997:
1219:
1096:
727:
747:
disputes regarding breaches of charter, including ship's masters seeking compensation for unpaid freight and merchants suing for damage to goods or unexpected port fees. Cases reflected
Scotland's principal marine industries including the transshipment of sugar and tobacco and the export of dried fish, coal and grains. A smaller number of cases related to smuggling, principally brandy, and to salvage rights for ships wrecked on Scottish shores. The court ceased operation in 1832 and its functions were subsumed into the
1024:. The date of the London oar is uncertain: it is depicted on the tomb of David Lewis, Judge of the High Court of Admiralty from 1559 until 1584, there is some evidence that it may date from the beginnings of the court in the fourteenth century, though one of several assay marks suggests that it was remade three centuries later (based on the earlier pattern). Local courts and vice-admiralty courts had their own silver oars; early examples survive from colonial courts in
1941:
1953:
44:
746:
The
Scottish court's workload was small until the mid-eighteenth century, with judges hearing no more than four matters in each sitting. After the 1750s the volume of cases rose until by 1790 it was necessary to maintain a daily log of decisions. The growth in caseload was related to increasing
1148:
To expedite the administration of maritime law, British colonies were routinely granted subsidiary jurisdiction through independent vice-admiralty courts. These were civil courts with the power to interpret colonial legislation, provided these did not conflict with
Admiralty Court decisions or
1016:. An antique silver oar is still placed before the bench when the High Court sits in London on matters relating to its admiralty court functions; in past times it was borne by the marshal in procession, not only in court but on occasions of arrest of persons or vessels, and also on the way to
1319:
c. 27 (UK)). That act provided for the abolition of the imperial courts of admiralty and replace them with local courts to be called colonial courts of admiralty. It was widely considered unsatisfactory that the imperial court should exist separately to the colonial courts, yet use the same
1067:
In addition to representing the court in session, from the nineteenth century the silver oar has been the insignia of the
Admiralty Marshal - an official responsible for serving writs of the court, and carrying out the sale of any vessels seized and disposed of by court decision.
734:
The
Scottish court's earliest records, held in West Register House in Edinburgh, indicate that sittings were a regular event by at least 1556. Judges were styled "Judge Admiral" and received appointment at the hands of the Scottish High Admiral to hear matters affecting the
1524:
the Court of
Session shall hold and exercise original jurisdiction in all maritime civil causes and proceedings of the same nature and extent in all respects as that held and exercised in regard to such causes by the High Court of Admiralty before the passing of this
1059:
possess examples relating to their former local admiralty jurisdiction. In recent times, new silver oars have been made for admiralty courts in Canada, Australia and New
Zealand; in 2014 the Admiralty Court presented a replica silver oar mace to the
591:
1113:
An Act to facilitate the
Appointment of Vice Admirals and of Officers in Vice Admiralty Courts in Her Majesty's Possessions abroad, and to confirm the past Proceedings, to extend the Jurisdiction, and to amend the Practice of those
1418:
815:
practice, the registrar can (and here does) act as deputy to the judge. Unless the judge finds a conflict of interest in the registrar's work their main task is to co-invest each successive
602:
1008:, the symbol of authority for a British admiralty court has been a silver oar, placed before the judge when the court is in session. In this respect the silver oar is the equivalent of a
610:
996:
558:
771:
who holds the appointment of
Admiralty Judge. The jurisdiction of the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports extends in an area with boundaries running from the
1437:
Other than a brief interregnum from 1689 to 1702, during which the position of
Admiral was suspended and its functions administered by a board of commissioners.
980:
483:
113:
1336:
under the provisions of the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890 (UK) to deal jurisdiction over all admiralty and maritime actions. With Ceylon gaining
231:
1191:
who received a percentage of the confiscated goods if the defendants were found guilty; therefore, defendants were more than likely to be found guilty.
1739:
1540:
The beauties of England and Wales; or, Delineations... of each county, by J. Britton and E. W. Brayley [and others]. 18 vols. [in 21]
1013:
820:
667:
641:
1241:
1153:
1119:
596:
1554:
1236:
An Act to amend the Law respecting the exercise of Admiralty Jurisdiction in Her Majesty's Dominions and elsewhere out of the United Kingdom.
1161:
743:
disputes. From 1702 the judge of the court was also authorised to appoint deputies to hear lesser matters or to deputise during his absence.
1757:
768:
1421:
summarized their finding to this argument with, "Unfortunately for Defendant Greenstreet, decor is not a determinant for jurisdiction."
631:
586:
552:
433:
1394:
1380:
907:
1882:
1720:
1813:
1735:
1223:
1165:
1100:
1064:
on the occasion of its 500th anniversary, acknowledging the work of its brethren in advising the court over much of its history.
636:
816:
81:
1788:
1920:
1901:
1285:
1280:
1643:
1000:
Cartoon showing the Duke of Wellington; King George IV and George's brother William holding the Silver Oar of the Admiralty
913:
1931:
1376:
1345:
1061:
726:
1819:
927:
660:
1398:
547:
473:
1667:
1983:
1406:
1402:
356:
1302:
812:
569:
285:
1854:
716:
1978:
1356:
1341:
1973:
653:
811:, and the Galloper Sands off the coast of Essex. The last full sitting was in 1914. According to general
1231:
1184:
1108:
446:
300:
1295:
1029:
959:
796:
516:
262:
65:
1579:
1359:, having had the jurisdiction transferred to it from the Supreme Court under the provisions of the
851:
209:
1839:
1765:
1306:
1055:
had a silver oar of early date, but it was stolen in the 1960s and replaced with a replica. Some
325:
194:
125:
72:
888:
1686:
1538:
1916:
1897:
1878:
1716:
1041:
969:
879:
862:
615:
532:
421:
366:
221:
176:
130:
58:
1625:
1500:
1473:
1316:
1246:
1124:
896:
892:
884:
748:
736:
576:
383:
241:
226:
183:
108:
92:
759:
The sole survivor of the independent courts of admiralty is the Court of Admiralty for the
1056:
1009:
1005:
846:
542:
456:
451:
411:
204:
1745:
C A Ying, "Colonial and Federal Admiralty Jurisdiction" (1981) 12 Federal Law Review 241.
1644:"Notes on the silver oar of the Admiralty. Court sent to judge Woolsey in December. 1941"
1329:
1157:
1017:
788:
440:
416:
376:
371:
290:
199:
166:
17:
1967:
1957:
1372:
1187:. From 1763 to 1765, when American smugglers were caught, they were tried by corrupt
1156:
was established in the colony of New South Wales in 1788. The first Vice-Admiral was
1033:
780:
692:
537:
349:
315:
280:
275:
171:
156:
118:
87:
35:
1952:
1629:
1504:
1477:
1410:
1259:
1137:
1052:
804:
784:
760:
730:
Edinburgh's West Register House houses the records of the Scottish Admiralty Court.
688:
581:
266:
149:
144:
1384:
1650:
1555:"Tour Through the Eastern Counties of England, by Daniel Defoe; Beginning Page 6"
1940:
1172:
740:
428:
305:
295:
251:
1945:
772:
764:
478:
189:
161:
1671:
1305:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1391:
1352:
1180:
1176:
965:
827:
Judge Official and Commissary of the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports
792:
495:
468:
463:
388:
331:
310:
246:
214:
43:
1337:
1045:
695:
1037:
1025:
395:
361:
339:
320:
1340:
in 1948, jurisdiction over admiralty matters were transferred to the
1315:
1890 saw the enactment of the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890 (
1021:
875:
808:
800:
488:
236:
1188:
995:
776:
725:
139:
134:
1913:
The Development of Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice Since 1800
1491:
Mowat, Susan (1997). "Shipping and Trade in Scotland 1556-1830".
1464:
Mowat, Susan (1997). "Shipping and Trade in Scotland 1556-1830".
699:
344:
1894:
Office-holders in Modern Britain: Admiralty Officials 1660-1870
1379:
have jurisdiction over all admiralty and maritime actions; see
803:. It covers all the sea from Seaford to a point five miles off
1413:. Courts have repeatedly dismissed this as frivolous. In
783:, then to Shoe Beacon (or Shore Beacon), (to the east of
1348:(UK) made provisions of the Admiralty Act inapplicable.
1843:, 209 F.3d 1227, 1233–1235, fn. 2 (9th Cir. 2000)
1616:
Senior, W. (1924). "The Mace of the Admiralty Court".
1929:
1328:
A colonial court of admiralty was established in the
1168:
was granted the admiralty jurisdiction of the court.
763:, which is presided over by the early-merged role of
1877:(4th ed.). London: Informa Law & Finance.
1301:
1294:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1240:
1230:
1204:
1136:
1131:
1118:
1107:
1081:
1355:today, admiralty jurisdiction is exercised by the
1012:, representing the authority of the Crown and the
1789:"Structure of Courts under the 1978 Constitution"
1320:facilities and personnel of the colonial courts.
1303:Text of the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890
1409:is in fact an "admiralty court" and thus has no
819:. Appeal from the court's decisions lies to the
795:, Kent, and around the coast to Redcliffe, near
1694:Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal
751:, Scotland's supreme court for civil disputes.
661:
8:
1815:The Sovereigns: A Dictionary of the Peculiar
1520:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
717:King's Bench Division § Admiralty Court
1164:. The court was abolished in 1911 when the
1020:for the last journey of those convicted of
1522:, vol. 69, p. 21, 23 June 1830,
1201:
1171:A vice-admiralty court was also formed in
1078:
668:
654:
31:
1764:. Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from
1740:The Development of Admiralty Jurisdiction
1713:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1685:Myburgh, Paul; Sutton, Jennifer (2003).
1602:
1600:
1401:is that an American court displaying an
825:
739:as well as mercantile, privateering and
1936:
1858:, 912 F. Supp 224 (N.D. Tex. 1996)
1449:
1430:
1014:Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom
821:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
642:London Maritime Arbitrators Association
623:
524:
503:
403:
261:
100:
50:
34:
706:Admiralty courts in the United Kingdom
597:International Convention on Load Lines
1873:Meeson, Nigel; Kimbell, John (2011).
1367:Admiralty courts in the United States
1296:Text of statute as originally enacted
1206:Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890
7:
1334:Ceylon Courts of Admiralty Ordinance
972:, Barrister-at-Law, Queen's Counsel
916:, Queen's Counsel, Privy Councillor
767:. This office is normally held by a
1875:Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice
632:International Maritime Organization
587:Ballast Water Management Convention
553:International Convention on Salvage
434:The captain goes down with the ship
951:Barrister-at-Law, Queen's Counsel
787:, Essex), across the mouth of the
25:
1687:"The New Zealand Silver Oar Mace"
1606:Meeson & Kimbell 2011, pp9-11
1154:vice-admiralty court in Australia
27:Courts with maritime jurisdiction
1951:
1939:
1736:Australian Law Reform Commission
1224:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1217:
1166:Supreme Court of New South Wales
1101:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1094:
42:
1537:England; Britton, John (1808).
817:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
82:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
1915:. Cambridge University Press.
1630:10.1080/00253359.1924.10655256
1505:10.1080/00253359.1997.10656626
1478:10.1080/00253359.1997.10656626
1286:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998
1281:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1986
1083:Vice Admiralty Courts Act 1863
981:Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony
1:
1518:"Court of Session Act 1830",
914:Fellow of the British Academy
765:Judge Official and Commissary
637:Comité Maritime International
603:International Regulations for
559:United Nations Convention on
1856:United States v. Greenstreet
1415:United States v. Greenstreet
1346:Ceylon Independence Act 1947
1195:Colonial courts of admiralty
1062:Corporation of Trinity House
605:Preventing Collisions at Sea
1820:Southern Poverty Law Center
1715:. Oxford University Press.
1361:Judicature Act No.2 of 1978
1051:The Admiralty Court of the
928:Order of the British Empire
624:International organizations
2000:
1841:United States v. Mackovich
1199:United Kingdom legislation
1076:United Kingdom legislation
714:
702:, injuries, and offenses.
548:Maritime Labour Convention
1896:. London: Athlone Press.
1711:Kemp, Peter, ed. (1993).
1216:
1211:
1093:
1088:
525:International conventions
1758:"ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION"
1160:and the first judge was
687:, are courts exercising
570:International piracy law
561:the Law of the Sea
1911:Wiswall, F. L. (1970).
1742:, Report 33, Chapter 2
1580:"Cinque Ports Act 1821"
1559:www.pagebypagebooks.com
1377:federal district courts
1342:Supreme Court of Ceylon
887:, Doctor of Civil Law,
592:Anti-fouling Convention
18:High Court of Admiralty
1584:www.legislation.gov.uk
1149:British maritime law.
1001:
731:
1892:Sainty, J.C. (1975).
1357:High Court of Colombo
1185:British North America
1072:Vice admiralty courts
999:
729:
1674:on 10 February 2015.
1668:"Historical summary"
1618:The Mariner's Mirror
1493:The Mariner's Mirror
1466:The Mariner's Mirror
960:Lieutenant-Commander
517:Vice admiralty court
263:Contract of carriage
66:Corpus Juris Civilis
1656:on 9 February 2015.
1395:conspiracy argument
1390:In recent years, a
1183:of 1764 throughout
1179:and to enforce the
852:Doctor of Civil Law
828:
779:along the shore to
1787:De Silva, Sarath.
1399:sovereign citizens
1332:in 1891 under the
1307:legislation.gov.uk
1002:
948:Sir Henry Barnard
937:N. L. C. Macaskie
912:Barrister-at-Law,
826:
732:
126:Maritime transport
1768:on 29 August 2019
1317:53 & 54 Vict.
1313:
1312:
1269:Other legislation
1247:53 & 54 Vict.
1212:Act of Parliament
1146:
1145:
1125:26 & 27 Vict.
1089:Act of Parliament
1057:local authorities
1042:Cape of Good Hope
1006:Elizabethan times
989:
988:
970:Deputy Lieutenant
908:Frederick Pollock
880:Robert Phillimore
863:Joseph Phillimore
711:England and Wales
678:
677:
616:Athens Convention
582:MARPOL Convention
533:Hague-Visby Rules
422:Freight forwarder
367:Proof of delivery
222:Maritime security
59:Code of Hammurabi
16:(Redirected from
1991:
1984:Admiralty courts
1956:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1907:
1888:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1754:
1748:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1670:. Archived from
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1649:. Archived from
1648:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1438:
1435:
1397:used notably by
1221:
1220:
1207:
1202:
1098:
1097:
1084:
1079:
940:Queen's Counsel
897:Barrister-at-Law
893:Privy Councillor
885:Bachelor of Arts
829:
807:on the coast of
769:High Court Judge
749:Court of Session
737:Royal Scots Navy
683:, also known as
681:Admiralty courts
670:
663:
656:
577:SOLAS Convention
564:
429:Captain (Master)
227:Letter of marque
184:Marine insurance
93:Hanseatic League
46:
32:
21:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1910:
1904:
1891:
1885:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1822:, 1 August 2010
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:. p. 1012.
1536:
1535:
1531:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1369:
1326:
1290:
1226:
1218:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1103:
1095:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1010:ceremonial mace
994:
962:Gerald Darling
889:Queen's Counsel
847:French Laurence
838:Qualifications
757:
724:
719:
713:
708:
685:maritime courts
674:
607:
604:
566:
562:
560:
543:Rotterdam Rules
512:Admiralty court
452:Freight company
443:
205:General average
186:
157:Merchant marine
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:Courts by type
1976:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1908:
1902:
1889:
1883:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1832:
1805:
1779:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1728:
1721:
1703:
1677:
1659:
1635:
1608:
1596:
1571:
1546:
1529:
1510:
1483:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1381:28 U.S.C.
1368:
1365:
1330:British Ceylon
1325:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1158:Arthur Phillip
1144:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1018:Execution Dock
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
978:
974:
973:
963:
957:
953:
952:
949:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
931:
930:
925:
924:R. E. Knocker
922:
918:
917:
910:
904:
900:
899:
882:
873:
869:
868:
865:
859:
855:
854:
849:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
789:Thames Estuary
756:
753:
723:
720:
715:Main article:
712:
709:
707:
704:
676:
675:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
626:
625:
621:
620:
619:
618:
613:
611:SAR Convention
608:
601:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
573:
572:
557:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
527:
526:
522:
521:
520:
519:
514:
506:
505:
501:
500:
499:
498:
493:
492:
491:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
438:
437:
436:
426:
425:
424:
419:
406:
405:
401:
400:
399:
398:
393:
392:
391:
381:
380:
379:
369:
364:
359:
354:
353:
352:
342:
337:
336:
335:
328:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
291:Bill of lading
288:
283:
278:
270:
269:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
254:
252:Wartime prizes
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
169:
167:Passenger ship
164:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
123:
122:
121:
116:
103:
102:
98:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
78:
77:
76:
61:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Admiralty law
1972:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:9781843119432
1880:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
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1844:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1767:
1763:
1762:lawnet.gov.lk
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1743:
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1867:Bibliography
1855:
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1824:, retrieved
1814:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1761:
1752:
1731:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1680:
1672:the original
1662:
1651:the original
1638:
1624:(1): 49–50.
1621:
1617:
1611:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1549:
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1523:
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1513:
1499:(1): 18–19.
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1472:(1): 15–16.
1469:
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1433:
1414:
1411:jurisdiction
1389:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1333:
1327:
1314:
1264:25 July 1890
1260:Royal assent
1170:
1151:
1147:
1138:Royal assent
1066:
1053:Cinque Ports
1050:
1003:
805:Cape Grisnez
785:Shoeburyness
761:Cinque Ports
758:
755:Cinque Ports
745:
733:
689:jurisdiction
684:
680:
679:
511:
362:Packing list
330:
267:Charterparty
177:Registration
150:Shipbuilding
80:
71:
64:
29:
1407:gold fringe
1392:pseudolegal
1385:§ 1333
1173:Nova Scotia
1162:Robert Ross
1142:8 June 1863
1044:(1806) and
1036:(c. 1725),
906:Rt Hon Sir
741:prize money
504:Judiciaries
306:Consignment
1968:Categories
1922:0521077516
1903:0485171449
1826:20 January
1793:Daily News
1445:References
1274:Amended by
1232:Long title
1152:The first
1109:Long title
956:1979–1996
945:1967–1979
934:1961–1967
921:1936–1961
903:1914–1936
872:1855–1875
858:1809–1855
843:1791–1809
773:Naze Tower
326:Commercial
301:Chartering
215:Total loss
190:Act of God
162:Cargo ship
1798:29 August
1772:29 August
1589:24 August
1564:24 August
1353:Sri Lanka
1338:self rule
1181:Sugar Act
1177:smugglers
966:MA (Oxon)
832:In office
793:Shellness
696:contracts
691:over all
496:Stevedore
474:Principal
469:Consignor
464:Consignee
447:Charterer
332:Pro forma
311:Demurrage
296:Brokerage
247:Smuggling
242:Pollution
200:Collision
1242:Citation
1120:Citation
1046:Calcutta
1040:(1801),
1032:(1725),
1028:(1701),
813:civilian
722:Scotland
693:maritime
563:(UNCLOS)
357:Manifest
350:Maritime
286:Barratry
172:Mortgage
131:Shipping
101:Features
1932:Portals
1405:with a
1371:In the
1344:as the
1175:to try
1114:Courts.
1038:Colombo
1026:Bermuda
797:Seaford
457:Manager
441:Carrier
404:Parties
396:Waybill
372:Salvage
340:Laytime
321:Invoice
145:Freight
114:Illegal
109:Fishing
73:Digesta
51:History
1958:Oceans
1919:
1900:
1881:
1719:
1417:, the
1383:
1375:, the
1324:Ceylon
1189:judges
1030:Boston
1022:piracy
1004:Since
876:Rt Hon
809:France
801:Sussex
489:Mutiny
484:Seaman
417:Factor
281:Agency
237:Piracy
1690:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1425:Notes
1419:court
1254:Dates
1249:c. 27
1132:Dates
1127:c. 24
777:Essex
700:torts
479:Owner
412:Agent
384:Terms
232:Drugs
195:Cargo
140:Cargo
135:Ferry
1917:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1828:2022
1800:2019
1774:2019
1717:ISBN
1591:2019
1566:2019
878:Sir
861:Sir
835:Name
345:Lien
1946:Law
1626:doi
1525:Act
1501:doi
1474:doi
1351:In
791:to
377:Law
1970::
1818:,
1791:.
1760:.
1738:,
1698:17
1696:.
1692:.
1622:10
1620:.
1599:^
1582:.
1557:.
1497:83
1495:.
1470:83
1468:.
1452:^
1387:.
1363:.
1048:.
985:—
968:,
895:,
891:,
867:—
823:.
799:,
775:,
698:,
1934::
1925:.
1906:.
1887:.
1860:.
1845:.
1802:.
1776:.
1725:.
1632:.
1628::
1593:.
1568:.
1507:.
1503::
1480:.
1476::
1309:.
669:e
662:t
655:v
265:/
133:/
20:)
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