292:(EU), HFCS is known as isoglucose or glucose–fructose syrup (GFS) which has 20–30% fructose content compared to 42% (HFCS 42) and 55% (HFCS 55) in the United States. While HFCS is produced exclusively with corn in the U.S., manufacturers in the EU use corn and wheat to produce GFS. GFS was once subject to a sugar production quota, which was abolished on 1 October 2017, removing the previous production cap of 720,000 tonnes, and allowing production and export without restriction. Use of GFS in soft drinks is limited in the EU because manufacturers do not have a sufficient supply of GFS containing at least 42% fructose content. As a result, soft drinks are primarily sweetened by sucrose which has a 50% fructose content.
40:
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had a 27–30% share of the
Japanese sweetener market. Japan consumed approximately 800,000 tonnes of HFCS in 2016. The United States Department of Agriculture states that HFCS is produced in Japan from U.S. corn. Japan imports at a level of 3 million tonnes per year, leading 20 percent of corn imports to be for HFCS production.
309:
Mexico is the largest importer of U.S. HFCS. HFCS accounts for about 27 percent of total sweetener consumption, with Mexico importing 983,069 tonnes of HFCS in 2018. Mexico's soft drink industry is shifting from sugar to HFCS which is expected to boost U.S. HFCS exports to Mexico according to a U.S.
279:
HFCS in China makes up about 20% of sweetener demand. HFCS has gained popularity due to rising prices of sucrose, while selling for a third the price. Production was estimated to reach 4,150,000 tonnes in 2017. About half of total produced HFCS is exported to the
Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and
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with sucrose (table sugar) and would remove preservatives and other artificial additives from its menu items. Marion Gross, senior vice president of McDonald's stated, "We know that they don't feel good about high-fructose corn syrup so we're giving them what they're looking for instead." Over the
325:
The
Philippines was the largest importer of Chinese HFCS. Imports of HFCS would peak at 373,137 tonnes in 2016. Complaints from domestic sugar producers would result in a crackdown on Chinese exports. On 1 January 2018, the Philippine government imposed a tax of 12 pesos ($ .24) on drinks sweetened
300:
In Japan, HFCS is also referred to as isomerized sugar. HFCS production arose in Japan after government policies created a rise in the price of sugar. Japanese HFCS is manufactured mostly from imported U.S. corn, and the output is regulated by the government. For the period from 2007 to 2012, HFCS
383:
under quota has a 5% tax, and white and raw sugar not under quota have an 85% and 80% tax. In 2018, the
Vietnam Sugarcane and Sugar Association (VSSA) called for government intervention on current tax policies. According to the VSSA, sugar companies face tighter lending policies which cause the
334:
In the United States, HFCS was widely used in food manufacturing from the 1970s through the early 21st century, primarily as a replacement for sucrose because its sweetness was similar to sucrose, it improved manufacturing quality, was easier to use, and was cheaper. Domestic production of HFCS
1603:
Because the sugar profile of high-fructose corn syrup is similar to that of honey, high-fructose corn syrup was more difficult to detect until new tests were developed in the 1980s. Honey adulteration has continued to evolve to evade testing methodology, requiring continual updating of testing
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There are various public relations concerns with HFCS, including how HFCS products are advertised and labeled as "natural." As a consequence, several companies reverted to manufacturing with sucrose (table sugar) from products that had previously been made with HFCS. In 2010, the Corn
Refiners
362:
Consumption of HFCS in the U.S. has declined since it peaked at 37.5 lb (17.0 kg) per person in 1999. The average
American consumed approximately 22.1 lb (10.0 kg) of HFCS in 2018, versus 40.3 lb (18.3 kg) of refined cane and beet sugar. This decrease in domestic
1098:
Prior to the development of the worldwide sugar industry, dietary fructose was limited to only a few items. Milk, meats, and most vegetables, the staples of many early diets, have no fructose, and only 5–10% fructose by weight is found in fruits such as grapes, apples, and blueberries. Most
930:
treatment, and filtration, among other common steps of sweetener manufacturing from natural sources. In the contemporary process to make HFCS, an "acid-enzyme" step is used in which the corn starch solution is acidified to digest the existing carbohydrates, then enzymes are added to further
217:. That purified solution is then run over immobilized xylose isomerase, which turns the sugars to ~50–52% glucose with some unconverted oligosaccharides and 42% fructose (HFCS 42), and again demineralized and again purified using activated carbon. Some is processed into HFCS 90 by liquid
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recommended that people limit total added sugar (including maltose, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, molasses, cane sugar, corn sweetener, raw sugar, syrup, honey, or fruit juice concentrates) in their diets to nine teaspoons per day for men and six for women.
2551:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
338:
Production of HFCS in the United States was 8.3 million tons in 2017. HFCS is easier to handle than granulated sucrose, although some sucrose is transported as solution. Unlike sucrose, HFCS cannot be hydrolyzed, but the free fructose in HFCS may produce
1103:, however, contain about 50% fructose. From 1970 to 2000, there was a 25% increase in "added sugars" in the U.S. When recognized as a cheaper, more versatile sweetener, HFCS replaced sucrose as the main sweetener of soft drinks in the United States.
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in some batches of HFCS. In a 2009 release, The Corn
Refiners Association stated that all factories in the American industry for manufacturing HFCS had used mercury-free processing over several previous years, making the prior report outdated.
378:
90% of
Vietnam's HFCS import comes from China and South Korea. Imports would total 89,343 tonnes in 2017. One ton of HFCS was priced at $ 398 in 2017, while one ton of sugar would cost $ 702. HFCS has a zero cent import tax and no quota, while
1948:
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Most countries, including Mexico, use sucrose, or table sugar, in soft drinks. In the U.S., soft drinks, such as Coca-Cola, are typically made with HFCS 55. HFCS has a sweeter taste than sucrose. Some
Americans seek out drinks such as
335:
increased from 2.2 million tons in 1980 to a peak of 9.5 million tons in 1999. Although HFCS use is about the same as sucrose use in the United States, more than 90% of sweeteners used in global manufacturing is sucrose.
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metabolize the corn starch and convert the resulting sugars to their constituents of fructose and glucose. Analyses published in 2014 showed that HFCS content of fructose was consistent across samples from 80 randomly selected
156:
of HFCS 55, used most commonly in soft drinks, is comparable to that of sucrose. HFCS provides advantages in food and beverage manufacturing, such as simplicity of formulation, stability, and enabling processing efficiencies.
105:, but manufacturing advantages of HFCS over sugar include that it is cheaper. "HFCS 42" and "HFCS 55" refer to dry weight fructose compositions of 42% and 55% respectively, the rest being glucose. HFCS 42 is mainly used for
3218:
Leblanc, B. W.; Eggleston, G; Sammataro, D; Cornett, C; Dufault, R; Deeby, T; St Cyr, E (2009). "Formation of hydroxymethylfurfural in domestic high-fructose corn syrup and its toxicity to the honey bee (Apis mellifera)".
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consumption of HFCS resulted in a push in exporting of the product. In 2014, exports of HFCS were valued at $ 436 million, a decrease of 21% in one year, with Mexico receiving about 75% of the export volume.
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2720:
Jensen, Thomas; Abdelmalek, Manal F.; Sullivan, Shelby; Nadeau, Kristen J.; Green, Melanie; Roncal, Carlos; Nakagawa, Takahiko; Kuwabara, Masanari; Sato, Yuka; Kang, Duk-Hee; Tolan, Dean R. (May 2018).
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98:. HFCS was first marketed in the early 1970s by the Clinton Corn Processing Company, together with the Japanese Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, where the enzyme was discovered in 1965.
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152:, raising the price of sucrose and reducing that of HFCS, creating a manufacturing-cost advantage among sweetener applications. In spite of having a 10% greater fructose content, the relative
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has been the subject of controversy, but as of 2022, there is no scientific consensus that fructose or HFCS has any impact on cardiometabolic markers when substituted for sucrose. A 2014
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Since 1789, the U.S. sugar industry has had trade protection in the form of tariffs on foreign-produced sugar, while subsidies to corn growers cheapen the primary ingredient in HFCS,
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bacteria and began shipping an early version of HFCS in February 1967. In 1983, the FDA accepted HFCS as "generally recognized as safe," and that decision was reaffirmed in 1996.
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1961:
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The most common forms of HFCS used for food and beverage manufacturing contain fructose in either 42% ("HFCS 42") or 55% ("HFCS 55") by dry weight, as described in the U.S.
2023:
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1018:, there is no evidence that HFCS is the only cause. Compared to hive honey, both HFCS and sucrose caused signs of malnutrition in bees fed with them, apparent in the
313:
On 1 January 2002, Mexico imposed a 20% beverage tax on soft drinks and syrups not sweetened with cane sugar. The United States challenged the tax, appealing to the
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317:(WTO). On 3 March 2006, the WTO ruled in favor of the U.S. citing the tax as discriminatory against U.S. imports of HFCS without being justified under WTO rules.
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144:(table sugar) in the food industry. Factors contributing to the increased use of HFCS in food manufacturing include production quotas of domestic sugar, import
351:
continue to use sugar in other nations but transitioned to HFCS for U.S. markets in 1980 before completely switching over in 1984. Large corporations, such as
1756:"High Fructose Corn Syrup Market 2019 Industry Research, Share, Trend, Global Industry Size, Price, Future Analysis, Regional Outlook to 2024 Research Report"
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developed a heat-stable xylose isomerase enzyme from yeast. In 1967, the Clinton Corn Processing Company obtained an exclusive license to manufacture glucose
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6499:
4037:
2796:"CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as GRAS. Sec. 184.1866. High fructose corn syrup (amended 1 April 2020)"
1193:
White, John S. (21 February 2014). "Sucrose, HFCS, and Fructose: History, Manufacture, Composition, Applications, and Production". In Rippe, James M. (ed.).
1035:
1916:
1081:, Iowa, tried to turn glucose from corn starch into fructose, but the process they used was not scalable. In 1965–1970, Yoshiyuki Takasaki, at the Japanese
1014:, which is toxic to bees, can form from the breakdown of fructose. Although some researchers cite honey substitution with HFCS as one factor among many for
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5482:
1235:"Misconceptions about high-fructose corn syrup: Is it uniquely responsible for obesity, reactive dicarbonyl compounds, and advanced glycation endproducts?"
5405:
3017:
2601:"Effect of fructose instead of glucose or sucrose on cardiometabolic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of isoenergetic intervention trials"
2407:"Response to Petition from Corn Refiners Association to Authorize "Corn Sugar" as an Alternate Common or Usual Name for High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)"
1436:
Goran, Michael I.; Ulijaszek, Stanley J.; Ventura, Emily E. (1 January 2013). "High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: A global perspective".
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2638:
Allocca, M; Selmi C (2010). "Emerging nutritional treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". In Preedy VR; Lakshman R; Rajaskanthan RS (eds.).
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A 2018 review found that lowering consumption of sugary beverages and fructose products may reduce hepatic fat accumulation, which is associated with
2673:"Fructose, high-fructose corn syrup, sucrose, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or indexes of liver health: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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197:. High-temperature enzymes are added to further metabolize the starch and convert the resulting sugars to fructose. The first enzyme added is
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2558:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
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Hobbs, Larry (2009). "21. Sweeteners from Starch: Production, Properties and Uses". In BeMiller, James N.; Whistler, Roy L. (eds.).
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evolved during processing. This concern was dismissed, however, with evidence that HFCS poses no dietary risk from these compounds.
871:
173:
2521:
1291:
4149:
1162:
895:, and there is no evidence that retail HFCS products differ in safety from those containing alternative nutritive sweeteners. The
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also phased out HFCS, replacing it with conventional sugar because consumers perceived sugar to be healthier. Companies such as
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1337:(Bray, 2004 & U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Sugar and Sweetener Yearbook series, Tables 50–52)
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The AHA recommendations focus on all added sugars, without singling out any particular types such as high-fructose corn syrup
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One consumer concern about HFCS is that processing of corn is more complex than used for common sugar sources, such as fruit
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The global market for HFCS is expected to grow from $ 5.9 billion in 2019 to a projected $ 7.6 billion in 2024.
39:
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and Heinz have also released products that use sugar in lieu of HFCS, although they still sell HFCS-sweetened products.
888:
121:
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Commercial production of corn syrup began in 1964. In the late 1950s, scientists at Clinton Corn Processing Company of
954:
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and an "acid-enzyme" process is used, in which the corn-starch solution is acidified to begin breaking up the existing
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when stored at high temperatures; these differences are most prominent in acidic beverages. Soft drink makers such as
241:
3173:"Effect of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) on mortality of artificially reared honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera carnica)"
2795:
2256:
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Consumption of sugar and corn-based sweeteners in the United States from 1966 to 2013, in dry-basis pounds per capita
248:
HFCS 42 (approx. 42% fructose if water were ignored) is used in beverages, processed foods, cereals, and baked goods.
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colonies during times when nectar is in low supply. However, when HFCS is heated to about 45 °C (113 °F),
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1996:
1923:
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Association applied to allow HFCS to be renamed "corn sugar," but that petition was rejected by the FDA in 2012.
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124:(FDA) states that it is not aware of evidence showing that HFCS is less safe than traditional sweeteners such as
2351:"Table 51-Refined cane and beet sugar: estimated number of per capita calories consumed daily, by calendar year"
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997:
314:
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2321:"Table 52-High fructose corn syrup: estimated number of per capita calories consumed daily, by calendar year"
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164:) is the primary ingredient in most brands of commercial "pancake syrup," as a less expensive substitute for
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3052:"Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera"
1110:. Accordingly, industrial users looking for cheaper sugar replacements rapidly adopted HFCS in the 1970s.
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2001:
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340:
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2110:"Report of the Agricultural Technical Advisory Committee (ATAC) for Sweeteners and Sweetener Products"
132:. Uses and exports of HFCS from American producers have grown steadily during the early 21st century.
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is mixed in and converts them to glucose. The resulting solution is filtered to remove protein using
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3281:"Pepsi, Coke And Other Soda Companies Want You To Think 'Real' Sugar Is Good For You—It's Not"
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31:
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3116:"Diet-dependent gene expression in honey bees: Honey vs. Sucrose or high fructose corn syrup"
82:, the starch is broken down into glucose by enzymes. To make HFCS, the corn syrup is further
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1573:"Economically motivated adulteration (EMA) of food: common characteristics of EMA incidents"
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110:
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221:, and then mixed with HFCS 42 to form HFCS 55. The enzymes used in the process are made by
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234:
202:
3440:"Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews (updated 29 April 2019)"
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in ethnic groceries because they prefer the taste over that of HFCS-sweetened Coca-Cola.
808:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
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Krainer, S; Brodschneider, R; Vollmann, J; Crailsheim, K; Riessberger-Gallé, U (2016).
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1863:"Updated factsheet on glucose fructose syrups, isoglucose and high fructose corn syrup"
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1628:
1124:
860:
289:
218:
106:
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Marshall R. O.; Kooi E. R. (1957). "Enzymatic Conversion of d-Glucose to d-Fructose".
2492:"Sugar association seeks help amid bankruptcy fears | DTiNews – Dan Tri International"
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3375:"Hershey considers removing high-fructose corn syrup from products in favor of sugar"
3303:"FDA rejects industry bid to change name of high fructose corn syrup to "corn sugar""
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1841:"The end of EU sugar production quotas and its impact on sugar consumption in the EU"
1730:"Japan Corn Starch Co., Ltd. Releasing the New High-Fructose Corn Syrup, "HFCS 70"!!"
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832:
824:
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198:
2819:"Fructose content and composition of commercial HFCS-sweetened carbonated beverages"
2222:. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 20 August 2019
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HFCS is 24% water, the rest being mainly fructose and glucose with 0–5% unprocessed
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2947:"High Fructose Corn Syrup Mercury Study Outdated; Based on Discontinued Technology"
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206:
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17:
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to detect adulteration of sweetened products with HFCS, such as liquid honey, use
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2897:"Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar"
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403:
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2867:"Soda Warning? High-fructose Corn Syrup Linked To Diabetes, New Study Suggests"
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2409:. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration
2085:"Mexicos HFCS imports usage increasing | World-grain.com | 29 April 2011 09:04"
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1319:. Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. 21 January 2015
949:
Through the early 21st century, some factories manufacturing HFCS had used a
140:
In the United States, HFCS is among the sweeteners that have mostly replaced
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3501:
3463:
High Fructose Corn Syrup: A Guide for Consumers, Policymakers, and the Media
3076:
2688:
2643:
1991:"Table 32-U.S. high fructose corn syrup exports, by destinations, 2000–2015"
1362:"Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain't"
1212:
1086:
1007:
625:
380:
344:
153:
71:
3557:. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. November 2006. Archived from
3510:
3425:
3240:
3196:
3157:
3095:
2932:
2852:
2764:
2706:
2624:
2573:
2298:
1689:
1670:
1598:
1465:
1395:
1260:
370:
petitioned the FDA to call HFCS "corn sugar," but the petition was denied.
4646:
3597:
2913:
2723:"Fructose and Sugar: A Major Mediator of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"
2671:
Chung, M; Ma, J; Patel, K; Berger, S; Lau, J; Lichtenstein, A. H. (2014).
1514:
1251:
1234:
6678:
6268:
6217:
6073:
6013:
5841:
5811:
5538:
5120:
4998:
4938:
4706:
4596:
4445:
4429:
4404:
4394:
4245:
4189:
4174:
4002:
3987:
3324:"McDonald's to remove corn syrup from buns, curbs antibiotics in chicken"
1058:
985:
939:
356:
326:
with HFCS versus 6 pesos ($ .12) for drinks sweetened with other sugars.
95:
2834:
835:
in significant amounts. In a 100-gram reference amount, it supplies 281
6134:
5851:
5821:
5755:
5685:
5596:
5242:
5210:
5141:
5068:
5018:
4958:
4933:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4716:
4626:
4530:
4455:
4450:
4276:
4240:
4225:
4220:
4164:
4159:
4109:
3875:
3778:
3703:
3698:
1066:
1054:
828:
521:
141:
125:
91:
6851:
3232:
3139:
2798:. US Code of Regulations, Food and Drug Administration. 23 August 1996
2169:"Philippines drinks makers shun China corn syrup imports to avoid tax"
1654:"Health implications of fructose consumption: A review of recent data"
938:
One prior concern in manufacturing was whether HFCS contains reactive
859:
found little evidence for an association between HFCS consumption and
6278:
6236:
5806:
5643:
5631:
5103:
5048:
4721:
4621:
4571:
4525:
4500:
4495:
4485:
4363:
4338:
4333:
4230:
4215:
4210:
4169:
981:
927:
608:
145:
83:
1044:
In August 2016, in a move to please consumers with health concerns,
3555:"Food without Thought: How U.S. Farm Policy Contributes to Obesity"
1623:(3rd ed.). London: Academic Press/Elsevier. pp. 797–832.
6232:
5884:
5088:
5023:
4913:
4838:
4677:
4616:
4561:
4551:
4480:
4368:
4328:
4266:
4261:
4184:
4129:
3639:
1410:
1107:
1006:
in the United States, HFCS is a honey substitute for some managed
433:
384:
association's member companies with increased risk of bankruptcy.
348:
169:
129:
38:
3608:
1785:"Old foes sugar and corn syrup battle for lucrative Asian market"
4323:
4271:
4119:
4007:
3992:
2949:. The Corn Refiners Association. 26 January 2009. Archived from
1083:
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
745:
5759:
4650:
3612:
310:
Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service report.
201:, which breaks the long chains down into shorter sugar chains (
6129:
5156:
2056:"Table 34a-U.S. exports of high fructose corn syrup to Mexico"
1911:
1909:
1411:"Dark sugar: The decline and fall of high-fructose corn syrup"
1049:
887:
Since 2014, the United States FDA has determined that HFCS is
463:
2291:"Archer Daniels Midland: A Case Study in Corporate Welfare"
1161:. European Food Information Council (EUFIC). Archived from
3354:"Major Brands No Longer Sweet on High-Fructose Corn Syrup"
2522:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1489:"Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose"
3469:. Grocery Manufacturers Association. 2008. pp. 1–14.
2432:"Sugar association seeks help against corn syrup imports"
984:
Coca-Cola, sold in the U.S. around the Jewish holiday of
1962:"Japan Trade Agreements Affect US Sweetener Confections"
1949:
Alternative Sweeteners in a High Sugar Price Environment
957:
for digesting corn raw material, left trace residues of
3257:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 16 September 2016
1317:"U.S. Exports of Corn-Based Products Continue to Climb"
1048:
announced that it would be replacing all HFCS in their
189:
In the contemporary process, corn is milled to extract
1195:
Fructose, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose and Health
1813:"Glucose-fructose syrup: An ingredient worth knowing"
1145:"Factsheet on Glucose Fructose Syrups and Isoglucose"
6794:
6732:
6656:
6611:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
6433:
6355:
6302:
6231:
6181:
6153:
6115:
6004:
5912:
5860:
5793:
5694:
5584:
5516:
5428:
5398:
5266:
5203:
5194:
5134:
4972:
4837:
4830:
4769:
4694:
4544:
4438:
4377:
4254:
4198:
4055:
3980:
3971:
3924:
3866:
3833:
3797:
3771:
3646:
953:corn processing method which, in cases of applying
781:
769:
744:
731:
718:
705:
692:
679:
666:
645:
624:
607:
591:
574:
557:
540:
519:
484:
460:
442:
432:
416:
402:
397:
359:for the continuation of government corn subsidies.
113:, whereas HFCS 55 is used mostly for production of
2555:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
3050:Mao, W; Schuler, M. A.; Berenbaum, M. R. (2013).
2817:White, J. S.; Hobbs, L. J.; Fernandez, S (2014).
2462:"VSSA proposes self-defense measure against HFCS"
2024:"Production Sufficient to Meet U.S. Quota Demand"
1294:. US Food and Drug Administration. 4 January 2018
1292:"High Fructose Corn Syrup: Questions and Answers"
657:
531:
2146:Office of the United States Trade Representative
2118:Office of the United States Trade Representative
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1026:and other processes affecting honey bee health.
797:Full report from USDA National Nutrient Database
3056:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1885:"Quality Labeling Standard for Processed Foods"
30:"HFCS" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2599:Fattore E, Botta F, Bosetti C (January 2022).
1783:Gu, Hallie; Cruz, Enrico Dela (20 July 2017).
1571:Everstine K, Spink J, Kennedy S (April 2013).
893:ingredient for food and beverage manufacturing
398:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
5771:
4662:
3624:
2781:. American Heart Association. 17 April 2018.
1529:"5 Things You Need to Know About Maple Syrup"
1159:"Glucose-fructose syrup: How is it produced?"
8:
6786:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
6601:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
6500:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1947:International Sugar Organization March 2012
1865:. Starch EU, Brussels, Belgium. 13 July 2018
1843:. Starch EU, Brussels, Belgium. 20 June 2017
1143:European Starch Association (10 June 2013).
1053:early 21st century, other companies such as
1036:Public relations of high-fructose corn syrup
392:
6724:United Kingdom food information regulations
5483:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
3377:. The Guardian, London, UK. 3 December 2014
1710:Economic Research Service. 14 November 2014
213:. Then the solution is demineralized using
5778:
5764:
5756:
5200:
4834:
4669:
4655:
4647:
3977:
3631:
3617:
3609:
3221:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3109:
3107:
3105:
2518:United States Food and Drug Administration
1550:"Advances in Honey Adulteration Detection"
1366:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
914:, but all sweetener products derived from
501:
391:
101:As a sweetener, HFCS is often compared to
6562:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
3500:
3274:
3272:
3147:
3085:
3075:
2922:
2912:
2842:
2754:
2696:
2060:United States Department of Agriculture,
2031:United States Department of Agriculture,
1995:United States Department of Agriculture,
1818:. Starch EU, Brussels, Belgium. June 2017
1679:
1669:
1588:
1504:
1377:
1250:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
6606:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
6468:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
3906:International corn production statistics
3347:
3345:
3114:Wheeler, M. M.; Robinson, G. E. (2014).
2381:"U.S. Consumption of Caloric Sweeteners"
2242:"Understanding High Fructose Corn Syrup"
1614:
1612:
262:
78:. As in the production of conventional
47:) of fructose (left) and glucose (right)
6576:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
3480:Leeper H. A.; Jones E. (October 2007).
3442:. US Food and Drug Administration. 2019
3318:
3316:
3018:"Kosher Coke 'flying out of the store'"
2141:"U.S. Wins Mexico Beverage Tax Dispute"
1708:United States Department of Agriculture
1135:
6591:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
6168:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
3045:
3043:
2677:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2640:Nutrition, diet therapy, and the liver
1552:. Food Safety Magazine. 12 August 1974
1493:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
988:, also uses sucrose rather than HFCS.
843:of 19 grams, it supplies 53 calories.
251:HFCS 55 is mostly used in soft drinks.
2890:
2888:
2455:
2453:
2426:
2424:
1835:
1833:
1807:
1805:
1778:
1776:
1311:
1309:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
897:2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
7:
6882:
6770:Institute for Food Safety and Health
6510:Australian meat substitution scandal
6478:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
6254:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
2257:"Coke, Pepsi to use more corn syrup"
918:involve similar processing steps of
176:and other advanced testing methods.
6902:
6758:Food Information and Control Agency
3291:from the original on 23 March 2020.
2255:Daniels, Lee A. (7 November 1984).
3279:Senapathy, Kavin (28 April 2016).
2980:. Associated Press. Archived from
2532:from the original on 27 March 2024
2000:. 20 November 2018. Archived from
1969:US Department of Agriculture Japan
1704:"Sugar and Sweeteners: Background"
1629:10.1016/B978-0-12-746275-2.00021-5
827:and 24% water, containing no fat,
254:HFCS 70 is used in filling jellies
25:
6775:International Food Safety Network
6699:International Food Safety Network
6420:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
6370:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
6097:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
5592:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
4688:List of sugars and sugar products
2974:"Is Mexican Coke the real thing?"
1360:White, John S (1 November 2008).
1197:. Humana Press (published 2014).
883:Safety and manufacturing concerns
872:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
174:differential scanning calorimetry
6901:
6891:
6881:
6872:
6871:
6860:
6850:
6780:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
6616:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
6547:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
6542:ICA meat repackaging controversy
5740:
5739:
5730:
5729:
3596:
3352:Zmuda, Natalie (15 March 2010).
2823:International Journal of Obesity
2405:Landa, Michael M (30 May 2012).
1621:Starch: chemistry and technology
1409:Engber, Daniel (28 April 2009).
6719:Quality Assurance International
6626:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
6596:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
6490:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
6405:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2580:from the original on 9 May 2024
2460:Chanh, Trung (20 August 2018).
944:advanced glycation end-products
903:should be limited in the diet.
6748:European Food Safety Authority
6621:Food safety incidents in China
6458:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
6425:Water fluoridation controversy
3016:Dixon, Duffie (9 April 2009).
2972:Louise Chu (9 November 2004).
2357:. 18 July 2019. Archived from
2327:. 18 July 2019. Archived from
847:Obesity and metabolic syndrome
1:
4302:List of tortilla-based dishes
1917:"Sweetener Policies in Japan"
1487:Hanover LM, White JS (1993).
408:1,176 kJ (281 kcal)
6753:Food and Drug Administration
6435:Food contamination incidents
3418:10.1126/science.125.3249.648
2996:"Mexican Coke a hit in U.S."
2033:Foreign Agricultural Service
1590:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-399
1450:10.1080/17441692.2012.736257
804:Percentages estimated using
122:Food and Drug Administration
6807:Food and drink prohibitions
6581:Bihar school meal poisoning
6505:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
6463:1900 English beer poisoning
5817:Antibiotic use in livestock
3950:National Cornbread Festival
3916:Three Sisters (agriculture)
2978:The San Diego Union-Tribune
242:Code of Federal Regulations
6959:
6802:Curing (food preservation)
5875:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
5478:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
5458:Demerara rebellion of 1823
5438:1811 German Coast uprising
5044:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
3255:"Colony collapse disorder"
2739:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.019
1658:Nutrition & Metabolism
1033:
995:
876:American Heart Association
29:
6845:
6832:Genetically modified food
6684:Food labeling regulations
6552:2008 Chinese milk scandal
5725:
4685:
3189:10.1007/s10646-015-1590-x
2385:Economic Research Service
2355:Economic Research Service
2325:Economic Research Service
2062:Economic Research Service
1997:Economic Research Service
803:
793:
789:
765:
757:
641:
637:
515:
511:
504:
500:
480:
476:
456:
452:
412:
368:Corn Refiners Association
229:Composition and varieties
32:HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons)
6694:Food safety in Australia
5890:High-fructose corn syrup
4904:High-fructose corn syrup
3603:High-fructose corn syrup
1652:Rizkalla, S. W. (2010).
1379:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825b
1101:traditional dried fruits
1016:colony collapse disorder
998:Colony collapse disorder
851:The role of fructose in
393:High-fructose corn syrup
315:World Trade Organization
259:Commerce and consumption
52:High-fructose corn syrup
6674:Acceptable daily intake
6586:2013 horse meat scandal
6027:Clostridium perfringens
5453:Colonial molasses trade
4909:High-maltose corn syrup
3573:"Corn Production/Value"
3077:10.1073/pnas.1303884110
2895:Dufault, Renee (2009).
2689:10.3945/ajcn.114.086314
2195:"USDA ERS – Background"
1120:High-maltose corn syrup
955:mercury cell technology
806:US recommendations
90:to convert some of its
6742:Centre for Food Safety
6557:2008 Irish pork crisis
6259:Benzene in soft drinks
5713:Pure, White and Deadly
5493:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
5399:By region (historical)
3911:List of popcorn brands
3482:"How bad is fructose?"
2617:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa077
2220:"Sugar and sweeteners"
1671:10.1186/1743-7075-7-82
1506:10.1093/ajcn/58.5.724S
1499:(suppl 5): 724S–732S.
810:the National Academies
353:Archer Daniels Midland
268:
223:microbial fermentation
150:subsidies of U.S. corn
148:on foreign sugar, and
68:glucose–fructose syrup
48:
6933:Corn-based sweeteners
6764:Food Standards Agency
6714:Organic certification
6709:Nutrition facts label
6453:Esing Bakery incident
6241:environment pollution
5503:Taiwan Sugar Railways
5443:Amelioration Act 1798
3716:Quality Protein Maize
3561:on 27 September 2007.
3502:10.1093/ajcn/86.4.895
2914:10.1186/1476-069X-8-2
2727:Journal of Hepatology
2607:(Systematic review).
2244:. Beverage Institute.
1252:10.3945/jn.108.097998
1233:White, J. S. (2009).
1022:of genes involved in
1012:hydroxymethylfurfural
935:sweetened with HFCS.
506:Vitamins and minerals
341:hydroxymethylfurfural
266:
43:Structural formulae (
42:
6533:2006 North American
6191:Acesulfame potassium
6020:Campylobacter jejuni
5914:Intestinal parasites
5787:Consumer food safety
5182:Unrefined sweeteners
5004:Crystalline fructose
4919:Inverted sugar syrup
3689:Genetically modified
3605:at Wikimedia Commons
3535:on 19 September 2018
2901:Environmental Health
1734:www.businesswire.com
1438:Global Public Health
1239:Journal of Nutrition
933:carbonated beverages
27:Processed corn syrup
6938:Japanese inventions
6837:Conspiracy theories
6390:Heterocyclic amines
6294:Shellfish poisoning
5267:By region (current)
5167:Sugar confectionery
3955:Sweet Corn Festival
3525:"U.S. Sugar Policy"
3410:1957Sci...125..648M
3132:2014NatSR...4E5726W
3068:2013PNAS..110.8842M
2984:on 27 October 2007.
2835:10.1038/ijo.2014.73
2121:. 27 September 2018
2089:www.world-grain.com
576:Pantothenic acid (B
394:
244:(21 CFR 184.1866).
215:ion-exchange resins
45:Fischer projections
18:High fructose syrup
6495:Toxic oil syndrome
6448:Swill milk scandal
6274:Diethylstilbestrol
5946:Diphyllobothriasis
5671:Sweetened beverage
5498:Sugar Intervention
5406:Danish West Indies
5388:U.S. Sugar Program
5147:Cotton candy floss
5054:Plantation Reserve
4949:Steen's cane syrup
4150:Mămăligă în pături
3858:Maize streak virus
3575:. Allcountries.org
3120:Scientific Reports
3028:on 2 February 2011
2261:The New York Times
1736:. 17 February 2017
1372:(6): 1716S–1721S.
1245:(6): 1219S–1227S.
1024:protein metabolism
908:juice concentrates
853:metabolic syndrome
771:Other constituents
269:
160:HFCS (or standard
120:The United States
88:D-xylose isomerase
49:
6928:Agrarian politics
6915:
6914:
6822:Food preservation
6631:Foodborne illness
6183:Sugar substitutes
5936:Cryptosporidiosis
5918:parasitic disease
5832:HGH controversies
5799:food contaminants
5753:
5752:
5602:Blood sugar level
5468:Leith Sugar House
5424:
5423:
5383:Sugar Association
5190:
5189:
5152:Maple sugar foods
4857:Barley malt syrup
4680:as food commodity
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
3805:Corn construction
3601:Media related to
3489:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
3404:(3249): 648–649.
3233:10.1021/jf9014526
3140:10.1038/srep05726
3062:(22): 8842–8846.
2999:The Seattle Times
2657:978-1-4200-8549-5
2605:Nutrition Reviews
2565:978-0-309-48834-1
2175:. 30 January 2018
2065:. 6 November 2019
1971:. 5 February 2019
1894:. 27 October 2006
1638:978-0-12-746275-2
978:Mexican Coca-Cola
899:recommended that
857:systematic review
816:
815:
761:
760:
235:glucose oligomers
111:breakfast cereals
58:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
6950:
6905:
6904:
6895:
6885:
6884:
6875:
6874:
6867:Drink portal
6865:
6864:
6863:
6855:
6854:
6766:(United Kingdom)
6515:Jack in the Box
6486:
6473:Minamata disease
6385:Food irradiation
6365:4-Hydroxynonenal
6213:Sodium cyclamate
6056:Escherichia coli
6048:Escherichia coli
5780:
5773:
5766:
5757:
5743:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5666:Sugar substitute
5508:Triangular trade
5201:
4862:Brown rice syrup
4835:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4648:
4385:Battered sausage
4319:Pastel de choclo
4255:Breads and cakes
4038:Public relations
3978:
3946:(1994 sculpture)
3886:Cornstalk fiddle
3633:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3600:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3531:. Archived from
3521:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3111:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3024:. Archived from
3013:
3007:
3006:
3005:on 29 June 2011.
3001:. Archived from
2992:
2986:
2985:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2953:on 15 March 2017
2943:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2873:. 23 August 2007
2863:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2733:(5): 1063–1075.
2717:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2472:on 1 August 2020
2468:. Archived from
2466:The Saigon Times
2457:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2361:on 1 August 2020
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2331:on 1 August 2020
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:. Archived from
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2199:www.ers.usda.gov
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:on 1 August 2020
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1922:. Archived from
1921:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1592:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1357:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1190:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1030:Public relations
971:Taste difference
867:or fat content.
661:
612:
596:
579:
562:
545:
535:
502:
395:
211:activated carbon
203:oligosaccharides
103:granulated sugar
60:glucose–fructose
21:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6861:
6859:
6857:Food portal
6849:
6841:
6790:
6728:
6689:Food libel laws
6652:
6480:
6429:
6395:Modified starch
6357:Food processing
6351:
6298:
6227:
6177:
6173:Sodium benzoate
6149:
6111:
6106:Vibrio cholerae
6000:
5971:Gnathostomiasis
5956:Fasciolopsiasis
5908:
5856:
5847:Mercury in fish
5789:
5784:
5754:
5749:
5721:
5690:
5649:Sugar addiction
5580:
5571:Sugar sculpture
5512:
5420:
5394:
5371:Tate & Lyle
5362:United Kingdom
5279:Bundaberg Sugar
5262:
5258:Sugar marketing
5186:
5172:Sugarcane juice
5130:
4968:
4826:
4765:
4690:
4681:
4675:
4645:
4636:
4557:Bourbon whiskey
4540:
4466:Corn on the cob
4434:
4373:
4250:
4194:
4057:
4051:
3967:
3920:
3862:
3829:
3815:Nixtamalization
3793:
3767:
3642:
3637:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3330:. 2 August 2016
3322:
3321:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3227:(16): 7369–76.
3217:
3216:
3212:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2566:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2498:. 10 April 2019
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2301:on 11 July 2007
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2036:. 15 April 2019
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1359:
1358:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1268:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1116:
1075:
1038:
1032:
1000:
994:
973:
968:
885:
874:. In 2018, the
849:
839:, while in one
821:
799:
794:
752:
739:
726:
713:
700:
687:
674:
662:
632:
619:
610:
602:
594:
586:
577:
569:
560:
552:
543:
536:
507:
496:
491:
472:
467:
428:
423:
390:
376:
332:
323:
307:
298:
286:
277:
261:
231:
187:
182:
138:
107:processed foods
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6956:
6954:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6920:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6899:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6812:Food marketing
6809:
6804:
6798:
6796:
6795:Related topics
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6738:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6530:
6521:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6380:Food additives
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6052:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6006:Microorganisms
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5976:Paragonimiasis
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5941:Cyclosporiasis
5938:
5933:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5862:Food additives
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5837:Lead poisoning
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5659:Residual sugar
5654:Sugars in wine
5651:
5646:
5641:
5639:Health effects
5636:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5614:
5612:Flavored syrup
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5576:Treacle mining
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5346:Tongaat Hulett
5343:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5238:Sugarcane mill
5235:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Molasses sugar
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4847:List of syrups
4843:
4841:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4761:Reducing sugar
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4702:Monosaccharide
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Chicha de jora
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:Maíz con hielo
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4415:Corn schnitzel
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4349:Sopa paraguaya
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4125:Ginataang mais
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4090:Corn crab soup
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:Binte biluhuta
4067:
4061:
4059:
4056:Soups, stews,
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3640:Maize and corn
3638:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3592:
3591:External links
3589:
3587:
3586:
3564:
3546:
3516:
3495:(4): 895–896.
3472:
3453:
3431:
3388:
3366:
3341:
3312:
3309:. 31 May 2012.
3294:
3268:
3246:
3210:
3163:
3101:
3039:
3008:
2987:
2964:
2938:
2884:
2858:
2829:(1): 176–182.
2809:
2787:
2779:"Added sugars"
2770:
2712:
2683:(3): 833–849.
2663:
2656:
2630:
2611:(2): 209–226.
2591:
2564:
2543:
2509:
2483:
2449:
2420:
2397:
2372:
2342:
2312:
2289:James Bovard.
2281:
2247:
2233:
2211:
2186:
2160:
2149:. 3 March 2006
2132:
2101:
2076:
2047:
2015:
1982:
1953:
1940:
1929:on 21 May 2017
1905:
1876:
1854:
1829:
1801:
1772:
1747:
1721:
1695:
1644:
1637:
1608:
1563:
1541:
1520:
1479:
1428:
1415:Slate Magazine
1401:
1339:
1330:
1305:
1266:
1218:
1203:
1176:
1165:on 17 May 2017
1150:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:List of syrups
1122:
1115:
1112:
1074:
1071:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
996:Main article:
993:
990:
972:
969:
967:
964:
884:
881:
861:liver diseases
848:
845:
833:micronutrients
820:
817:
814:
813:
801:
800:
795:
791:
790:
787:
786:
783:
779:
778:
773:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
748:
742:
741:
737:
735:
729:
728:
724:
722:
716:
715:
711:
709:
703:
702:
698:
696:
690:
689:
685:
683:
677:
676:
672:
670:
664:
663:
656:
651:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
630:
628:
622:
621:
617:
615:
605:
604:
600:
598:
589:
588:
584:
582:
572:
571:
567:
565:
555:
554:
550:
548:
538:
537:
530:
525:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
498:
497:
494:
492:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
468:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
430:
429:
426:
424:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
400:
399:
389:
386:
375:
372:
331:
328:
322:
319:
306:
303:
297:
294:
290:European Union
285:
284:European Union
282:
276:
273:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
249:
230:
227:
219:chromatography
186:
183:
181:
178:
137:
134:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6955:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6908:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6888:
6880:
6878:
6870:
6868:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6817:Food politics
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6782:(South Korea)
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6647:
6646:United States
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6567:2011 Germany
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6524:1996 Odwalla
6522:
6520:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6476:
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6471:
6469:
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6456:
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6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6155:Preservatives
6152:
6146:
6145:Methamidophos
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6086:
6083:
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6078:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
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6059:
6057:
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6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5986:Toxoplasmosis
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5897:Vegetable oil
5895:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5746:
5738:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:Robert Lustig
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5378:United States
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:British Sugar
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Sugar alcohol
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Glucose syrup
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Maesil-cheong
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Colada morada
4585:
4583:
4582:Chicha morada
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Makki di roti
4312:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:Corn tortilla
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
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4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
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4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Hasty pudding
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
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4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:High-fructose
4031:
4029:
4028:Glucose syrup
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:Field of Corn
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:United States
3892:
3891:
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3882:
3879:
3877:
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3869:
3865:
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3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3825:Popcorn maker
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Maize milling
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
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3780:
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3599:
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3594:
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3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3534:
3530:
3529:SugarCane.org
3526:
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3222:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:Ecotoxicology
3174:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
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3110:
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3004:
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2595:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2544:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2438:. 28 May 2018
2437:
2433:
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2408:
2401:
2398:
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2316:
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2300:
2296:
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2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1583:(4): 723–35.
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
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1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:9781489980779
1200:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1089:derived from
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
970:
965:
963:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
942:compounds or
941:
936:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:raw materials
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
891:(GRAS) as an
890:
882:
880:
877:
873:
868:
866:
865:enzyme levels
862:
858:
854:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:carbohydrates
818:
811:
807:
802:
798:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
756:
749:
747:
743:
736:
734:
730:
723:
721:
717:
710:
708:
704:
697:
695:
691:
684:
682:
678:
671:
669:
665:
660:
655:
652:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
629:
627:
623:
616:
614:
606:
599:
597:
590:
583:
581:
573:
566:
564:
556:
549:
547:
542:Riboflavin (B
539:
534:
529:
526:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
503:
499:
493:
490:
489:
483:
479:
475:
469:
466:
465:
459:
455:
451:
447:
445:
444:Dietary fiber
441:
437:
435:
431:
425:
422:
421:
420:Carbohydrates
415:
411:
407:
405:
401:
396:
387:
385:
382:
373:
371:
369:
366:In 2010, the
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
330:United States
329:
327:
320:
318:
316:
311:
304:
302:
295:
293:
291:
283:
281:
274:
272:
265:
258:
253:
250:
247:
246:
245:
243:
238:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:alpha-amylase
196:
195:carbohydrates
192:
184:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6827:Food quality
6734:Institutions
6568:
6534:
6525:
6516:
6400:Nitrosamines
6163:Benzoic acid
6125:Chlorpyrifos
6104:
6098:
6089:
6072:
6055:
6047:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
5996:Trichuriasis
5981:Toxocariasis
5951:Enterobiasis
5889:
5827:Formaldehyde
5711:
5561:Sugar people
5549:Sugar packet
5473:Molasses Act
5448:Blackbirding
5341:Illovo Sugar
5336:South Africa
5289:Wilmar Sugar
5084:Butterscotch
5079:Barley sugar
4984:
4903:
4899:Golden syrup
4877:Mogwa-cheong
4729:Disaccharide
4602:Corn whiskey
4400:Corn fritter
4378:Fried dishes
4180:Suam na mais
4115:Creamed corn
4095:Corn pudding
4085:Corn chowder
4058:and porridge
4045:High-maltose
4032:
4018:Steep liquor
3973:Maize dishes
3959:
3941:
3848:Corn allergy
3577:. Retrieved
3567:
3559:the original
3549:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:the original
3528:
3519:
3492:
3488:
3475:
3462:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3434:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3332:. Retrieved
3327:
3306:
3297:
3284:
3259:. Retrieved
3249:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3183:(2): 320–8.
3180:
3176:
3166:
3123:
3119:
3059:
3055:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:the original
3021:
3011:
3003:the original
2998:
2990:
2982:the original
2977:
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2941:
2904:
2900:
2875:. Retrieved
2871:ScienceDaily
2870:
2861:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2790:
2782:
2773:
2730:
2726:
2715:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2639:
2633:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2554:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2525:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:the original
2465:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:Vietnam News
2435:
2411:. Retrieved
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:the original
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:the original
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2260:
2250:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2116:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2030:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1994:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1968:
1956:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1896:. Retrieved
1891:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1820:. Retrieved
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1698:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1620:
1602:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1544:
1534:29 September
1532:. Retrieved
1523:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1444:(1): 55–64.
1441:
1437:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1369:
1365:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1296:. Retrieved
1242:
1238:
1194:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:the original
1153:
1138:
1105:
1097:
1092:Streptomyces
1090:
1076:
1043:
1039:
1001:
974:
951:chlor-alkali
948:
937:
912:agave nectar
905:
901:added sugars
886:
869:
850:
823:HFCS is 76%
822:
775:
770:
658:
653:
646:
532:
527:
520:
486:
462:
418:
377:
365:
361:
337:
333:
324:
312:
308:
299:
287:
278:
270:
239:
232:
207:Glucoamylase
188:
159:
139:
119:
100:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:
36:
6907:WikiProject
6744:(Hong Kong)
6481: [
6443:Devon colic
6317:Breast milk
6289:Nonylphenol
6264:Bisphenol A
6201:controversy
6068:Hepatitis E
6063:Hepatitis A
6041:Enterovirus
6034:Cronobacter
5991:Trichinosis
5961:Fasciolosis
5931:Anisakiasis
5902:controversy
5795:Adulterants
5707:John Yudkin
5617:Fruit syrup
5534:Sugar shack
5524:Added sugar
5463:Holing cane
5321:Philippines
5221:Casa-grande
5135:Other forms
5111:Sugar glass
5074:Sugar candy
5014:Gula melaka
4994:Candi sugar
4973:Solid forms
4964:Yacón syrup
4954:Table syrup
4929:Maple syrup
4882:Yuja-cheong
4852:Agave syrup
4787:Agave syrup
4756:Added sugar
4567:Champurrado
4516:Maque choux
4491:Huitlacoche
4471:Corn relish
4461:Corn flakes
4439:Other foods
4425:Milho frito
4292:Corn cookie
4282:Chipa guasu
3998:Mielie-meal
3981:Ingredients
3937:Corn School
3932:Corn Palace
3890:By country
3820:Wet-milling
3539:11 February
3446:17 November
3359:16 November
3334:16 November
2646:. pp.
2476:18 November
2442:18 November
2390:17 November
2365:17 November
2335:17 November
2179:18 November
2153:11 November
2125:17 November
2069:11 November
2040:11 November
2008:11 November
1975:17 November
1898:18 November
1892:Punto Focal
1794:18 November
1760:MarketWatch
1577:J Food Prot
1417:. Slate.com
321:Philippines
191:corn starch
166:maple syrup
115:soft drinks
76:corn starch
6922:Categories
6658:Regulation
6641:death toll
6410:Shortening
6375:Acrylamide
6304:Food fraud
6284:Mycotoxins
6117:Pesticides
6091:Salmonella
5966:Giardiasis
5926:Amoebiasis
5870:Flavorings
5745:Production
5622:Date honey
5607:Cane knife
5544:Sugar nips
5233:Sugar bush
5216:Plantation
5204:Production
5099:Rock candy
5064:Preserving
4944:Pine honey
4889:Corn syrup
4777:Sugar beet
4476:Corn sauce
4354:Spoonbread
4309:Johnnycake
3868:Production
3843:BBCH-scale
3798:Processing
3742:By origin
3654:Amylomaize
3579:6 November
3381:30 January
2802:10 January
2502:4 December
2496:dtinews.vn
2274:20 January
2226:15 October
2204:4 December
2094:4 December
1869:20 October
1847:10 October
1822:20 October
1765:4 December
1740:4 December
1421:6 November
1169:9 February
1131:References
1046:McDonald's
1020:expression
1004:apiculture
992:Beekeeping
924:hydrolysis
841:tablespoon
707:Phosphorus
180:Production
162:corn syrup
80:corn syrup
74:made from
64:isoglucose
6704:ISO 22000
6666:watchdogs
6662:standards
6636:outbreaks
6537:outbreaks
6415:Trans fat
6327:Olive oil
6249:Aflatoxin
6223:Sucralose
6208:Saccharin
6196:Aspartame
6140:Malathion
6085:Rotavirus
6080:Norovirus
5681:Sweetness
5676:Sweetener
5566:Sugar tit
5554:Sucrology
5529:Crop Over
5488:Sugar Act
5331:Sri Lanka
5316:Mauritius
5301:Caribbean
5274:Australia
5116:Sugarloaf
5034:Muscovado
4986:Peen tong
4924:Kuromitsu
4782:Sugarcane
4749:Trehalose
4712:Galactose
4695:Chemistry
4612:Pinolillo
4607:Mazamorra
4592:Corn beer
4545:Beverages
4536:Succotash
4511:Maja maíz
4420:Hushpuppy
4390:Corn chip
4287:Cornbread
4236:Nacatamal
4105:Corn stew
4100:Corn soup
3881:Corn crib
3853:Corn smut
3835:Pathology
3731:Varieties
3647:Varieties
3205:207121566
3022:USA Today
2747:0168-8278
2644:CRC Press
2269:0362-4331
1458:1744-1692
1388:0002-9165
1298:19 August
1213:37192628M
1087:isomerase
1063:Hershey's
1008:honey bee
819:Nutrition
720:Potassium
694:Magnesium
626:Vitamin C
609:Folate (B
593:Vitamin B
559:Niacin (B
381:sugarcane
345:Coca-Cola
154:sweetness
84:processed
72:sweetener
6897:Cookbook
6877:Category
6679:E number
6571:outbreak
6528:outbreak
6519:outbreak
6269:Dieldrin
6218:Sorbitol
6074:Listeria
6014:Botulism
5842:Melamine
5812:Aldicarb
5735:Category
5695:Research
5539:Sugaring
5353:Tanzania
5228:Refinery
5196:Industry
5121:Wasanbon
5059:Powdered
4999:Chancaca
4939:Molasses
4831:Products
4807:Honeydew
4707:Fructose
4632:Tesgüino
4597:Corn tea
4446:Alivenci
4430:Sorullos
4405:Corn nut
4395:Corn dog
4246:Pasteles
4175:Sagamite
4145:Mămăligă
4080:Cocoloși
3988:Cornmeal
3899:Tanzania
3511:17921361
3426:13421660
3307:CBS News
3289:Archived
3241:19645504
3197:26590927
3158:25034029
3126:: 5726.
3096:23630255
2957:14 March
2933:19171026
2853:24798032
2765:29408694
2707:25099546
2625:33029629
2578:Archived
2574:30844154
2536:28 March
2530:Archived
2520:(2024).
2295:cato.org
1933:26 April
1690:21050460
1604:methods.
1599:23575142
1474:15658896
1466:23181629
1396:19064536
1261:19386820
1114:See also
1059:Gatorade
986:Passover
940:carbonyl
837:calories
776:Quantity
654:Quantity
648:Minerals
603:0.024 mg
587:0.011 mg
553:0.019 mg
528:Quantity
522:Vitamins
96:fructose
6887:Commons
6760:(Spain)
6569:E. coli
6535:E. coli
6526:E. coli
6517:E. coli
6337:Seafood
6237:poisons
6135:Lindane
6099:E. coli
6058:O157:H7
6050:O104:H4
5852:Sudan I
5822:Cyanide
5686:Vinasse
5597:Bagasse
5585:Related
5517:Culture
5430:History
5243:Engenho
5211:Boilery
5177:Tuzemák
5142:Caramel
5069:Sucanat
5019:Jaggery
5009:Gelling
4959:Treacle
4934:Mizuame
4797:Coconut
4770:Sources
4744:Sucrose
4739:Maltose
4734:Lactose
4717:Glucose
4627:Tejuino
4531:Popcorn
4456:Conkies
4451:Binatog
4410:Cornick
4277:Cachapa
4241:Pamonha
4226:Hallaca
4221:Guanime
4199:Tamales
4165:Polenta
4160:Pashofa
4140:Kačamak
4110:Cou-cou
3925:Culture
3876:Biofuel
3751:Ecuador
3746:Bolivia
3721:Shoepeg
3704:MON 863
3699:MON 810
3406:Bibcode
3398:Science
3261:3 March
3149:4103092
3128:Bibcode
3087:3670375
3064:Bibcode
2924:2637263
2877:3 March
2844:4285619
2756:5893377
2698:4135494
2648:131–146
2584:21 June
2413:3 March
2305:12 July
2173:Reuters
1789:Reuters
1681:2991323
1515:8213603
1323:4 March
1079:Clinton
1073:History
1067:PepsiCo
1055:Yoplait
959:mercury
920:pulping
829:protein
753:0.22 mg
688:0.42 mg
668:Calcium
488:Protein
374:Vietnam
288:In the
280:India.
185:Process
146:tariffs
142:sucrose
126:sucrose
92:glucose
70:, is a
6943:Starch
6342:Shrimp
6279:Dioxin
6233:Toxins
5807:3-MCPD
5716:(1972)
5644:Nectar
5632:Jallab
5416:Hawaii
5358:Uganda
5326:Rwanda
5104:Toffee
5049:Panela
4867:Cheong
4839:Syrups
4722:Xylose
4622:Tejate
4572:Chicha
4526:Pinole
4501:Kuymak
4496:Kenkey
4486:Hominy
4364:Totopo
4339:Sloosh
4334:Pupusa
4231:Humita
4216:Binaki
4211:Tamale
4170:Pozole
4013:Starch
3964:(film)
3789:Stover
3784:Kernel
3711:Purple
3509:
3424:
3287:. US.
3285:Forbes
3239:
3203:
3195:
3156:
3146:
3094:
3084:
2931:
2921:
2851:
2841:
2763:
2753:
2745:
2705:
2695:
2654:
2623:
2572:
2562:
2267:
1714:26 May
1688:
1678:
1664:: 82.
1635:
1597:
1513:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1394:
1386:
1259:
1211:
1201:
1061:, and
982:Kosher
928:enzyme
733:Sodium
434:Sugars
404:Energy
388:Health
305:Mexico
170:Assays
6485:]
6332:Prawn
6312:Bread
5885:Sugar
5627:Grape
5311:India
5306:Kenya
5253:Zafra
5248:Batey
5126:White
5089:Candy
5024:Misri
4980:Brown
4914:Honey
4812:Maple
4792:Birch
4678:Sugar
4617:Pozol
4562:Cauim
4552:Atole
4481:Gofio
4369:Wotou
4329:Proja
4267:Bollo
4262:Arepa
4206:Acaçá
4190:Xarém
4185:Ugali
4130:Grits
4065:Banku
4023:Syrup
3772:Parts
3756:Italy
3726:Sweet
3684:Flour
3679:Flint
3674:Field
3485:(PDF)
3467:(PDF)
3201:S2CID
3032:4 May
2907:: 2.
2113:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
1965:(PDF)
1927:(PDF)
1920:(PDF)
1888:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1556:9 May
1470:S2CID
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