615:. Colleges of technology also offer certifications for workers in support roles in professions such as engineering, information technology, accountancy, business administration, nursing, medicine, architecture, and law. The five-year programs are offered within a number of fields such as broadcasting, business administration, computer science, arboriculture, medical care, web development, robotics, biotechnology, environmental technology and engineering. For the industrial trades, students can also take courses in subjects such as applied chemistry, industrial chemistry, public works, merchant marine shipping, drafting, CNC machinery operation and tool programming, construction management, landscape horticulture, early childhood education, livestock management, land surveying, city planning, interior design, and food inspection. Other trade specialties offered by colleges of technology include wastewater treatment plant operating, plastering, drywalling, home inspection, landscape and park maintenance, power engineering, power plant operation, power line and security systems installation and servicing, telecommunications and broadband installation and servicing, culinary arts, appliance and HVAC servicing, heat and frost insulation, pipeline maintenance, pipe-laying, ironworking, gasfitting, elevator systems installation and servicing, electronics and electronic equipment servicing, steamfitting, steel fabrication, plumbing, electrical works and electrical servicing, masonry, roofing, warehousing, carpentry, machine operation, welding, marine shipping maintenance and servicing, aviation and aircraft maintenance and servicing, automobile and vehicle servicing, and power equipment servicing.
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institutions awarded an associate degree or a "Diploma" after 2 years of study and an "Advanced
Diploma" after three years. People holding a diploma are eligible to transfer to a four-year university and people holding an advanced diploma are eligible to enter a graduate school. These schools offer programs that are classified into eight fields of study: industry, agriculture, medical care, health, education, and social welfare. They offer training in specific skills related to fields such as carpentry, graphic design, hotel management, home economics, hairdressing, fashion design, typing, culinary arts, computer science, engineering, liberal arts, agriculture, early childhood education, bookkeeping, hygiene, foreign languages, therapy, dietetics and medicine. Most graduates of special training schools and community colleges do not continue on to university but instead join the workforce right after graduating. These institutions enroll a large number of men. Some students attend these schools in addition to attending a university to enhance their educational background and broaden their employment opportunities while others go to qualify for technical licenses or professional certifications. The prestige of special training schools is lower than that of universities, but graduates, particularly in technical areas, are readily absorbed by the job market. 80 percent of special training school and community college graduates are able to secure employment and about 90 percent found jobs in fields related to what they have studied.
544:; many had been prewar institutions upgraded to college status at that time. More than two-thirds of the students in junior colleges are women as many attend them as a form of preparation for a short-term career before marriage. Students who complete the course of study at a junior college are awarded an associate degree or a diploma. Junior colleges offer vocational education with a practical applicability as these institutes train people who will work in early childhood education or in health care. Though the enrollment number of women going to junior colleges is decreasing as more Japanese women desire to gain access to more white-collar professional careers and have been choosing to attend universities in greater numbers. Junior colleges provide many women with vocational credentials to help them navigate through Japan's job market. These colleges frequently emphasize early childhood education, home economics, nursing, teaching, liberal arts, humanities, and social sciences in their curricula. Many polytechnic junior colleges have a small campus with several hundred students. Junior colleges also train people who are studying to become mid-level technicians in civil, mechanical, electrical, and systems engineering sectors. Graduates of polytechnic colleges have a very high rate of employment, as Japan's dominant high technology sector offers a high demand for skilled technicians.
248:), continue to restrict their hiring of prospective employees to graduates of the nation's most esteemed universities. In the context of employment recruitment, the educational background of individuals from universities holds considerable importance and remains a crucial element in the hiring process. This is due to the well-established connection between the reputation of the university a person graduated from and their chances of obtaining desirable job opportunities and promising career paths. Attending a prestigious Japanese university, particularly one known for a strong academic reputation, can often be the pivotal tiebraker in securing a lucrative, prestigious, and secure white-collar profession. Due to the paramount significance that this determining factor holds in the recruitment and hiring process, Japanese employers continue to place a high value on academic achievements, educational background, co-op and internship experience, as well as the reputation of educational institutions when assessing and selecting highly qualified candidates for job vacancies. Amongst prospective university applicants who aspire to enter the halls of the nation's most prestigious universities, competition in securing and matriculating the most highly sought-after spots at the country's most esteemed universities continues to remain fierce. A common custom practiced by Japanese employers is
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almost entirely on one or two tests, as opposed to the usage of GPAs or percentages or other methods of assessment and evaluation of prospective applicants used in countries throughout the
Western world. As students only have one chance to take this test each year, there is an enormous amount of pressure to perform well on it, as the majority of the time during a student's senior high school years is dedicated to performing well on this single test. Japanese high school students are faced with immense pressure to succeed academically from their parents, extended family members, teachers, guidance counselors, peers, and society at large. This mindset is largely based on a result of a traditional society that has historically placed an enormous amount of importance on the encouragement of study on top of the merits of scholarship and benefits of pursuing higher education, especially in an education system that places all of its weight upon a single examination that has significant life-long consequences on one's eventual socioeconomic status, promising marriage prospects, entrance into a prestigiously elite white-collar occupation, and a respectable professional career path. Unlike higher education in some other countries, public universities in Japan are generally regarded as more prestigious than private universities, especially the
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need for vocational education as well as changing industry needs for well-trained manpower of tradespeople and technicians across the
Japanese economy, especially the automotive industry and the industrial sector. There, high school age students acquire trade and technical skills through work-based learning, apprenticeships, and work placement programs. While university is by far the most prestigious form of education in Japan, many Japanese students choose to attend colleges of technology as an alternative route. These schools allow them to gain job skills without the intense pressure of the university admissions process. Many students attend specifically to get professional certifications and then proceed to enter the workforce afterwards. However, it is also common for university graduates to attend colleges of technology if their efforts to secure a job with a university degree are to no avail.
636:. Graduates of colleges of technology are awarded associate degrees or diplomas, which are respected by employers but are ranked below bachelor's degrees in terms of prestige. Many graduates of colleges of technology starting out move from company to company to gain experience and to move up into sales and upper-level management roles. After spending years gaining experience and honing their skills, some go on to become managers where they are able to supervise entire projects as well as younger apprentices. Nevertheless, technical graduates usually find employment immediately upon graduation. Technical education in the skilled trades and technical careers continues to be a solid option for Japanese high school graduates who enjoy working with their hands and have no plans of attending university.
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knowledge to help realize the nation's ambitions to spur modern industrialization. Numerous
Japanese university students were dispatched to Europe for academic purposes, while several foreign scholars from Western nations were also welcomed to Japan during the same time period to conduct an exchange of academic pursuits. During the 1880s, Japan sought to search for a higher education system prototype to model in order to suit its national needs. In 1881, the Meiji government decided to convert its institutional model, influenced from a variety of Western countries such as Great Britain, the United States and France, to a strictly German-oriented model as the Prussian model of higher education greatly interested the Meiji government at the time.
260:, the second exam includes five subjects: mathematics, Japanese, one foreign language, and either two natural sciences subjects or two social sciences subjects. For national and public universities, applicants usually have only one chance, as all national and public universities conduct exams on the same dates (25, 26, and 27 February). Applicants to private universities typically need to take only the university's examination, usually covering fewer subjects (1-3), and they are allowed to apply to as many universities and degrees as they want, as long as the test dates don't overlap.
284:, help students prepare for entrance examinations. While yobikou have many programs for upper-secondary school students, they are best known for their specially designed full-time, year-long classes for ronin. The number of applicants to four-year universities totaled almost 560,000 in 1988. Ronin accounted for about 40% of new entrants to four-year colleges in 1988. Most ronin were men, but about 14% were women. The ronin experience is so common in Japan that the Japanese education structure is often said to have an extra ronin year built into it.
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greatly admired the
Prussian government bureaucracy, largely dominated by law school graduates, and it sought to absorb the Prussian prototype into the unique Japanese model. Inspired by the American, British, and French models on top of a predominantly-Prussian prototype that served as the fundamental basis for the Japanese model, Japan's modern higher education system soon became a catalyzing impetus that propelled the island archipelago's development as a major world power during the late 19th and the early 20th centuries.
22:
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students admitted through alternate selection methods, including admission of students returning to Japan from long overseas stays, admission by recommendation, and admission of students who had graduated from upper-secondary schools more than a few years before. Although a number of schools had programs in place or reserved spaces for returning students, only 5% of university students were admitted under these alternate arrangements in the late 1980s.
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Japan, parents traditionally place a higher emphasis on traditional academic education rather than vocational education. Vocational school remains as a backup option for students with lower grades or those who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Vocational schools have not only been successful in attracting secondary school graduates with lower grades but also university graduates who weren't able to secure employment upon graduation.
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students due to the country's labor shortage of skilled technicians in Japan's information technology industry. With about 10,000 graduates a year, Kosen colleges have not produced nearly enough graduates to meet the demands of
Japanese industry as major corporations would give preference in job offers to foreign-trained students, who are perceived as more competent in the workplace than graduates of Japan's four-year universities.
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expenses, and some specialized courses at yobikou are even more expensive. Some yobikou publish modified commercial versions of the proprietary texts they use in their classrooms through publishing affiliates or by other means, and these are popular among the general population preparing for college entrance exams. Yobikou also administer practice examinations throughout the year, which they open to all students for a fee.
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393:) and the 95 local public universities, founded by prefectures and municipalities. The 597 remaining four-year colleges in 2010 were private. With a wealth of opportunities for students wishing to pursue a university education, the nation's prestigious universities are the most appealing for students seeking to gain the top notch employment prospects, particularly with the government and large corporations.
191:), which serve as the main criteria for university admission.. People enrolled in undergraduate schools are awarded bachelor's degrees which take four to six years. Graduate schools award master's (2 years), doctoral (3 years), and professional degrees (2–3 years). Though 88.7 percent of Japanese universities are private, the top ten universities in Japan are elite research institutions where 8 of them are
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special training school in the morning and a university in the afternoon. Using this approach, a student can learn a variety of subjects at a university and gain vocational skills simultaneously at a special training school. Upon graduation, both the bachelor's degree awarded by the university and the associate degree or diploma awarded by the special training school are granted at the same time.
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sciences as well as
Western pedagogical teaching methods. For a modern university model, Japan incorporated many Prussian elements found in that of Germany as the German Empire at the time was similar to Japan in terms of goals for colonial expansion and national development. The German model continued to inspire the Japanese higher education system until the end of World War I. During the
109:(MEXT), the percentage of Japanese going on to any higher education institution in the eighteen-year-old cohort was 80.6 percent, with 52.6 percent of students going on to a university, 4.7 percent to a junior college, 0.9 percent to a college of technology and the remaining 22.4 percent attending a correspondence school, The Open University of Japan or a specialized training college.
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hard sciences such as the liberal arts, social sciences, and humanities is low compared to other industrialized nations. This discrepancy can be attributed to the prevalent focus on science and technology within the
Japanese economy, leading companies to favor hiring recent university graduates and providing them with on-the-job training to adhere to company protocols.
160:, Japan incorporated higher education ideas developed in the United States to modernize its higher education for the contemporary era. The contemporary Japanese higher education system now boasts elements incorporated from the United States on top of its European origins. The expansion and development of modern higher education in Japan has contributed to its
431:(US$ 10,000), of which parents paid a little less than 80%, or about 20% of the average family's income in 1986. To help defray expenses, students frequently work part-time or borrow money through the government-supported Japan Scholarship Association. Assistance also is offered by local governments, nonprofit corporations, and other institutions.
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usually last for 5 years. This system of institutions was founded in 1961 and they have enjoyed increased popularity as an alternative route besides the traditional path of going to university. Graduates of colleges of technology have been successful in navigating Japan's high-tech labor market as they been swamped with job offers despite Japan's
1605:
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A 2004 white paper from the
Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology indicated that the colleges of technology are leaders in the use of apprenticeships and internships, with more than 90% of institutions offering this opportunity compared to 46% of universities and 24%
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Though university is the most prestigious form of higher education in Japan, a number of
Japanese students choose to attend vocational schools instead. Vocational schools provide students with employment skills without them having to undertake the pressure of the national university entrance exam. In
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In 2005, there were approximately 89 females for every 100 males enrolled in post-secondary education in Japan, and their numbers are still slowly increasing. Women's choices of majors and programs of study still tend to follow traditional patterns, with more than two-thirds of all women enrolling in
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in order to artificially lower the number of female test-takers and male test re-takers who were able to enter the university. The investigation revealed that a computerized system that automatically deducted points from the final scores of female applicants and male re-takers had been in place since
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Prussia served as the largest inspiration for the modern Japanese higher education system, as German universities were regarded as one of the most innovative in all of Europe in addition to 19th-century Germany being close to Japan in its goals for industrialization. Furthermore, the Meiji government
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in order to modernize its education system, with a particular focus on higher education. This included a targeted effort in its focused initiative to revitalize its educational system, specifically emphasizing higher education, that would successfully assimilate its importation of transmitted Western
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The low enrollment of graduate students and the profile of graduate enrollment are influenced by various factors, primarily the conventional employment practices in the industry. In the Japanese private sector, the demand for individuals holding advanced degrees, especially in fields outside of the
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would adopt or adapt the new national test to their own admissions requirements and thereby reduce or eliminate the university tests. But, by the time the new test was administered in 1990, few schools had displayed any inclination to do so. The ministry urged universities to increase the number of
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University entrance is the traditional route taken by Japanese students to enter the gateway of higher education as it is by far the most prestigious form of higher education in the country. In contrast to the practice of relying on grade point averages and percentages for assessing eligibility in
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pedagogical philosophies that served as the system's fundamental basis. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, many major reforms were introduced in the field of higher education across Japan, which contributed to individual work of students as well as the nation's overall originality, creativity,
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A number of special training school and community colleges have created a dual education philosophy where students are able to take classes at a university and a special training school at the same time. Educational programs are organized through a timetable where a student can attend classes at a
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The pattern of graduate enrollment is almost the opposite of that of undergraduates: the majority (63%) of all graduate students are enrolled in the national universities, and it appears that the disparity between public and private graduate enrollments is widening. Graduate education is largely a
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Other college entrance issues include proper guidance for college placement at the upper-secondary level and better dissemination of information about university programs. The ministry provides information through the National Center for University Entrance Examination's on-line information access
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In the late 1980s, the examination and entrance process were the subjects of renewed debate. In 1987 the schedule of the Joint First Stage Achievement Test was changed, and the content of the examination itself was revised for 1990. The schedule changes for the first time provided some flexibility
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combined with traditional Japanese pedagogical elements to create a unique Japanese model to serve its national needs. The Japanese higher education system differs from higher education in most other countries in many significant ways. Key differences include the method of acceptance, which relies
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One of the most well known colleges of technology in Japan is Nihon Kogakuin College, which is part of the Katayanagi Institute group. The school has offered industrial education for skilled trades and technical careers since its establishment in 1947. The school today proactively accepts foreign
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As the Japanese economy began to experience major growth in the 1950s, major Japanese corporations lobbied the national government to place a stronger emphasis on vocational education to fill in the skills gap. Private colleges of technology were established in 1961 in response to Japan's growing
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Such intense competition means that many students cannot compete successfully for admission to the university of their choice. An unsuccessful student can either accept an admission elsewhere, forgo a college education, or wait until the following spring to take the national examinations again. A
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Students applying to national or other public universities take two entrance examinations. Firstly, a nationally administered uniform multiple-choice achievement test (大学入学共通テスト, Daigaku Nyūgaku Kyōtsū Tesuto), and then an examination separately administered by the university the student hopes to
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even earmarked entrance places for transfer students of colleges of technology in the 1980s who wished to continue to pursue and attain a university-level education. Students are eligible to enter colleges of technology halfway through their senior secondary years. College of technology programs
287:
Yobikou sponsor a variety of programs, both full-time and part-time, and employ an extremely sophisticated battery of tests, student counseling sessions, and examination analysis to supplement their classroom instruction. The cost of yobikou education is high, comparable to first-year university
243:
In order to secure employment at a major Japanese corporation or an international company that is based in Japan, earning a degree from a prestigious university isn't mandatory. Yet, certain prestigious employers throughout the country, most notably the Japanese government and a select number of
155:
At the higher education level, Japan sought to incorporate a number of higher education ideas to suit its national needs. Many books, manuscripts, and documents from the West were translated and foreign professors were common during the Meiji era to disseminate Western knowledge in the arts and
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are more highly regarded. Especially, National Seven Universities are the most prestigious. This distinction had its origins in historical factors—the long years of dominance of the select imperial universities, such as the University of Tokyo and the University of Kyoto, which trained Japan's
344:, and of Japanese society in general. The Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper quoted an unknown source at the university who attempted to explain the rationale for the discrimination, saying "many female students who graduate end up leaving the actual medical practice to give birth and raise children."
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As the Japanese economy is largely scientific and technological based, its labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education, particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge over their peers when it comes to seeking for employment.
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and received recognition as an "Institute of Advanced Vocational Education" from the Japanese Ministry of Education in 1988 for its vital contribution to Japanese computing society. KIC is the first IT College in Asia. Now, KIC is one of the major institutes for professional, vocational, and
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in Japanese) are two-year specialist schools that offer advanced courses for vocational careers that require upper-secondary school completion. Specialized training colleges are not regulated by MEXT. These institutions are less competitive and simpler to enroll in than a university. These
274:, spend an entire year, and sometimes longer, studying and making preparations to secure another opportunity to attempt at the entrance examinations. In 2011, the number of ronin who took the uniform test was 110,211, while the number of high school students who took the test was 442,421.
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and were still not stressed in the 1990s. Even though 60 percent of all universities have graduate schools, only 7 percent of university graduates advance to master's programs, and total graduate school enrollment is about 4% of the entire university student population.
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at least 2006. After the correction of the system in 2019, "the pass ratio for women was 20.2 percent, 0.4 percentage point higher than that of men. , the successful ratio for women was only 2.9 percent, while that of men was 9 percent."
490:'s level, are most heavily represented in the liberal arts, humanities, social sciences, and education. Men are frequently found in engineering programs where, at the master's level, women comprise only 2 percent of the students. At the
494:
level, the two highest levels of female enrollment are found in medical programs and the humanities, where in both fields 30 percent of doctoral students are women. Women account for about 13 percent of all doctoral enrollments.
48:). Of these four types of institutions, only universities and junior colleges are strictly considered postsecondary education providers. The modern Japanese higher education system has undergone numerous changes since the
1078:
781:
106:
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70 colleges of technology have been operating since the early 1960s. A small percentage of college technology graduates transfer to universities as third-year students, and some universities such as the
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In 2017, more than 2.89 million students were enrolled in Japan's 780 universities. At the top of the higher education structure are research institutions that provide four-year training leading to a
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The overwhelming majority of university students attend full-time day programs. In 2005, the most popular courses, enrolling almost 38% of all undergraduate students, were in the
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The modern Japanese higher education system was adapted from a number of methods and ideas inspired from Western education systems that were integrated with their traditional
300:
918:
235:). Private institutions accounted for nearly 80% of all university enrollments in 1991, but with a few exceptions such as Waseda University and Keio University, the
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In response to allegations of bribery perpetrated by a former MEXT official, Futoshi Sano, who reportedly exchanged funds in return for a place for his son at
1920:
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training skilled tradespeople and mid level technicians. These schools offer apprenticeships, associate degrees, diplomas, licenses, and certificates for
1965:
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countries like Canada and the United States, entrance to universities in Japan is primarily determined by the scores obtained in entrance examinations (
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for students wishing to apply to more than one national university. The new Joint First Stage Achievement Test was prepared and administered by the
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455:
1945:
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899:
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The quality of universities and higher education in Japan is internationally recognized. There are 50 Japanese universities listed on the 2025
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758:
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1996:
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of junior colleges. As of 2008, 23.1% of high school graduates study at colleges of technology with 99.6% being employed after graduation.
157:
1865:
1239:
880:
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2006:
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system and encourages universities, faculties, and departments to prepare brochures and video presentations about their programs.
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1880:
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1805:
1800:
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385:, and some offer six-year programs leading to a professional degree. There are two types of public four-year colleges: the 86
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2001:
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In a subsequent government investigation of universities throughout Japan, several other medical schools, including
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Japanese Higher Education Institutions in the 21st Century: The challenge of globalization and internationalization
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1955:
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2016:
1935:
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courses. Only 15% studied scientific and technical subjects, and women represented less than 3% of students in
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The average costs (tuition, fees, and living expenses) for a year of higher education in 1986 were 1.4 million
390:
356:
329:
321:
21:
1820:
853:
1180:
Soko S. Starobin (11 November 2010). "Community Colleges in Japan and the Social Status of Japanese Women".
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were found to have manipulated scores in a similar way. In December 2018, three additional universities –
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leaders before the war—and also in differences in quality, particularly in facilities and faculty ratios.
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324:, an investigation into university officials began. The investigation found that priority was given to
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1985:
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practice-oriented education in ICT and other digital industries in Japan with 17,700 alumni.
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994:"A university was caught systematically marking down women. Now the scandal has snowballed"
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Passing the entrance exam to a university is a major life step for a young Japanese person.
1578:
1021:
884:
474:
266:
228:
919:"Women pass scandal-hit Tokyo Medical University's entrance exam at higher rate than men"
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During the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan actively embarked on a vigorous campaign of
900:"Tokyo medical university deliberately cut women's test scores, investigation confirms"
541:
522:
440:
397:
304:
2059:
2034:
1609:
1422:
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1036:"Juntendo Univ. Medical school suspected of discriminating against female applicants"
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838:
821:
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478:
428:
136:
49:
717:"Foreign Impacts on Japanese and Chinese Higher Education: A Comparative Analysis"
1054:"3 more universities admit manipulating entrance exam scores for medical schools"
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The incident made international headlines, many of which denounced the pervasive
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1072:"Overview of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"
775:"Overview of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"
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612:
444:
417:
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245:
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436:
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1575:"FY2003 White Paper on Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"
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and was designed to accomplish better assessment of academic achievement.
953:"Japanese Medical School Accused of Rigging Admissions to Keep Women Out"
132:
1377:. Australian Government: Department of Education and Training. p. 3
1161:. Australian Government: Department of Education and Training. p. 1
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Comparative Higher Education: Knowledge, the University, and Development
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large number of students choose the last option. These students, called
277:
271:
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individuality, identity, and internationalization of higher education.
822:"Quality assurance and evaluation system in japanese higher education"
729:
1560:
1403:"With workplace training, Japan's Kosen colleges bridge 'skills gap'"
367:– also admitted to the manipulation of women's entrance exam scores.
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128:
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20:
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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became a part of the Japanese higher education system only after
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Avaliação: Revista da Avaliação da Educação Superior (Campinas)
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
1459:"Alternatives to university Vocational and technical schools"
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Special training schools and community colleges (senmon gakkō
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applicants. In August 2018, the university was found to have
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after World War II which continued on until the late 1980s.
44:) and special training schools and community colleges (専修学校
1326:
1324:
643:
In Western Japan, the leading college of technology is the
992:
Sturmer, North Asia correspondent Jake (9 November 2018).
1269:"Senmon Gakko (Professional Training Colleges) in Japan"
1240:"Education Senmon Gakko – Japanese Vocational Education"
52:
and was largely modeled after Western countries such as
1274:. National Institute for Educational Policy Research (
820:
Yamaguchi, Ana Mami; Tsukahara, Shuichi (March 2016).
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in 1958 as a small Electronics school in the city of
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National Center for University Entrance Examinations
540:– mainly private institutions – are a legacy of the
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National Center for University Entrance Examinations
227:) and the remaining two being private institutions (
1984:
1944:
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1644:
electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies
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1232:
1119:"School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) | Data"
854:"一般選抜(私立大)の仕組み|マナビジョン|Benesseの大学・短期大学・専門学校の受験、進学情報"
1421:
1372:"Vocational Education and Training (VET) in Japan"
1182:Community College Journal of Research and Practice
1156:"Vocational Education and Training (VET) in Japan"
301:Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture
244:large Japanese corporations (e.g. those listed in
894:
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256:enter (niji shiken (二次試験)). For example, for the
119:History of education in Japan § Meiji period
1514:
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1483:. Center For International Education Benchmarket
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303:(Monbusho), the predecessor of MEXT, hoped many
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799:
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548:Special training schools and community colleges
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1561:"Kobe Institute of Computing | 神戸情報大学院大学"
1453:
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744:
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486:male preserve, and women, particularly at the
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951:Ramzy, Austin; Ueno, Hisako (3 August 2018).
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8:
451:, the most popular subject for men in 1991.
1503:"What is a Japanese College of Technology?"
1673:
1659:
1651:
971:"Tokyo university 'changed female scores'"
837:
728:
710:
708:
706:
250:simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1641:discussion paper by Kumiko Aoki in the
677:
330:manipulated entrance examination scores
1428:. New York University Press. pp.
1017:
1007:
1213:
1211:
1133:"QS World University Rankings – 2025"
16:Overview of higher education in Japan
7:
280:are private schools that, like many
158:American occupation of World War II
40:), colleges of technology (高等専門学校
14:
1135:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited
634:sluggish economy during the 1990s
2039:
2030:
2029:
1603:
1521:"Vocational schools on the move"
1219:"High School Education in Japan"
518:List of junior colleges in Japan
32:is provided at universities (大学
1298:"The education system in Japan"
917:Tanaka, Chisato (21 May 2019).
839:10.1590/S1414-40772016000100004
577:Colleges of technology in Japan
1997:British Indian Ocean Territory
1519:Taro Fujimoto (21 July 2008).
412:. Other popular subjects were
340:of higher education in Japan,
1:
1505:. Kanazawa Technical College.
629:Tokyo Institute of Technology
377:List of universities in Japan
225:Tokyo Institute of Technology
123:History of education in Japan
456:QS World University Rankings
237:public national universities
66:the United States of America
2071:Higher education by country
1481:"School-to-Work Transition"
1346:"Higher Education in Japan"
645:Kobe Institute of Computing
593:
534:
361:Kanazawa Medical University
71:National Seven Universities
2087:
1332:"Japanese Education Today"
688:Clark, Nick (1 May 2005).
659:, Japan, which was called
574:
515:
374:
116:
2066:Higher education in Japan
2025:
1621:Federal Research Division
1370:Kumiko Tsukamoto (2016).
1194:10.1080/02776770290041855
1154:Kumiko Tsukamoto (2016).
587:
556:
528:
185:
36:), junior colleges (短期大学
30:Higher education in Japan
1746:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1681:Higher education in Asia
749:Altbach, Philip (1998).
647:. KIC was founded by Mr
357:Iwate Medical University
342:working culture in Japan
322:Tokyo Medical University
2007:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1420:Benjamin, Gail (1997).
1401:Harden, Blaine (2011).
883:23 January 2012 at the
402:business administration
923:The Japan Times Online
582:Colleges of technology
571:Colleges of technology
470:Postgraduate education
26:
1300:. Licenseacademy Inc.
387:national universities
270:, meaning masterless
24:
1921:United Arab Emirates
1407:The Hechinger Report
858:manabi.benesse.ne.jp
690:"Education in Japan"
503:Vocational education
1948:limited recognition
1058:Mainichi Daily News
1040:Mainichi Daily News
715:Zha, Qiang (2004).
625:University of Tokyo
460:University of Tokyo
349:Juntendo University
258:University of Tokyo
213:Hokkaido University
197:University of Tokyo
91:Hokkaido University
75:University of Tokyo
1647:, 4 November 2005.
1242:. 21 December 2016
1060:. 8 December 2018.
1042:. 13 October 2018.
1020:has generic name (
957:The New York Times
365:Fukuoka University
27:
2053:
2052:
1990:other territories
1439:978-0-8147-1291-7
1424:.Japanese Lessons
760:978-1-56750-381-4
613:technical careers
605:technical schools
542:occupation period
383:bachelor's degree
233:Waseda University
221:Nagoya University
209:Kyushu University
205:Tohoku University
105:According to the
99:Nagoya University
87:Kyushu University
83:Tohoku University
42:kōtō senmon gakkō
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2002:Christmas Island
1688:Sovereign states
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1577:. Archived from
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475:Graduate schools
464:Kyoto University
353:Showa University
217:Osaka University
201:Kyoto University
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95:Osaka University
79:Kyoto University
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505:
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441:social sciences
398:social sciences
391:Open University
389:(including The
379:
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305:private schools
229:Keio University
182:
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162:economic growth
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1581:on 3 July 2007
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1986:Dependencies
1916:Turkmenistan
1881:Saudi Arabia
1785:
1643:
1615:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1569:
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1163:. Retrieved
1149:
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1127:
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1108:, 1 May 2010
1103:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1081:. p. 29
1066:
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1018:|first=
998:. Retrieved
987:
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934:. Retrieved
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861:. Retrieved
857:
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832:(1): 71–87.
829:
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784:. p. 29
769:
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693:. Retrieved
666:
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479:World War II
473:
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453:
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395:
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371:Universities
346:
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137:Confucianist
126:
103:
50:Meiji period
46:senshū gakkō
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:
18:
2045:Asia portal
1946:States with
1866:Philippines
1806:South Korea
1801:North Korea
1696:Afghanistan
1351:. p. 5
1085:7 September
788:7 September
753:. Praeger.
661:Kobe Denshi
458:, with the
449:engineering
420:(16%), and
414:engineering
2060:Categories
1926:Uzbekistan
1901:Tajikistan
1816:Kyrgyzstan
1796:Kazakhstan
1716:Bangladesh
1706:Azerbaijan
1598:References
1527:26 October
1487:26 October
1465:26 October
996:. ABC News
730:10315/2809
695:28 October
516:See also:
445:humanities
418:humanities
410:accounting
375:See also:
246:Nikkei 225
223:, and the
168:University
2012:Hong Kong
1966:Palestine
1891:Sri Lanka
1886:Singapore
1766:Indonesia
1381:25 August
1355:26 August
1282:25 August
1246:26 August
1202:143645422
1165:25 August
1100:"私立学校の振興"
931:0447-5763
466:at 50th.
437:education
422:education
2035:Category
1956:Abkhazia
1906:Thailand
1861:Pakistan
1841:Mongolia
1836:Maldives
1831:Malaysia
1731:Cambodia
1010:cite web
881:Archived
863:23 April
627:and the
492:doctoral
424:(5.7%).
193:national
173:Entrance
133:Buddhist
1931:Vietnam
1846:Myanmar
1826:Lebanon
1756:Georgia
1711:Bahrain
1701:Armenia
1585:18 July
1278:). 2014
1000:10 July
977:10 July
936:10 July
316:Scandal
278:Yobikou
272:samurai
113:History
62:Germany
54:Britain
34:daigaku
1976:Taiwan
1911:Turkey
1876:Russia
1811:Kuwait
1791:Jordan
1781:Israel
1741:Cyprus
1726:Brunei
1721:Bhutan
1612:.
1543:"Home"
1436:
1200:
1139:7 June
929:
757:
588:高等専門学校
488:master
408:, and
363:, and
338:sexism
326:legacy
135:, and
129:Shinto
121:, and
97:, and
64:, and
58:France
2017:Macau
1936:Yemen
1896:Syria
1871:Qatar
1851:Nepal
1786:Japan
1761:India
1751:Egypt
1736:China
1627:Japan
1375:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1315:(PDF)
1272:(PDF)
1198:S2CID
1159:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
672:Notes
601:trade
594:kosen
443:, or
267:ronin
1856:Oman
1821:Laos
1776:Iraq
1771:Iran
1587:2007
1529:2016
1489:2016
1467:2016
1434:ISBN
1383:2019
1357:2019
1284:2019
1276:MEXT
1248:2019
1167:2019
1141:2024
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