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678:; a world in which humankind has succumbed to the temptations of evil and is reaping eternal damnation. Set at night, the panel features cold colours, tortured figures and frozen waterways. The nakedness of the human figures has lost any eroticism suggested in the central panel, as large explosions in the background throw light through the city gate and spill onto the water in the panel's midground.
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431:. In 1463, four thousand houses in the town were destroyed by a catastrophic fire, which the then (approximately) thirteen-year-old Bosch presumably witnessed. He became a popular painter in his lifetime and often received commissions from abroad. In 1486/7 he joined the highly respected Brotherhood of Our Lady, a devotional confraternity of some forty influential citizens of
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671:; innovatively God is given a youthful appearance. The figures are set in a landscape populated by exotic animals and unusual semi-organic hut-shaped forms. The central panel is a broad panorama teeming with nude figures engaged in innocent, self-absorbed joy, as well as fantastical compound animals, oversized fruit, and hybrid stone formations.
810:. While the art of the older masters was based in the physical world of everyday experience, Bosch confronts his viewer with, in the words of the art historian Walter Gibson, "a world of dreams nightmares in which forms seem to flicker and change before our eyes". In one of the first known accounts of Bosch's paintings, in 1560 the Spaniard
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1478), acted as artistic adviser to the
Illustrious Brotherhood of Our Blessed Lady. It is generally assumed that either Bosch's father or one of his uncles taught the artist to paint, but none of their works survive. Bosch first appears in the municipal record on 5 April 1474, when he is named along
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The exact number of Bosch's surviving works has been a subject of considerable debate. His signature can be seen on only seven of his surviving paintings, and there is uncertainty whether all the paintings once ascribed to him were actually from his hand. It is known that from the early 16th century
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Sometime between 1479 and 1481, Bosch married Aleid
Goyaerts van den Meervenne, who was a few years his senior. The couple moved to the nearby town of Oirschot, where Aleid Goyaerts van den Meervenne had inherited a house and land from her wealthy family. An entry in the accounts of the Brotherhood
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literature and sermons. Most writers attach a more profound significance to his paintings than had previously been supposed, and attempt to interpret them in terms of a late medieval morality. It is generally accepted that Bosch's art was created to teach specific moral and spiritual truths in the
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until his death). According to Stefan
Fischer, thirteen of Bosch's surviving paintings were completed in the late period, with seven attributed to his middle period. Bosch's early period is studied in terms of his workshop activity and possibly some of his drawings. Indeed, he taught pupils in the
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being his best-known follower. Today, Bosch is seen as a highly individualistic painter with deep insight into humanity's desires and deepest fears. Attribution has been especially difficult; today only about 25 paintings are confidently given to his hand along with eight drawings. About another
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Dijck (2000): pp. 43–44. His birth is undocumented. However, the Dutch historian G.C.M. van Dijck points out that the vast majority of contemporary archival entries state his name as being
Jheronimus van Aken. Variants on his name are Jeronimus van Aken (Dijck (2000): pp. 173, 186), Jheronimus
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In recent decades, scholars have come to view Bosch's vision as less fantastic, and accepted that his art reflects the orthodox religious belief systems of his age. His depictions of sinful humanity and his conceptions of Heaven and Hell are now seen as consistent with those of late medieval
927:, long attributed to the workshop of Hieronymus Bosch, was credited to the painter himself after intensive forensic study by the Bosch Research and Conservation Project. The BRCP has also questioned whether two well-known paintings traditionally accepted to be by Bosch,
852:, both in the central panel (delights), and the right panel (hell). They theorise that the irony offers the option of detachment, both from the real world and from the painted fantasy world, thus appealing to both conservative and progressive viewers. According to
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Bosch did not date his paintings, but—unusual for the time—he seems to have signed several of them, although some signatures purporting to be his are certainly not. About twenty-five paintings remain today that can be attributed to him. In the late 16th century,
867:. By systematically superimposing images and concepts, the study asserts that Bosch also made his expiatory self-punishment, for he was accepting well-paid commissions from the Habsburgs and their deputies, and therefore betraying the memory of
856:, some of the cryptic qualities of the artist's work are due to his special focus on social, political, and spiritual enemies, whose symbolism is, by nature, disguised because it is intended to conceal the artist from criticism and harm.
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Dijck (2000): pp. 43–44. A variant on his Middle Dutch name is "Jeroen". Van Dijck points out that in all contemporary sources the name "Jeroen" is used twice, while the name "Joen" is used nine times, making "Joen" to be his probable
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painting, differed from the tradition of the great
Netherlandish painters of the end of the 15th, and beginning of the 16th centuries, who wished to hide the work done and so suggest their paintings as more nearly divine creations.
843:, and that the images rendered have precise and premeditated significance. According to Dirk Bax, Bosch's paintings often represent visual translations of verbal metaphors and puns drawn from both biblical and folkloric sources.
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In the 20th century, when changing artistic tastes made artists like Bosch more palatable to the
European imagination, it was sometimes argued that Bosch's art was inspired by heretical points of view (e.g., the ideas of the
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Bosch produced at least sixteen triptychs: of them, eight survive fully intact with another five surviving in fragments. Bosch's works are generally organised into three periods of his life dealing with the early works
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in 's-Hertogenbosch, and the town was religiously progressive, some writers have found it unsurprising that strong parallels exist between the caustic writing of
Erasmus and the often bold painting of Bosch.
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illustrations of religious concepts and narratives. Within his lifetime, his work was collected in the
Netherlands, Austria, and Spain, and widely copied, especially his macabre and nightmarish depictions of
411:. His grandfather Jan van Aken (died 1454) was a painter and is first mentioned in the records in 1430. Jan had five sons, four of whom were also painters. Bosch's father, Anthonius van Aken (died
910:, identified between thirty and fifty paintings that they believed to be by Bosch's hand. A later monograph by Gerd Unverfehrt (1980) attributed twenty-five paintings and 14 drawings to him.
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depicted on the right panel. It is attributed by
Fischer as a transition painting rendered by Bosch from between his middle period and his late period. In the left hand panel God presents
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on the basis of a hand-drawn portrait (which may be a self-portrait) made shortly before his death in 1516. The drawing shows the artist at an advanced age, probably in his late sixties.
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Little is known of Bosch's life or training. He left behind no letters or diaries, and what has been identified has been taken from brief references to him in the municipal records of
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of painting in which the smooth surface—achieved by the application of multiple transparent glazes—conceals the brushwork. Bosch's paintings with their rough surfaces, so called
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anthonissen van aken (Marijnissen (): p. 12), Jeronimus Van aeken (Marijnissen (): p. 13), Joen (Dijck (2000): pp. 170–171, 174–177), and Jeroen (Dijck (2000): pp. 170, 174).
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onwards numerous copies and variations of his paintings began to circulate. In addition, his style was highly influential, and was widely imitated by his numerous followers.
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Others, following a strain of Bosch-interpretation datable already to the 16th century, continued to think his work was created merely to titillate and amuse, much like the "
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described Bosch's work as comprising "wondrous and strange fantasies"; however, he concluded that the paintings are "often less pleasant than gruesome to look at".
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Bosch painted his works mostly on oak panels using oil as a medium. Bosch's palette was rather limited and contained the usual pigments of his time. He mostly used
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investigation of the oak panels by the scientists at the Bosch
Research and Conservation Project led to a more precise dating of the majority of Bosch's paintings.
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393:. Nothing is known of his personality or his thoughts on the meaning of his art. Bosch's date of birth has not been determined with certainty. It is estimated at
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Over the years, scholars have attributed to him fewer and fewer of the works once thought to be his. This is partly a result of technological advances such as
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A 2012 study on Bosch's paintings alleges that they actually conceal a strong nationalist consciousness, censuring the foreign imperial government of the
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Finaldi, Gabriele/ Garrido, Carmen "El trazo oculto. Dibujos subyacentes en pinturas de los siglos XV y XVI" (Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid 2006)
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Latterly art historians have added a further dimension to the subject of ambiguity in Bosch's work, emphasising ironic tendencies, for example in
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342:(which is visible in his surname: Van Aken). His pessimistic fantastical style cast a wide influence on northern art of the 16th century, with
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of Our Lady records Bosch's death in 1516. A funeral mass served in his memory was held in the church of Saint John on 9 August of that year.
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reflectography, which enable researchers to examine a painting's underdrawing. Art historians of the early and mid-20th century, such as
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723:) is the more common name of the subject. But strictly there are at least two different episodes deriving from Athanasius's
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715:. It shows Saint Anthony being tempted or assailed in the desert by demons, whose temptations he resisted; the
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half-dozen paintings are confidently attributed to his workshop. His most acclaimed works consist of a few
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2010:
The Epiphany of Hieronymys Bosch. Imagining Antichrist and Others from the Middle Ages to the Reformation
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1975:
Hieronymus Bosch. Insigne pittore nel crepuscolo del medio evo. Stregoneria, magia, alchimia, simbolismo
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Luuk Hoogstede; Ron Spronk; Matthijs Ilsink; Robert G. Erdmann; Jos Koldeweij; Rik Klein Gotink (2016).
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Little is known of Bosch's life, though there are some records. He spent most of it in the town of
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Glaubensstreit und Gelächter: Reformation und Lachkultur im Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit.
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773:. It is alleged that Bosch's self-portrait is in the upper centre at right under the "table".
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Hieronymus Bosch's first name was originally Jheronimus (or Joen, respectively the Latin and
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Op zoek naar Jheronimus van Aken alias Bosch. De feiten. Familie, vrienden en opdrachtgevers
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and later versions of the life that may be represented, though all usually have this name.
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Bosch sometimes painted in a comparatively sketchy manner, contrasting with the traditional
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2005:, Jg. 21, Heft 1+2 ("Sonderband: Die Sieben Todsünden in der Frühen Neuzeit"), 2010. 22–34.
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should instead be credited to the artist's workshop rather than to the painter's own hand.
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for blue skies and distant landscapes, green copper-based glazes and paints consisting of
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The most common is the temptation, by seductive women and other demonic forms, but the
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1804:"Rare Painting by Dutch Master Hieronymous Bosch Has Been in Storage at Nelson-Atkins"
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Boulboullé, Guido. "Groteske Angst. Die Höllenphantasien des Hieronymus Bosch". In:
746:. Anasthasius describes another episode where the saint was attacked on the ground.
334:, where he was born in his grandfather's house. The roots of his forefathers are in
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655:) whose outer panels are intended to bracket the main central panel between the
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Baldass, Ludwig v. "Hieronimus Bosch" ( Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1960)
382:('Duke's forest'), which is commonly called "Den Bosch" ('the forest').
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423:, in the south of the present-day Netherlands, at the time part of the
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form of the name "Jerome"), and he signed a number of his paintings as
1835:"Scientists Question Attribution of Two Hieronymus Bosch Masterpieces"
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2001:
Pokorny, Erwin. "Hieronymus Bosch und das Paradies der Wollust". In:
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Tolnay, Charles de "Hieronymus Bosch" (Methuen & Co, London 1966)
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1537:
The Millennium of Hieronymus Bosch. Outlines of a New Interpretation
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St. John the Evangelist on Patmos/Scenes from the Passion of Christ
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886:, ca. 1520, one of the paintings with disputed attribution, in the
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1636:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 199–218.
1959:
Koldeweij, Jos & Vermet, Bernard & van Kooij, Barbera.
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2037:
Hieronymus Bosch: Painter and Draughtsman – Catalogue raisonné
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school. His work, generally oil on oak wood, mainly contains
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This article is about the Dutch painter. For other uses, see
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The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works
1418:
Hieronymus Bosch, Painter and Draughtsman: Technical Studies
2110:
2090:
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1190:"Hieronymus Bosch Credited With Work in Kansas City Museum"
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427:, and during its lifetime passing through marriage to the
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241:
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wrote that Bosch was regarded merely as "the inventor of
790:) as well as by obscure hermetic practices. Again, since
435:, and seven thousand 'outer-members' from around Europe.
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2125:, a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication.
2118:"Ecce Homo by a follower of Hieronymus Bosch (cat. 352)"
1947:
Bosch and Bruegel: From Enemy Painting to Everyday Life.
1867:. Den Haag: Staats-drukkerij-en Uitgeverijbedrijf, 1949.
1112:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
419:'s-Hertogenbosch was a flourishing city in 15th-century
1919:(French transl. by Roger Lewinter, Paris: Ivrea, 1993).
1778:"Kansas City Museum Painting Deemed an Authentic Bosch"
314:. He is one of the most notable representatives of the
1961:
Hieronymus Bosch. New Insights Into His Life and Work
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which would date from Bosch's late period of painting.
2014:
Studies in Medieval and Early Renaissance Art History
526:
acquired many of Bosch's paintings. As a result, the
389:, and in the account books of the local order of the
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230:
218:
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Hieronymus Bosch – The complete works
822:". In the early 17th century, the artist-biographer
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Bosch, the Fifth Centenary Exhibition: At the Prado
1938:Jacobs, Lynn. "The Triptychs of Hieronymus Bosch".
1451:"Colección de Felipe II – Museo Nacional del Prado"
711:is one of the most famous Bosch's works along with
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1175:(Chantilly: The Teaching Company, 2007) Lecture 26
500:workshop, who were influenced by him. The recent
376:His surname Bosch derives from his birthplace,
2473:The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things
2091:Bosch Research and Conservation Project (BRCP)
1750:
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794:had been educated at one of the houses of the
549:The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things
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620:
8:
1543:, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1951
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3317:Master of the Amsterdam Death of the Virgin
3225:Master of the Legend of St. Ursula (Bruges)
2340:Saint Christopher Carrying the Christ Child
1634:Jheronimus Bosch: O relojoeiro dos símbolos
1232:Saint Christopher Carrying the Christ Child
578:for foliage and foreground landscapes, and
391:Illustrious Brotherhood of Our Blessed Lady
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1885:. Zaltbommel: Europese Bibliotheek, 2001.
1555:. Richard Foster & Pamela Tudor-Craig
742:, was ambushed and attacked in mid-air by
43:
25:
2589:Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony
2035:Ilsink, Matthijs; Koldeweij, Jos (2016).
1362:The Phase of Doubt, A Critical Reflection
752:Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony
709:Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony
704:Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony
683:Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony
2072:"Hieronymus Bosch, Tempter and Moralist"
1692:Hieronymus Bosch: Visions and Nightmares
693:Triptych of the Temptation of St Anthony
687:
466:is attributed to Bosch's middle period,
186:on paper, 140 × 196 mm. Rotterdam,
1404:Bosch Research and Conservation Project
1038:
973:
2911:Hieronymus Bosch, Touched by the Devil
2257:St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness
2039:. Yale University Press. p. 504.
1989:Hiëronymus Bosch. Het volledige oeuvre
1881:Dijck, Godfried Christiaan Maria van.
49:Portrait of Hieronymus Bosch from the
1928:. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1973.
1917:Le royaume millénaire de Jérôme Bosch
1670:from the original on 20 November 2022
1486:"Hieronymus Bosch: General Resources"
1331:
1329:
1327:
1270:Rowland, Ingrid D. (18 August 2016).
1012:
985:
957:List of paintings by Hieronymus Bosch
449:List of paintings by Hieronymus Bosch
403:Bosch lived all his life in and near
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277:
7:
3398:Arts in the court of Philip the Good
3388:Works by Early Netherlandish masters
3230:Master of the Legend of the Magdalen
2559:The Crucifixion of Saint Wilgefortis
1897:Hieronymus Bosch. The Complete Works
1833:Neuendorf, Henri (2 November 2015).
1613:Boulboullé (2008), 68, 70–72, 75–76.
1337:"Bosch, Hieronymus – The Collection"
962:List of drawings by Hieronymus Bosch
642:One of his most famous triptychs is
101:'s-Hertogenbosch, Duchy of Brabant,
3215:Master of the Legend of St. Barbara
2096:Hieronymus Bosch, General Resources
1963:. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2001.
1942:, Volume 31, No. 4, 2000. 1009–1041
1913:. Dresden: Verlag der Kunst, 1975.
1173:The Art of the Northern Renaissance
659:depicted on the left panel and the
3408:Members of the Guild of Saint Luke
3220:Master of the Legend of Saint Lucy
2919:Jheronimus Bosch—Visions of Genius
2016:), Turnhout: Harvey Miller, 2016,
1949:Princeton University Press, 2016.
14:
3210:Master of the Embroidered Foliage
2204:Christ Child with a Walking Frame
1991:. Haarlem: Gottmer/Brecht, 1987.
1802:Hoedel, Cindy (1 February 2016).
1776:Russell, Anna (1 February 2016).
1272:"The Mystery of Hieronymus Bosch"
1238:St. John the Evangelist on Patmos
463:The Crucifixion of St Wilgefortis
296:[jeːˈroːnimʏsfɑnˈaːkə(n)]
21:Hieronymus Bosch (disambiguation)
3260:Master of the View of Ste-Gudule
1878:Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2008. 55–78.
1758:. New York: Garland Pub. p. 47.
1658:Oliveira, Paulo Martins (2013).
1632:Oliveira, Paulo Martins (2012).
1431:'Bosch and the Delights of Hell'
1188:Siegal, Nina (1 February 2016).
754:; see that page for attribution.
416:with two brothers and a sister.
199:
161:
3322:Master of the Figdor Deposition
3250:Master of the Morrison Triptych
3205:Master of the Antwerp Adoration
1977:. Roma: Youcanprint Ed., 2015.
1244:The Temptation of Saint Anthony
888:Princeton University Art Museum
2604:The Garden of Earthly Delights
1689:Büttner, Nils (15 June 2016).
1223:Signed works by Bosch include
1140:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
849:The Garden of Earthly Delights
770:The Garden of Earthly Delights
713:The Garden of Earthly Delights
697:National Museum of Ancient Art
645:The Garden of Earthly Delights
616:The Garden of Earthly Delights
606:The Garden of Earthly Delights
599:The Garden of Earthly Delights
543:The Garden of Earthly Delights
354:The Garden of Earthly Delights
125:The Garden of Earthly Delights
1:
3307:Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen
3235:Master of the Lille Adoration
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2816:Adoration of the Christ Child
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2310:Allegory of Gluttony and Lust
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1940:The Sixteenth Century Journal
1865:Ontcijfering van Jeroen Bosch
1115:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
916:The Temptation of St. Anthony
649:
632:
493:
486:
479:
467:
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395:
306: – 9 August 1516) was a
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188:Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen
131:The Temptation of St. Anthony
65:
3516:People from 's-Hertogenbosch
3501:Early Netherlandish painters
3383:Early Netherlandish painting
3245:Master of the Mansi Magdalen
2770:The Temptation of St Anthony
2645:Fall of the Damned into Hell
2503:The Temptation of St Anthony
2488:The Temptation of St Anthony
1553:The Secret Life of Paintings
316:Early Netherlandish painting
279:[ɦijeːˈroːnimʏzˈbɔs]
16:Dutch painter (c. 1450–1516)
3506:16th-century Dutch painters
2061:Jheronimus Bosch Art Center
1604:Pokorny (2010), 23, 25, 31.
1257:The Crucifixion of St Julia
921:Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
796:Brethren of the Common Life
788:Brethren of the Free Spirit
674:The right panel presents a
546:, the tabletop painting of
36:
3572:
3526:Dutch Renaissance painters
3521:Artists from North Brabant
3255:Master of the Prodigal Son
3240:Master of the Lübeck Bible
2864:The Marriage Feast at Cana
2778:Christ Crowned with Thorns
2430:Christ Crowned with Thorns
1756:Dutch Art: an Encyclopedia
1754:Muller, Sheila D. (1997).
1449:Checa Cremades, Fernando.
1393:Bosch: The Complete Works.
1081:Collins English Dictionary
945:Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent
839:figures, such as the poet
701:
603:
446:
98:9 August 1516 (aged 65–66)
18:
3428:Netherlandish Renaissance
2786:Christ Carrying the Cross
2415:Christ Carrying the Cross
2325:Christ Carrying the Cross
2074:Analysis by Larry Silver.
2008:Strickland, Debra Higgs.
1226:The Adoration of the Magi
940:Christ Carrying the Cross
750:With copied content from
537:The Adoration of the Magi
509:Early Netherlandish style
453:Hieronymus Bosch drawings
169:
160:
151:
42:
35:
3551:Dutch surrealist artists
3458:Nativity of Jesus in art
2242:Crucifixion with a Donor
1874:and Kerth, Sonja (Eds):
1660:"Bosch, the surdo canis"
1622:Koerner (2016), 179–222.
1420:. Yale University Press.
1341:Museo Nacional del Prado
987:[ɦijeːˈroːnimʏs]
717:Temptation of St Anthony
492:), and the late period (
344:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
2963:Early Netherlandish art
2914:(2015 documentary film)
2773:(Utrecht, c. 1525–1530)
1782:The Wall Street Journal
1581:Bosing, Walter (1987).
1475:Hoogstede et al. (2016)
1058:Oxford University Press
919:, a small panel in the
734:composition (copied by
351:altarpieces, including
3292:Geertgen tot Sint Jans
3150:Vrancke van der Stockt
2831:Death of the Reprobate
1899:. Köln: Taschen, 2016
1171:Catherine B. Scallen,
891:
875:Debates on attribution
861:Burgundian Netherlands
774:
699:
639:
621:
485:), the middle period (
474:
425:Burgundian Netherlands
191:
80:Burgundian Netherlands
3531:Dutch Roman Catholics
3511:Mythological painters
3453:Adoration of the Magi
3160:Rogier van der Weyden
3155:Goswin van der Weyden
2765:(Indianapolis, 1510s)
2709:Adoration of the Magi
2653:Ascent of the Blessed
2574:Adoration of the Magi
2189:Adoration of the Magi
1945:Koerner, Joseph Leo.
1054:UK English Dictionary
930:The Seven Deadly Sins
925:Kansas City, Missouri
882:
766:
691:
638:, attributed to Bosch
613:
460:
178:
3546:Dutch erotic artists
3423:Northern Renaissance
3418:International Gothic
3297:Jan Joest van Calcar
3272:Northern Netherlands
3269:Active mainly in the
3140:Aert van den Bossche
2985:Southern Netherlands
2982:Active mainly in the
2781:(El Escorial, 1530s)
2727:(1490s – after 1500)
2724:Head of a Halberdier
2683:Terrestrial Paradise
2619:The Haywain Triptych
2212:St. Jerome at Prayer
2087:, 188 works by Bosch
2083:20 July 2023 at the
1987:Marijnissen, Roger.
1808:The Kansas City Star
884:Christ Before Pilate
837:Northern Renaissance
767:The hell panel from
555:The Haywain Triptych
103:Habsburg Netherlands
3536:Dutch caricaturists
3448:Ghent-Bruges school
3403:Guild of Saint Luke
3275:(mostly present-day
3035:Melchior Broederlam
2988:(mostly present-day
2972:Early Netherlandish
2841:Formerly attributed
2445:Death and the Miser
1909:Fraenger, Wilhelm.
1872:Auffarth, Christoph
1436:27 May 2014 at the
1276:The New York Review
1047:"Bosch, Hieronymus"
865:Maximilian Habsburg
808:Italian Renaissance
725:Life of St. Anthony
594:) for his figures.
502:dendrochronological
292:Jheronimus van Aken
142:Early Netherlandish
62:Jheronimus van Aken
3433:Northern Mannerism
3393:Flemish Primitives
3200:Master of Affligem
3100:Cornelis Liefrinck
3095:Adriaen Isenbrandt
2801:Concert in the Egg
2701:Works by followers
2637:Triptych fragments
2115:K. Katelyn Hobbs,
1814:on 2 February 2016
1695:. Reaktion Books.
1194:The New York Times
892:
775:
700:
640:
562:Painting materials
524:Philip II of Spain
475:
192:
3556:Catholic painters
3541:Dutch draughtsmen
3496:Christian artists
3466:
3465:
3438:Antwerp Mannerism
3413:Netherlandish art
3330:
3329:
3312:Master of Alkmaar
3195:Jacob van Utrecht
3190:Bernard van Orley
3185:Lieven van Lathem
3145:Hugo van der Goes
3020:Lancelot Blondeel
2929:
2928:
2922:(2016 exhibition)
2747:Paradise and Hell
2732:The Last Judgment
2668:The Last Judgment
2544:The Hermit Saints
2529:The Last Judgment
2295:Cutting the Stone
2183:List of paintings
2046:978-0-300-22014-8
2022:978-1-909400-55-9
1983:978-88-91171-74-0
1973:Malizia, Enrico.
1895:Fischer, Stefan.
1702:978-1-78023-614-8
1643:978-1-4791-6765-4
1250:The Hermit Saints
1143:. Merriam-Webster
812:Felipe de Guevara
755:
732:Martin Schongauer
173:
172:
3563:
3481:Hieronymus Bosch
3302:Lucas van Leyden
3287:Hieronymus Bosch
3165:Jan van Dornicke
3085:Gerard Horenbout
3015:Ambrosius Benson
3005:Alexander Bening
2979:
2965:(c. 1420s–1530s)
2956:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2894:
2893: 1505–1516
2891:
2858:
2857: 1480–1485
2855:
2825:
2822:
2810:
2807:
2795:
2794: 1510–1535
2792:
2756:
2753:
2741:
2740: 1506–1508
2738:
2718:
2715:
2692:
2691: 1490–1516
2689:
2678:; with workshop)
2677:
2674:
2662:
2661: 1505–1515
2659:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2612: 1490–1510
2610:
2598:
2595:
2583:
2582: 1485–1500
2580:
2568:
2565:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2535:
2512:
2511: 1505–1525
2509:
2497:
2496: 1500–1510
2494:
2482:
2479:
2467:
2464:
2454:
2453: 1490–1516
2451:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2423: 1505–1507
2421:
2409:
2406:
2394:
2391:
2379:
2376:
2364:
2363: 1490–1500
2361:
2349:
2348: 1490–1500
2346:
2334:
2333: 1490–1500
2331:
2319:
2318: 1490–1500
2316:
2304:
2301:
2281:
2278:
2266:
2263:
2251:
2250: 1480–1485
2248:
2236:
2235: 1475–1485
2233:
2221:
2218:
2198:
2195:
2169:Hieronymus Bosch
2162:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2129:Hieronymus Bosch
2066:Hieronymus Bosch
2050:
2003:Frühneuzeit-Info
1926:Hieronymus Bosch
1924:Gibson, Walter.
1911:Hieronymus Bosch
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1810:. Archived from
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1752:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:Hieronymus Bosch
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1550:
1544:
1541:Wilhelm Fraenger
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1446:
1440:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1391:Stefan Fischer.
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1333:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1267:
1261:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1064:on 8 March 2021.
1060:. Archived from
1043:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1005:
999:
997:
996:
995:
989:
978:
869:Charles the Bold
835:manner of other
824:Karel van Mander
782:and/or putative
749:
654:
653: 1495–1505
651:
637:
636: 1495–1505
634:
626:
498:
495:
491:
490: 1485–1500
488:
484:
483: 1470–1485
481:
472:
469:
434:
433:'s-Hertogenbosch
414:
409:Duchy of Brabant
406:
405:'s-Hertogenbosch
399:
397:
388:
387:'s-Hertogenbosch
381:
379:'s-Hertogenbosch
371:Jheronimus Bosch
332:'s-Hertogenbosch
305:
302:
298:
289:
288:
287:
281:
276:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
256:
255:
252:
249:
244:
243:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
195:Hieronymus Bosch
165:
120:
97:
95:
76:Duchy of Brabant
72:'s-Hertogenbosch
67:
47:
37:Jheronimus Bosch
30:Hieronymus Bosch
26:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3371:
3326:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3180:Justus van Gent
3170:Hubert van Eyck
3130:Joachim Patinir
3105:Lambert Lombard
3090:Lucas Horenbout
3075:Colijn de Coter
3050:Pierre Coustain
3045:Petrus Christus
2989:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2930:
2925:
2898:
2892:
2870:
2856:
2836:
2823:
2808:
2793:
2754:
2739:
2716:
2712:(Philadelphia,
2696:
2690:
2675:
2660:
2632:
2626:
2611:
2596:
2581:
2566:
2551:
2536:
2516:
2510:
2495:
2480:
2465:
2452:
2437:
2422:
2407:
2392:
2377:
2370:Head of a Woman
2362:
2347:
2332:
2317:
2302:
2279:
2264:
2249:
2234:
2219:
2196:
2171:
2166:
2085:Wayback Machine
2057:
2047:
2034:
2031:
2029:Further reading
2026:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1551:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1455:Museo del Prado
1448:
1447:
1443:
1438:Wayback Machine
1429:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1006:
1002:
992:
991:
990:
979:
975:
970:
953:
913:In early 2016,
877:
841:Robert Henryson
761:
706:
686:
652:
635:
623:Museo del Prado
608:
602:
580:lead-tin-yellow
564:
496:
489:
482:
470:
455:
447:Main articles:
445:
432:
404:
394:
386:
377:
363:
303:
284:
283:
282:
274:
258:
246:
234:
202:
198:
128:
118:
105:
99:
93:
91:
82:
69:
64:
63:
53:
51:Recueil d'Arras
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Antwerp school
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Quentin Matsys
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2885:The Owls' Nest
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2849:Two Male Heads
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2812:
2797:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2743:
2728:
2720:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2679:
2664:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2615:
2600:
2585:
2570:
2555:
2540:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2491:(Kansas City,
2484:
2469:
2456:
2441:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2381:
2366:
2351:
2336:
2321:
2306:
2291:
2283:
2268:
2253:
2238:
2223:
2208:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2055:External links
2053:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2006:
1999:
1985:
1971:
1957:
1943:
1936:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1905:978-3836526296
1893:
1879:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1852:
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1794:
1768:
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1511:
1502:
1477:
1468:
1441:
1423:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1360:Valery, Paul.
1353:
1323:
1314:
1312:Gibson, 15, 17
1305:
1296:
1262:
1216:
1206:
1177:
1164:
1154:
1126:
1098:
1067:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1011:is pronounced
1007:In isolation,
1000:
984:is pronounced
980:In isolation,
972:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
959:
952:
949:
876:
873:
854:Joseph Koerner
760:
759:Interpretation
757:
702:Main article:
685:
680:
657:Garden of Eden
604:Main article:
601:
596:
586:and red lake (
563:
560:
444:
441:
362:
359:
180:The Owl's Nest
171:
170:
167:
166:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
139:
135:
134:
121:
115:
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111:
110:Known for
107:
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88:
84:
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59:
55:
54:
48:
40:
39:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3568:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
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3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
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3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
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3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
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3406:
3404:
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3399:
3396:
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3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
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3333:
3323:
3320:
3318:
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3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
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3125:Jan de Molder
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3110:Simon Marmion
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3040:Robert Campin
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3025:Aelbert Bouts
3023:
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3000:Luís Alimbrot
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1994:
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695:(1501 C.) in
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661:Last Judgment
658:
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321:
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310:painter from
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89:
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60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
34:
27:
22:
3486:1450s births
3468:
3335:Main centres
3286:
3175:Jan van Eyck
3135:Jan Provoost
3120:Hans Memling
3080:Jan Gossaert
3065:Jean Delemer
3060:Gerard David
3030:Dieric Bouts
3010:Simon Bening
2917:
2909:
2883:
2867:(after 1550)
2862:
2847:
2829:
2814:
2799:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2745:
2730:
2722:
2707:
2681:
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2651:
2643:
2617:
2602:
2587:
2572:
2557:
2542:
2527:
2501:
2486:
2471:
2459:Flood Panels
2443:
2428:
2413:
2400:The Conjurer
2398:
2385:The Wayfarer
2383:
2368:
2353:
2338:
2323:
2308:
2293:
2290:(after 1490)
2285:
2270:
2255:
2240:
2230:(Frankfurt,
2225:
2210:
2202:
2187:
2168:
2122:
2116:
2111:Open Library
2036:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1988:
1974:
1960:
1946:
1939:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1896:
1882:
1875:
1864:
1857:Bibliography
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1807:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:
1771:
1755:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1691:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1664:Dokumen.tips
1663:
1653:
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1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1552:
1548:
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1532:
1523:
1514:
1509:Fraenger, 10
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1457:(in Spanish)
1454:
1444:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1382:Jacobs, 1010
1378:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1275:
1265:
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1219:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:
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1167:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
1062:the original
1050:
1041:
1008:
1003:
981:
976:
938:
928:
914:
912:
897:
893:
883:
858:
847:
845:
828:
801:
776:
768:
748:
736:Michelangelo
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
682:
673:
643:
641:
614:
598:
565:
553:
547:
541:
535:
528:Prado Museum
520:
512:
506:
476:
461:
437:
418:
402:
384:
375:
370:
367:Middle Dutch
364:
352:
329:
291:
194:
193:
179:
129:
123:
119:Notable work
3491:1516 deaths
3278:Netherlands
3070:Jan de Beer
2824: 1568
2809: 1561
2755: 1510
2717: 1499
2676: 1486
2627: 1516
2597: 1501
2567: 1497
2552: 1493
2537: 1482
2513:; disputed)
2483:; disputed)
2481: 1500
2466: 1514
2438: 1510
2410:; disputed)
2408: 1502
2393: 1500
2378: 1500
2303: 1494
2280: 1489
2265: 1489
2220: 1482
2197: 1475
2192:(New York,
2098:, ColourLex
1863:Bax, Dirk.
1715:Gibson, 163
1674:20 November
1518:Belting, 38
592:madder lake
497: 1500
471: 1497
304: 1450
146:Renaissance
3475:Categories
2068:at Ibiblio
1844:1 February
1818:1 February
1787:1 February
1595:Bax, 1949.
1585:. Taschen.
1527:Gibson, 92
1373:Gibson, 18
1321:Gibson, 19
1199:1 February
1033:References
982:Hieronymus
804:grotteschi
182:, Pen and
94:1516-08-09
90:Buried on
3367:The Hague
3352:Brussels
2762:Ecce Homo
2735:(Munich,
2671:(Bruges,
2577:(Madrid,
2532:(Vienna,
2521:Triptychs
2506:(Madrid,
2433:(London,
2418:(Madrid,
2328:(Vienna,
2227:Ecce Homo
1571:Gibson, 9
1490:ColourLex
1284:0028-7504
1214:nickname.
806:" of the
676:hellscape
576:verdigris
572:malachite
534:now owns
429:Habsburgs
407:, in the
320:fantastic
156:Signature
2876:Drawings
2789:(Ghent,
2081:Archived
1668:Archived
1461:12 April
1434:Archived
1346:12 April
1289:12 April
1252:Triptych
951:See also
900:infrared
832:didactic
820:chimeras
816:monsters
784:Adamites
721:Trial...
349:triptych
336:Nijmegen
138:Movement
113:Painting
3376:General
3362:Tournai
3342:Antwerp
2991:Belgium
2974:artists
2903:Related
2207:(1480s)
1495:8 March
1135:"Bosch"
1107:"Bosch"
1076:"Bosch"
943:in the
933:in the
908:Baldass
792:Erasmus
780:Cathars
619:in the
588:carmine
568:azurite
514:impasto
421:Brabant
312:Brabant
290:; born
3347:Bruges
2133:Curlie
2043:
2020:
1995:
1981:
1967:
1953:
1932:
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1839:Artnet
1762:
1699:
1640:
1559:
1406:, 2016
1282:
1254:, and
1147:7 July
1119:7 July
1091:7 July
1052:Lexico
904:Tolnay
744:devils
740:angels
629:Madrid
584:ochres
532:Madrid
340:Aachen
275:Dutch:
184:bistre
3357:Ghent
2107:Works
968:Notes
935:Prado
443:Works
308:Dutch
2287:Hell
2041:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1846:2016
1820:2016
1789:2016
1760:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1676:2022
1638:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1497:2019
1463:2020
1348:2020
1291:2020
1280:ISSN
1201:2016
1149:2019
1121:2019
1093:2019
937:and
906:and
818:and
719:(or
669:Adam
552:and
451:and
398:1450
361:Life
338:and
325:hell
87:Died
68:1450
58:Born
2131:at
2121:in
2109:at
1009:van
923:in
786:or
667:to
665:Eve
627:in
590:or
574:or
530:in
373:.
3477::
2890:c.
2854:c.
2821:c.
2806:c.
2791:c.
2752:c.
2737:c.
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2330:c.
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1837:.
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263:ɔː
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