1708:"teachers-researchers" (enseignants-chercheurs), with at least a doctorate: they teach classes and conduct research in their field of expertise with a full tenure. They are either Maßtre de conférences (Senior lecturers), or Professeurs (Professors). A Maßtre de conférence must publish a reviewed work named Habilitation à diriger des recherches (HDR) (professorial thesis) in order to be allowed to become the director of studies for PhD students. The HDR is in turn necessary to be appointed as Professeur. The net pay (all insurances included) is from 2,300 to 8,800 (with extra duties) euros per month. Net salaries of over 4,000 euros per month (2011 level) are however very unusual, and limited to the small minority of teacher-researchers who have held the grade of first class full professor for at least seven years, which is rare. The maximum possible net salary for second-class full professors and chief senior lecturers (maßtre de conférence hors classe), the end of career status for most full-time teacher-researchers in French universities, is 3,760 euros a month (2011), and only a few of the group ever reach that level.
37:
1455:. Science CPGE are called TSI ("Technology and Engineering Science"), MPSI ("Mathematics, Physics and Engineering Science"), PCSI ("Physics, Chemistry, and Engineering Science") or PTSI ("Physics, Technology, and Engineering Science") in the first year, MP ("Mathematics and Physics"), PSI ("Physics and Engineering Science"), PC ("Physics and Chemistry") or PT ("Physics and Technology") in the second year and BCPST ("Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Life and Earth Sciences").
964:(known as "under contract') are private, fee-paying institutions where pupils study the same national curriculum as those in public schools. Teachers in private schools are recruited in the same way and have roughly the same status as their equivalents in public schools. They are also employed directly by the State, but they are not permanently assigned and may not return to a public school position. The great majority of private schools in France are "under contract".
780:
1181:(for example, a licence is worth 180 credits). The traditional curriculum based on end of semester examinations tends to remain in place in some universities. That double standard has added complexity to a system. It is difficult to change a major during undergraduate studies without losing a semester or even a whole year. Students usually also have few course selection options once they enroll in a particular diploma.
437:
897:
350:
526:
1720:
10-20. Getting greater specific, the very best increase charge of training in France became in the course of the 1821-1837 whilst towns welcomed new colleges. The increase charge slowed in the course of 1837â1867 because the authorities reached thinly populated rural areas. Then, via way of means of 1867-1906, the emphasis became on deepening the first-rate of colleges and teaching.
1079:) which lacked decent amenities, resident professors, academic traditions, or the dignity of university status. With so many students ripe for radicalization after being forced to study in such miserable conditions, change was necessary and inevitable. Rather than expand already-overwhelmed parent campuses, it was decided to split off the annexes as new universities.
192:
1049:, which are either research-oriented or professionally oriented during the second year of the Master. There are also professional licences whose objective is immediate job integration. It is possible to return to school later by continuing education or to validate professional experience (through VAE, Validation des Acquis de lâExpĂ©rience).
981:
secondary students, wholly or partly in
English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation." That definition is used by publications including
275:
1131:). One can therefore get a master's degree (in 5 years) for about âŹ750â3,500. For other international students, these fees range from 2,770 to 3,770 euros. Students from low-income families can apply for scholarships, paying nominal sums for tuition or textbooks, and can receive a monthly stipend of up to âŹ450 per month.
1642:(a methodologically codified form of literary criticism) in literature and foreign languages. In Ancient Greek or Latin, they involve a translation and a commentary. The student then has 20 minutes to present his/her work to the teacher, who finally asks some questions on the presentation and on the corresponding topic.
1412:(or equivalent). Most CPGE receive applications from hundreds of applicants every year in April and May, and then selects students based on their own criteria. A few mainly private CPGEs, accounting for 10% of CPGEs, also have an interview process and â or expect student participation in local community initiatives.
1648:
are regarded as very stressful, particularly due to the high standards expected by the teachers, and the subsequent harshness that may be directed at students who do not perform adequately. But they are important insofar as they prepare the students, from the very first year, for the oral part of the
793:
The compulsory middle and high school subjects cover French language and literature, history and geography, foreign languages, arts and crafts, musical education, civics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural sciences, technology, and PE. The curriculum is set by the
Ministry of National Education
1626:
consist of oral examinations twice a week, in French, foreign languages (usually
English, German, or Spanish), maths, physics, philosophy, or geopoliticsâdepending on the type of CPGE. Students, usually in groups of three or four, spend an hour facing a professor alone in a room, answering questions
1711:
Secondary school teachers who have been permanently assigned away from their original school position to teach in a university. They are not required to conduct any research but teach twice as many hours as the "teachers-researchers". They are called PRAG (professeurs agrégés) and PRCE (professeurs
1675:
Certified teachers (Professeurs certifiés), educated in both a
University and an INSPE, have a "master" (Bac+5) and must pass a competitive exam called Certificat d'aptitude au professorat de l'enseignement du second degré (CAPES) in a specific domain. Their rank usually determines their geographic
1786:
and four overseas departments (2.7 million). Despite the fact that the population is growing (up 0.4% a year), the proportion of young people under 25 is falling. There are now fewer than 19 million young people in
Metropolitan France, or 32% of the total population, compared with 40% in the 1970s
706:
A preschool can be stand-alone (mostly true in towns and cities) or be affiliated to an elementary school (mostly in villages). As in other educational systems, primary school students in France usually have a single teacher (or two) who teaches the entire curriculum, without specialist teachers.
335:
Like literature, history education is seen as critical to shaping the identity of young people and the integration of immigrants to French identity. Ferry's views continue to exert influence today. Ministry reports have confirmed that the rule of schools in promoting "common culture" is only made
1719:
France did a great activity of supplying training for their people, via way of means of the 1800s, France had approximately 350 eight-yr faculties and six-yr faculties. Also in the course of the 1800s, they furnished classical training to approximately 50,000 to younger guys from a long time of
980:
As of
January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC) listed France as having 105 international schools. ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms: "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or
1103:
In engineering schools and the professional degrees of universities, a large share of the teaching staff is often made up of non-permanent professors; instead, part-time professors are hired to teach one specific subject. Part-time professors are generally hired from neighbouring universities,
1033:
degrees. The
Licence and the Master are organized in semesters: 6 for the Licence and 4 for the Master. Those levels of study include various "parcours" or paths based on UE (Unités d'enseignement or Modules), each worth a defined number of European credits (ECTS). A student accumulates those
1134:
The tuition in public engineering schools is comparable to universities but a little higher (around âŹ700). However, it can reach âŹ7,000 a year for private engineering schools. Private business schools typically charge up to âŹ12,000 a year for
Bachelor programmes and up to âŹ24,000 for Master
1715:
CPGE teachers are usually "agrégés" or "chaire sup", assigned by the
Inspection générale according to their qualifications and competitive exam rank as well as other factors. Their weekly service is about 9 hours a week, 25 or 33 weeks a year. Net pay : from 2,000 to 7,500 euro (extra
1165:
itself, some in the suburbs. In addition, most of the universities have taken a more informal name that is usually that of a famous person or a particular place. Sometimes, it is also a way to honor a famous alumnus, for example the science university in
Strasbourg is known as "Université
1177:, which aims at creating European standards for university studies, most notably a similar time-frame everywhere, with three years devoted to the bachelor's degree ("licence" in French), two for the Master's, and three for the doctorate. French universities have also adopted the
1075:. During the 1960s, French public universities responded to a massive explosion in the number of students (280,000 in 1962-63 to 500,000 in 1967-68) by stuffing approximately one-third of their students into hastily developed campus annexes (roughly equivalent to American
1422:
Some preparatory classes are widely considered "elite", being extremely selective, and recruiting only the best students from each high school, if not the best student from each high school. These CPGEs practically guarantee their students a place in one of the top
1115:, which are not formally part of the universities. However, in most cases, the research units of those establishments are located inside universities (or other higher education establishments) and jointly operated by the research establishment and the university.
490:
is the same for all French students in any given grade, which includes public, semi-public and subsidised institutions. However, there exist specialised sections and a variety of options that students can choose. The reference for all French educators is the
252:
performance of French 15-year-olds in science and mathematics has declined, with the share of low performers in reading, mathematics and science developing a sharp upward trend. France's share of top performers in mathematics and science has also declined.
1472:. Both the first and second year programmes include as much as twelve hours of mathematics teaching per week, ten hours of physics, two hours of philosophy, two to four hours of (one or two) foreign languages and four to six hours of options: chemistry,
1095:
and its suburbs, there are currently 11 universities (there were 13 from 1970 to 2017), none of which is specialised in one area or another, plus many smaller institutions that are highly specialised. It is not uncommon for graduate teaching programmes
1584:
The students of HypokhĂągne and KhĂągne (the humanities CPGE) are simultaneously enrolled in universities, and can go back to university in case of failure or if they feel unable to pass the highly competitive entrance examinations for the
336:
more critical by the rising levels of student diversity. According to the ministry, history education in France has, over the course of one century made possible "the integration of children of Italians, Poles, Africans and Portuguese".
1692:, of much higher level in each domain. They could either be certified teachers or external holders of at least a "master" (Bac+5) in the domain. In the latter case they must attend an additional formation in teaching in an INSPE.
1160:
The public universities in France are named after the major cities near which they are located, followed by a numeral if there are several. Paris, for example, has 13 universities, labelled Paris I to XIII. Some of them are in
691:") are introductions to community living; children learn how to become students and are introduced to their first notions of arithmetic, begin to recognize letters, develop oral language, etc. The last two years of preschool,
1138:
Health insurance for students is free until the age of 20 and so only the costs of living and books must be added. After the age of 20, health insurance for students costs âŹ200 a year and covers most of the medical expenses.
1359:
and Institutes of Political Studies (Sciences Po Aix, Sciences Po Bordeaux, Sciences Po Grenoble, Sciences Po Lille, Sciences Po Lyon, Sciences Po Paris, Sciences Po Rennes, Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Sciences Po
1082:
As a result, French higher education, compared with other countries, is small in size with a multiplicity of establishments, each specialised in a more-or-less broad spectrum of areas. A middle-sized French city, such as
1768:
1126:
Higher education is mostly funded by the State which leads to very low tuition fees. For citizens of the EU, EEA, Switzerland or Quebec, the annual fees range from 170 to 380 euros per year depending on the level
970:
employ their teachers directly and may teach their own curriculum; the State, however, still monitors their educational standards. Most of these schools provide religious instruction in parallel with a broad
214:). Two year olds do not start primary school, they start preschool. Then, by the age of six, a child in France starts primary school and soon moves onto higher and higher grade levels until they graduate.
1724:
added secondary colleges for ladies in 1880, which became a vital pass due to the fact he furnished secondary faculty stage of training to ladies. There have been 36 such colleges in France in 1896.
332:
and others considered literature the glue of French identity. The ethnic and cultural demographics of the student body did not factor in to the quest to transmit a "common culture" to the students.
1142:
Some public schools have other ways of gaining money. Some do not receive funds for class trips and other extra activities and so those schools may ask for a small entrance fee for new students.
291:
started the elementary system. Intense battles took place over whether the Catholic Church should play a dominant role. The modern era of French education begins at the end of the 19th century.
1665:" (IUFM), which have been renamed Ăcoles supĂ©rieures du professorat et de lâĂ©ducation (ESPE) in 2013 and then Instituts Nationaux supĂ©rieurs du professorat et de lâĂ©ducation (INSPE) in 2019.
3477:
1847:
3257:
248:
in 2018 ranked the overall knowledge and skills of French 15-year-olds as 26th in the world in reading literacy, mathematics, and science, below the OECD average of 493. The average
2649:
1034:
credits, which are generally transferable between paths. A licence is awarded once 180 ECTS have been obtained; a master is awarded once 120 additional credits have been obtained.
1404:. CPGEs are usually located within high schools but are a part of tertiary education, which means that to be admitted, each student must have already successfully passed their
1247:), have a small size (typically between 100 and 300 graduates per year), and are highly selective. They are widely regarded as prestigious, and most of France's scientists and
1091:, may have 2 or 3 universities (focused on science, sociological studies, engineering, etc.) as well as a number of other establishments specialised in higher education. In
1638:(a methodologically codified essay, typically structured in 3 parts: thesis, counter-thesis, and synthesis) in history, philosophy, etc. on a given topic, or the form of a
1662:
1661:" examination. The situation has been diversified by the introduction in the 1950s of the CAPES examination for secondary teachers and in the 1990s by the institution of "
2413:
1672:
Primary school and kindergarten teachers (Professeurs des Ă©coles), educated in an INSPE, have usually a "master" (Bac+5). Their weekly service is about 28 hours a week.
1178:
2624:
2198:
1787:
and 35% at the time of the 1990 census. France is seeing a slow aging of the population, however, that is less marked than in other neighbouring countries (such as
1100:, the course part of doctorate programmes etc.) to be operated in common by several institutions, allowing the institutions to present a larger variety of courses.
1756:
In a March 2004 ruling, the French government banned all "conspicuous religious symbols" from schools and other public institutions with the intent of preventing
1107:
Another original feature of the French higher education system is that a large share of the scientific research is carried out by research establishments such as
241:
1599:
The amount of work required of the students is high. In addition to class time and homework, students spend several hours each week completing oral exams called
1492:, which can double the class-based workload. A well-known joke among CPGE students is that they become moles for two years, sometimes three, hence the nicknames
3797:
3583:
3149:
794:
and applies to most collÚges in France and also to AEFE-dependent institutions. Académies and individual schools have little freedom in the State curriculum.
586:, the school year runs from early September to early July. The school calendar is standardized throughout the country and is the sole domain of the ministry.
2366:
1581:(Literature and Social Sciences), otherwise called KhĂągne B/L, also includes mathematics and socio-economic sciences in addition to those literary subjects.
1370:
1001:
2685:
1802:. In 2000, the French Education Minister reported that only 39 out of 75,000 state schools were "seriously violent" and some 300 were "somewhat violent".
1561:
714:(elementary school). In the first 3 years of elementary school, they learn to write, develop their reading skills and get some basics in subjects such as
2470:
French to English translation by CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved November 02, 2012
36:
2922:
536:
2748:
1197:
411:
51:
44:
1291:
3297:
3282:
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are usually taken every quarter in every subject. Students have one hour to prepare a short presentation that takes the form of a French-style
1356:
1201:
3050:
1485:
1151:
833:), which provides a three-year course of further secondary education for children between the ages of 15 and 18. Pupils are prepared for the
1440:
3925:
3681:
2318:
918:
367:
3855:
3404:
3167:
2823:
2813:
1841:
1513:
1013:
in France is organized in three levels, which correspond to those of other European countries, facilitating international mobility: the
3252:
1170:" while its official name is "Université Strasbourg I" (however, since 2009, the three universities of Strasbourg have been merged).
1118:
In 2021, 1.65 million students are enrolled in French higher education institutions (61% in licence, 35% in master, 4% in doctorat).
299:) by requiring all children between the ages of 6 and 12, both boys and girls, to attend. He also made public instruction mandatory,
3790:
3224:
3209:
2330:
2126:
1828:
944:
569:
389:
2399:
1587:
1553:
1464:, (Sup for "Classe de Mathématiques Supérieures", superior in French, meaning post-high school), and second year as "Math Spé", or
1302:
1267:
2169:
3492:
3333:
3287:
2698:
1798:
Eighteen million pupils and students, a quarter of the population, are in the education system, over 2.9 million of whom are in
4164:
4062:
3875:
2420:
1345:
202:
is organized in a highly centralized manner, with many subdivisions. It is divided into the three stages of primary education (
3763:
4123:
3900:
3512:
3087:
2288:
1258:
National rankings are published every year by various magazines. While the rankings slightly vary from year to year, the top
922:
371:
269:
498:
Since 2021, schooling is mandatory and families may only provide teaching outside of a school in exceptional circumstances:
3435:
3077:
3055:
2996:
2991:
774:
1764:
groups showed their opposition, saying the law hindered the freedom of religion as protected by the French constitution.
1468:, (Spés standing for "Classe de Mathématiques Spéciales", special in French). The students of these classes are known as
4185:
4138:
4090:
3987:
3982:
3783:
3502:
2981:
2818:
2720:
1287:
1205:
1026:
3620:
3340:
3214:
3204:
2952:
2793:
2741:
1976:
1481:
1155:
2708:
907:
551:
1657:
Decades ago, primary school teachers were educated in Ăcoles normales and secondary teachers recruited through the "
3947:
3531:
3452:
3219:
3129:
3108:
2808:
2798:
2788:
1823:
926:
911:
360:
3711:
3467:
3382:
3355:
3272:
3199:
3067:
2912:
1867:
1189:
1185:
4095:
2465:
1239:
of France are elite higher-education establishments. They are generally focused on a single subject area (e.g.,
4100:
4047:
3292:
3262:
2867:
2682:
2583:
1811:
1341:
1212:
1005:
472:
Aix-Marseille, Amiens, Caen, Lille, Nancy-Metz, Nantes, Nice, Orléans-Tours, Reims, Rennes, Rouen, Strasbourg
4017:
3977:
3957:
3937:
3840:
3548:
3377:
3323:
3277:
2966:
2482:
1857:
1428:
4148:
4080:
4128:
3952:
3653:
3615:
3573:
3558:
3350:
3172:
3072:
2734:
2671:
1337:
745:
Children stay in elementary school for 5 years until they are 10â11 years-old. The grades are named: CP (
4133:
4032:
4027:
4002:
3860:
3578:
3568:
3360:
3184:
3092:
3027:
2219:
1862:
1528:, which focuses more on mathematics, generally for those who graduated the scientific baccalauréat, and
1325:
1321:
318:
4118:
2247:
1911:
1712:
certifiés). Their weekly service is 15 or 18 hours. The net pay is from 1,400 to 3,900 euros per month.
1392:. Admission to CPGEs is based on academic performance during the last two years of high school, called
1022:
2556:
495:, which lists all current programmes and teaching directives. It is amended multiple times each year.
4057:
4007:
3967:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3865:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3603:
3144:
3082:
2971:
2862:
2494:
2055:
1738:
853:
can lead to higher education studies or directly to professional life (there are three main types of
256:
France's performance in mathematics and science at the middle school level was ranked 23 in the 1995
2714:
1696:
teachers have a higher salary rate and reduced weekly service. The majority of them are teaching in
4143:
4085:
4052:
4042:
4022:
4012:
3997:
3992:
3972:
3942:
3910:
3870:
3806:
3686:
3643:
3517:
3394:
3387:
3367:
3328:
3240:
3032:
3001:
2976:
2942:
2844:
2839:
1977:"TIMSS 2019 International Reports â TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center at Boston College"
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1271:
818:
583:
157:
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3932:
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highly competitive examinations, which are reserved for the happy few who pass the written part.
700:
493:
Bulletin officiel de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (B.O.)
295:, the Minister of Public Instruction in 1881, is widely credited for creating the modern school (
167:
1436:
1295:
1097:
608:
328:
The French curriculum predominantly emphasized the works of French writers of European descent.
1733:
Religious instruction is not given by public schools (except for 6- to 18-year-old students in
1532:, which focuses more on economics, for those who were in the economics section in high school.
3744:
3726:
3721:
3706:
3691:
3630:
3593:
3507:
3440:
3430:
3418:
3399:
3267:
3194:
3017:
2917:
2803:
2783:
2760:
2597:
2326:
2122:
1742:
1603:(sometimes written 'khĂŽlles' to look like a Greek word, that way of writing being initially a
1557:
1432:
1424:
1306:
1248:
1230:
1053:
801:
630:
304:
1937:
1923:
1577:
is the most common, and focuses on philosophy, French literature, history and languages. The
3658:
3610:
3482:
3457:
3120:
2959:
2947:
1799:
1076:
1010:
314:
56:
2099:
1211:
There are about 4,000 Master programmes offered in the French university system (listed at
3753:
3716:
3701:
3696:
3638:
3553:
3113:
2854:
2702:
2689:
2654:
2610:
1779:
1275:
1174:
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and the arts, to name a few. The French word for a teacher at the primary school level is
715:
218:
71:
17:
3099:
1686:
teachers (Professeurs agrégés) are recruited through a different competitive exam called
1452:
1407:
1065:
1061:
1057:
836:
592:
2444:
2395:
1451:
The oldest CPGEs are the science ones, which can be accessed only with a bac in science
3676:
3671:
3663:
3487:
3445:
3022:
2177:
1994:
1721:
1193:
785:
418:
300:
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assignment for the first years of their careers. The majority of them are teaching in
436:
4179:
3758:
3588:
3372:
3060:
1688:
1658:
1167:
1088:
982:
814:
626:
1887:
1746:
779:
309:
3472:
3177:
3134:
2934:
2905:
1704:
University teachers are recruited by special commissions, and are divided between:
322:
2296:
2042:
MinistĂšre de l'Ăducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supĂ©rieur et de la Recherche
615:), two weeks (since 2012) around the end of October and the beginning of November;
2506:
2024:
Muslim Girls and the Other France: Race, Identity Politics & Social Exclusion
2009:
Muslim Girls and the Other France: Race, Identity Politics & Social Exclusion
1512:
There are also CPGEs that are focused on economics (who prepare the admission in
957:
Primary and secondary private schools in France are divided into two categories:
406:
are regulated by the Ministry of National Education and Youth (officially called
3139:
3042:
2887:
2625:"Prévisions des effectifs dans l'enseignement supérieur - rentrées 2021 et 2022"
2323:
Student Revolt, City, and Society in Europe: From the Middle Ages to the Present
1757:
1329:
1310:
1240:
896:
830:
797:
Class sizes vary from school to school, but usually range from 20 to 35 pupils.
719:
543:
430:
349:
329:
292:
278:
1951:
1795:), especially as the annual number of births is currently increasing slightly.
464:
Besançon, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Grenoble, Limoges, Lyon, Poitiers
3648:
2877:
2531:
2037:
1817:
1216:
487:
426:
1488:
programming languages, as a practical work). There are also several hours of
1056:
and public universities. The grandes Ă©coles admit the graduates of the level
2986:
2584:
https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2869/european-business-school-rankings-2021
1761:
1460:
1317:
1030:
618:
2319:"From the Struggle against Repression to the 1968 General Strike in France"
1820:, a Web portal listing all the undergraduate programmes available in France
1568:
662:), two months starting in early July. (mid-June for high school students).
1489:
1388:, are courses whose main goal is to prepare students for enrollment in a
1244:
1084:
284:
597:). Outside Metropolitan France, the school calendar is set by the local
217:
In French higher education, the following degrees are recognized by the
191:
2900:
2768:
2170:"International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News"
1788:
1283:
1135:
programmes, while some elite institutions may charge âŹ40,000 and more.
723:
374: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
274:
3775:
3189:
2757:
2367:"Les étudiants inscrits dans les universités françaises en 2020-2021"
2085:
Marie Duru-Bellat, "France: permanence and change." in Yan Wang, ed.
1783:
1782:
has 67 million inhabitants, living in the 13 regions of metropolitan
1769:
French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
1750:
1734:
1333:
1112:
1072:
878:, apprentice learning center), which provides vocational degrees: le
648:
403:
288:
2696:
French Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research
1912:
https://www.oecd.org/pisa/Combined_Executive_Summaries_PISA_2018.pdf
1419:
is lower in scientific and business CPGEs than in humanities CPGEs.
1838:
Campus France (Agency for the promotion of French Higher Education)
1792:
1349:
1162:
1092:
1071:
Higher education in France was reshaped by the student revolts of
778:
435:
273:
260:. In 2019, France ranked 21 in the TIMSS Science general ranking.
257:
178:
1540:
The literary and humanities CPGEs have also their own nicknames,
3462:
2872:
2726:
1192:, as well branch colleges of foreign universities. They include
1108:
989:
249:
245:
3779:
2730:
2060:
MinistĂšre de l'Education Nationale de la Jeunesse et des Sports
417:
All teachers in public primary and secondary schools are state
287:
began the French university and secondary educational systems.
2142:
2026:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 116.
2011:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 112.
1952:"TIMSS 1995 Highlights of Results for the Middle School Years"
1060:+ 2 years of validated study (or sometimes directly after the
890:
589:
In May, schools need time to organize exams (for example, the
519:
343:
1760:
and to foster a sense of tolerance among ethnic groups. Some
2711:, Eduscol: the French portal for Education players (English)
2276:
Centers of Learning: Britain, France, Germany, United States
1852:
Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs
1458:
The first year of a CPGE is widely known as "Math Sup", or
1814:, a Web portal listing all the masters available in France
325:
of 1850â1851, which gave an important role to the clergy.
177:
As of 2020, literacy rates are no longer collected within
1848:
Conference of the Directors of French Engineering Schools
1037:
Licence and master's degrees are offered within specific
433:
in France's universities are also employed by the state.
675:) when they turn 3. Some even start earlier at age 2 in
671:
Most parents start sending their children to preschool (
2717:, a webdossier by the German Education Server (English)
988:
France has its own international school regulator, the
547:
2354:
Higher Education in England and France Since the 1980s
1668:
Precisely, school teachers are divided between :
1552:. Those classes prepare for schools such as the three
710:
After kindergarten, the young students move on to the
992:(Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger).
408:
MinistĂšre de l'Ăducation nationale et de la Jeunesse
4157:
4109:
4071:
3813:
3629:
3530:
3417:
3310:
3239:
3160:
3041:
3010:
2933:
2886:
2853:
2832:
2776:
2767:
2483:
L'Ătudiant, PalmarĂšs des grandes Ă©coles de commerce
1215:), and 17,000 undergraduate programmes (offered by
166:
156:
151:
143:
135:
127:
119:
114:
106:
98:
90:
85:
77:
67:
62:
50:
43:
2532:"Classement SIGEM des Ă©coles de commerce | Bloom6"
2519:L'Usine nouvelle, PalmarÚs des écoles d'ingénieurs
2321:. In Dhondt, Pierre; Boran, Elizabethanne (eds.).
2164:
2162:
2143:"International School Consultancy Group > Home"
1619:are unique to French academic education in CPGEs.
1064:) whereas universities admit all graduates of the
962:Private schools which respect the State curriculum
480:Créteil, Montpellier, Paris, Toulouse, Versailles
2692:, Eurydice: Portal for European education systems
2317:Legois, Jean-Philippe; Monchablon, Alain (2018).
1663:Instituts universitaires de formation des maitres
1548:for the second year. The students are called the
1415:The ratio of CPGE students who fail to enter any
817:), for children during their first four years of
1833:Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger
1749:(secularism) is one of the main precepts of the
1188:recognized by the State, the largest one being
699:are more school-like; pupils are introduced to
229:(bachelor's degrees), and the comparably named
2274:Ben-David, Joseph and Philip G. Altbach. eds.
1173:The French system has undergone a reform, the
1052:Higher education in France is divided between
683:"). The first two years of preschool (TPS and
258:Trends in International Math and Science Study
242:Programme for International Student Assessment
3791:
2742:
2289:"Validation des acquis de l'expérience (VAE)"
2214:
2212:
2087:Education policy reform trends in G20 members
1991:French civilization in the nineteenth century
1400:. Only 5% of a given cohort is admitted to a
313:). With those laws, known as French Lubbers,
8:
3118:
3097:
2957:
2721:Understand the French School System in 5 min
2650:Violence in the lycees leaves France reeling
2507:Le Figaro, Classement des Ă©coles de commerce
2495:L'Ătudiant, PalmarĂšs des Ă©coles d'ingĂ©nieurs
2242:
2240:
2100:"Ăcole primaire (maternelle et Ă©lĂ©mentaire)"
1405:
834:
590:
29:
2414:"Campus France - Lille Catholic University"
1002:List of universities and colleges in France
925:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3798:
3784:
3776:
3536:
3423:
3316:
3245:
2773:
2749:
2735:
2727:
505:Intensive athletic or artistic activities,
35:
945:Learn how and when to remove this message
570:Learn how and when to remove this message
486:At the primary and secondary levels, the
390:Learn how and when to remove this message
185:Includes universities, CPGE, and schools.
2270:
2268:
1536:Humanities CPGEs (HypokhĂągne and KhĂągne)
1382:classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles
542:Relevant discussion may be found on the
447:
190:
2672:Bibliography of France § Education
2325:. New York: Routledge. pp. 67â78.
2295:(in French). 2011-05-02. Archived from
2081:
2079:
2077:
1879:
1355:administration and political sciences:
1198:University of London Institute in Paris
2606:
2595:
2557:"The elite business schools of France"
1579:KhĂągne de Lettres et Sciences Sociales
1480:(including some programming using the
1371:Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles
1202:Parsons Paris School of Art and Design
841:(baccalaureate, colloquially known as
640:), two weeks starting in mid-February;
554:to additional sources at this section.
28:
2389:
2387:
1152:List of public universities in France
880:Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle
604:Major holiday breaks are as follows:
425:the largest employer in the country.
7:
1476:(Engineering Industrial Science) or
1292:Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile
923:adding citations to reliable sources
372:adding citations to reliable sources
1504:being the French word for a mole).
1262:have been very stable for decades:
1104:research institutes or industries.
847:rtificat d'aptitude professionnelle
655:), two weeks starting in mid-April;
410:). The head of the ministry is the
2648:Lichfield, J. (2000, January 27).
2446:Understanding the "Grandes Ecoles"
1938:"Compare your country - PISA 2018"
1924:"Compare your country - PISA 2018"
1622:In scientific and business CPGEs,
1524:) and are divided into two parts:
876:(centre de formation des apprentis
535:relies largely or entirely upon a
25:
2629:enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr
2371:enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr
2252:enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr
2224:enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr
1829:Agency for French Teaching Abroad
2402:from the original on 2021-04-23.
968:Private schools without contract
895:
703:, writing and more mathematics.
524:
348:
2056:"L'instruction dans la famille"
359:needs additional citations for
3088:Government of National Defense
508:Distance from a public school,
412:Minister of National Education
402:All educational programmes in
270:History of education in France
45:Ministry of National Education
1:
2997:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2992:War of the Spanish Succession
2373:(in French). 26 November 2021
1842:Conférence des Grandes écoles
775:Secondary education in France
769:Middle school and high school
1478:Theoretical Computer Science
1441:Lycée privé Sainte-GeneviÚve
1384:" or CPGE), widely known as
1346:Grenoble Ăcole de Management
1206:American University of Paris
2631:(in French). 6 October 2021
2293:Vosdroits.service-public.fr
2119:The French Education System
2089:(Springer, 2013) pp. 19-32.
1588:Ăcoles normales supĂ©rieures
1554:Ăcoles normales supĂ©rieures
1522:Economiques et Commerciales
1365:Preparatory classes (CPGEs)
1303:Ăcoles normales supĂ©rieures
1268:Ăcoles normales supĂ©rieures
1156:University reform in France
867:baccalauréat professionnel)
183:Includes private education.
4202:
3478:French subdivisions by GDP
3225:2022 presidential election
3210:2017 presidential election
2709:School Education in France
2669:
2396:"Study Business in France"
2058:[Home-schooling].
1824:Academic grading in France
1766:
1615:study Ancient Greek). The
1368:
1228:
1149:
999:
863:baccalauréat technologique
800:After primary school, two
772:
511:Or other specific reasons.
444:and school zones in France
317:, and several others, the
267:
18:Higher education in France
3739:
3539:
3426:
3319:
3248:
2982:Second Hundred Years' War
2824:Liberalism and radicalism
2121:. Routledge. p. 58.
2022:Keaton, Danielle (2006).
2007:Keaton, Danielle (2006).
1868:Nursery schools of France
1266:science and engineering:
1190:Lille Catholic University
1129:licence, master, doctorat
821:from the age of 11 to 14.
210:), and higher education (
176:
34:
3253:Administrative divisions
1892:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1812:Trouvermonmaster.gouv.fr
1213:trouvermonmaster.gouv.fr
1006:Academic ranks in France
206:), secondary education (
3473:Franc (former currency)
3078:Coup of 2 December 1851
3051:Long nineteenth century
2254:(in French). 2016-07-19
2226:(in French). 2016-07-19
2062:(in French). March 2023
1858:Homeschooling in France
1653:Recruitment of teachers
1567:There are two kinds of
1544:for the first year and
1184:France also hosts rare
1019:Licence Professionnelle
976:International education
738:, or its feminine form
227:Licence Professionnelle
208:enseignement secondaire
195:School system in France
3856:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3493:Science and technology
3150:Provisional Government
3119:
3098:
2958:
2723:(English & French)
2038:"Le Bulletin officiel"
1989:Albert Léon Guérard ,
1627:and solving problems.
1427:". Among them are the
1406:
1251:have graduated from a
1146:Universities in France
835:
790:
732:professeure des Ă©coles
591:
445:
281:
212:enseignement supérieur
196:
168:Post-secondary diploma
2104:www.service-public.fr
1863:Open access in France
1630:In humanities CPGEs,
1516:). They are known as
1326:ESSEC Business School
1322:NEOMA Business School
1186:catholic universities
1041:and carry a specific
782:
773:Further information:
439:
321:repealed most of the
277:
204:enseignement primaire
194:
3807:Education in Europe
3298:World Heritage Sites
3215:Coronavirus pandemic
2117:H. D. Lewis (1985).
1429:Lycée Louis-Le-Grand
919:improve this section
859:baccalauréat général
789:high school in Paris
677:toute petite section
625:), two weeks around
548:improve this article
368:improve this article
297:l'école républicaine
4186:Education in France
4072:States with limited
3436:Automotive industry
3220:2021 labor protests
2977:Peace of Westphalia
2845:History of Normandy
2840:History of Brittany
2715:Education in France
2205:. 17 December 2014.
1640:commentaire composé
1377:Preparatory classes
1272:Ăcole polytechnique
819:secondary education
755:cours élémentaire 2
751:cours élémentaire 1
734:(previously called
584:Metropolitan France
244:coordinated by the
200:Education in France
31:
30:Education in France
3503:Telecommunications
3205:2015 Paris attacks
3068:Revolution of 1848
2896:Visigothic Kingdom
2701:2017-12-18 at the
2688:2017-10-10 at the
1301:humanities: three
1179:ECTS credit system
1077:satellite campuses
1023:bachelor's degrees
802:educational stages
791:
747:cours préparatoire
502:Long-term illness,
446:
282:
221:(EU recognition):
197:
4173:
4172:
3773:
3772:
3735:
3734:
3526:
3525:
3413:
3412:
3405:Political parties
3341:Foreign relations
3306:
3305:
3235:
3234:
3018:French Revolution
2972:Thirty Years' War
2953:Absolute monarchy
2918:Kingdom of France
2814:Foreign relations
2794:Political history
2605:Missing or empty
1743:Concordat of 1801
1575:KhĂągne de Lettres
1558:Ăcole des Chartes
1307:Ăcole des Chartes
955:
954:
947:
712:école élémentaire
580:
579:
572:
484:
483:
400:
399:
392:
189:
188:
158:Secondary diploma
68:Primary languages
16:(Redirected from
4193:
4110:Dependencies and
3814:Sovereign states
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3537:
3453:Economic history
3424:
3317:
3246:
3124:
3103:
3002:Seven Years' War
2967:Wars of Religion
2963:
2948:House of Bourbon
2943:Early modern era
2923:Fundamental laws
2799:Military history
2774:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2659:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2419:. Archived from
2418:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2176:. Archived from
2166:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1884:
1800:higher education
1680:(middle school).
1608:
1560:, and sometimes
1514:business schools
1447:Scientific CPGEs
1411:
1311:CELSA â Sorbonne
1098:master's degrees
1011:Higher education
996:Higher education
950:
943:
939:
936:
930:
899:
891:
845:) or the CAP (Ce
840:
596:
575:
568:
564:
561:
555:
528:
527:
520:
448:
395:
388:
384:
381:
375:
352:
344:
315:Jules Ferry laws
57:Nicole Belloubet
39:
32:
21:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4153:
4111:
4105:
4091:Northern Cyprus
4073:
4067:
3988:North Macedonia
3809:
3804:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3749:
3731:
3712:Public holidays
3625:
3584:Life expectancy
3522:
3409:
3302:
3231:
3200:Great Recession
3173:Fourth Republic
3168:1900 to present
3156:
3073:Second Republic
3037:
3006:
2929:
2882:
2849:
2828:
2763:
2755:
2703:Wayback Machine
2690:Wayback Machine
2683:Eurydice France
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:Further reading
2663:
2662:
2655:The Independent
2647:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2604:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2581:rankings.ft.com
2579:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2563:
2561:edition.cnn.com
2555:Walker, Peter.
2554:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2352:C. M. A. Deer,
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:(2nd ed. 2017).
2273:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2199:"The new local"
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2174:Iscresearch.com
2168:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2147:Iscresearch.com
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1808:
1780:French Republic
1776:
1771:
1758:proselytisation
1751:French Republic
1731:
1655:
1606:
1597:
1538:
1510:
1449:
1437:Lycée Stanislas
1373:
1367:
1296:CentraleSupélec
1288:Ponts Paristech
1276:Mines ParisTech
1233:
1227:
1175:Bologna process
1158:
1148:
1124:
1008:
998:
978:
951:
940:
934:
931:
916:
900:
889:
887:Private schools
777:
771:
697:grande section,
693:moyenne section
669:
576:
565:
559:
556:
550:by introducing
541:
529:
525:
518:
455:Académies/Cites
396:
385:
379:
376:
365:
353:
342:
272:
266:
219:Bologna Process
184:
182:
86:Literacy (2003)
63:General details
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4199:
4197:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4165:European Union
4161:
4159:
4158:Other entities
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4112:other entities
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4063:United Kingdom
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Czech Republic
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:Cultural icons
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Stock exchange
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
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904:This section
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537:single source
533:This section
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4101:Transnistria
3895:
3654:Coat of arms
3644:Architecture
3616:Social class
3574:Homelessness
3563:
3559:Demographics
3513:Trade unions
3446:Central bank
3388:criminal law
3351:Human rights
3334:presidential
3178:Algerian War
3161:Contemporary
3135:Vichy France
3130:World War II
3100:Belle Ăpoque
3033:First Empire
2935:Early Modern
2906:West Francia
2653:
2644:
2633:. Retrieved
2628:
2619:
2607:|title=
2587:. Retrieved
2580:
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2564:. Retrieved
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2539:. Retrieved
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2490:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2450:, retrieved
2445:
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