up the rule book – a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 45"
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was never particularly popular, and other high-tech designs were seen as uncomfortable or awkward to live in.
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Some of the earliest practitioners of high-tech architecture included the
British architecture group
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High-tech architecture focuses on creating adaptable buildings through choice of materials, internal
1905:"AD Classics: AD Classics: Centre Georges Pompidou / Renzo Piano Building Workshop + Richard Rogers"
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is extensive throughout many of the principles and designs of high-tech architecture.
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industry and technology into building design. High-tech architecture grew from the
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Pawley, Martin (1991). "High-Tech Architecture: History Vs. The Parasites".
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in addition to the structure. Most of these early examples used exposed
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Maxwell, Robert (1999). "Purity and Danger: The Appeal of High-Tech".
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1844:"Lloyd's building is Richard Rogers' first high-tech office block"
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1978:"Revisiting the Contentious "High Tech" Movement in Architecture"
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The style's premier practitioners include the following: Sir
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High-tech architecture was originally developed in Britain (
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Early high-tech buildings were referred to by historian
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Sainsbury Centre in Norwich, by Foster and Associates
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that emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of
1819:"Anthony Hunt is the high-tech architect's engineer"
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1794:"Richard Rogers: high-tech's inside out architect"
1739:. New York: Rizzoli International Publications.
1677:"How much does your building weigh, Mr. Foster?"
88:. High-tech architecture makes extensive use of
80:style, utilizing new advances in technology and
703:Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback & Associates
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126:as "serviced sheds" due to their exposure of
16:Architectural style that emerged in the 1970s
8:
1934:International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
19:
322:creating and servicing an office building.
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1769:"Dezeen's guide to high-tech architecture"
403:
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18:
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2003:"WAM | Modern – High Tech Architecture"
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742:Internationales Congress Centrum Berlin
1699:"The Brits who built the modern world"
1675:Etherington, Rose (18 February 2010).
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7:
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1728:
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885:HSBC Hong Kong headquarters building
1928:Kheir Al-Kodmany; and Mir M. Ali.
578:Moscow Power Engineering Institute
563:Istra High Voltage Research Center
14:
3429:20th-century architectural styles
2631:Architecture of the United States
1871:Wainwright, Oliver (2015-05-28).
771:Sport- und Erholungszentrum (SEZ)
513:Mercy Hospital and Medical Center
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1599:
134:as their material of choice. As
2944:Sarasota School of Architecture
1410:Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building
1620:British high-tech architecture
860:PHARAOH Dental Clinic Building
187:British High Tech architecture
1:
3069:Building types and vernacular
191:early modernists of the 1920s
2007:www.worldarchitecturemap.org
678:Michael Hopkins and Partners
528:C.F. Murphy & Associates
1697:Moore, Rowan (2014-02-09).
1024:Václav Aulický, Jiří Kozák
935:San Diego Convention Center
262:HSBC Hong Kong headquarters
70:late modernist architecture
3445:
3035:New Classical architecture
2667:Colonial and post-colonial
1235:City of Manchester Stadium
835:ARK Dental Clinic Building
240:, and the Walking City by
136:hollow structural sections
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1526:Rogers + Stirk + Harbour
100:, and to a lesser extent
24:
2954:Spanish Colonial Revival
2794:Richardsonian Romanesque
66:structural expressionism
3424:Postmodern architecture
2583:Architecture portal
1512:The Leadenhall Building
1151:RDC Architects Pte Ltd
825:Stephenson & Turner
713:Centre Georges Pompidou
336:postmodern architecture
3414:High-tech architecture
2887:Dutch Colonial Revival
1737:High tech architecture
1735:Davies, Colin (1988).
1535:Raffles City Chongqing
1375:T. R. Hamzah and Yeang
761:Ursulina Schüler-Witte
643:Minneapolis, Minnesota
367:
359:
296:
276:
265:
62:High-tech architecture
20:High-tech architecture
3419:Architectural history
3131:Hall and parlor house
3091:Central-passage house
2912:Mediterranean Revival
2638:Native and indigenous
1175:Cox Richardson Rayner
1137:Singapore Post Centre
365:
357:
282:
271:
259:
3111:Critical regionalism
2804:American Renaissance
2527:Critical regionalism
2109:Critical regionalism
1122:United Arab Emirates
236:, the Fun Palace by
2959:Territorial Revival
2902:International style
2872:California bungalow
2862:American Foursquare
2375:International style
2367:Rationalist-Fascist
2311:Stripped Classicism
2244:Stripped Classicism
2224:Rationalist-Fascist
2149:International style
2055:modern architecture
1936:. 2016. p. 274–275.
1607:Architecture portal
1575:Foster and Partners
1478:Enric Massip-Bosch
1087:Lord's Media Centre
960:Bank of China Tower
693:St. Louis, Missouri
538:John Hancock Center
264:, completed in 1985
140:Stewarts and Lloyds
128:mechanical services
109:structural elements
21:
3010:Mid-century modern
2857:American Craftsman
2846:Streamline Moderne
2458:(1940s–late 1970s)
2447:Mid-century modern
2415:Postconstructivism
2359:Streamline Moderne
2239:Streamline Moderne
2204:Postconstructivism
2159:Mid-Century modern
1487:Mercury City Tower
1464:Diagonal Zero Zero
1300:Santiago Calatrava
588:World Trade Center
368:
360:
297:
277:
266:
219:Buckminster Fuller
175:Santiago Calatrava
155:Fazlur Rahman Khan
117:factory aesthetics
113:load-bearing walls
82:building materials
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2973:Post–World War II
2685:Colonial Georgian
2597:
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1625:Catherine gardens
1590:
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688:One US Bank Plaza
618:Chicago, Illinois
543:Chicago, Illinois
518:Chicago, Illinois
407:Name of building
246:Nicholas Grimshaw
59:
58:
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3372:Washington, D.C.
2990:Deconstructivism
2892:Georgian Revival
2882:Colonial Revival
2835:mid-20th century
2759:Mid-19th century
2705:Spanish Colonial
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910:Lloyd's Building
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285:Expo MRT Station
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138:, (developed by
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1713:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1560:270 Park Avenue
1385:Wembley Stadium
1260:30 St. Mary Axe
1062:Petronas Towers
1033:Mesiniaga Tower
1010:Žižkov TV Tower
950:Arthur Erickson
795:
773:
653:Gunnar Birkerts
638:Marquette Plaza
603:Minoru Yamasaki
503:William Pereira
402:
352:
328:Centre Pompidou
273:SingPost Centre
254:
252:Characteristics
183:
159:Minoru Yamasaki
147:Michael Hopkins
68:, is a type of
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Platform mound
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2934:Prairie School
2931:
2930:
2929:
2922:Pueblo Revival
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Chicago School
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2776:Gothic Revival
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2721:Early Republic
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Dutch Colonial
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2335:Constructivism
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2295:Prairie School
2292:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Prairie School
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Constructivism
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2062:Alphabetically
2059:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2018:
1994:
1969:
1938:
1921:
1896:
1860:
1835:
1810:
1785:
1760:
1745:
1722:
1686:
1667:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:United Kingdom
1519:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:Frank Williams
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1395:United Kingdom
1392:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1270:United Kingdom
1267:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1245:United Kingdom
1242:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Singapore Expo
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:Future Systems
1099:
1097:United Kingdom
1094:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:Czech Republic
1017:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
977:
972:
967:
962:
956:
955:
952:
947:
942:
937:
931:
930:
927:
925:Richard Rogers
922:
920:United Kingdom
917:
912:
906:
905:
902:
897:
892:
887:
881:
880:
877:
875:Shin Takamatsu
872:
867:
862:
856:
855:
852:
850:Shin Takamatsu
847:
842:
837:
831:
830:
827:
822:
817:
812:
806:
805:
802:
790:
785:
780:
767:
766:
763:
754:
749:
744:
738:
737:
734:
732:Richard Rogers
725:
720:
715:
709:
708:
705:
700:
695:
690:
684:
683:
680:
675:
673:United Kingdom
670:
665:
659:
658:
655:
650:
645:
640:
634:
633:
630:
625:
620:
615:
609:
608:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
583:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
558:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
533:
530:
525:
520:
515:
509:
508:
505:
500:
495:
486:
483:Irvine Company
479:
478:
475:
470:
465:
456:
450:
449:
446:
441:
436:
427:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
401:
398:
351:
348:
342:elements. The
315:Richard Rogers
293:Singapore Expo
253:
250:
199:Walter Gropius
182:
179:
167:Richard Rogers
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:Richard Rogers
35:in London, by
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3441:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:San Francisco
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:New York City
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Shotgun house
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Dogtrot house
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Cowboy church
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2964:Tudor Revival
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Mayan Revival
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Second Empire
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Greek Revival
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2551:New Classical
2549:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2495:Postmodernism
2493:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2479:Structuralism
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2434:(1930s–1950s)
2432:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2386:(1920s–1970s)
2384:
2383:Functionalism
2381:
2376:
2373:
2370:(1920s–1930s)
2368:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2303:Expressionism
2301:
2298:(1890s–1920s)
2296:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Structuralism
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Postmodernism
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:New Classical
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Monumentalism
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Functionalism
2127:
2125:
2124:Expressionism
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:(40): 53–55.
1949:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:0-8478-0881-5
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:(21): 26–29.
1647:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:United States
1568:
1566:
1565:New York City
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:Norman Foster
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:Norman Foster
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Torre Glòries
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1325:Norman Foster
1323:
1321:
1320:United States
1318:
1316:
1315:New York City
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Turning Torso
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:Norman Foster
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:Norman Foster
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Hong Kong SAR
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:United States
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:Norman Foster
898:
896:
895:Hong Kong SAR
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
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793:Erhardt Gißke
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340:cross bracing
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313:in London by
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55:International
54:
50:
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42:
38:
34:
28:
23:
3337:Philadelphia
3297:Jacksonville
3186:Quiggly hole
3025:Neo-futurism
3020:Neo-eclectic
3004:
2980:Blobitecture
2833:Late-19th to
2743:Neoclassical
2738:Jeffersonian
2680:First Period
2574:
2559:Contemporary
2518:
2511:Neo-futurism
2503:Blobitecture
2442:(1930s–1970)
2174:Neo-Futurism
2143:
2104:Contemporary
2084:Blobitecture
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1997:
1986:. Retrieved
1984:. 2018-06-07
1981:
1972:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1911:. 2010-06-11
1908:
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1877:The Guardian
1876:
1852:. Retrieved
1850:. 2019-11-19
1847:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1825:. 2019-11-20
1822:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1800:. 2019-11-06
1797:
1788:
1777:. Retrieved
1775:. 2019-11-04
1772:
1763:
1736:
1714:. Retrieved
1703:The Observer
1702:
1680:
1670:
1645:
1639:
1584:
1550:Moshe Safdie
1454:Moshe Safdie
1310:Hearst Tower
1112:Burj Al Arab
1067:Kuala Lumpur
1000:Bruce Graham
757:Ralf Schüler
628:Bruce Graham
613:Willis Tower
573:Soviet Union
553:Bruce Graham
459:Jacksonville
444:Bruce Graham
394:
386:
382:
378:
369:
333:
324:
307:
302:Anthony Hunt
298:
238:Cedric Price
231:
227:Louis Kahn's
214:Peter Cook's
207:
195:Le Corbusier
184:
151:Bruce Graham
144:
121:
106:
65:
61:
60:
47:1960–present
44:Years active
3347:San Antonio
3322:New Orleans
3312:Los Angeles
3302:Kansas City
3236:Town square
3221:Sweat lodge
3171:Plank house
3121:Earth lodge
2939:PWA Moderne
2814:Stick style
2710:Territorial
2474:(1953–1970)
2450:(1933–1969)
2426:(1933–1944)
2423:PWA Moderne
2410:(1910–1939)
2362:(1925–1950)
2354:(1922–1933)
2346:(1921–1929)
2343:Rondocubism
2338:(1920–1932)
2330:(1919–1933)
2322:(1917–1931)
2290:(1890–1910)
2287:Art Nouveau
2282:(1888–1911)
2254:Sustainable
2229:Rondocubism
2214:PWA Moderne
2074:Art Nouveau
1350:Jean Nouvel
1077:César Pelli
1038:Subang Jaya
820:New Zealand
796: [
774: [
728:Renzo Piano
430:Kansas City
171:Renzo Piano
3408:Categories
3211:Skyscraper
3166:Moki steps
3161:Longhouses
3055:Tiny-house
3050:Shed style
3040:Postmodern
2867:Beaux-Arts
2819:Queen Anne
2771:Italianate
2748:Antebellum
2487:Metabolism
2399:Organicism
2279:Modernisme
2199:Organicism
2164:Modernisme
2154:Metabolism
2053:Genres of
2012:2019-12-02
1988:2019-12-02
1982:Metropolis
1915:2019-12-02
1890:2019-12-02
1854:2019-12-02
1829:2019-12-02
1804:2019-12-02
1779:2019-12-02
1716:2019-12-02
1631:References
1492:Moscow IBC
1240:Manchester
1127:Tom Wright
985:Hotel Arts
815:Wellington
810:Aon Centre
493:California
416:Architect
242:Ron Herron
181:Background
3367:St. Louis
3307:Las Vegas
3216:Sod house
3156:Log cabin
3101:Corn crib
3030:Neomodern
3005:High-tech
3000:Earthship
2985:Brutalist
2786:Victorian
2543:Neomodern
2519:High-tech
2471:New Khmer
2455:Brutalism
2431:Stalinist
2234:Stalinist
2189:New Khmer
2179:Neomodern
2144:High-tech
2094:Bowellism
2089:Brutalism
1956:0261-6823
1909:ArchDaily
1885:0261-3077
1711:0029-7712
1654:0261-6823
1615:Bowellism
1540:Chongqing
1469:Barcelona
1449:Singapore
1444:Singapore
1370:Singapore
1365:Singapore
1340:Barcelona
1220:Singapore
1215:Singapore
1195:Singapore
1190:Singapore
1170:Singapore
1165:Singapore
1147:Singapore
1142:Singapore
1052:Ken Yeang
990:Barcelona
965:Hong Kong
940:San Diego
890:Hong Kong
425:BMA Tower
289:Singapore
234:bowellism
223:Frei Otto
210:Archigram
90:aluminium
78:modernist
74:high tech
3342:Portland
3282:Columbus
3086:Cape Cod
3081:Barabara
2842:Art Deco
2650:Builders
2562:(2000s–)
2554:(1990s–)
2546:(1990s–)
2538:(1980s–)
2530:(1980s–)
2522:(1970s–)
2514:(1960s–)
2506:(1960s–)
2498:(1960s–)
2463:Tropical
2407:Art Deco
2402:(1920s–)
2394:(1920s–)
2391:Futurism
2378:(1920s–)
2319:De Stijl
2259:Tropical
2134:Futurism
2114:De Stijl
2069:Art Deco
1964:29544172
1948:AA Files
1755:17526878
1662:29543727
1646:AA Files
1593:See also
1072:Malaysia
1047:Malaysia
1042:Selangor
975:I.M. Pei
434:Missouri
413:Country
400:Examples
295:complex.
102:concrete
86:exterior
52:Location
3362:Spokane
3357:Seattle
3292:Houston
3287:Detroit
3277:Chicago
3272:Buffalo
3262:Atlanta
3226:Temples
3196:Saltbox
3136:I-house
3096:Chickee
3060:Usonian
2995:Dingbat
2852:Pre-war
2824:Shingle
2733:Federal
2490:(1959–)
2482:(1959–)
2466:(1958–)
2418:(1930s)
2327:Bauhaus
2314:(1913–)
2306:(1910–)
2079:Bauhaus
1585:Source:
1419:Ontario
1415:Toronto
788:Germany
752:Germany
463:Florida
344:diagrid
3388:Hawaii
3381:States
3267:Boston
3255:Cities
3246:Wigwam
3206:Sipapu
3191:Ramada
3015:Modern
2949:Rustic
2897:Googie
2675:Creole
2657:Pueblo
2439:Googie
2271:decade
2139:Googie
1962:
1954:
1883:
1848:Dezeen
1823:Dezeen
1798:Dezeen
1773:Dezeen
1753:
1743:
1709:
1681:Dezeen
1660:
1652:
1517:London
1497:Russia
1424:Canada
1390:London
1295:Sweden
1265:London
1092:London
1015:Prague
915:London
783:Berlin
747:Berlin
723:France
668:London
568:Moscow
410:Place
201:, and
173:, and
165:, Sir
161:, Sir
3393:Texas
3332:Omaha
3317:Miami
3241:Tupiq
3181:Qargi
3146:Jacal
3141:Igloo
3126:Hogan
3076:Adobe
3045:Ranch
2645:Mound
1960:JSTOR
1658:JSTOR
1579:2025
1554:2019
1545:China
1529:2013
1506:2013
1481:2011
1474:Spain
1458:2010
1433:2006
1404:2006
1379:2005
1354:2005
1345:Spain
1329:2004
1304:2004
1290:Malmö
1279:2003
1254:2002
1229:2014
1204:2001
1179:1999
1154:1999
1131:1999
1117:Dubai
1106:1999
1081:1993
1056:1992
1027:1992
1004:1992
995:Spain
979:1989
954:1989
929:1986
904:1985
879:1984
870:Japan
865:Kyoto
854:1983
845:Japan
840:Kyoto
829:1983
804:1981
800:]
778:]
765:1979
736:1977
718:Paris
707:1976
682:1976
657:1973
632:1973
607:1971
582:1970
557:1969
532:1968
507:1968
477:1967
448:1961
419:Year
350:Goals
98:glass
94:steel
3231:Tipi
3151:Kiva
2927:Deco
2809:Folk
2728:Adam
1952:ISSN
1881:ISSN
1751:OCLC
1741:ISBN
1707:ISSN
1650:ISSN
1250:Arup
1225:Arup
730:and
373:PATH
283:The
260:The
221:and
31:The
287:in
3410::
2005:.
1980:.
1958:.
1932:.
1907:.
1879:.
1875:.
1863:^
1846:.
1821:.
1796:.
1771:.
1749:.
1725:^
1705:.
1701:.
1689:^
1679:.
1656:.
1417:,
1040:,
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197:,
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169:,
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2032:v
2015:.
1991:.
1966:.
1918:.
1893:.
1857:.
1832:.
1807:.
1782:.
1757:.
1719:.
1683:.
1664:.
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