380:
1818:
258:
194:) are some of the larger divisions. Today, HALIP covers an area greater than 1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi), making it one of the largest and most intense magmatic complexes on the planet. However, eroded volcanic sediments in sedimentary strata in Svalbard and Franz Josef Land suggest that an extremely large portion of HALIP volcanics have already been eroded away.
965:
370:
is closely associated with the
Svalbard province. Franz Josef Land is located approximately 300 km (190 mi) east of Svalbard and contains igneous rocks of very similar composition to those of Svalbard. However, the archipelago is scattered with a prominent swarm of southeast trending dikes.
414:
that seems to suggest the presence of a mantle plume beneath the Alpha Ridge. This province contains igneous rocks of both tholeiitic and alkaline composition. There are also a respectable number of sills and flood basalts in the province. The flood basalts in the
Canadian Arctic Islands are similar
440:
The northern
Greenland province, also known as Peary Land, contains three dike swarms. The Nansen Land swarm trends SSE-SE and is the oldest of the swarms. The middle-aged swarm is known as the Erlandsen Swarm and trends SE-ESE. The J. P. Koch Swarm is the youngest of the three and trends eastward.
431:
The
Amerasian Basin's most prominent feature is the Alpha Ridge – which is thought to be the location of the mantle plume that fed the HALIP. The ridge reaches a height of 2,700 m (8,900 ft) from the seafloor. Also in the region are a few basaltic dikes. The Amerasian Basin extends over
371:
Extensive sills and volcanic flows can also be found in the region, as well as a few dikes of other trends. The timing of the Franz Josef Land formations and the
Svalbard formations is thought to be nearly identical, furthering the evidence for a large initial plume head model for the HALIP.
353:
largely appear in the form of sills that can reach thicknesses of 100 m (330 ft) and continuously extend for up to 30 km (19 mi) laterally. The basaltic rocks found in
Svalbard have an intra-plate composition and are thought to originate from a source near the
449:
The
Barents Sea province is characterized by igneous intrusions with much similarity to Svalbard and Franz-Josef Land. This region is well known for being petroleum-rich. The Barents Sea province covers an area of 15,000 to 20,000 km (5,800 to 7,700 sq mi).
1153:
Evenchick, C. A.; Davis, W. J.; BĂ©dard, J. H.; Hayward, N.; Friedman, R. M. (2015). "Evidence for protracted High Arctic large igneous province magmatism in the central
Sverdrup Basin from stratigraphy, geochronology, and paleodepths of saucer-shaped sills".
202:
The HALIP event lasted from 130 million years ago to approximately 60 million years ago. During its active period, there were two distinct phases of volcanism. The first phase lasted from 130 million years ago to 80 million years ago and was characterized by
966:"U–Pb geochronology of bentonites from the Upper Cretaceous Kanguk Formation, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada: constraints on sedimentation rates, biostratigraphic correlations and the late magmatic history of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province"
441:
The two younger swarms tend to have igneous rocks of alkaline composition, while the Nansen Land swarm tends to have more tholeiitic composition. The Peary Land province covers an area of over 80,000 km (31,000 sq mi).
358:. The Svalbard province is also closely associated with the Franz Josef Land province (discussed below). The two provinces combined cover an area of approximately 750,000 km (290,000 sq mi).
317:
characteristic of HALIP, which indicated that the LIP formed during the opening of the Arctic Ocean around 148–70 Ma. Seismic and magnetic analyses of the seafloor produced ages of 118–83 Ma.
923:"New constraints on the age, geochemistry, and environmental impact of High Arctic Large Igneous Province magmatism: Tracing the extension of the Alpha Ridge onto Ellesmere Island, Canada"
227:. The second phase lasted from approximately 85 million years ago to 60 million years ago and was characterized by mildly alkaline igneous activity and the eruption of flood basalts. The
470:, a crocodile-like reptile, found in the Canadian Arctic suggests that polar climate was much warmer during the Cretaceous when average annual temperature must have exceeded 14 °C.
661:
755:"Geochemical systematics of High Arctic Large Igneous Province continental tholeiites from Canada – Evidence for progressive crustal contamination in the plumbing system"
1569:
1341:"Dolerites of Svalbard, north-west Barents Sea Shelf: age, tectonic setting and significance for geotectonic interpretation of the High-Arctic Large Igneous Province"
803:
BĂ©dard, Jean H.; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Tegner, Christian; Saumur, Benoit M.; Evenchick, Carol A.; Grasby, Stephen E.; Dewing, Keith (9 June 2021).
753:
Bédard, Jean H; Saumur, Benoît-Michel; Tegner, Christian; Troll, Valentin R; Deegan, Frances M; Evenchick, Carol A; Grasby, Stephen E; Dewing, Keith (9 June 2021).
1180:
1793:
1835:
337:
The HALIP is divided into several magmatic provinces. These provinces are divided by location, igneous rock composition, and the formations present.
1650:
1894:
927:
1655:
1562:
1919:
1224:"Geochemistry of the 130 to 80 Ma Canadian High Arctic large igneous province (HALIP) event and implications for Ni-Cu-PGE prospectivity"
570:"Geochemistry of the 130 to 80 Ma Canadian High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP) Event and Implications for Ni-Cu-PGE Prospectivity"
287:
and the Arctic Ocean. HALIP dispersed the components of this second continent around the margins of the Arctic Ocean where they are now
871:
1620:
459:
1934:
1909:
1625:
1263:
700:
867:"Influence of the High Arctic Igneous Province on the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval, Sverdrup Basin, High Canadian Arctic"
1884:
1874:
1721:
1677:
1615:
1555:
1455:
179:
90:
1750:
1706:
1660:
1314:
1914:
1755:
254:
apart in the Late
Precambrian (950 Ma) and was reassembled in a new configuration in the Late Paleozoic (255 Ma).
1889:
1879:
1904:
1899:
1778:
506:
423:
of the United States. The
Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province covers an area of 550,000 km (210,000 sq mi).
1635:
416:
80:
964:
Davis, William J.; Schröder-Adams, Claudia J.; Galloway, Jennifer M.; Herrle, Jens O.; Pugh, Adam T. (24 June 2016).
1944:
1939:
1929:
1924:
574:
1115:"On the origin of the Amerasia Basin and the High Arctic Large Igneous Province—results of new aeromagnetic data"
1067:"U–Pb geochronology of Cretaceous magmatism on Svalbard and Franz Josef Land, Barents Sea Large Igneous Province"
1113:
Døssing, A.; Jackson, H. R.; Matzka, J.; Einarsson, I.; Rasmussen, T. M.; Olesen, A. V.; Brozena, J. M. (2013).
1711:
458:
The HALIP, along with other large igneous provinces, is thought to have caused global warming that led to the
411:
403:
204:
85:
1726:
1594:
1578:
866:
865:
Schröder-Adams, Claudia J.; Herrle, Jens O.; Selby, David; Quesnel, Alex; Froude, Gregory (1 April 2019).
367:
167:
1509:"Geodynamic evolution of the Arctic Ocean and modern problems in geological studies of the Arctic region"
1803:
1798:
1745:
1740:
1050:"The High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP): Evidence for an Associated Giant Radiating Dyke Swarm"
805:"High Arctic Large Igneous Province Alkaline Rocks in Canada: Evidence for Multiple Mantle Components"
1733:
1630:
1470:
1434:
Arctic flood basalt volcanism: examining the hypothesis of Cretaceous activity at the Iceland hotspot
1405:
1315:"Research Project on the manifestation of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP) on Svalbard"
1278:
1235:
1195:
1159:
1126:
1078:
1065:
Corfu, F.; Polteau, S.; Planke, S.; Faleide, J. I.; Svensen, H.; Zayoncheck, A.; Stolbov, N. (2013).
880:
809:
759:
676:
583:
1760:
1665:
1610:
970:
501:
391:
1528:
1454:
Tarduno, J. A.; Brinkman, D. B.; Renne, P. R.; Cottrell, R. D.; Scher, H.; Castillo, P. (1998b).
1445:
Tarduno, J. A.; Brinkman, D. B.; Renne, P. R.; Cottrell, R. D.; Scher, H.; Castillo, P. (1998a).
1294:
1094:
995:
896:
692:
231:
formed during the second phase have a similar geochemical makeup as the intra-plate composition.
1768:
1694:
1488:
987:
946:
828:
778:
599:
420:
345:
In the Svalbard province, the HALIP is expressed as an extensive system of alkaline intrusive
1764:
1716:
1520:
1478:
1413:
1352:
1286:
1243:
1203:
1167:
1134:
1130:
1086:
979:
936:
888:
884:
818:
768:
684:
591:
269:
175:
57:
1684:
1589:
482:
463:
326:
284:
183:
137:
124:
921:
Naber, T.V.; Grasby, S.E.; Cuthbertson, J.P.; Rayner, N.; Tegner, C. (16 December 2020).
1474:
1409:
1282:
1239:
1199:
1163:
1082:
680:
587:
1822:
1788:
1645:
1605:
379:
303:, the Arctic Region underwent several stages of rifting, sedimentation, and magmatism.
292:
212:
208:
141:
1207:
1868:
1532:
1508:
1393:
1374:
1340:
1298:
1223:
1114:
1098:
1066:
999:
900:
804:
754:
696:
569:
325:, and the igneous activity of the province often tracked along a similar path as the
1417:
1817:
1783:
1773:
1699:
1689:
1640:
1322:
489:
387:
383:
322:
257:
238:
is a few hundred million years old, making it the youngest ocean on Earth. In the
235:
228:
224:
1483:
1264:"Manifestations of the Cretaceous high Arctic large igneous province in Svalbard"
662:"Manifestations of the Cretaceous high Arctic large igneous province in Svalbard"
823:
773:
467:
355:
239:
120:
67:
1138:
892:
1524:
1456:"Evidence for extreme climatic warmth from Late Cretaceous Arctic vertebrates"
1247:
1090:
983:
595:
407:
191:
170:
in the Arctic. The region is divided into several smaller magmatic provinces.
164:
104:
1850:
1837:
1357:
1049:
991:
950:
832:
782:
729:
603:
1598:
1373:
Polteau, S.; Planke, S.; Faleide, J. I.; Svensen, H.; Myklebust, R. (2010).
350:
346:
314:
187:
1547:
1492:
291:
and microplates embedded into fold belts or overlain by sediments. As the
306:
300:
296:
276:
265:
171:
42:
1379:. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. Vol. 12. p. 13216
1392:
Senger, K.; Tveranger, J.; Ogata, K.; Braathen, A.; Planke, S. (2014).
395:
288:
280:
243:
1171:
941:
922:
486:
262:
247:
216:
1447:
Late Cretaceous Arctic volcanism: tectonic and climatic consequences
1290:
688:
730:"April 2006 LIP of the Month | Large Igneous Provinces Commission"
473:
The BLIP intrusions could have released perhaps 9,000 Gt (8.9
378:
310:
256:
242:, when the Arctic was located south of the Equator, the continent
1339:
Nejbert, K.; Krajewski, K. P.; Dubińska, E.; Pécskay, Z. (2011).
466:(92–86 Ma) vertebrates, including 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long
251:
219:
flow. The basalts formed at this time are relatively rich in TiO
1551:
647:
568:
Jowitt, S. M.; Williamson, M.-C.; Ernst, R. E. (1 March 2014).
1019:
852:
552:
406:. The region is characterized by the presence of a radiating
540:
1031:
635:
309:
collected from Svalbard and elsewhere in the Arctic are
1222:
Jowitt, S. M.; Williamson, M. C.; Ernst, R. E. (2014).
321:
The HALIP is widely thought to have originated from a
18:
623:
1376:The Cretaceous high Arctic large igneous province
1188:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
16:A Cretaceous large igneous province in the Arctic
250:that today surround the Arctic region. Arctica
1394:"Late Mesozoic magmatism in Svalbard: A review"
402:The Sverdrup Basin province spreads across the
1181:"Hot spot activity and the break-up of Pangea"
223:and have a similar composition to continental
1563:
1507:Vernikovsky, V. A.; Dobretsov, N. L. (2015).
207:igneous activity. During this time, numerous
8:
279:-Cretaceous this second continent, known as
1570:
1556:
1548:
432:200,000 km (77,000 sq mi).
1513:Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1482:
1356:
940:
822:
772:
650:, Discussion and conclusions, pp. 16, 20
246:(or Arctida) filled the gap between the
522:
1179:Golonka, J.; Bocharova, N. Y. (2000).
1156:Geological Society of America Bulletin
928:Geological Society of America Bulletin
7:
1052:. Large Igneous Provinces Commission
1048:Buchan, K. L.; Ernst, R. E. (2006).
724:
722:
720:
563:
561:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
460:Cenomanian-Turonian extinction event
295:and Arctic oceans opened during the
215:formed, and there were eruptions of
1119:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
872:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
481:10 short tons) of carbon from the
157:High Arctic Large Igneous Province
14:
1816:
624:Vernikovsky & Dobretsov 2015
91:Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province
1418:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.09.002
1319:University of Nebraska at Omaha
485:which could have triggered the
436:Northern Greenland (Peary Land)
1440:. Vol. 77, no. F844.
1158:. B31190-1 (9–10): 1366–1390.
1:
1895:Volcanism of the Arctic Ocean
1651:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
1484:10.1126/science.282.5397.2241
1208:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00117-6
734:www.largeigneousprovinces.org
638:, Introduction, pp. 1127–1128
626:, pp. 206–208; fig. 2, p. 208
507:Volcanism of Northern Canada
417:Columbia River flood basalts
1920:Geology of the Arctic Ocean
1022:, Abstract; Fig. 4, p. 2243
283:, broke apart, opening the
81:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
1961:
1139:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.013
893:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.023
1812:
1585:
1525:10.1134/S1019331615030193
1262:Maher, H. D. Jr. (2001).
1248:10.2113/econgeo.109.2.281
1091:10.1017/s0016756813000162
984:10.1017/S0016756816000376
824:10.1093/petrology/egab042
774:10.1093/petrology/egab041
660:Maher, H. D. Jr. (2001).
596:10.2113/econgeo.109.2.281
368:Franz Josef Land province
48:
1935:Cretaceous North America
1910:Prehistory of the Arctic
1358:10.3402/polar.v30i0.7306
492:(OAE1a) at 120 Ma.
1885:Geography of the Arctic
1875:Large igneous provinces
1579:Large igneous provinces
1432:Tarduno, J. A. (1996).
1131:2013E&PSL.363..219D
885:2019E&PSL.511...76S
412:Queen Elizabeth Islands
404:Canadian Arctic Islands
86:Queen Elizabeth Islands
20:Provinces of the HALIP
1595:Northeast Georgia Rise
1271:The Journal of Geology
669:The Journal of Geology
399:
272:
168:large igneous province
109:(Kap Washington Group)
1915:Geology of the Arctic
1449:. AGU Spring Meeting.
1398:Earth-Science Reviews
382:
260:
1890:Volcanism of Nunavut
1880:Cretaceous volcanism
1734:Mackenzie dike swarm
1313:Harmon D. Maher Jr.
1020:Tarduno et al. 1998b
810:Journal of Petrology
760:Journal of Petrology
490:oceanic anoxic event
107:, Northern Greenland
1905:Volcanism of Russia
1900:Volcanism of Norway
1851:79.4488°N 11.3955°E
1847: /
1779:Paraná and Etendeka
1666:Franklin dike swarm
1656:Equatorial Atlantic
1611:Brazilian Highlands
1475:1998Sci...282.2241T
1469:(5397): 2241–2243.
1410:2014ESRv..139..123S
1283:2001JG....109...91M
1240:2014EcGeo.109..281J
1200:2000PPP...161...49G
1164:2015GSAB..127.1366E
1083:2013GeoM..150.1127C
1071:Geological Magazine
1032:Polteau et al. 2010
971:Geological Magazine
853:Døssing et al. 2013
681:2001JG....109...91M
648:Nejbert et al. 2011
588:2014EcGeo.109..281J
553:Døssing et al. 2013
502:Volcanism of Canada
392:Axel Heiberg Island
46:(Diabasodden Suite)
21:
1823:Geology portal
935:(7–8): 1695–1711.
541:Senger et al. 2014
400:
386:layers exposed in
333:Magmatic provinces
273:
261:Cape Tegethoff, a
198:Geologic evolution
19:
1945:Cretaceous Norway
1940:Cretaceous Canada
1930:Cretaceous Europe
1925:Geology of Russia
1830:
1829:
817:(egab042): 1–31.
636:Corfu et al. 2013
543:, Table 5, p. 137
477:10 long tons; 9.9
421:Pacific Northwest
327:Icelandic hotspot
153:
152:
1952:
1862:
1861:
1859:
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1857:
1856:79.4488; 11.3955
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1821:
1820:
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1727:Coppermine River
1702:
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1621:Central Atlantic
1601:
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1333:
1331:
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1321:. Archived from
1309:
1307:
1305:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1228:Economic Geology
1218:
1216:
1214:
1185:
1175:
1172:10.1130/B31190.1
1149:
1147:
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1109:
1107:
1105:
1077:(6): 1127–1135.
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1059:
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1023:
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942:10.1130/B35792.1
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712:
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705:
699:. Archived from
666:
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633:
627:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
575:Economic Geology
565:
556:
550:
544:
538:
483:contact aureoles
480:
476:
415:to those of the
362:Franz Josef Land
270:Franz Josef Land
176:Franz Josef Land
58:Franz Josef Land
22:
1960:
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1955:
1954:
1953:
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1864:
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1853:
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1831:
1826:
1815:
1808:
1732:
1725:
1698:
1676:
1664:
1631:Circum-Superior
1626:Central Iapetus
1593:
1581:
1576:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1458:
1453:
1444:
1431:
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1064:
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1038:
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797:
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738:
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703:
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567:
566:
559:
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515:
498:
478:
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464:Late Cretaceous
456:
454:Climatic impact
447:
438:
429:
427:Amerasian Basin
377:
364:
343:
335:
285:Amerasian Basin
222:
200:
186:, and northern
184:Amerasian Basin
138:De Long Islands
125:Amerasian Basin
108:
88:
84:
45:
36:
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1958:
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1902:
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1751:North Atlantic
1748:
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1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:Sverdrup Basin
1670:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Columbia River
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1519:(3): 206–212.
1504:
1451:
1442:
1429:
1389:
1370:
1345:Polar Research
1336:
1335:
1334:
1291:10.1086/317960
1259:
1234:(2): 281–307.
1219:
1176:
1150:
1110:
1062:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1012:
978:(4): 757–776.
956:
913:
857:
845:
795:
745:
716:
689:10.1086/317960
652:
640:
628:
616:
582:(2): 281–307.
557:
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375:Sverdrup Basin
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180:Sverdrup Basin
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142:Bennett Island
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229:igneous rocks
226:
225:flood basalts
218:
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29:
27:(formal name)
24:
23:
1832:
1814:
1700:Broken Ridge
1690:Karoo-Ferrar
1672:
1536:. Retrieved
1516:
1512:
1496:. Retrieved
1466:
1462:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1401:
1397:
1381:. Retrieved
1375:
1362:. Retrieved
1348:
1344:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1318:
1302:. Retrieved
1274:
1270:
1251:. Retrieved
1231:
1227:
1211:. Retrieved
1194:(1): 49–69.
1191:
1187:
1155:
1142:. Retrieved
1122:
1118:
1102:. Retrieved
1074:
1070:
1054:. Retrieved
1027:
1015:
1005:12 September
1003:. Retrieved
975:
969:
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926:
916:
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876:
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836:. Retrieved
814:
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786:. Retrieved
764:
758:
748:
737:. Retrieved
733:
708:. Retrieved
701:the original
672:
668:
655:
643:
631:
619:
607:. Retrieved
579:
573:
548:
472:
468:champsosaurs
457:
448:
439:
430:
401:
388:Dragon Cliff
384:Flood basalt
365:
344:
336:
323:mantle plume
320:
313:intra-plate
305:
274:
236:Arctic Ocean
233:
201:
160:
156:
154:
1854: /
1761:Ontong Java
1673:High Arctic
1404:: 123–144.
1125:: 219–230.
838:6 September
788:6 September
767:(egab041).
609:6 September
445:Barents Sea
410:across the
390:on western
356:Alpha Ridge
349:rocks. The
275:During the
240:Precambrian
121:Alpha Ridge
68:Barents Sea
1869:Categories
1842:11°23′44″E
1839:79°26′56″N
1746:Mistassini
1741:Matachewan
1717:Long Range
1712:Keweenawan
1329:2007-10-01
1034:, Abstract
739:2016-05-05
710:2016-03-27
555:, Abstract
513:References
408:dike swarm
351:intrusions
315:tholeiites
205:tholeiitic
192:Peary Land
165:Cretaceous
105:Peary Land
1794:Skagerrak
1769:Hikurangi
1722:Mackenzie
1695:Kerguelen
1616:Caribbean
1599:Maud Rise
1533:152499653
1299:225042909
1099:131575835
1000:132855465
992:0016-7568
951:0016-7606
901:133942033
879:: 76–88.
833:0022-3530
783:0022-3530
697:225042909
604:0361-0128
347:doleritic
307:Dolerites
188:Greenland
72:15–20,000
1804:Winagami
1789:Siberian
1765:Manihiki
1707:Marathon
1661:Franklin
1646:Emeishan
1538:28 March
1498:28 March
1364:28 March
1351:: 7306.
1304:28 March
1213:28 March
1144:28 March
1104:28 March
1056:28 March
906:22 April
496:See also
398:, Canada
341:Svalbard
301:Cenozoic
297:Mesozoic
293:Atlantic
289:terranes
277:Jurassic
266:headland
263:basaltic
217:basaltic
172:Svalbard
149:124–109
75:Unknown
43:Svalbard
25:Location
1784:Shatsky
1756:Ongeluk
1685:Iceland
1590:Agulhas
1493:9856943
1471:Bibcode
1463:Science
1423:2 April
1406:Bibcode
1383:2 April
1279:Bibcode
1253:2 April
1236:Bibcode
1196:Bibcode
1160:Bibcode
1127:Bibcode
1079:Bibcode
1041:Sources
881:Bibcode
677:Bibcode
584:Bibcode
419:in the
396:Nunavut
248:cratons
244:Arctica
163:) is a
129:200,000
115:130–80
99:90–130
96:550,000
49:750,000
1799:Ungava
1774:Panjal
1641:Deccan
1606:Azores
1531:
1491:
1297:
1097:
998:
990:
949:
899:
831:
781:
695:
602:
487:Aptian
281:Pangea
252:rifted
132:97–79
112:80,000
62:116.5
52:124.5
30:Extent
1529:S2CID
1459:(PDF)
1295:S2CID
1267:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
1095:S2CID
996:S2CID
897:S2CID
704:(PDF)
693:S2CID
665:(PDF)
518:Notes
311:mafic
213:sills
209:dikes
161:HALIP
37:(Ma)
1540:2016
1500:2016
1489:PMID
1425:2016
1385:2016
1366:2016
1306:2016
1255:2016
1215:2016
1146:2016
1106:2016
1058:2016
1007:2023
988:ISSN
947:ISSN
908:2023
840:2023
829:ISSN
790:2023
779:ISSN
611:2023
600:ISSN
366:The
234:The
211:and
155:The
32:(km)
1521:doi
1479:doi
1467:282
1438:Eos
1414:doi
1402:139
1353:doi
1287:doi
1275:109
1244:doi
1232:109
1204:doi
1192:161
1168:doi
1135:doi
1123:363
1087:doi
1075:150
980:doi
976:154
937:doi
933:133
889:doi
877:511
819:doi
769:doi
685:doi
673:109
592:doi
580:109
268:of
146:228
35:Age
1871::
1597:,
1527:.
1517:85
1515:.
1511:.
1487:.
1477:.
1465:.
1461:.
1436:.
1412:.
1400:.
1396:.
1349:30
1347:.
1343:.
1317:.
1293:.
1285:.
1273:.
1269:.
1242:.
1230:.
1226:.
1202:.
1190:.
1186:.
1166:.
1133:.
1121:.
1117:.
1093:.
1085:.
1073:.
1069:.
994:.
986:.
974:.
968:.
945:.
931:.
925:.
895:.
887:.
875:.
869:.
827:.
815:62
813:.
807:.
777:.
765:62
763:.
757:.
732:.
719:^
691:.
683:.
671:.
667:.
598:.
590:.
578:.
572:.
560:^
525:^
462:.
394:,
329:.
182:,
178:,
174:,
123:,
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1763:-
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1675:(
1669:)
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1408::
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1368:.
1355::
1332:.
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1289::
1281::
1257:.
1246::
1238::
1217:.
1206::
1198::
1174:.
1170::
1162::
1148:.
1137::
1129::
1108:.
1089::
1081::
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953:.
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910:.
891::
883::
855:.
842:.
821::
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771::
742:.
713:.
687::
679::
613:.
594::
586::
479:Ă—
475:Ă—
221:2
190:(
159:(
140:/
93:)
89:(
83:,
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