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sixth largest country in the world in hosting international students. The top ten countries with students studying in China include South Korea, Japan, USA, Vietnam, Thailand, Russia, India, Indonesia, France and
Pakistan. According to 2014 data from Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, there were more than 377,054 foreign students from 203 countries or regions study in all the 31 provinces in China, with an increase of 5.77% over the same period last year. In 2015, a record breaking 397,635 international students went to China, solidifying its position as the third most popular destination country after only the UK and the US for overseas students. While US and the UK attracted nearly one-third of all globally mobile students, their leadership is under threat in the "Third Wave" of political turbulence and intense competition from English-medium Instruction or English-taught Programs in countries like China and Continental Europe. In 2014, the largest source of foreign students came from Asia, accounting almost 60% of the total, followed by Europe 18%, Africa 11% respectively. For individual country, the top three countries of origins were South Korea (62,923), United States (24,203) and Thailand (21,296). Only 10% of foreign students receive Chinese Government Scholarship and the rest 90% are self-funded.
692:, Chinese universities are on a par with their counterparts in the US, the UK, and Germany across 89 subjects ahead of others like France, South Korea, and Russia. The country scores above the global average of B score, with 46 percent of its universities’ grades were A+, A, or A−, only slightly behind the US (49 percent). The QS rankings by subjects 2021 indicated that universities in China now have a record number in the top 50 universities in the world across all 51 subjects in five broad discipline areas: “Arts and Humanities”, “Natural Sciences”, “Social Sciences and Management”, “Engineering & Technology”, and “Life Sciences and Medicines”. In 2020, five Chinese universities appear in the Global Top 10 by the numbers of the
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development lies to all levels of government funds. Entry in this project means you will gain more research funds. According to another data from
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, from 2009 to 2013, the total government research funding for 39 Project 985 institutions is 13.9 billion RMB, with 73 Project 211 Institutions approximately 5.1 billion RMB and rest of 670 common undergraduate colleges only 7.9 billion RMB. In June 2016, the
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182:. It was the first government-run university in modern China where western science and technology was its main focus. The school motto was "Seeking truth from facts" (实事求是). In 1951, followed by an order of the Chinese Communist government, the university was renamed Tianjin University and became one of the largest multidisciplinary engineering universities in China and one of the first 16
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other developed countries. Chinese students have been the largest foreign group in USA since 2010, with 157,588 arriving between 2010 and 2011. The same situation happened in United
Kingdom and Germany. Western education will likely remain the leading choice for Chinese students due to its cross-disciplinary fields and development of critical thinking.
859:. As a result of the predicament of unemployment, educators, students, and the Ministry of Education is promoting training in skills for the market economy that would complement the more traditional classroom learning and the focus on "hard" credentials. In Chinese universities, students clubs and special training activities aim to cultivate
499:. From the 1980s on, Chinese higher education has undergone a series of reforms that have slowly brought improvement. The government found that schools lacked the flexibility and autonomy to provide education according to the needs of the society. Structural reform of higher education consists of five parts:
25:, representing 47 million mainland Chinese students enrolled in 4-year university and college degree programs in some 3,074 Chinese tertiary institutions. Entry into universities is intended to be strictly meritocratic and objective, and successful entry depends only on one's standardized scores in the
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In 2018, according to the most recent statistics from the
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, China (hosting 492,185 international students in 2018) has overtaken the UK (hosting 458,520 international students in 2018 according to Study in UK) to become the host of second largest
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Wealthier
Chinese families are more likely to send their kids abroad to receive higher education. Free academic atmosphere, high-quality teaching and new way to cultivate talents---all these advantages contribute to the flood of Chinese students arriving in United States, United Kingdom, Germany and
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With China's rising national strength and popularity of
Chinese in the world, China as a study destination attracts thousands of foreign students abroad and the number of foreign students continues to grow rapidly in recent years. Since 2005, China has become the most popular country in Asia and the
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Meanwhile, it is also the beginning to widen the gap and cause the imbalanced distribution of scientific research funds between key universities and common public universities. Within the project, it is not only a glory but also hints numerous tangible benefits. The majority of public universities’
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Best Global
Universities Ranking 2022–2023, two of the fourth most observed global university rankings apart from the QS and THE. There were 17 Chinese universities on lists of the global top 200 behind only the United States and the United Kingdom in terms of the overall representation in the 2023
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took another toll on higher education, which was devastated more than any other sector of the country. The enrollment of postsecondary students can be used as example to illustrate the impacts. The number dropped from 674,400 to 47,800. This has had a major impact on education in the 21st century.
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influence in the early 1950s brought all higher education under government leadership. Research was separated from teaching. The government also introduced a central plan for a nationally unified instruction system, i.e. texts, syllabi, etc. The impact of this shift can still be seen today. Chinese
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China is also a major destination for international students, being the most popular country in Asia for international students, the leading destination globally for
Anglophone African students, and the second most popular in the world. In 2017, China surpassed the U.S. with the highest number of
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in students, assisting in promoting resilient personalities and life skills as preparation for the uncertainties in the job market. While the total number of enrollments in
Chinese higher education institutions has been expanding for years, the unemployment rate among young people has also been
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Partnering can be economically salubrious, either if the scholars choose to stay in the host country or return to the mainland. Most
Chinese students who go abroad are among the best and brightest from their home country. Thus, if they choose to stay, they can benefit the economy of their host
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does not advocate, support or recognize any ranking published by other institutions. The quality of universities and higher education in China is internationally recognized as China has established educational cooperation and exchanges with 188 countries and regions and 46 major international
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into world-class institutions by building and strengthening their disciplines and faculties, and eventually developing all the universities included in this plan into 'world-first-class' universities by 2050, making new arrangements for the development of higher education in China. The Double
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Asia is among the fastest growing destinations for international students, and foreign enrollment at universities in Indonesia and South Korea have more than doubled since 2005, the agency reports. China continues to be the most popular destination in the region, though, ranking third among
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In 2019, the Ministry of Education (MOE) reported that there were 2,956 higher education institutions (HEIs) across the country. 2,688 were regular HEIs (including 257 independent colleges), 1,265 universities offered bachelor's degrees, and 828 institutions offered postgraduate programs. In
29:
college entrance examinations. Usually, 12 years of formal education is a prerequisite for entry into an undergraduate degree. Entry is not influenced or determined by sporting activities, extracurricular programs, donations, or alumni parents and siblings. Chinese education authorities have
82:, claiming seven of the top 10 spots for both rankings. China is also the most-represented nation overall. Regardless of various rankings of the Chinese universities, the Ministry of Education of China does not advocate, support or recognize any ranking published by other institutions.
740:, held in early June. The exam is held by provincial governments under directions from the Ministry of Education and is required for undergraduate admissions to all higher education institutions in the country. The Gaokao is taken by high school seniors at the end of their final year.
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The Provisional Regulations Concerning the Management of Institutions of Higher Learning, promulgated by the State Council in 1986, led to a number of changes in administration and adjusted educational opportunity, direction and content. Reform allowed universities and colleges to:
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departments to world-class level by the end of 2050. The full list of the plan was published in September 2017, which includes 140 universities being approved as the Double First-Class Universities, representing the top 5% of the total 3,012 universities and colleges in China.
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of Philosophy, Economics, Law, Education, Literature, History, Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Medicine, Management, Military Science, and Fine Arts. These degree names are designated by the degree program's academic emphasis and the classification of disciplines.
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into world-class institutions by building and strengthening their disciplines and faculties, and eventually developing all the universities included in this plan into 'world-first-class' universities by 2050. 140 Chinese elite universities are included in this plan.
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In China, according to ownership-based categories of HEIs, the higher education can be divided into two categories---State-owned or government-owned HEIs, including Regular HEIs, Independent Institutions, Higher Vocational Colleges, Adult HEIs, and non-government or
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On 18 September 2020, the members of a Chinese expert group, which was headed by Lin Huiqing, Chairman of the Medical Education Expert Committee of the Ministry of Education and former Vice Minister of the Ministry of Education, unanimously agreed that
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of 1840, for example, opened China to the rest of the world. As a result, Chinese intellectuals discovered the numerous western advances in science and technology. This new information greatly impacted the higher education system and curriculum.
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addition, there were 757 non-state colleges/universities (including 257 independent colleges and 1 college for adults). The MOE also reported 40.02 million students enrolled in higher education, an increase of 1.69 million from the year prior.
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increasing. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the unemployment rate for urban residents aged 18 to 24 surged from 17.3% to 21.3%, highlighting a significant challenge for the Chinese job market for new graduates.
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to promote the elite universities in China and replace previous Project 211 and Project 985. In September 2017, the full list of Double First-Class Construction was published, which aims to comprehensively develop elite Chinese
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published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First Class Universities and First Class Disciplines' (Overall Plan for Double First-Class Construction), which aims to comprehensively develop elite Chinese
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country when they gain employment and become members of their new communities. If they leave, they may maintain the contacts and connections they may have established, and also leave a positive impression on their hosts.
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Meanwhile, in recent years, Chinese university teachers have had low job satisfaction, showing emotional exhaustion and dissatisfaction with the current personnel system, yet, so far, they are powerless to change this.
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to accept projects from or cooperate with other socialist establishments for scientific research and technical development in setting up "combines" involving teaching, scientific research, and production
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The reforms aim to provide higher education institutions more autonomy and the ability to better meet the needs of students. Instead of micromanagement, the state aims to provide general planning.
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First-Class Construction represents a whole new way of ranking universities in China, replacing previous projects such as 'Project 211', 'Project 985' or 'Project Characteristic Key Disciplines'.
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scientific publications. There were 17 Chinese universities on lists of the global top 200 behind only the United States and the United Kingdom in terms of the overall representation in the 2023
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Reforms picked up the pace in 2000, with the state aiming to complete the reform of 200 universities operating under China's ministries and start 15 university-based scientific technology parks.
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organizations, and signed agreements with 54 countries such as the US, British, Germany, Australia and Canada on mutual recognition of higher education qualifications and academic degrees.
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in mid 1990s aimed at strengthening about 100 institutions of higher education and key disciplinary areas as a national priority for the 21st century. On May 4, 1998, President
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Hizi, Gil (2019). "Marketised "Educational Desire" and the Impetus for Self-improvement: The Shifting and Reproduced Meanings of Higher Education in Contemporary China".
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at the same time. The initial aim is to promote China's educational competitiveness and establishment of a number of leading disciplines in the world. In October 2015,
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The People's Republic of China has one of the highest rates of university enrollment in the world. In 2023, the university enrollment rate was 60.2% according to the
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has shaped the overall Chinese mindset for the past 2500 years. But, other outside forces have played a large role in the nation's educational development. The
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Considering institution funding, it varies dramatically among different universities. In order to adapt to the fierce global competition in education, the
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list with over 120 universities including in the ranking, and five Chinese universities appear in the Asia Top 10, which is more than any other country.
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Li Mei . "Cross-border flows of students for higher education: Push–pull factors and motivations of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau".
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495:(Gaokao). The first group that was admitted to college after the 11-year suspension of the Gaokao consisted of 273,000 students, known as the
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647:, claiming seven of the top 10 spots for both rankings. China is also the most-represented nation overall. As of 2020, China tops the
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2621:"China's universities produce millions of graduates each year, but many can't get a decent job and end up unemployed or in factories"
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1596:""Opinions Concerning Further Strengthening and Improving Propaganda and Ideology Work in Higher Education Under New Circumstances""
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Despite the large number of HEIS, the higher education system does not meet the needs of 85 percent of the college-age population.
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Li, Yan (2013). "Young faculty job perceptions in the midst of Chinese higher education reform: the case of Zhejiang University".
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Zha Qiang (Ed.) (2013). Education in China. Educational History, Models, and Initiatives. Gt Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing
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higher education continues its struggle with excessive departmentalisation, segmentation, and overspecialisation in particular.
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573:. Regular HEIs is the cornerstone in China's higher education, while private universities development could not be ignored.
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Between 2002 and 2020, the percentage of young adults holding a higher diploma increased from 15% to 54%. This aggravates
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In September 2017, the full list of the Double First-Class Construction universities and disciplines was published by the
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1945:"China forges agreements with 54 countries on mutual recognition of higher education degrees - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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1004:"China has over 47 mln higher-education students in 2023 - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"
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2172:"Innovation Perseveres: International Patent Filings via WIPO Continued to Grow in 2020 Despite COVID-19 Pandemic"
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1803:"Overview of educational achievements in China in 2019 - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"
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155:, established in 1895, the first modern university in China. The university was established in October 1895 as
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In 2017, China surpassed the U.S. with the highest number of scientific publications. China has dominated the
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international students population, after the USA. In 2018, International students have enrolled in over 1004
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declared that “China must have a number of first-rate universities of international advanced level”, so
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2203:""Double First Class" Expert Council: Tsinghua University is fully built into a world-class university"
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to take charge of the distribution of capital construction investment and funds allocated by the state
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2015 National College List (Report). People's Republic of China Ministry of Education. May 21, 2015.
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669:, a composite ranking system combining three of the world's most influential university rankings (
62:, a composite ranking system combining three of the world's most influential university rankings (
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Rui Yang. Third Delight: The internationalization of higher education in China. Routledge, 2002.
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2773:. New York: Garland Pub., Garland Reference Library of Social Science, 1996. xxv, 299pp.
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to be responsible for the development of international exchanges by using their own funds.
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38:
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1035:""Chinese-style" meritocracy? Gaokao, the national college entrance examination in China"
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reconfirmed that both Project 211 and Project 985 had been abolished and replaced by the
215:), the national central institute of learning in China's traditional educational system.
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UC Foreign Graduate Students: Why A World-Class University Needs the World’s Best Minds.
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The Nationwide Unified Examination for Admissions to General Universities and Colleges (
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193:, established in 1898, is the second modern university of China. It was founded as
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1975:"Are China's Academic Qualifications Internationally Recognized? | Study In China"
326:(1924) also recently celebrated their hundredth anniversaries, one after another.
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State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council
736:; 'Higher Exam'), is the annual national undergraduate admission exam of
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to suggest appointments and removals of vice presidents and other staff members;
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Other notable universities also celebrated their 100 anniversaries, including
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2035:"ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023 Press Release"
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The situation of Chinese students in Germany: an intercultural perspective
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China's Universities, 1895-1995 : A Century of Cultural Conflict
1293:"China tops US and UK as destination for anglophone African students"
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Tianjin University (1895) celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1995.
1074:"Record 13 million to sit 'world's toughest' college entrance exam"
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University of California Office of the President. 17 October 2005.
109:
was launched, which aims to comprehensively develop elite Chinese
1915:"教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"
1829:
Higher Education in China: The Next Super Power is Coming of Age.
1659:"教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"
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countries that host the most international students, IIE reports.
16:
University education and higher in the People's Republic of China
2686:"National urban unemployment rate of 16-24 year old labor force"
1401:"China declared world's largest producer of scientific articles"
1353:"China Declared World's Largest Producer of Scientific Articles"
3534:
3129:
2815:
2060:"U.S. News Unveils 2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings"
1444:"Country Analysis | Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities 2023"
939:
Ant Tribes, college graduates challenges launching their career
4041:
2401:"Three waves of international student mobility (1999-2020)"
654:
As of 2023, China tops the list for the first time for the
2781:. The competing models of education before and after 1949.
3647:
Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China
2509:"90% Of China’s Super-Rich Want To Send Children Abroad"
2481:"Overview of Education in China - China Education Center"
1762:
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.
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has been fully established as a world-class university.
107:
the central government of the People's Republic of China
2142:"Out Now: QS World University Rankings by Subject 2021"
1235:
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
1201:
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
1169:
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
781:
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
2451:"China's 2020 target: reshaping global mobility flows"
1319:"China's 2020 target: reshaping global mobility flows"
2233:"International Student Mobility: Patterns and Trends"
132:
The traditional Chinese education system is based on
2766:. On the early stages of reform in higher education.
2590:"教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"
1569:"Xi Jinping's Ideologization of the Chinese Academy"
1295:. Victoria Breeze, The Conversation. June 27, 2017.
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2112:"THE China Subject Ratings 2020: results announced"
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Development and Reform of Higher Education in China
615:
National Development and Reform Commission of China
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The State Council of the People's Republic of China
97:education in colleges and universities. In 2015, a
2758:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1989. xii, 249 p.p.
2087:"The Ranking Of World University Rankings 2022/23"
484:The decline in educational quality was profound.
403:University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
113:into world-class institutions by improving their
3118:: List includes universities in Fuchien Province
2801:. Cengage Learning; 1st edition (July 30, 2005)
2797:Zhou Ji, Minister of the Ministry of Education.
2690:National Data from National Bureau of Statistics
2376:"China's Rapid Rise As An Academic Destination"
2365:People's Republic of China Ministry of Education
2363:"2014 Statistics of Foreign Students in China "
2350:People's Republic of China Ministry of Education
2348:"2014 Statistics of Foreign Students in China "
3990:International Alliance of Research Universities
3975:Association of East Asian Research Universities
1852:. Woodhead Publishing Limited. pp. 41–42.
690:Time Higher Education World University Rankings
335:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology
91:State Council of the People's Republic of China
515:inner-institute management—the most difficult.
493:National Higher Education Entrance Examination
30:emphasized meritocracy as a social equalizer.
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2338:
2336:
1196:"学位授予和人才培养学科目录（2018年4月更新） - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"
656:Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)
527:choose their own teaching plans and curricula
87:General Office of the Chinese Communist Party
8:
4052:Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers
1783:China to Accelerate Higher Education Reform.
1381:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1099:"Study a Degree in China in English in 2024"
688:China Subject Ratings 2020 conducted by the
645:THE's Emerging Economies University Rankings
582:Double First-Class Construction universities
447:Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
80:THE's Emerging Economies University Rankings
4141:Types of universities and colleges in China
1734:"History and Milestones-Tianjin University"
553:Types of universities and colleges in China
3553:
3539:
3531:
3148:
3134:
3126:
2834:
2820:
2812:
1885:"国务院关于印发统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案的通知_政府信息公开专栏"
959:History of science and technology in China
351:Wuhan University of Science and Technology
3885:Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations
3759:National Education Examinations Authority
1424:
427:China University of Mining and Technology
3617:Burning of books and burying of scholars
2740:Agelasto Michael and Bob Adamson (eds).
2289:"中国成第六大留学目的地[图]—中国教育网_新闻资讯_出国留学"
974:Changjiang (Yangtze River) Scholar award
700:(WIPO), which is more than any country.
698:World Intellectual Property Organization
3980:Association of Pacific Rim Universities
3959:Schools of Journalism and Communication
2631:from the original on September 21, 2021
1809:from the original on September 22, 2021
1792:People's Daily Online. 27 January 2000.
1244:from the original on September 22, 2022
995:
857:credentialism and educational inflation
2756:China's Universities and the Open Door
2122:from the original on November 21, 2021
2015:from the original on November 30, 2019
1532:
1530:
1515:from the original on February 20, 2020
1438:
1436:
1374:
1265:"Explore the World's Top Universities"
930:Academic Ranking of World Universities
2461:from the original on October 10, 2021
2269:from the original on October 18, 2008
1955:from the original on October 23, 2021
1744:from the original on January 18, 2022
1653:
1651:
1636:from the original on January 10, 2022
1548:from the original on October 30, 2022
1499:
1497:
1482:from the original on January 20, 2021
1466:
1464:
1394:
1392:
1363:from the original on October 22, 2021
1346:
1344:
1329:from the original on October 10, 2021
1299:from the original on November 9, 2021
667:Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities
621:Rankings and international reputation
60:Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities
7:
2744:. Hong Kong University Press, 1998.
2243:from the original on August 13, 2020
1838:American Council on Education. 2005.
1472:"QS University Rankings: BRICS 2019"
1399:Tollefson, Jeff (January 18, 2018).
1028:
1026:
1024:
2005:"QS Asia World University Rankings"
1985:from the original on April 16, 2021
1925:from the original on March 27, 2019
1714:from the original on August 9, 2022
1669:from the original on March 27, 2019
795:was launched. The total number of
423:South China Agricultural University
3690:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
2742:Higher Education in Post-Mao China
2600:from the original on March 7, 2019
2570:from the original on July 10, 2015
2431:from the original on June 25, 2017
2321:from the original on March 9, 2021
2182:from the original on March 4, 2021
1895:from the original on April 6, 2019
1848:Zhu, HongZhen; Lou Shiyan (2011).
1263:Sheehy, Kelsey (October 8, 2013).
717:This paragraph is an excerpt from
491:made the decision of resuming the
14:
4133:Rankings of universities in China
4087:List of universities and colleges
2291:. Chinaedunet.com. Archived from
2152:from the original on May 25, 2021
1538:"国家教育部:反对各种机构对大学进行综合性排名_新闻中心_新浪网"
1351:magazine, Jeff Tollefson,Nature.
694:International patent applications
627:Rankings of universities in China
186:accredited by the nation in 1959.
93:issued guidance on strengthening
3514:
3505:
3504:
2491:from the original on May 8, 2021
1164:"中华人民共和国学位条例 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"
878:
799:is 39 and all of them belong to
387:Taiyuan University of Technology
343:Huazhong Agricultural University
205:as a replacement of the ancient
4137:Science and technology in China
3726:Double First-Class Construction
3607:Academies of Classical Learning
3089:South Tibet (Arunachal Pradesh)
949:College and university rankings
900:Double First-Class Construction
827:Double First-Class Construction
809:Double First-Class Construction
805:the central government of China
588:Double First-Class Construction
407:Sichuan Agricultural University
391:Central China Normal University
367:Nanjing Agricultural University
316:Northeastern University (China)
103:Double First-Class Construction
4047:Common Recruitment Examination
4000:Worldwide Universities Network
3695:Chinese Academy of Engineering
3472:British Indian Ocean Territory
2399:Choudaha, Rahul (March 2017).
823:Ministry of Education of China
725:
633:Ministry of Education of China
607:Ministry of Education of China
503:reforms of education provision
395:Hebei University of Technology
347:Wuhan University of Technology
308:Harbin Institute of Technology
160:
101:development initiative called
1:
4062:Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi
3667:Education inequality in China
2664:10.1080/10357823.2019.1630365
2417:10.1080/03075079.2017.1293872
1626:"全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"
1128:"普通高等学校本科专业目录－国务院国有资产监督管理委员会"
964:List of universities in China
934:Shanghai Jiao Tong University
756:higher education institutions
557:List of universities in China
512:recruitment and job-placement
288:China Agricultural University
236:Shanghai Jiao Tong University
228:Southwest Jiaotong University
128:History of education in China
2725:10.1080/02188791.2013.787388
2619:Zuo, Mandy (July 16, 2021).
2511:International Business Times
2116:Times Higher Education (THE)
2064:U.S. News & World Report
1567:Fu, Daniel (June 22, 2024).
1509:Times Higher Education (THE)
1270:U.S. News & World Report
1072:Gan, Nectar (June 7, 2024).
1033:Li, Siyu (August 24, 2020).
807:announced a new plan called
661:U.S. News & World Report
641:QS BRICS University Rankings
611:Ministry of Finance of China
451:Central Academy of Fine Arts
443:Peking Union Medical College
419:Shanghai Maritime University
375:Northwest University (China)
157:Imperial Tientsin University
76:QS BRICS University Rankings
4166:Higher education by country
3685:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2538:September 19, 2006, at the
2405:Studies in Higher Education
2385:September 23, 2016, at the
1834:September 30, 2007, at the
728:), commonly abbreviated as
649:QS Asia University Rankings
479:From 1967 to 1976, China's
383:Nanjing Forestry University
339:Xinxiang Medical University
224:Beijing Jiaotong University
74:). China has dominated the
4182:
4130:
4067:Public English Test System
4037:Putonghua Proficiency Test
3794:Private and public schools
3632:Hundred Schools of Thought
3108:Republic of China (Taiwan)
2562:China Education Center Ltd
2518:September 7, 2015, at the
1764:Higher Education in China.
1426:10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4
1160:National People's Congress
984:Class of 1977-1978 (China)
836:
716:
624:
585:
550:
415:Dalian Maritime University
242:) followed in 1996. Other
195:Imperial Peking University
125:
4161:Higher education in China
4128:
3913:National Library of China
3855:Academic grading in China
3850:National Key Universities
3568:
3500:
3097:
2799:Higher Education in China
2713:The Journal of Psychology
2315:"中国成第六大留学目的地 上年外国学生约20万名"
2263:"中国成第六大留学目的地 上年外国学生约20万名"
733:
431:Shanghai Ocean University
371:Nanjing Normal University
324:Ocean University of China
268:Beijing Normal University
244:national key universities
240:Xi'an Jiaotong University
212:
198:
184:national key universities
165:by a royal charter of the
4042:Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì
3954:Foreign-language schools
3908:Book collecting in China
3840:National Key Disciplines
3221:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3156:Higher education in Asia
2625:South China Morning Post
969:Thousand Talents Program
331:Hebei Medical University
140:ideals. The teaching of
3880:Academic ranks in China
3642:Digital divide in China
3482:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3106:is administered by the
2560:""Project 211 and 985"
2039:www.shanghairanking.com
1979:www.studyinchina.com.my
895:Academic ranks in China
3860:State Key Laboratories
2485:www.chinaeducenter.com
1788:April 3, 2007, at the
1237:. September 14, 2022.
745:International students
320:Sun Yat-sen University
175:as its first president
4032:Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi
3754:Ministry of Education
3736:Thousand Talents Plan
3592:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
2213:on September 25, 2020
2201:Tsinghua University.
1277:on October 24, 2014.
1124:Ministry of Education
1051:10.3917/anso.202.0469
979:Class of 1977 (China)
845:graduate unemployment
171:of Qing dynasty with
23:Ministry of Education
4057:College English Test
3985:Global U8 Consortium
3845:College English Test
3587:Imperial examination
3396:United Arab Emirates
2652:Asian Studies Review
2457:. January 27, 2020.
2295:on November 11, 2013
2265:. Chinanews.com.cn.
1769:May 5, 2007, at the
1511:. January 22, 2020.
1505:"Emerging Economies"
1448:research.unsw.edu.au
1325:. January 27, 2020.
1228:"研究生教育学科专业目录（2022年）"
1126:(January 22, 2019).
1039:L'Année sociologique
991:Notes and references
905:State Key Laboratory
571:private universities
411:Southwest University
276:Southeast University
246:as a part of former
220:Jiao Tong University
3784:Secondary education
3657:1952 reorganization
3652:May Fourth Movement
3597:Scholar-bureaucrats
3423:limited recognition
3110:as part of its own
2239:. October 1, 2007.
2207:Tsinghua University
1604:Stanford University
1478:. October 2, 2018.
1417:2018Natur.553..390T
1357:Scientific American
1162:(August 28, 2004).
706:Tsinghua University
481:Cultural Revolution
467:Xinjiang University
459:Shanghai University
455:Nanchang University
363:Jiangnan University
300:Tsinghua University
264:Shandong University
256:Zhejiang University
3817:Vocation education
3662:Simplified Chinese
3562:Education in China
2983:Autonomous regions
2389:September 12, 2016
2066:. October 25, 2022
1708:Tianjin University
1606:. January 19, 2015
954:Education in China
359:Guizhou University
355:Soochow University
296:Lanzhou University
272:Nanjing University
252:Sichuan University
179:Peiyang University
177:and later renamed
153:Tianjin University
99:tertiary education
4148:
4147:
4016:English education
3968:Int'l cooperation
3903:Archives in China
3779:Primary education
3637:Scouting in China
3627:Beijing Guozijian
3612:Chinese educators
3528:
3527:
3465:other territories
3123:
3122:
2317:. Chinanews.com.
2148:. March 2, 2021.
2118:. July 16, 2020.
1949:www.xinhuanet.com
853:overqualification
592:In October 2015,
463:Yunnan University
379:Shanxi University
312:Xiamen University
304:Nankai University
292:Tongji University
260:Peking University
191:Peking University
4173:
3944:Business schools
3923:Shanghai Library
3789:Boarding schools
3571:Education system
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3477:Christmas Island
3163:Sovereign states
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3112:Fuchien Province
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2786:Higher Education
2729:
2728:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2556:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2396:
2390:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2209:. Archived from
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2146:Top Universities
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2009:Top Universities
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1845:
1839:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1704:"中国第一所现代大学-天津大学"
1700:
1694:
1693:
1688:Zhang, Dongmei.
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1542:news.sina.com.cn
1534:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1476:Top Universities
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1273:. Archived from
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1204:. Archived from
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:. Archived from
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1136:. Archived from
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1103:China Admissions
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1000:
888:
883:
882:
881:
735:
727:
439:Hohai University
435:Henan University
399:Jinan University
284:Fudan University
280:Hunan University
214:
200:
187:
176:
166:
162:
39:academic degrees
4181:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4124:
4073:
4020:
4004:
3963:
3939:Medical schools
3927:
3918:Nanjing Library
3889:
3821:
3803:
3765:
3740:
3699:
3671:
3573:
3564:
3559:
3529:
3524:
3496:
3464:
3455:
3436:Northern Cyprus
3422:
3415:
3157:
3154:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3093:
3071:
3048:
3015:
2977:
2853:
2840:
2754:Hayhoe, Ruth .
2737:
2735:Further reading
2732:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2540:Wayback Machine
2531:Dynes, Robert.
2530:
2526:
2520:Wayback Machine
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2387:Wayback Machine
2375:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2085:Symonds, Matt.
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1836:Wayback Machine
1827:Porter, Susan.
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1790:Wayback Machine
1781:
1777:
1771:Wayback Machine
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1208:on July 9, 2022
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1176:on July 9, 2022
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1140:on July 9, 2022
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
884:
879:
877:
874:
849:underemployment
841:
835:
777:
764:
747:
742:
741:
722:
714:
629:
623:
590:
584:
579:
559:
549:
181:
170:
168:Guangxu Emperor
164:
146:First Opium War
130:
124:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3995:Universitas 21
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:HKSAR students
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3750:
3748:
3746:Administration
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
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3373:
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3348:
3343:
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3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
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3258:
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3208:
3203:
3198:
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3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3021:Municipalities
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:Inner Mongolia
2993:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
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2900:
2895:
2890:
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2875:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2769:Hayhoe, Ruth.
2767:
2752:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2719:(3): 273–294.
2703:
2677:
2658:(3): 493–511.
2642:
2611:
2594:www.moe.gov.cn
2581:
2544:
2524:
2502:
2472:
2442:
2411:(5): 825–832.
2391:
2369:
2367:March 08, 2015
2356:
2354:March 08, 2015
2332:
2306:
2280:
2254:
2224:
2193:
2163:
2133:
2103:
2077:
2051:
2026:
1996:
1966:
1936:
1919:www.moe.gov.cn
1906:
1876:
1865:
1858:
1840:
1820:
1794:
1775:
1755:
1738:www.tju.edu.cn
1725:
1695:
1680:
1663:www.moe.gov.cn
1647:
1630:www.moe.gov.cn
1617:
1587:
1559:
1526:
1493:
1460:
1432:
1388:
1340:
1310:
1284:
1255:
1219:
1187:
1151:
1115:
1090:
1064:
1045:(2): 469–494.
1020:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
890:
889:
873:
870:
834:
831:
776:
773:
763:
760:
746:
743:
726:普通高等学校招生全国统一考试
723:
715:
713:
710:
622:
619:
586:Main article:
583:
580:
578:
575:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
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531:
528:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
173:Sheng Xuanhuai
123:
120:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4178:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
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4156:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
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4116:
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4102:
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4076:
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4053:
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4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:Subject areas
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
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3973:
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3478:
3475:
3473:
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3469:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:South Ossetia
3444:
3442:
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3437:
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3432:
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3426:
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3412:
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3128:
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3101:
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3022:
3018:
3012:
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3004:
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2999:
2997:
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2992:
2989:
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2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
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2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2807:981-254-364-3
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:962-209-450-3
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2635:September 23,
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2522:April 7, 2012
2521:
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2514:
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2490:
2486:
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2460:
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2333:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2294:
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2284:
2281:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2247:September 11,
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2217:September 24,
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1989:September 15,
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1959:September 15,
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1859:9781843346395
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1773:Beijing, PRC.
1772:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1519:September 13,
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1486:September 13,
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:(7689): 390.
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1108:September 15,
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1083:September 15,
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:(in French).
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1013:September 15,
1009:
1008:en.moe.gov.cn
1005:
999:
996:
990:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
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937:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
887:
876:
871:
869:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
832:
830:
828:
824:
818:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
772:
768:
761:
759:
757:
751:
744:
739:
731:
720:
711:
709:
707:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:According to
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
662:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
634:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
600:
595:
589:
581:
576:
574:
572:
566:
563:
558:
554:
546:
544:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
524:
520:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
500:
498:
497:Class of 1977
494:
490:
489:Deng Xiaoping
485:
482:
477:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
210:
209:
204:
201:) in 1898 in
196:
192:
188:
185:
180:
174:
169:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
129:
121:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:In 2014, the
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:There are 13
31:
28:
24:
19:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
3869:
3826:
3731:Project Hope
3570:
3461:Dependencies
3391:Turkmenistan
3356:Saudi Arabia
3210:
3115:
3099:
2903:Heilongjiang
2847:universities
2846:
2798:
2785:
2770:
2755:
2741:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2689:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2624:
2614:
2604:December 26,
2602:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2561:
2527:
2510:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2454:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2408:
2404:
2394:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2325:November 11,
2323:. Retrieved
2309:
2299:November 11,
2297:. Retrieved
2293:the original
2283:
2273:November 11,
2271:. Retrieved
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2236:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:the original
2206:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2176:www.wipo.int
2175:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2145:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2096:December 21,
2094:. Retrieved
2090:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1929:December 26,
1927:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1899:December 26,
1897:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1868:
1849:
1843:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1797:
1778:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1707:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1673:December 27,
1671:. Retrieved
1662:
1640:December 27,
1638:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:The Diplomat
1572:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1541:
1517:. Retrieved
1508:
1484:. Retrieved
1475:
1453:December 21,
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1408:
1404:
1365:. Retrieved
1356:
1331:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1303:February 18,
1301:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1275:the original
1268:
1258:
1248:December 10,
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