195:). This emphasis on economic freedom and capitalism is accompanied by the decline of traditional forms of society and the rise of the nation-state. In contrast, high modernism transcends traditional political ideological divisions in its reordering of society towards a utopian ideal as such ideal societies are highly subjective across the political spectrum. Furthermore, projects characteristic of high modernity are best enacted under conditions of authoritarian and technocratic rule, as populations are more easily controlled and changed.
539:
110:
5184:
478:
675:, was strongly influenced by Soviet high modernism in his prescriptions for the new capital as the Soviet Union began to slowly open up to the rest of the world in a new period of internationalism. Despite the cultural and ideological differences of the two countries, both shared common ground in their determination to modernize, strong state authority and a strong belief in the doctrine of high modernity.
437:
342:
accounted for nearly ninety percent of the total male population . This did not pose a problem to local people, who would add informal by-names for disambiguation (âJohn-the-miller,â âJohn-the shepherdâ). Furthermore, a personal name can change over time, as a person takes on new traits and loses old traits. It could also be different in different contexts, such as with
671:. Here, long-considered plans for a new capital were finally able to come to fruition thanks to global enthusiasm for the potential of technology. BrasĂlia's massive scale, rational design and cultural offerings, all built from the ground up in the forests of Brazil made it the ultimate manifestation of high modernity. The project's chief architect,
36:
581:. Both the Soviet Union and the United States viewed the modernization of the developing world as a way to expand their respective spheres of influence and create new economic markets; however, it was the Soviet Union and other autocratic regimes during this period that adopted high modernism as the optimal vision to bring about modernization.
470:, first formed in 1960. While its original mission was to build cheap flats for the poor, it later expanded its mission to plan and develop public housing for all Singapore residents. In the year 2020, 78.7% residents live in public housing, decreasing from a high of 88.0% in 2000. There was a concurrent rise in residents living private
1689:
James
Holston, âThe Spirit of BrasĂlia: Modernity as Experiment and Risk,â in ââCity/Art: The Urban Scene in Latin America,ââ ed. Rebecca E. Biron (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009), p. 92; Tanya Li, âBeyond the âStateâ and Failed Schemes,â ââAmerican Anthropologistââ New Series 107, no. 3 (2005): p. 386; Rupprecht, pp. 507-508
716:. Furthermore, the aesthetic monotony and scale of the cityâs built environment created feelings of isolation, forced conformity and disorientation among residents; there also existed a stark contrast between the wealthier residents living in the centre of the city and the poorer residents situated along the cityâs margins.
577:, Khrushchev retooled Soviet policy to include most of the ideas of Western high modernity with socialist undertones, emphasizing the role of science in providing progress without exploitation or social inequity. It social sphere it went further as to aspirations to reconstruct the whole human society and formation of
711:
and organic growth of public space. The organization of BrasĂlia's settlement similarly restricted social space by collectivizing residents according to their occupation in the ââsuperquadraââ, transforming the private sphere of the home into a space where the individual was âsymbolically minimized.â
678:
The new
Brazilian capital was completed in under four years and was presented to the world upon its completion in 1960 as the epitome of urban modernism. The city was planned as a manifestation of Brazil's future as a modern, industrialized power, creating a completely new city that would then create
184:
Both concepts operate on an ambiguous understanding of what the final stage of societal progress will entail. While modernity is retrospective in its prescriptions for the future and promotes organic growth, high modernity advocates a complete transformation of existing conditions and the creation of
633:
The overwhelming enthusiasm for the power of science and technology to manage the human and natural world encouraged regimes to attempt monumental development projects that would rapidly catapult developing countries into
Western-style development. High modernism emphasized spatial order as rational
625:
from the previous century, constructing a global hierarchy based on economic development. In this worldview, Western countries were the most developed, while the rest of the world (particularly countries that had just experienced decolonization) still possessed traditional, pre-modern economies. In
525:
developed within, such as explaining that the tenant selection process selected people unprepared for urban living, or that the geometry of design precluded the direct surveillance for preventing crime. The legacy of PruittâIgoe remains contested, both between architects concerning the benefits and
620:
in order for underdeveloped countries in Asia, Africa and Latin
America to 'catch up' to the developed Western nations. Post-World War II development schemes were problematized by a focus on economy (ignoring the political, social and institutional impediments to growth), as well as its assumption
1688:
Anthropologist Tanya Li notes that in addition to the well-known âhigh modern, state-driven projects of rural and urban planning,â regimes also conducted modernization initiatives through less conspicuous methods of education and technologies of management (including maps, censuses and surnames).
797:
Much of the post-WWII high modernism in
America and the rest of the western world is antihumanist, hostile to notions of community, of any form of humanism. It becomes about the lack of meaning, the need to create our own significance out of nothing. The highest level of significance, that of the
694:
Following the completion of the city, it became apparent that BrasĂliaâs high modernist design had overlooked the complexities of urban space and had overestimated the ability of functional, rational design to improve socio-political order. Plannersâ focus on orienting mobility in the city around
341:
are connected by a road, which those who live in Durham call the âGuilford Road,â while those living in
Guilford call it the âDurham Road.â The same informality and a focus on use over uniformity characterizes personal naming. For example, around the year 1700 in England, a mere eight given names
853:
The term "high modernism" as used in literary criticism generally lacks the pejorative connotations it has in other contexts. High literary modernism, on the contrary, is generally used to describe a subgenre of literary modernism, and generally encompasses works published between the end of the
1823:
Farish and
Lackenbauer note that while Canada did not possess an authoritarian government to enforce high modernist planning, the limited political agency of native northerners in the early years of the Cold War allowed the Canadian government and military to administer their plans in a similar
1678:
that development failures in this period were not always attributable to ââhighââ modernism. In the case of
Tanzanian villagization, modernization projects were driven by policy makers acting on their own hubris as creators of a modern state, rather than as proponents of scientific rationality.
765:
were ambitiously designed by federal officials to overcome the previously 'uninhabitable' arctic environment and rapidly incorporate the Inuit into the modern age; however, the disregard for the local conditions and opinions of northerners resulted in spatial segregation of Inuit and military
180:
Modernity and high modernity are concerned with human progress and the potential of human intervention to bring about positive change in the structure of society; however, high modernity's visions of societal change rely on the expertise of intellectuals and scientific innovation, making high
766:
personnel in the two towns. In pursuit of a modernized, self-sufficient northern settlement, state-led projects to stabilize the nomadic Inuit in towns disrupted native resource-based economies and contributed to spatial segregation, social inequity, health problems and cultural dislocation.
656:. The modernization of the Brazilian economy was also accompanied by grand designs to improve education, culture, health care, transportation systems, community organization, property distribution, and administration in order to spark a new sense of national agency in the population.
824:'s well-known essay "Who Cares if You Listen" describes "efficiency", an increase in "the number of functions associated with each component", "a high degree of contextuality and autonomy", and an "extension of the methods of other musics" as being among the traits possessed by
965:
173:; however, modernity refers specifically to the social conditions and relations that arise out of the modern period, usually as a result of capitalism and industrialization. Thus, modernity can be understood as the state of society during and following the process of
1664:
Walt
Whitman Rostow, âThe Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960),â in ââFrom Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Changeââ, ed. J. Timmons Roberts and Amy Hite (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd., 2000), pp.
1059:
712:
While these ââsuperquadraââ featured their own educational, entertainment, recreational and retail facilities to meet any perceivable need of the cityâs residents, these perceived needs were based on
European models from CIAM and architect
1628:(Dakar, Senegal: Counsel for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2009), pp. 2-4; Kimber Charles Pearce, ââRostow, Kennedy, and the Rhetoric of Foreign Aidââ (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2001), p. 29.
690:
Total state control of development was critical to the creation of utopian high modernist cities by the CIAM, as it prevented conflict between the planned ideal society and the incoherence of imposing this model on existing conditions.
185:
a blank slate. This break from the historical and geographical contexts of places often results in the application of standardized models to a variety of locations, often with socially disruptive consequences (see examples below).
683:(CIAM), BrasĂlia's urban space was oriented around mobility, uniformity and functionality, achieved through the elimination of corridor streets (seen as the source of disease and criminality) and the creation of indistinguishable
295:
Although the brutality of the Qin regime contributed to its rapid collapse, the outcomes of its unification projects remained largely intact throughout history. The unification of philosophy remained intact too, but with
463:. In Hong Kong in the year 2020, 2.1 million residents were in public housing, which is 28% of the total population. In terms of households, 0.8 million households were in public housing, which is 43% of all households.
357:
was promoted at the expense of informal local naming systems. Whereas in Europe, patronymy was the exception in 14th century, it became the norm in 19th century. This process reached its logical conclusion with the
866:
calls the "Great Divide". That is, it believes that there is a clear distinction between capital-A Art and mass culture, and it places itself firmly on the side of Art and in opposition to popular or mass culture.
505:
housing project, a housing complex of 33 buildings, of 11 stories each, first occupied in 1954. Living conditions rapidly deteriorated, and it was demolished in 1972. It came to become a symbol of the failures of
328:
Throughout most of human history, the act of naming is a local and informal affair. For example, the local names of geographical features depend critically on how they appear to the local people. The towns of
593:
argues that high modernism is predicated upon a false optimism in the transformative power of science and technology contributed to confusion in the modernization process, especially in the case of
362:, which allows unique identification of any citizen across their entire lifespan. It is purely a naming system for the state administration, completely devoid of any personal or local meaning.
102:, characterized by an unfaltering confidence in science and technology as means to reorder the social and natural world. The high modernist movement was particularly prevalent during the
141:
Strong confidence in the potential for scientific and technological progress, including a reliance on the expertise of scientists, engineers, bureaucrats and other intellectuals.
634:
design; by standardizing, simplifying and ordering physical space, otherwise complex concepts or entities could be made legible and more easily controlled, including economies.
3935:
652:
was a primarily agricultural nation that was economically reliant on the United States. Beginning in the 1950s, Brazilian elites sought to reinvent Brazil's economy through
621:
that conditions in developing countries were the same as those in Europe that experienced success under the Marshall Plan. Modernization theory built upon previous ideas of
680:
1132:
1285:
188:
Modernity and modernization are associated with capitalist and industrial development, and emphasize the increased movement of goods, people, capital and information (
288:), and more practical details, such as the length of chariot axles. More controversially, the Qin dynasty also unified philosophy, with the promotion of Legalism and
1261:
526:
faults of architectural modernism, and between general political observers concerning the benefits and faults of public housing, or high modernism in general.
667:. Essentially located in the wilderness, BrasĂlia was to be a âsingle-function, strictly administrative capital,â says political scientist and anthropologist
1166:
147:
An emphasis on rendering complex environments or concepts (such as old cities or social dynamics) legible, most often through spatial ordering (for example,
521:
These claims are problematized both by the long-term functioning of modernist housing projects outside of the United States, as well as by multiple
289:
754:
way of life" resulted in towns and houses patterned on southern Canadian models that ignored the cultural and geographical context of the Arctic.
501:
Despite its origin in the west, modernist housing projects have met with far less success in Western countries. The most iconic failure is the
4800:
1600:
1385:
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862:. Regardless of the specific year it was produced, high modernism is characterized primarily by a complete and unambiguous embrace of what
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and other kinds of apartments, from 6.5% to 16.0%. The rest 5% live in "landed properties", a proportion that remained stable since 2000.
1026:
Tobias Rupprecht, "Socialist High Modernity and Global Stagnation: A Shared History of Brazil and the Soviet Union During the Cold War,"
5226:
5221:
1959:
203:
Despite its name, high modernism is not an exclusively modern phenomenon. One of the first manifestations of high modernism appeared in
3995:
831:, though the words "modernism" and "modernist" do not occur in the article, and "modern" occurs only in a quotation with reference to
798:
elite, becomes abstraction. So the concept of the evolutionary elite arises again, deliberately excluding those who 'haven't evolved.'
486:
4728:
1901:
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Despite the strong association of modernization with Western society, high modernism also found purchase in the Soviet Party, under
78:
3947:
241:, and standardization necessarily increases legibility and homogenizes local context. The drive to standardization can be seen in
630:, the third world would therefore need to emulate developed Western countries, through optimistic social engineering endeavours.
60:
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automobile traffic had eliminated the street as a place for public gathering; the removal of street corners in favour of
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Peter C. Dawson, "Seeing Like an Inuit Family: The Relationship Between House Form and Culture in Northern Canada,"
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For many critics of high modernism, the PruittâIgoe housing project illustrated both the essential unlivability of
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253:
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With modern state-building, the problem of illegible naming became acute. Consequently, a common naming system of
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2374:
121:
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Zaheer Baber, âModernization Theory and the Cold War,â ââJournal of Contemporary Asiaââ 31, no. 1 (2001): p. 74.
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State reliance on high modernity to control human populations during the Cold War was not limited to the US. In
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917:
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Matthew Farish and P. Whitney Lackenbauer, "High Modernism in the Arctic: Planning Frobisher Bay and Inuvik,"
700:
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405:
264:(221 BCâ206 BC). The Qin dynasty undertook massive standardization projects for the entire country, including
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Part of this grand vision for Brazil's future was the relocation of the nation's capital from the coastal
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497:. Its demolition on July 15, 1972, was the day âmodern architecture diedâ, according to Charles Jencks.
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2019:
922:
832:
227:
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Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore (September 2021).
46:
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The grid plan is a common motif in Chinese and Japanese capitals, which is visible in the maps of
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was a major impetus of high modernism. In industrial production, standardization is necessary for
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is an architecture style based on modern construction materials, particularly glass, steel, and
1060:"The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States: The Case of the Permanent Family Surname"
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396:). When applied to architecture intended for human residence, it is called modernist housing.
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1106:"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement"
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1301:"Reviewed work: Form Follows Fiasco, Why Modern Architecture Hasn't Worked, Peter Blake"
871:, according to Huyssen, may be defined precisely by its rejection of this distinction.)
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This state-sponsored standardization apparatus is clearly visible in Iceland, where the
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1983:
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510:, public-policy planning and public housing. Some, such as the architectural historian
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109:
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and open space (punctuated by monumental sculptural and architectural forms like the
617:
601:
574:
507:
447:, consists of 10 housing blocks of New Harmony I design, housing about 22,000 people.
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226:
Notably, our main source on Hippodamus is Aristotle, who criticized his grid plan in
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2381:
2206:
1927:
1911:
1891:
953:
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
902:
881:
859:
713:
400:
297:
285:
246:
117:
3127:
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2003:
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countries striving to develop according to Western principles of modernization.
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338:
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1595:. Internet Archive. New York : Knopf : Distributed by Random House.
1075:
696:
436:
347:
242:
17:
1558:
1508:
1469:
1426:
1324:
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1083:
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1968:
907:
515:
417:
269:
212:
170:
164:
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114:
99:
518:, argued that it demonstrated the error of architectural modernism itself.
426:, it remains popular and in use to this day. In 2016, it was added to the
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2181:
2170:
2131:
2115:
2101:
1992:
1873:
927:
343:
281:
154:
Disregard for historical, geographical and social context in development.
103:
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in Europe, economists turned their attention towards development in the
4704:
3742:
3204:
2819:
2108:
2092:
2078:
1566:
1434:
1332:
892:
758:
482:
308:
252:
The high modernist method of governance has also been practiced in the
216:
144:
Attempts to master nature (including human nature) to meet human needs.
1824:
manner to authoritarian regimes. Farish and Lackenbauer, pp. 517, 521.
1105:
2026:
1675:
1449:
1402:
1300:
1013:
Volker H. Schmidt, "Multiple Modernities or Varieties of Modernity?"
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762:
742:
activity in the north, disrupting the traditional lifestyle of local
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708:
649:
490:
427:
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220:
120:, an iconic symbol of high modernity and its outlook, along with its
1550:
1418:
1316:
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populations and the arctic landscape in the process. Prime Minister
215:
in urban planning, and implemented the grid plan in construction of
1112:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
986:(Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), pp. 18, 32.
169:
Modernity relates to the modern era and the aesthetic qualities of
1058:
Scott, James C.; Tehranian, John; Mathias, Jeremy (January 2002).
743:
725:
476:
451:
Modernist housing has been implemented extensively in the form of
435:
137:
High modernity is distinguished by the following characteristics:
108:
1814:
30, no. 2 (2006): 120; Farish and Lackenbauer, pp. 518, 535, 538.
433:
for its importance to the development of modernist architecture.
420:
of 23 different layouts, over 12 stories, all suspended on large
230:
II.8. Thus, criticism of high modernism also has a long history.
2499:
2033:
1941:
1674:
Schneider notes in his evaluation of James Scottâs analysis of
1485:"Planning Note: Pruitt-Igoe and the Critique of Public Housing"
533:
29:
1451:
Defensible space : people and design in the violent city
1937:
750:'s promise to build "a nation in the ... patterned on
612:. Contemporary development theory stressed the necessity of
409:
residential housing principle, and implemented it first in
249:: "You can have any color you want so long as it's black."
1846:
789:
criticizes "high modernism" as an austere, abstract, and
455:
with high urban densities. Two illustrative examples are
1403:"The Vertical Ghetto: Everyday Life in an Urban Project"
1048:
World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, p. 36
550:
181:
modernity a more elitist project than its predecessor.
1133:"éŠæžŻæżć±ć§ćĄæćčŽć ± Hong Kong Housing Authority Annual Report"
223:), which has remained largely unchanged to this day.
1833:
Dawson, p. 117; Farish and Lackenbauer, pp. 537â539.
1592:
Cogs in the wheel : the formation of Soviet man
466:
In Singapore, public housing is administered by the
124:
project of a surrounding large park and car centric
4842:
4683:
4551:
4391:
4140:
4129:
3936:
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
3926:
3752:
3312:
2795:
2786:
2663:
2447:
2189:
2180:
1975:
955:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 4.
1626:Development as Modernity, Modernity As Development
1299:Woodhouse, David; Blake, Peter (September 1977).
889:, a periodization correspondent to high modernity
802:High modernism is exemplified in the writings of
679:a new society. Based on the master plans of the
648:During the first half of the twentieth century,
1932:, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986)
687:based on occupation, known as ââsuperquadraââ.
399:The main proponent of architectural modernism,
207:. In the 5th century BC, the Greek philosopher
1953:
453:high-rise apartment buildings in Asian cities
8:
4875:
4864:
2058:
2047:
2001:
1990:
1770:Holston, pp. 94-95; Scott, pp. 120-121, 126.
1489:Journal of the American Planning Association
1401:Kronus, Sidney; Moore, William (June 1970).
1284:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1167:Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)
681:CongrĂšs International dâArchitecture Moderne
56:Too much commentary relative to information.
2129:
984:Modernities: A Geohistorical Interpretation
4137:
2792:
2186:
1960:
1946:
1938:
1131:Hong Kong Housing Authority (2021-03-31).
1064:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1030:6, no. 3 (2011): p. 522; Scott, pp. 88-89.
106:, especially in the late 1950s and 1960s.
1251:"Population Trends, 2021, ISSN 2591-8028"
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
1351:The Language of Post-Modern Architecture
1017:54, no. 77 (2006): p. 80; Taylor, p. 39.
944:
806:, who described an opposition between "
369:maintains an official list of approved
245:'s quote concerning consumer choice of
1277:
4801:Six Characters in Search of an Author
1788:Holston, p. 103; Scott, pp. 127, 130.
654:import substitution industrialization
290:suppression of all other philosophies
7:
1926:After the Great Divide: Modernism,
1206:. Singapore. 6 July 1960. p. 7
27:Science and tech-oriented modernism
3996:Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
1539:Journal of Architectural Education
1530:Bristol, Katharine G. (May 1991).
1305:Journal of Architectural Education
1258:Singapore Department of Statistics
707:) discouraged pedestrian traffic,
25:
982:Scott, pp. 4-5; Peter J. Taylor,
5183:
5182:
1483:Heathcott, Joseph (2012-09-01).
1353:. New York: Rizzoli. p. 9.
1267:from the original on 19 Jan 2022
1175:Census and Statistics Department
537:
256:for millennia. It originated in
34:
1799:Journal of Historical Geography
1181:from the original on 2022-02-04
757:The newly constructed towns of
720:Inuit and the Canadian military
600:Following the successes of the
530:Development in the Soviet Union
4950:Grosvenor School of Modern Art
4943:Fourth dimension in literature
1845:, conducted by Ron Hogan, for
1752:Holston, p. 96; Scott, p. 125.
585:Development in the third world
416:, completed in 1952. With 337
360:national identification number
1:
1743:Holston, p. 93; Scott, p. 120
709:traditional social networking
626:order to advance beyond this
468:Housing and Development Board
319:Modernization and development
1843:Interview with Bram Dijkstra
1501:10.1080/01944363.2012.737972
1110:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
5043:List of avant-garde artists
4020:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
663:to a new inland site named
390:form should follow function
260:, which was adopted by the
54:. The specific problem is:
5243:
5227:1960s in the United States
5222:1950s in the United States
4901:Classical Hollywood cinema
1890:Kavaloski, Joshua (2014).
1849:. (Accessed Aug. 17, 2006)
1200:"Coming: A housing record"
933:United States in the 1950s
846:
778:
736:Distant Early Warning Line
734:, the construction of the
723:
705:National Congress Building
641:
367:Icelandic Naming Committee
254:East Asian cultural sphere
162:
50:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
5164:
3972:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
1874:"Who Cares if You Listen"
1676:villagization in Tanzania
1624:Lwazi Siyabonga Lushaba,
1377:From Bauhaus to Our House
1076:10.1017/S0010417502000026
1028:Journal of Global History
858:and the beginning of the
726:Inuit during the Cold War
573:. Following the death of
2757:The Master and Margarita
1896:. Boydell & Brewer.
1589:Geller, Mikhail (1988).
1579:Rupprecht, pp. 509, 522.
1214:– via NewspaperSG.
918:Technological utopianism
608:in the aftermath of the
324:Standardized legal names
5050:List of modernist poets
4936:Fourth dimension in art
4112:Meshes of the Afternoon
1454:. Architectural Press.
1448:Oscar., Newman (1973).
623:sociocultural evolution
443:, completed in 2003 in
149:city planning on a grid
5134:Second Viennese School
4876:
4865:
2769:The Sound and the Fury
2673:In Search of Lost Time
2130:
2059:
2048:
2002:
1991:
1861:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
1532:"The Pruitt-Igoe Myth"
1171:"Housing and Property"
1004:Taylor, pp. 14, 40-41.
817:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
498:
448:
382:Modernist architecture
129:
5113:Reactionary modernism
5036:List of art movements
966:"The Best-Laid Plans"
793:vision of modernism:
775:Visual arts and music
701:Cathedral of BrasĂlia
480:
439:
371:Icelandic given names
266:measurement standards
235:Industrial Revolution
199:Historical precedents
159:Relation to modernity
122:modern urban planning
112:
4957:Hanshinkan Modernism
4813:The Threepenny Opera
4729:Pelléas et Mélisande
1812:Ătudes/Inuit/Studies
1679:Schneider, pp. 32-33
923:Techno-progressivism
614:capital accumulation
388:, and the idea that
300:replacing Legalism.
61:improve this article
5015:International Style
4765:Afternoon of a Faun
4044:Battleship Potemkin
3948:Mont Sainte-Victoir
1912:10.7722/j.ctt5vj759
1858:Clement Greenberg,
1374:Wolfe, Tom (1982).
1169:(14 January 2022).
970:archive.nytimes.com
431:World Heritage List
386:reinforced concrete
276:, institution of a
4894:Buddhist modernism
4851:American modernism
4777:The Rite of Spring
2745:The Sun Also Rises
2721:The Magic Mountain
1801:35 (2009): p. 520.
849:Literary modernism
549:. You can help by
523:counter-narratives
499:
449:
406:Unité d'habitation
355:Patronymic surname
239:economies of scale
130:
5194:
5193:
4922:Experimental film
4838:
4837:
4825:Waiting for Godot
4125:
4124:
2782:
2781:
2685:The Metamorphosis
1924:Andreas Huyssen,
1725:Rupprecht, p. 509
1716:Rupprecht, p. 510
1707:Rupprecht, p. 508
1602:978-0-394-56926-0
1387:978-0-671-45449-4
1360:978-0-8478-0571-6
1204:The Straits Times
1015:Current Sociology
804:Clement Greenberg
685:residence sectors
628:traditional state
571:Nikita Khrushchev
567:
566:
514:, and journalist
377:Modernist housing
89:
88:
81:
52:quality standards
43:This article may
16:(Redirected from
5234:
5186:
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5155:Vulgar modernism
5150:
5148:Underground film
5143:
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4971:Hippie modernism
4966:
4959:
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4924:
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4889:
4887:Bloomsbury Group
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4068:Un Chien Andalou
4062:
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4032:Ballet MĂ©canique
4026:
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3960:The Starry Night
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3289:Toulouse-Lautrec
3284:
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2095:
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2054:
2053:
2050:Der Blaue Reiter
2043:
2036:
2029:
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2015:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1933:
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1916:
1915:
1887:
1881:
1872:Milton Babbitt,
1870:
1864:
1856:
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1655:Lushaba, pp. 2-3
1653:
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1380:. Pocket Books.
1371:
1365:
1364:
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1283:
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1272:
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1236:
1226:"HDB | About Us"
1222:
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1211:
1196:
1190:
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1163:
1157:
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1147:
1141:. Archived from
1137:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:Scott, p. 5, 94.
1037:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
980:
974:
973:
962:
956:
951:James C. Scott,
949:
898:Manifest Destiny
887:High Middle Ages
785:Cultural critic
748:John Diefenbaker
610:Second World War
562:
559:
541:
534:
495:central planning
487:box architecture
412:La Cité Radieuse
337:in the state of
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
38:
37:
30:
21:
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5181:
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5141:Structural film
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5092:New Objectivity
5090:
5083:
5078:Neo-romanticism
5076:
5071:Neo-primitivism
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
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5013:
5006:
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4768:
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4717:VerklÀrte Nacht
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2582:
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2563:Lowell (Robert)
2561:
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2057:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1982:
1971:
1966:
1936:
1930:, Postmodernism
1923:
1919:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:(originally in
1871:
1867:
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1853:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1796:
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1787:
1783:
1779:Holston, p. 97.
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:Holston, p. 93.
1760:
1756:
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1729:
1724:
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1534:
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1419:10.2307/2575593
1400:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1347:Jencks, Charles
1345:
1344:
1340:
1317:10.2307/1424542
1298:
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995:Scott, p. 94-96
994:
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981:
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964:
963:
959:
950:
946:
942:
937:
877:
864:Andreas Huyssen
856:First World War
851:
845:
814:" in his essay
783:
777:
772:
728:
722:
646:
640:
591:Peter J. Taylor
587:
563:
557:
554:
547:needs expansion
532:
441:Kin Ming Estate
403:, designed the
379:
326:
321:
201:
167:
161:
135:
98:) is a form of
94:(also known as
85:
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65:
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39:
35:
28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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5144:
5137:
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5116:
5109:
5102:
5099:Poetic realism
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5029:Late modernity
5025:
5022:Late modernism
5018:
5011:
5004:
5003:
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4995:
4988:
4974:
4967:
4964:High modernism
4960:
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4939:
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4925:
4918:
4911:
4908:Degenerate art
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3620:
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2709:The Waste Land
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2105:
2098:
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2075:
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2066:
2055:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2020:Constructivism
2016:
2009:
1998:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1917:
1902:
1893:High Modernism
1882:
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1816:
1803:
1790:
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1772:
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1754:
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1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1681:
1667:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1617:
1615:Taylor, p. 18.
1608:
1601:
1581:
1572:
1545:(3): 163â171.
1522:
1495:(4): 450â451.
1475:
1460:
1440:
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1386:
1366:
1359:
1338:
1291:
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1230:www.hdb.gov.sg
1217:
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913:Technocentrism
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
878:
876:
873:
844:
841:
822:Milton Babbitt
800:
799:
781:Late modernism
776:
773:
771:
768:
721:
718:
673:Oscar Niemeyer
669:James C. Scott
661:Rio de Janeiro
642:Main article:
639:
636:
586:
583:
579:New Soviet Man
565:
564:
544:
542:
531:
528:
512:Charles Jencks
378:
375:
325:
322:
320:
317:
274:writing system
205:urban planning
200:
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163:Main article:
160:
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142:
134:
131:
126:infrastructure
96:high modernity
92:High modernism
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24:
18:High modernity
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5177:Postmodernism
5172:
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5156:
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5149:
5145:
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5138:
5135:
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5128:
5124:
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5120:Metamodernism
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:New Hollywood
5082:
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4978:Impressionism
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3805:Hundertwasser
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4079:Villa Savoye
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3754:Architecture
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2733:Mrs Dalloway
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2556:Lowell (Amy)
1928:mass culture
1925:
1920:
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1880:, Feb. 1958)
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1847:beatrice.com
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1269:. Retrieved
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1150:. Retrieved
1143:the original
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903:New Frontier
882:High culture
852:
826:contemporary
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714:Le Corbusier
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118:Gateway Arch
95:
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59:Please help
55:
44:
5170:Romanticism
5127:Remodernism
5008:Incoherents
4867:Avant-garde
4858:Armory Show
4465:Maeterlinck
4368:Villa-Lobos
4354:Szymanowski
4333:Stockhausen
4270:LutosĆawski
3988:(1909â1910)
2788:Visual arts
2761:(1928â1940)
2677:(1913â1927)
2200:Apollinaire
2164:Synchromism
2004:Art Nouveau
1070:(1): 4â44.
837:Tchaikovsky
820:. Composer
810:" art and "
808:avant-garde
770:In the arts
697:cul-de-sacs
606:Third World
595:third world
589:Geographer
503:PruittâIgoe
414:, Marseille
348:stage names
339:Connecticut
280:(replacing
278:bureaucracy
262:Qin dynasty
63:if you can.
5201:Categories
5057:Maximalism
4992:Literature
4667:Wiesenthal
4569:Cunningham
4562:Balanchine
4542:Witkiewicz
4514:Strindberg
4500:Pirandello
4472:Mayakovsky
4347:Stravinsky
4319:Schoenberg
4131:Performing
4056:Metropolis
3847:Mendelsohn
3652:Rossellini
3645:Richardson
3456:Fassbinder
3442:Eisenstein
3379:Cassavetes
3135:Modigliani
3009:Goncharova
2995:Giacometti
2389:Dos Passos
2191:Literature
2150:Surrealism
2061:Die BrĂŒcke
1413:(4): 546.
1271:2022-02-04
1235:2022-02-04
1185:2022-02-04
1152:2022-02-04
1116:15 January
940:References
847:See also:
843:Literature
779:See also:
738:increased
724:See also:
489:, and the
485:-inspired
418:apartments
243:Henry Ford
209:Hippodamus
133:Definition
5207:Modernism
5106:Pulp noir
5064:Modernity
4929:Film noir
4653:St. Denis
4576:Diaghilev
4312:Schaeffer
4235:Hindemith
4207:Dutilleux
4179:Boulanger
3984:The Dance
3680:Tarkovsky
3673:Sternberg
3505:Hitchcock
3421:Dovzhenko
3337:Antonioni
3282:Stieglitz
3121:Metzinger
3072:Kokoschka
3051:Kandinsky
2465:Aldington
2458:Akhmatova
2375:Marinetti
2368:Mansfield
2319:Hemingway
2157:Symbolism
1976:Movements
1969:Modernism
1559:1046-4883
1517:154252952
1509:0194-4363
1470:632410127
1427:0037-7732
1325:0149-2993
1311:(1): 48.
1092:146687944
1084:1475-2999
908:Scientism
833:Beethoven
516:Tom Wolfe
461:Singapore
457:Hong Kong
344:nicknames
313:Heian-kyĆ
282:feudalism
213:grid plan
171:modernism
165:Modernity
115:St. Louis
100:modernity
5188:Category
4789:Fountain
4693:Don Juan
4632:Nijinsky
4528:Wedekind
4507:Piscator
4402:Anderson
4326:Scriabin
4242:Honegger
3896:Sullivan
3882:Saarinen
3875:Rietveld
3868:Niemeyer
3840:Melnikov
3770:Bunshaft
3701:Truffaut
3666:Sjöström
3610:Pudovkin
3582:Minnelli
3547:Kurosawa
3540:Kuleshov
3470:Flaherty
3296:Vuillard
3275:Steichen
3233:Rousseau
3198:Pissarro
3177:O'Keeffe
3142:Mondrian
3093:Malevich
3086:Magritte
3058:Kirchner
3002:van Gogh
2953:Doesburg
2932:Delaunay
2925:Delaunay
2848:BrĂąncuÈi
2834:Boccioni
2797:Painting
2647:Williams
2570:Mallarmé
2486:Cendrars
2396:Platonov
2354:Lawrence
2347:Koestler
2284:Flaubert
2277:Faulkner
2242:Bulgakov
2171:Tonalism
2132:De Stijl
2116:Lettrism
2102:Futurism
1993:Art Deco
1665:100-101.
1349:(1984).
1280:cite web
1262:Archived
1179:Archived
928:Progress
875:See also
703:and the
665:BrasĂlia
644:BrasĂlia
638:BrasĂlia
335:Guilford
305:Chang'an
270:currency
258:Legalism
228:Politics
104:Cold War
45:require
4843:Related
4705:Ubu Roi
4660:Tamiris
4646:Sokolow
4625:Massine
4493:Osborne
4486:O'Neill
4479:O'Casey
4437:Chekhov
4423:Beckett
4409:Anouilh
4393:Theatre
4340:Strauss
4298:Russolo
4277:Milhaud
4256:JanĂĄÄek
4228:GĂłrecki
4221:Feldman
4200:Debussy
4193:Copland
4151:Antheil
3889:Steiner
3812:Johnson
3791:Guimard
3784:Gropius
3631:Resnais
3533:Kubrick
3463:Fellini
3449:Epstein
3435:Edwards
3400:Cocteau
3386:Chaplin
3358:Bresson
3351:Bergman
3330:Aldrich
3323:Akerman
3268:Soutine
3240:Schiele
3191:Picasso
3184:Picabia
3114:Matisse
2988:Gauguin
2960:Duchamp
2918:Kooning
2897:Claudel
2890:Chirico
2883:Chagall
2876:CĂ©zanne
2869:Cassatt
2841:Bonnard
2827:Bellows
2820:Balthus
2697:Ulysses
2619:Stevens
2612:Seferis
2431:Unamuno
2270:Forster
2249:Chekhov
2214:Beckett
2143:Orphism
2109:Imagism
2093:Bauhaus
2079:Fauvism
1984:Acmeism
1567:1425266
1435:2575593
1333:1424542
893:Fordism
483:Bauhaus
423:pilotis
350:, etc.
309:Beijing
284:of the
217:Piraeus
47:cleanup
4829:(1953)
4817:(1928)
4805:(1921)
4793:(1917)
4781:(1913)
4769:(1912)
4757:(1910)
4745:(1905)
4741:Salome
4733:(1902)
4721:(1899)
4709:(1896)
4697:(1888)
4674:Wigman
4604:Graham
4597:Fuller
4590:Fokine
4583:Duncan
4535:Wilder
4521:Toller
4458:Kaiser
4430:Brecht
4416:Artaud
4375:Webern
4361:VarĂšse
4291:Partch
4263:Ligeti
4186:Boulez
4158:BartĂłk
4116:(1943)
4104:(1941)
4092:(1936)
4082:(1931)
4072:(1929)
4060:(1927)
4048:(1925)
4036:(1923)
4024:(1920)
4012:(1915)
4000:(1912)
3976:(1907)
3964:(1889)
3952:(1887)
3940:(1886)
3917:Wright
3903:Tatlin
3861:Neutra
3763:Breuer
3729:Welles
3715:Vertov
3638:Renoir
3589:Murnau
3575:Marker
3568:Lupino
3526:Keaton
3512:Hubley
3498:Godard
3484:Fuller
3428:Dreyer
3407:Dassin
3365:Buñuel
3261:Sisley
3254:Signac
3247:Seurat
3219:Renoir
3037:Hopper
2939:Demuth
2862:Calder
2855:Braque
2806:Albers
2773:(1929)
2749:(1926)
2737:(1925)
2725:(1924)
2713:(1922)
2701:(1922)
2689:(1915)
2640:Valéry
2626:Thomas
2591:Pessoa
2535:George
2528:Elytis
2521:Ăluard
2507:Desnos
2479:Cavafy
2449:Poetry
2410:Proust
2403:Porter
2305:Hamsun
2263:Döblin
2256:Conrad
2228:Breton
2207:Barnes
2027:Cubism
1910:
1900:
1599:
1565:
1557:
1515:
1507:
1468:
1458:
1433:
1425:
1384:
1357:
1331:
1323:
1210:19 May
1090:
1082:
860:Second
812:kitsch
763:Inuvik
732:Canada
650:Brazil
491:hubris
428:UNESCO
331:Durham
311:, and
221:Athens
4999:Post-
4985:Music
4684:Works
4639:Shawn
4618:Laban
4553:Dance
4451:Jarry
4444:Ibsen
4382:Weill
4305:Satie
4214:Falla
4172:Berio
4142:Music
3927:Works
3854:Nervi
3798:Horta
3777:GaudĂ
3736:Wiene
3708:Varda
3694:Trnka
3603:Pabst
3561:Losey
3519:Jones
3491:Gance
3414:Deren
3393:Clair
3372:Carné
3344:Avery
3226:Rodin
3212:Redon
3170:Nolde
3163:Munch
3156:Moore
3149:Monet
3100:Manet
3079:LĂ©ger
3044:Kahlo
3023:Grosz
2981:Ernst
2974:Ensor
2911:Degas
2664:Works
2654:Yeats
2633:Tzara
2605:Rilke
2598:Pound
2577:Moore
2549:Lorca
2542:Jacob
2514:Eliot
2493:Crane
2472:Auden
2438:Woolf
2424:Svevo
2417:Stein
2382:Musil
2340:Kafka
2333:Joyce
2326:Hesse
2312:HaĆĄek
2235:Broch
2070:Music
1908:JSTOR
1563:JSTOR
1535:(PDF)
1513:S2CID
1431:JSTOR
1329:JSTOR
1265:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
1088:S2CID
744:Inuit
4611:Holm
4284:Nono
4249:Ives
4165:Berg
4133:arts
3910:Mies
3833:Loos
3819:Kahn
3743:Wood
3722:Vigo
3687:Tati
3659:Sirk
3554:Lang
3477:Ford
3314:Film
3303:Wood
3128:MirĂł
3107:Marc
3065:Klee
3030:Höch
3016:Gris
2967:Dufy
2904:DalĂ
2584:Owen
2500:H.D.
2361:Mann
2298:Gide
2291:Ford
2221:Bely
2034:Dada
1898:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1555:ISSN
1505:ISSN
1466:OCLC
1456:ISBN
1423:ISSN
1382:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1321:ISSN
1286:link
1212:2021
1118:2022
1080:ISSN
835:and
761:and
616:and
459:and
333:and
233:The
190:see
113:The
3596:Ozu
3205:Ray
2946:Dix
2813:Arp
1547:doi
1497:doi
1415:doi
1313:doi
1072:doi
752:our
553:.
493:of
5203::
5167:â
1906:.
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1553:.
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1541:.
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1511:.
1503:.
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1491:.
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1409:.
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1327:.
1319:.
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1307:.
1303:.
1282:}}
1278:{{
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1177:.
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1066:.
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