1358:
508:
930:
60:
483:
4044:
3412:
51:
3996:
756:, who was already chair of the Harvard Astronomy Department (housed within HCO since 1931), was named SAO's new director at the start of this new era; an early test of the model for a unified directorship across HCO and SAO. The following 18 years would see the two independent entities merge ever closer together, operating effectively (but informally) as one large research center.
4032:
4020:
3424:
3972:
1344:
4008:
3984:
965:, was named the third director of the CfA in 2004. Today Alcock oversees one of the largest and most productive astronomical institutes in the world, with more than 850 staff and an annual budget in excess of $ 100 million. The Harvard Department of Astronomy, housed within the CfA, maintains a continual complement of approximately 60
429:, then the chairman of the Harvard Astronomy Department, was named the new director of SAO. The collaborative relationship between SAO and HCO therefore predates the official creation of the CfA by 18 years. SAO's move to Harvard's campus also resulted in a rapid expansion of its research program. Following the launch of
498:
are in the distant background. Most of the telescope domes in the foreground are no longer standing, but the largest dome in the top right of the photo, housing the 1847 "Great
Refractor", still remains. The Great Refractor was the largest telescope in the United States until 1867. It was the first
744:, both of whom maintained widely recognized programs in solar and stellar astrophysics. Menzel played a major role in encouraging the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to move to Cambridge and collaborate more closely with HCO.
2501:
1400:
349:. The CfA's history is therefore also that of the two fully independent organizations that comprise it. With a combined history of more than 300 years, HCO and SAO have been host to major milestones in
1961:
Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy (April 10, 2019).
257:
Hosting more than 850 scientists, engineers, and support staff, the CfA is among the largest astronomical research institutes in the world. Its projects have included Nobel Prize-winning advances in
1190:
The CfA is also host to the
Harvard University Department of Astronomy, large central engineering and computation facilities, the Science Education Department, the John G. Wolbach Library, the
3690:
579:
noted that "there is wanted a reflecting telescope equatorially mounted". This telescope, the 15-inch "Great
Refractor", opened seven years later (in 1847) at the top of Observatory Hill in
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2630:
4096:
3487:
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1070:
Board, and the CfA hosts its Array
Operations Center. In 2019, the project revealed the first direct image of a black hole. The result is widely regarded as a triumph not only of
3772:
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3299:
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3397:
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3462:
4131:
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1780:
1085:, changing its official name to the "Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian" in an effort to reflect its unique status as a joint collaboration between
575:, and consisted of little more than three small telescopes and an astronomical clock. In his 1840 book recounting the history of the college, then Harvard President
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1784:
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3320:
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1706:
4136:
4126:
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321:
The Center for
Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian is not formally an independent legal organization, but rather an institutional entity operated under a
795:, regarded as the "father of X-ray astronomy", founded the High Energy Astrophysics Division within the new CfA by moving most of his research group (then at
3860:
2529:
2197:
2054:
433:(the world's first human-made satellite) in 1957, SAO accepted a national challenge to create a worldwide satellite-tracking network, collaborating with the
3049:
815:
and still the most powerful X-ray telescope in history, continues operations today as part of the CfA's
Chandra X-ray Center. Giacconi would later win the
3707:
858:, who during his tenure as director (1982 to 2004) oversaw the expansion of the CfA's observing facilities around the world, including the newly named
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3012:
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847:
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3657:
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982:
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2384:
2349:
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1260:
843:
362:
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195:
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The collaborative foundation for what would ultimately give rise to the Center for
Astrophysics began with SAO's move to Cambridge in 1955.
622:
from 1877 to 1919, the observatory became the world's major producer of stellar spectra and magnitudes, established an observing station in
3239:
2800:
2682:
2657:
2147:
382:) on March 1, 1890. The Astrophysical Observatory's initial, primary purpose was to "record the amount and character of the Sun's heat".
3521:
2844:
2647:
2635:
2484:
2379:
2344:
2324:
1238:
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921:. By 1993, the ADS was running the first routine transatlantic queries between databases, a foundational aspect of the internet today.
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3614:
3609:
3202:
3138:
1377:
1106:
875:
831:
816:
764:
2401:
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1430:
Kurtz, Michael J.; Eichhorn, Guenther; Accomazzi, Alberto; Grant, Carolyn S.; Murray, Stephen S.; Watson, Joyce M. (April 1, 2000).
1208:
993:
859:
2354:
1618:
913:
image viewer worldwide). During this time, scientists and software developers at the CfA also began work on what would become the
3577:
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3284:
3143:
2854:
2769:
2677:
2047:
1052:
796:
736:, an idea thought ridiculous at the time. Between Shapley's tenure and the formation of the CfA, the observatory was directed by
375:
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3154:
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of astronomy and physics papers. Known for most of its history as the "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics", the CfA
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3492:
3360:
2939:
2712:
2625:
2260:
2250:
1078:. Union of the observational and theoretical subfields of astrophysics has been a major focus of the CfA since its founding.
3224:
567:
as an "Astronomical
Observer to the University". For its first four years of operation, the observatory was situated at the
3949:
3777:
3734:
3722:
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3098:
2869:
2230:
2205:
2076:
812:
333:. This collaboration was formalized on July 1, 1973, with the goal of coordinating the related research activities of the
3427:
2561:
3592:
3560:
3555:
3081:
2884:
2864:
1720:
Leavitt, Henrietta S.; Pickering, Edward C. (March 1912). "Periods of 25 Variable Stars in the Small
Magellanic Cloud".
1508:
507:
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2717:
2662:
2519:
2414:
2040:
1102:
962:
516:
487:
477:
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3392:
3088:
2111:
1659:
1281:
1040:
671:
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2279:
1328:
1313:
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1024:
879:
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243:
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2479:
2339:
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1308:
1191:
1075:
1017:
914:
759:
This joint relationship was formalized as the new Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics on July 1, 1973.
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619:
580:
528:
461:
418:
395:
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239:
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112:
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583:(where it still exists today, housed in the oldest of the CfA's complex of buildings). The telescope was the
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3257:
3160:
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2763:
2723:
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2334:
2299:
1291:
1223:
1098:
1090:
1071:
1067:
970:
946:
891:
835:
434:
367:
330:
294:
270:
909:-based applications made publicly available (its successor, DS9, remains the most widely used astronomical
3896:
3847:
3827:
3636:
3229:
2985:
2964:
2821:
2600:
2439:
2090:
1318:
1303:
1056:
1048:
1036:
1013:
929:
776:
678:
663:
647:
457:
223:
638:" (women hired by Pickering as skilled workers to process astronomical data). These "Computers" included
3906:
3023:
2556:
2491:
753:
426:
383:
341:(SAO) under the leadership of a single director, and housed within the same complex of buildings on the
262:
1055:
commissioned as part of the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey ("Astro2020"). If launched,
289:
in 2018 to its current name in an effort to reflect its unique status as a joint collaboration between
59:
3937:
3876:
3782:
3619:
3565:
2595:
2409:
2285:
1984:
1865:
1729:
1600:
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1110:
1005:
974:
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823:
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737:
690:
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350:
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37:
1537:. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 21–64.
1431:
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564:
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4012:
4000:
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2953:
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2811:
2063:
1974:
1889:
1774:
1700:
1675:
The glass universe : how the ladies of the Harvard Observatory took the measure of the stars
1653:
1560:
1443:
1271:
1266:
1086:
1044:
1032:
659:
639:
588:
584:
342:
326:
290:
187:
17:
1852:
Latham, David W.; Mazeh, Tsevi; Stefanik, Robert P.; Mayor, Michel; Burki, Gilbert (May 1989).
2429:
2255:
2190:
2002:
1881:
1762:
1752:
1688:
1678:
1546:
1471:
1371:
1060:
1047:. The CfA, via the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, recently played a major role in the
958:
792:
721:
643:
635:
576:
568:
556:
532:
512:
407:
302:
222:. The CfA either leads or participates in the development and operations of more than fifteen
219:
4036:
3976:
3371:
3039:
2790:
2607:
2566:
2449:
2220:
1992:
1873:
1538:
1461:
1457:
1349:
902:
855:
768:
686:
651:
600:
540:
524:
306:
3514:
3219:
3148:
2980:
2975:
2907:
2736:
2590:
2514:
2419:
2314:
2174:
2135:
2128:
1572:
1286:
1218:
1028:
1001:
978:
887:
871:
851:
827:
804:
788:
760:
612:
608:
482:
453:
411:
410:
was part of the inspiration behind the Smithsonian's "sunburst" logo, designed in 1965 by
387:
310:
282:
227:
1963:"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole"
890:" (then the largest known coherent structure in the Universe), the best-yet evidence for
698:
1988:
1869:
1751:. Haramundanis, Katherine, 1937– (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1733:
1604:
555:
Partly in response to renewed public interest in astronomy following the 1835 return of
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3187:
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2667:
2580:
2572:
2454:
2265:
2240:
2235:
2185:
1363:
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918:
791:
as a new, major field that was largely dominated by CfA scientists in its early years.
709:
491:
399:
101:
1643:
1063:
constructed to date, enabling order-of-magnitude advances in capability over Chandra.
985:
as well as many visiting graduate students. The CfA estimates that roughly 10% of the
807:) in 1976, and ultimately lead the proposals and development of what would become the
4090:
3663:
3294:
3192:
3076:
2757:
2707:
2585:
2359:
2225:
2164:
905:
and the internet: in 1986, SAO started developing SAOImage, one of the world's first
867:
655:
627:
592:
536:
379:
215:
211:
1121:
Research across the CfA is organized into six divisions and seven research centers:
4043:
3988:
3338:
3213:
3182:
3165:
2424:
2245:
1893:
1533:
Spiller, James (2015). "Rising to the Sputnik Challenge". In Spiller, James (ed.).
986:
784:
741:
694:
630:. It was during this time that HCO became host to a series of major discoveries in
572:
548:
207:
184:
97:
989:
in the United States spent at least a portion of their career or education there.
689:", the discovery is regarded as one of the most foundational and important in the
50:
724:(a short walk from the observatory). Payne-Gapochkin's 1925 thesis proposed that
547:: Arville Walker, unknown (possibly Johanna Mackie), Alta Carpenter, Mabel Gill,
398:. In doing so, the observatory enabled Abbot to make critical refinements to the
3059:
2434:
2210:
2104:
934:
519:, May 13, 1913. The Center for Astrophysics exists at this same location today.
403:
298:
231:
125:
33:
1997:
1962:
1826:
3841:
3207:
2540:
2391:
1339:
1323:
1082:
938:
882:
in 1999. CfA-led discoveries throughout this period include canonical work on
449:
286:
4072:
4059:
2006:
1885:
1692:
1475:
374:, founded the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory on the south yard of the
3133:
3128:
1798:
1766:
1542:
895:
430:
266:
258:
203:
93:
1907:
1853:
1494:
Fred Whipple's Empire: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 1955–1973
417:
In 1955, the scientific headquarters of SAO moved from Washington, D.C. to
4031:
3440:
1466:
1194:, and the world's largest collection of astronomical photographic plates.
767:, was appointed as its first director. That same year, a new astronomical
1448:
883:
863:
729:
702:
465:
1749:
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin : an autobiography and other recollections
1168:
Institute for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (ITAMP)
3387:
1243:
1009:
716:" of 1920). This era of the observatory was made famous by the work of
1648:. MBLWHOI Library. New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc. 1903–1904.
1016:. The CfA's 2019–2024 Strategic Plan includes the construction of the
846:), as well as the release of the "Field Report", a highly influential
2032:
1877:
787:
on the Sun. The founding of the CfA also coincided with the birth of
780:
733:
708:
Upon Pickering's retirement in 1921, the directorship of HCO fell to
682:
607:(the second director of HCO), used it to discover Saturn's 8th moon,
495:
353:
that predate the CfA's founding. These are briefly summarized below.
1509:"Crimilda Pontes: The Original Designer of the Smithsonian Sunburst"
3983:
1979:
992:
The CfA is either a lead or major partner in the operations of the
697:, for example, would later use Leavitt's law to establish that the
928:
901:
The 1980s also saw the CfA play a distinct role in the history of
725:
506:
481:
1244:
Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS)
1156:
1094:
942:
910:
674:
623:
596:
559:, the Harvard College Observatory was founded in 1839, when the
500:
445:
281:(ADS), for example, has been universally adopted as the world's
247:
3444:
2036:
2025:
1936:
1908:"CfA Plays Central Role In Capturing Landmark Black Hole Image"
1192:
world's largest database of astronomy and physics papers (ADS)
1155:
Chandra X-ray Center (CXC), the science operations center for
906:
391:
202:, United States, the CfA leads a broad program of research in
146:
799:) to SAO in 1973. That group would later go on to launch the
720:, who became the first woman to earn a PhD in astronomy from
386:
was named SAO's first director, and the observatory operated
587:
from 1847 until 1867. William Bond and pioneer photographer
1854:"The unseen companion of HD114762: a probable brown dwarf"
1591:
Milham, Willis I. (1937). "1937PA.....45..523M Page 523".
1093:. Today, the CfA receives roughly 70% of its funding from
357:
History of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)
1105:. The remaining 4% comes from contributors including the
981:. SAO, meanwhile, hosts a long-running and highly rated
1827:"Highlights of CfA's First Quarter Century of Research"
3960:
1331:(formerly called the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope)
838:. The following decade saw the start of the landmark
1066:
SAO is one of the 13 stakeholder institutes for the
917:(ADS), one of the world's first online databases of
591:
used the Great Refractor to produce the first clear
3915:
3869:
3819:
3798:
3755:
3673:
3650:
3478:
3331:
3308:
3248:
3119:
3032:
3011:
2963:
2895:
2820:
2799:
2778:
2745:
2695:
2616:
2549:
2528:
2500:
2465:
2173:
2146:
1401:"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA)"
173:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
159:
141:
131:
119:
107:
88:
80:
72:
44:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
32:"CfA" redirects here. For the fast food chain, see
1171:Center for Parallel Astrophysical Computing (CPAC)
748:Joint history as the Center for Astrophysics (CfA)
658:, all widely recognized today as major figures in
273:. The CfA also serves a major role in the global
2631:Center for African and African American Research
1619:"Dana-Palmer House | News | The Harvard Crimson"
949:. The CfA plays a central role in the project.
961:, known for a number of major works related to
543:, Marion Whyte (behind Cushman), Grace Brooks.
3928:John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
1747:Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 1900–1979. (1996).
1027:, the CfA plays a central role in a number of
819:for his foundational work in X-ray astronomy.
499:telescope to take a photographic image of the
452:, SAO led major efforts in the development of
3456:
2048:
1432:"The NASA Astrophysics Data System: Overview"
1198:Observatories operated with CfA participation
626:, and applied mass-production methods to the
406:. It is likely that SAO's early history as a
297:. The CfA's current director (since 2022) is
29:Astronomical observatory in Massachusetts, US
8:
3861:Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series
1779:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1436:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series
1142:Solar, Stellar, and Planetary Sciences (SSP)
611:(which was also independently discovered by
472:History of Harvard College Observatory (HCO)
43:
4102:Astronomical observatories in Massachusetts
4097:Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
894:, and the first convincing evidence for an
181:Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
165:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
3463:
3449:
3441:
2156:
2055:
2041:
2033:
1783:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1705:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1496:. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
1165:Institute for Theory and Computation (ITC)
634:, powered by the observatory's so-called "
58:
42:
4122:Smithsonian Institution research programs
1996:
1978:
1465:
1447:
1287:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
1113:, as well as other gifts and endowments.
848:Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey
402:, as well as to serendipitously discover
394:'s intensity in different regions of the
3902:Smithsonian Philatelic Achievement Award
701:, the primary piece of evidence for the
681:" with which to measure the distance to
666:, for example, discovered the so-called
4132:Research institutes established in 1973
3967:
3686:Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program
3280:Institute for Advanced Theater Training
2919:Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
1389:
977:astronomy and astrophysics majors from
712:(a major participant in the so-called "
513:Harvard College Observatory "Computers"
198:. Founded in 1973 and headquartered in
4117:Harvard University research institutes
1772:
1698:
1651:
1568:
1558:
1186:Solar & Stellar X-ray Group (SSXG)
1020:as a driving priority for the center.
448:the following year and throughout the
1931:
1929:
1821:
1819:
1261:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
850:chaired by the outgoing CfA Director
844:large scale structure of the Universe
363:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
339:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
196:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
7:
4137:1973 establishments in Massachusetts
4127:Research institutes in Massachusetts
4107:Astronomy institutes and departments
3488:African American History and Culture
3423:
3072:Collection of Scientific Instruments
1586:
1584:
1582:
1487:
1485:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1395:
1393:
1250:Space-based observatories and probes
1136:Optical and Infrared Astronomy (OIR)
1239:1.2-Meter Millimeter-Wave Telescope
1125:Scientific divisions within the CfA
987:professional astrophysics community
872:6.5-meter Multiple Mirror Telescope
599:(winning them an award at the 1851
515:standing in front of Building C at
2860:Center for Nonprofit Organizations
1535:Frontiers for the American Century
1378:List of astronomical observatories
1183:Radio Telescope Data Center (RTDC)
1130:Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMP)
1107:United States Department of Energy
1031:, including the recently launched
854:. He would be replaced in 1982 by
390:to take daily measurements of the
25:
3316:List of Harvard University people
1209:Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
994:Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
860:Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
797:American Sciences and Engineering
309:(Director from 1982 to 2004) and
18:High Energy Astrophysics Division
4112:Astrophysics research institutes
4042:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3285:Nieman Foundation for Journalism
3050:Archaeology and Ethnology Museum
1513:Smithsonian Institution Archives
1356:
1342:
1282:Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
1041:Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
1029:space-based observing facilities
1012:, and a number of other smaller
822:Shortly after the launch of the
677:, establishing the first major "
396:optical electromagnetic spectrum
49:
3111:Museum of the Ancient Near East
2933:Journal of Law & Technology
1101:federal funds, and 4% from the
1074:, but of its intersection with
571:(where Bond also resided) near
275:astrophysics research community
3773:Folklife and Cultural Heritage
2713:Baker Library/Bloomberg Center
1133:High Energy Astrophysics (HEA)
842:(the first attempt to map the
603:in London). Bond and his son,
313:(Director from 1973 to 1982).
305:(Director from 2004 to 2022),
1:
3950:U.S. National Tick Collection
3735:Museum Conservation Institute
3723:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1145:Theoretical Astrophysics (TA)
527:(far left), Mollie O'Reilly,
4142:Harvard University buildings
3691:Conservation and restoration
3593:Archives of American Gardens
2865:Center for Public Leadership
2683:Ukrainian Research Institute
1507:Anonymous (March 24, 2020).
1298:Planned future observatories
963:massive compact halo objects
585:largest in the United States
372:Secretary of the Smithsonian
238:, including the forthcoming
3835:Air & Space/Smithsonian
3268:Harvard Radcliffe Institute
2732:Harvard Business School RFC
2718:Harvard Business Publishing
2663:Center for Hellenic Studies
2653:Center for European Studies
2520:Lyman Laboratory of Physics
2415:Bright-Landry Hockey Center
2275:Undergraduate organizations
1492:DeVorkin, David H. (2018).
1180:Telescope Data Center (TDC)
1139:Radio and Geoastronomy (RG)
1103:National Science Foundation
1059:would be the most powerful
1053:large mission concept study
832:1979 Nobel Prize in Physics
817:2002 Nobel Prize in Physics
728:were composed primarily of
517:Harvard College Observatory
488:Harvard College Observatory
478:Harvard College Observatory
468:to astrophysical problems.
423:Harvard College Observatory
335:Harvard College Observatory
323:memorandum of understanding
271:first image of a black hole
192:Harvard College Observatory
179:), previously known as the
4158:
3527:Jazz Masterworks Orchestra
3099:Comparative Zoology Museum
3089:General Artemas Ward House
2998:Program in Health Sciences
2855:Center for Housing Studies
2770:Center for Housing Studies
2648:Center for Chinese Studies
1203:Ground-based observatories
813:NASA's Great Observatories
672:Classical Cepheid variable
668:period-luminosity relation
618:Under the directorship of
475:
360:
31:
3406:
3003:School of Dental Medicine
2926:International Law Journal
2885:The Journalist's Resource
2280:Hasty Pudding Theatricals
2159:
2072:
1967:The Astrophysical Journal
1803:astronomy.fas.harvard.edu
1329:Vera C. Rubin Observatory
1314:Murchison Widefield Array
1256:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1161:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1150:Centers hosted at the CfA
1025:Chandra X-ray Observatory
983:REU Summer Intern program
811:. Chandra, the second of
809:Chandra X-ray Observatory
244:Chandra X-ray Observatory
57:
48:
3882:Charles Lang Freer Medal
3681:Archives of American Art
3658:National Zoological Park
3383:Lionel de Jersey Harvard
3378:Harvard University Press
3366:Tercentenary celebration
3290:Real Colegio Complutense
2831:Dean Jeremy M. Weinstein
2485:Extension School history
1998:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7
1309:Giant Magellan Telescope
1117:Organizational structure
1076:theoretical astrophysics
1018:Giant Magellan Telescope
971:postdoctoral researchers
915:Astrophysics Data System
892:supermassive black holes
718:Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin
620:Edward Charles Pickering
466:application of computers
462:theoretical astrophysics
421:, to affiliate with the
419:Cambridge, Massachusetts
347:Cambridge, Massachusetts
279:Astrophysics Data System
265:, the discovery of many
263:high energy astrophysics
240:Giant Magellan Telescope
236:electromagnetic spectrum
200:Cambridge, Massachusetts
190:jointly operated by the
113:Cambridge, Massachusetts
66:Cambridge, Massachusetts
3472:Smithsonian Institution
3356:Graduate Students Union
3344:Commencement traditions
3258:Harvard Innovation Labs
2764:Harvard Design Magazine
2724:Harvard Business Review
2643:Center for Astrophysics
2300:The Harvard Independent
1645:Popular Science Monthly
1543:10.1057/9781137507877_2
1458:2000A&AS..143...41K
1292:Spitzer Space Telescope
1224:Event Horizon Telescope
1091:Smithsonian Institution
1072:observational astronomy
1068:Event Horizon Telescope
1014:ground-based telescopes
947:Event Horizon Telescope
933:The first image of the
836:electroweak unification
763:, then affiliated with
458:ground-based telescopes
435:United States Air Force
368:Samuel Pierpont Langley
331:Smithsonian Institution
295:Smithsonian Institution
3897:National Design Awards
3718:Libraries and Archives
3713:Environmental Research
3094:Natural History Museum
3055:Busch–Reisinger Museum
2940:Journal on Legislation
2658:Center for Visual Arts
2601:Eleanor Elkins Widener
2440:Malkin Athletic Center
2397:Cornell hockey rivalry
1937:"www.cfa.harvard.edu/"
1658:: CS1 maint: others (
1319:Square Kilometer Array
1304:Lynx X-ray Observatory
1049:Lynx X-ray Observatory
1037:Kepler space telescope
950:
664:Henrietta Swan Leavitt
648:Henrietta Swan Leavitt
552:
504:
454:orbiting observatories
230:astronomical research
36:. For other uses, see
4073:42.38146°N 71.12837°W
3907:Woodrow Wilson Awards
3532:Numismatic Collection
3033:Museums and arboretum
3024:Michelle Ann Williams
2870:Institute of Politics
2402:Yale football rivalry
2120:President and Fellows
932:
699:Universe is expanding
510:
485:
444:With the creation of
427:Fred Lawrence Whipple
384:Charles Greeley Abbot
3938:The Wilson Quarterly
3877:James Smithson Medal
3708:Conservation Biology
3620:Encyclopedia of Life
3583:Cooper–Hewitt Design
3398:University Professor
3082:Mineralogical Museum
2913:Berkman Klein Center
2617:Centers, institutes,
2596:Harry Elkins Widener
2468:Continuing Education
2406:Stadiums and arenas
2286:The Harvard Advocate
2198:Freshman dormitories
1941:www.cfa.harvard.edu/
1912:www.cfa.harvard.edu/
1831:www.cfa.harvard.edu/
1673:Sobel, Dava (2016).
1374:, research scientist
1229:South Pole Telescope
1111:Annenberg Foundation
1006:South Pole Telescope
878:, and the launch of
824:Einstein Observatory
801:Einstein Observatory
691:history of astronomy
632:astronomical history
605:George Phillips Bond
351:astronomical history
64:CfA Headquarters in
4078:42.38146; -71.12837
4069: /
3856:Smithsonian Channel
3556:Arts and Industries
3321:Non-graduate alumni
3273:Schlesinger Library
3235:Smith Campus Center
3045:Harvard Art Museums
2875:Rappaport Institute
2307:The Harvard Lampoon
2293:The Harvard Crimson
1989:2019ApJ...875L...1E
1870:1989Natur.339...38L
1734:1912HarCi.173....1L
1605:1937PA.....45..523M
1467:10.1051/aas:2000170
1405:www.natureindex.com
1234:Submillimeter Array
1214:Magellan telescopes
1175:Minor Planet Center
998:Submillimeter Array
954:Research at the CfA
945:), captured by the
840:CfA Redshift Survey
803:(the first imaging
775:was created, and a
773:CfA Preprint Series
693:; astronomers like
565:William Cranch Bond
561:Harvard Corporation
529:Edward C. Pickering
439:Project Space Track
252:Great Observatories
45:
3945:Smithsonian Police
3892:Langley Gold Medal
3393:Society of Fellows
3198:Massachusetts Hall
2880:Shorenstein Center
2812:Bridget Terry Long
2476:Dean Nancy Coleman
2385:Women's volleyball
2350:Women's ice hockey
2330:Women's basketball
2202:Upperclass houses
2113:Board of Overseers
2065:Harvard University
1833:. February 5, 2013
1623:www.thecrimson.com
1267:Parker Solar Probe
1087:Harvard University
1033:Parker Solar Probe
951:
864:Infrared Telescope
777:CfA/SAO instrument
660:scientific history
640:Williamina Fleming
589:John Adams Whipple
553:
505:
376:Smithsonian Castle
327:Harvard University
317:History of the CfA
291:Harvard University
188:research institute
111:60 Garden Street,
3958:
3957:
3778:Folklife Festival
3747:Tropical Research
3438:
3437:
3225:President's House
2991:Anatomical Museum
2850:Center for Ethics
2691:
2690:
2678:Rowland Institute
2636:Du Bois Institute
2430:Lavietes Pavilion
2191:Radcliffe College
1684:978-0-670-01695-2
1677:. New York City.
1593:Popular Astronomy
1552:978-1-137-50787-7
1372:Clara Sousa-Silva
1081:In 2018, the CfA
1061:X-ray observatory
973:, and roughly 25
896:extrasolar planet
866:(IRT) aboard the
793:Riccardo Giacconi
722:Radcliffe College
644:Annie Jump Cannon
577:Josiah Quincy III
569:Dana-Palmer House
539:(behind Cannon),
533:Annie Jump Cannon
464:, as well as the
460:, laboratory and
408:solar observatory
404:Solar variability
303:Charles R. Alcock
220:science education
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3349:Academic regalia
3263:Computing Center
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2791:David N. Hempton
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903:computer science
834:for his work on
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652:Florence Cushman
628:analysis of data
601:Great Exhibition
541:Florence Cushman
525:Margaret Harwood
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888:CfA2 Great Wall
884:Supernova 1987A
828:Steven Weinberg
805:X-ray telescope
789:X-ray astronomy
761:George B. Field
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679:standard candle
613:William Lassell
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311:George B. Field
301:, who succeeds
283:online database
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685:. Now called "
557:Halley's Comet
531:, Edith Gill,
492:Harvard Square
490:, circa 1899.
476:Main article:
473:
470:
400:Solar constant
361:Main article:
358:
355:
343:Harvard campus
337:(HCO) and the
318:
315:
242:(GMT) and the
216:space sciences
167:
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163:
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143:
139:
138:
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102:space sciences
90:
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63:
55:
54:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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4:
3:
2:
4154:
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4016:
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3992:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3964:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3933:Wilson Center
3931:
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3926:
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3908:
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3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3811:Ripley Center
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Asian Pacific
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3741:
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3728:
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3684:
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3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3664:Uncle Beazley
3661:
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3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
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3516:
3513:
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3508:
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3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:Air and Space
3496:
3494:
3491:
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3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
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3409:
3408:
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3376:
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3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:Miscellaneous
3330:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Villa I Tatti
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Memorial Hall
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Johnston Gate
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Boylston Hall
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Glass Flowers
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
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3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:Public Health
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
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2894:
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2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Belfer Center
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:Sarah Whiting
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Srikant Datar
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
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2659:
2656:
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2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:and societies
2615:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
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2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
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2542:
2538:
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2535:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2493:
2492:Summer School
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2456:
2453:
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2398:
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2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Women's rugby
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
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2328:
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2321:
2318:
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2297:
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2239:
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2222:
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2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:Hopi Hoekstra
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
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2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2088:
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2075:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1895:
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1875:
1871:
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1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
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1822:
1820:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1758:0-521-48251-8
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
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1129:
1128:
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1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:undergraduate
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
925:The CfA today
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:Space Shuttle
865:
861:
857:
856:Irwin Shapiro
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:coronal holes
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:Leavitt's law
684:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:Antonia Maury
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Daguerrotypes
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Evelyn Leland
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
502:
497:
493:
489:
484:
479:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:National Mall
378:(on the U.S.
377:
373:
369:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
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308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:observatories
229:
225:
221:
218:, as well as
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
158:
154:
144:
140:
136:
130:
127:
124:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
100:, Earth, and
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
56:
52:
47:
39:
35:
27:
19:
4054:
4025:Solar System
3936:
3848:
3840:
3833:
3828:American Art
3826:
3806:Affiliations
3788:Global Sound
3696:Astrophysics
3695:
3662:
3510:American Art
3370:
3214:Night Wall I
3212:
3183:Harvard Yard
3166:Harvard Hall
3153:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2762:
2722:
2642:
2571:
2425:Jordan Field
2375:Men's squash
2370:Men's soccer
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2130:John Manning
2085:John Harvard
1970:
1966:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1916:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1830:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1748:
1742:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1674:
1668:
1644:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1596:
1592:
1534:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:
1493:
1442:(1): 41–59.
1439:
1435:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1189:
1120:
1080:
1065:
1022:
991:
967:PhD students
957:
900:
852:George Field
826:, the CfA's
821:
772:
758:
754:Fred Whipple
751:
742:Leo Goldberg
714:Great Debate
707:
695:Edwin Hubble
617:
573:Harvard Yard
554:
544:
520:
443:
416:
370:, the third
366:
320:
277:: the CfA's
256:
208:astrophysics
185:astrophysics
180:
176:
172:
170:
108:Headquarters
98:astrophysics
92:Research in
73:Abbreviation
26:
4076: /
4013:Outer space
4001:Spaceflight
3849:Smithsonian
3544:Heye Center
3493:African Art
3249:Centers and
3060:Fogg Museum
2845:Carr Center
2626:Asia Center
2446:Boathouses
2435:Ohiri Field
2360:Men's rugby
2256:Pforzheimer
2106:Alan Garber
1569:|work=
1099:Smithsonian
1097:, 22% from
935:photon ring
874:(MMT), the
783:discovered
299:Lisa Kewley
234:across the
228:space-based
126:Lisa Kewley
81:Established
34:Chick-fil-A
4091:Categories
4064:71°07′42″W
4061:42°22′53″N
3842:STEM in 30
3503:Udvar–Hazy
3339:Alma mater
3251:institutes
3208:Meyer Gate
3155:Discobolus
2954:Law Review
2947:Law Record
2835:Ash Center
2823:Government
2541:Emma Dench
2392:Ivy League
1980:1906.11238
1384:References
1324:Pan-STARRS
939:black hole
563:appointed
523:(L to R):
456:and large
450:Space Race
269:, and the
267:exoplanets
4037:Education
3977:Astronomy
3799:Education
3600:Hirshhorn
3561:Asian Art
3551:Anacostia
3134:1881 Gate
3129:1857 Gate
3120:Cambridge
2802:Education
2550:Libraries
2315:Athletics
2101:President
2007:2041-8213
1973:(1): L1.
1946:April 30,
1918:April 27,
1886:1476-4687
1837:April 30,
1808:April 30,
1799:"History"
1775:cite book
1701:cite book
1693:952469237
1654:cite book
1628:April 29,
1571:ignored (
1561:cite book
1518:April 29,
1476:0365-0138
1410:April 26,
1083:rebranded
740:and then
636:Computers
581:Cambridge
549:Ida Woods
545:Front row
287:rebranded
259:cosmology
246:, one of
204:astronomy
94:astronomy
3851:magazine
3783:Folkways
3756:Cultural
3674:Research
3417:Category
3361:Heraldry
3104:Herbaria
2966:Medicine
2781:Divinity
2698:Business
2608:Grossman
2567:Houghton
2340:Football
2320:Baseball
2266:Winthrop
2241:Leverett
2236:Kirkland
2151:Sciences
2149:Arts and
1767:33281965
1336:See also
1089:and the
830:won the
765:Berkeley
730:hydrogen
683:galaxies
609:Hyperion
521:Back row
329:and the
325:between
293:and the
183:, is an
151:.harvard
121:Director
4049:Science
3963:Portals
3701:Chandra
3588:Gardens
3571:Sackler
3480:Museums
3429:Commons
3388:Math 55
2591:Widener
2410:Beanpot
2335:Fencing
2226:Dunster
2216:Currier
2176:College
2137:Library
2126:Provost
2078:History
1985:Bibcode
1894:4324036
1866:Bibcode
1730:Bibcode
1728:: 1–3.
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1454:Bibcode
1010:VERITAS
886:, the "
880:Chandra
769:journal
595:of the
431:Sputnik
425:(HCO).
224:ground-
142:Website
133:Staff
89:Purpose
3870:Awards
3768:Latino
3637:Postal
3605:Latino
3578:Castle
3309:People
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2748:Design
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2261:Quincy
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2092:statue
2005:
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1858:Nature
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870:, the
862:, the
781:Skylab
771:, the
734:helium
496:Boston
3989:Stars
3916:Other
3820:Media
3566:Freer
3176:Choir
3022:Dean
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2206:Adams
2184:Dean
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1975:arXiv
1890:S2CID
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1444:arXiv
1177:(MPC)
937:of a
726:stars
675:stars
212:Earth
2003:ISSN
1948:2020
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1785:link
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1763:OCLC
1753:ISBN
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1679:ISBN
1660:link
1630:2020
1573:help
1547:ISBN
1520:2020
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1157:NASA
1095:NASA
1057:Lynx
943:M87*
911:FITS
732:and
670:for
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624:Peru
597:Moon
511:The
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446:NASA
261:and
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226:and
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171:The
153:.edu
149:.cfa
137:850+
84:1973
3651:Zoo
2898:Law
1993:doi
1971:875
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