335:
175:. On the east coast of the North Island between the PÄhaoa and MÄhia canyons there is not direct drainage from the coast into the trough as the seafloor has a number of intermediate ridges and basins. In terms of being a definite trench with two sides, this is found on the sea floor north of the MÄhia Peninsula but is broken by the Tuaheni submarine landslide at about 38°50'S, and the submarine RuatÅria debris avalanche at about 38°S. Beyond the RuatÅria debris avalanche the
364:. The far south area of the trough near the KaikÅura Canyon, the Subtropical Front forms a convergence zone between the subtropical and subantarctic water masses represented by the Southland Current down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). This region of ocean has been determined to be one of the most productive marine ecosystems on the planet. At this end of the trench, many deep water species are found close to the shore. This food source attracts the
59:
574:
could be associated with the subduction margin before it intercepts the geographical southernmost point of the
Kermadec Trench as presently defined at 37° 45Ⲡ16.27ⳠS by GEBCO. The Marine Gazetteer defines the southern limit of the Kermadec Trench much further north as 35°30' S. and there is different mapping in the historic geological literature.
254:
full analysis is nuanced, with flows from ten turbide triggering catchments but also flows that may be due to submarine land sliding from shaking associated with ground-motion amplitude peaks that produce failure in muddy sediments. The catchment of the Cook Strait Canyon was a large contributor to the turbidite deposits from the earthquake.
135:), commences in the south and trends to the eastern side of the trough. By the latitude of Cook Strait the channel is about 80 m (260 ft) below the general level of the trough. The seafloor Hikurangi Channel continues along its eastern side, until at the MÄhia Peninsula it breaks off towards the east through the
159:, where the sea floor drops to the depth of the trough. Extending from the hilly coast north of KaikÅura the undersea Kowhai canyons are to the west of the trough. Towards the north eastern part of Cook Strait is the Cook Strait Canyon with part of the trough being 2,250 m (7,380 ft) deep. Off
573:
The northern limits of the trough are ill-defined. Seismic geological studies are consistent with the trough being buried under the RuatÅria debris avalanche, and there is an unnamed feature on the northern side of the RuatÅria debris avalanche south of the RuatÅria Scarp. Part of the RuatÅria Scarp
351:
Because of the delivery of waters by the Lower
Circumpolar Deep Waters and current and coastal drainage and surface currents such as the East Cape Current a rich marine ecosystem exists in the coastal waters over the trench. The trench ecosystem itself has been much less studied as it is even deeper
289:
with regard to convergence. The net vector is 4.5 cm/year (1.8 in/year) to with a vector direction of 266° and 3.8 cm/year (1.5 in/year) in a direction of 259° at the
Canterbury end. This is split into convergence near the trench, strike-slip motion around the top of the forearc
253:
10 short tons) of sediment into the trench from the KaikÅura Canyon, with a turbidity current that travelled more than 680 km (420 mi) along the
Hikurangi Channel. The furtherest marine core sampled in the channel so far revealed more than 16 cm (6.3 in) of fresh sediment. The
236:
and extended along the
Hikurangi Trench northwards. The sediments are predominantly delivered by submarine canyons and slope gullies that cut across or circumvent obstructions to flow, and the KaikÅura Canyon is known to be the dominant current active and longterm contributor in the case of the
201:, which formed from 6.4 million years ago. This system currently contributes about 0.5% of the total sediment input to the world oceans. The sediments in the trench are up to 6 m (20 ft) deep in the south and where they exit the KaikÅura Canyon have acoustic characteristics of gravel
179:
joins the RuatÅria Scarp and then drops away from the undersea East Cape Ridge and commences trenchâlike structures to depths of 4,580 m (15,030 ft) assigned by many authorities to the
Kermadec Trench which further north has a distinct transition to a much greater 7,436 m
459:. These dark patches have distinctive pitting associated with the worm burrows. Because bristle worms are found at cold seeps worldwide it is possible that the role of aerobic methanotrophy may have been underestimated in seafloor methane chemosynthetic ecosystems, as over 25% of the
106:
Although shallower than the trenches north of it, the
Hikurangi Trough reaches depths of 3,000 metres (9,800 feet) as close as 80 kilometres (50 miles) from shore. The southern trough structure is 6â10 km (3.7â6.2 mi) wide off the coast of northern
1475:
Howarth, J.D.; Orpin, A.R.; Kaneko, Y.; Strachan, L.J.; Nodder, S.D.; Mountjoy, J.J.; Barnes, P.M.; Bostock, H.C.; Holden, C; Jones, K; CaÄatay, M.N. (2021). "Calibrating the marine turbidite palaeoseismometer using the 2016 KaikÅura earthquake".
120:. There are various mappings of its northern limits as the RuatÅria debris avalanche was an poorly understood structure. The limits of the trough are not defined by standard geographical works and various geological works have different mappings.
188:
The
Hikurangi Trough is sediment filled as a result of being a key part of the eastern New Zealand oceanic sedimentary system for several million years. The present North Island subduction and accretion that began in the middle and late
1580:
443:
mounds. The single cell organisms responsible for these ecosystems are similar to those found at methane seeps worldwide. Unlike other areas of the deep ocean no methaneâassociated mud volcanoes have been found on the margin.
139:
and discharges into the south-west
Pacific abyssal plains. The channel has a total length between 1,400â2,000 km (870â1,240 mi), but only the initial 800 km (500 mi) portion is in the trough.
111:
with an initial local depth of about 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and towards its northern portions it has structures more like those found in oceanic trenches. The trough widens about the latitude of
1402:
Strachan, L.J.; Bailleul, J.; Bland, K.J.; Orpin, A.R.; McArthur, A.D. (2022). "Understanding sedimentary systems and processes of the
Hikurangi Subduction Margin; from Trench to Back-Arc. Volume 1".
375:
In one study, biological sampling of the walls of the trough took place at six sites between 690 and 1,561 m (2,264 and 5,121 ft) deep. Compared to similar sampling in the more northern
1691:"Differences in meiofauna communities with sediment depth are greater than habitat effects on the New Zealand continental margin: implications for vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance"
583:
No core sample was obtained at the outlet of the KaikÅura Canyon so the relative contributions of it and the Cook Strait Canyon at the time of the 2016 KaikÅura earthquake are ill defined.
294:. There is not a continuous trench with two sides at the margin and some complexity in the trench or trough like structures is due to the complex transitional tectonics and old subducting
492:
of marine invertebrates. Sulfide is exploited as an energy resource by both the tubeworms and the clams. With more advanced oxidation the ecosystem becomes dominated by chemosynthetic
1830:
94:, which is its continuation to the north. Sediment currently passing through the trough represents about 0.5% of the total sediment input to the world oceans. The trough has deep-sea
285:, although there are rotation features. The relative motion at the north is 6.1 cm/year (2.4 in/year) at East Cape and is down to 3.5 cm/year (1.4 in/year) at
447:
Bacterial mats, often white, are seen in video imaging. Some of these systems differ from any others so far described worldwide. For example there are dense populations of
2368:
2363:
561:
The term trough is used predominantly in the article as this reflects the now accepted international name and that the trench is mainly filled with sediment
1823:
1373:
Barker, D.H.; Sutherland, R.; Henrys, S.; Bannister, S. (2009). "Geometry of the Hikurangi subduction thrust and upper plate, North Island, New Zealand".
1432:
1295:"The dammed Hikurangi Trough: a channel-fed trench blocked by subducting seamounts and their wake avalanches (New Zealand-France GeodyNZ Project)"
167:'s 2,588 m (8,491 ft) on the eastern side of the trough at this latitude. The Hikurangi Plateau extends east of the trough between the
1816:
1505:
Carter, L.; Carter, R.M.; McCave, I.N. (2004). "Evolution of the sedimentary system beneath the deep Pacific inflow off eastern New Zealand".
1283:
217:
analysis of the carbonate rocks formed at such seeps show that the carbonate formation has been going on for periods between 2,360±70 years
62:
Map of the Zealandia continent that shows the Hikurangi Margin as a red dotted line arising from the Chatham Rise, New Zealand intersection
1294:
1736:"Cold Seep Epifaunal Communities on the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand: Composition, Succession, and Vulnerability to Human Activities"
1655:
232:
to the north. The Hikurangi Channel is known to be less than 3.5 million years old. Initially the channel developed during the late
1022:
2168:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2226:
1779:
303:
666:
197:. More recently it has sediment from the erosion of the uplifting mountains of the South Island of New Zealand such as the
143:
The trough to the south has related structures such as the undersea PÅ«kÄkÄ«, Okains and Pegasus canyons at the latitude of
1601:"Patterns of Deep-Sea Genetic Connectivity in the New Zealand Region: Implications for Management of Benthic Ecosystems"
90:-filled, particularly in its south. This characteristic can be used to distinguish it from the sediment-poor and deeper
352:
than the economically important deep marine fisheries. The middle and southern Hikurangi Margin includes fisheries for
1251:
1249:
1236:
1234:
238:
466:
In general such methane seeps have anaerobic single cell organisms in the subsurface anoxic layers, with anaerobic
1863:
1857:
2373:
353:
372:
is famous. The 2016 KaikÅura earthquake profoundly disturbed this ecosystem, but there is evidence of recovery.
2291:
2256:
2118:
2083:
334:
2231:
1330:
2153:
2025:
1908:
537:
193:, caused thick sedimentary sequences to form in the then trench with enhanced abyssal erosion in the late
2183:
2133:
1978:
1913:
278:
2286:
1958:
152:
2198:
2088:
2058:
1968:
2327:
2251:
2148:
2143:
1888:
1883:
1747:
1514:
1485:
1447:
1411:
1382:
1346:
1309:
2053:
2005:
1963:
2241:
2158:
2123:
2098:
2093:
2078:
2073:
2048:
1943:
1923:
1918:
1689:
Rosli, N.; Leduc, D.; Rowden, A.A.; Clark, M.R.; Probert, P.K.; Berkenbusch, K.; Neira, C. (2016).
485:
339:
2173:
2163:
1948:
1114:
1112:
477:. In highly reduced seep habitats the surface is dominated by bacterial mats, while where partial
2358:
2261:
2128:
2108:
2103:
2063:
2000:
1898:
1273:
873:
852:
831:
214:
2068:
735:
542:
156:
117:
1536:"Microbial communities of deep-sea methane seeps at Hikurangi continental margin (New Zealand)"
2221:
2113:
1973:
1928:
1765:
1722:
1642:
1567:
1463:
1279:
481:
has happened the bristle worm ecosystem previously mentioned is found associated with aerobic
274:
270:
225:
206:
164:
136:
108:
49:
1534:
Ruff, S.E.; Arnds, J.; Knittel, K.; Amann, R.; Wegener, G.; Ramette, A.; Boetius, A. (2013).
2312:
2178:
1988:
1893:
1755:
1712:
1702:
1670:
1656:"The Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary: terraqueous territorialization and MÄori marine environments"
1632:
1622:
1612:
1557:
1547:
1522:
1493:
1455:
1419:
1390:
1354:
1350:
1317:
323:
263:
229:
176:
58:
39:
2322:
2030:
1874:
1209:
1207:
357:
91:
1272:
R. Wally Johnson; Jan Knutson; Stuart Ross Taylor; Australian Academy of Science (1989).
1751:
1734:
Bowden, D.A.; Rowden, A.A.; Thurber, A.R.; Baco, A.R.; Levin, L.A.; Smith, C.R. (2013).
1518:
1489:
1451:
1415:
1386:
1313:
151:
mouth, and the sudden coastal shelving to 823 m (2,700 ft) just south-east of
2337:
2332:
2317:
2246:
2193:
2188:
1992:
1938:
1717:
1690:
1637:
1600:
1562:
1535:
498:
428:
315:
286:
218:
95:
1526:
1063:
1061:
1059:
488:. Genetically, many of these have been characterised as related to the chemosynthetic
2352:
2236:
2138:
2040:
2010:
1953:
1334:
1321:
376:
361:
311:
307:
291:
198:
160:
148:
75:
2307:
2015:
1933:
1903:
1839:
1599:
Bors, E.K.; Rowden, A.A.; Maas, E.W.; Clark, M.R.; Shank, T.M. (21 November 2012).
1581:"Kaikoura Canyon submarine landslides erosion and deposition by turbidity currents"
513:
508:
489:
482:
467:
448:
436:
299:
168:
83:
79:
1423:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1760:
1735:
1617:
1552:
17:
1808:
1194:
1192:
969:
967:
474:
388:
380:
369:
319:
144:
113:
1497:
1358:
2216:
404:
282:
266:
1794:
1781:
1467:
1843:
521:
503:
493:
478:
440:
432:
416:
241:
precipitated submarine mudslides and sediment flows that displaced about 850
202:
190:
172:
87:
1769:
1726:
1646:
1571:
1335:"Tracking repeated subduction of the Hikurangi Plateau beneath New Zealand"
685:
683:
163:, a part of the trough is 2,236 m (7,336 ft) deep, less than the
1433:"Controls on the origin and evolution of deep-ocean trench-axial channels"
463:
escaping from the Hikurangi Margin cold seeps is metabolised aerobically.
224:
The active turbidite channel represented by the Hikurangi Channel, guides
2208:
1394:
1023:"KaikÅura earthquake provides world-first insight into submarine canyons"
456:
396:
392:
295:
233:
667:"Arcgis Ocean map:World Volcanoes compared to Tectonic Plate Boundaries"
451:
in dark sulphide-rich soft sediment microhabitats where there is a high
53:
Mouse over is enabled by clicking and allows identification of features.
1707:
609:
470:
460:
412:
408:
400:
210:
194:
1674:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
644:
642:
640:
638:
205:. The turbidites thin to about 1 km (0.62 mi) in the north.
86:
of New Zealand. It has been forming for about 25 million years and is
1627:
1459:
365:
344:
942:
940:
938:
802:
800:
333:
57:
1293:
Lewis, Keith B.; Collott, Jean-Yves; Lallemand, Serge E. (1998).
779:
452:
384:
1812:
1091:
755:
722:
209:
have been identified in the sediments and there are widespread
123:
A meandering depression within the trough like structure, the
379:
there were higher abundances in the Hikurangi Margin of many
1275:
Intraplate Volcanism: In Eastern Australia and New Zealand
1079:
1067:
917:
905:
322:
microplates which also abut oceanic crust of the current
1255:
1213:
1183:
1154:
973:
958:
273:
has been subducting for about 25 million years beneath
1240:
1225:
1198:
1166:
1142:
1118:
1046:
1044:
893:
818:
791:
767:
710:
689:
648:
629:
1243:, Bacterial diversity of Hikurangi margin sediments.
2300:
2207:
2039:
1987:
1873:
1850:
1130:
281:possibly without an intermediate continental crust
116:to between 50â80 km (31â50 mi) up to the
1258:, Habitat and community composition and structure.
985:
946:
929:
806:
569:
567:
171:to the south and a point north of New Zealand's
27:Oceanic trench off the east coast of New Zealand
780:Reyners, Eberhart-Phillips & Bannister 2011
1824:
1404:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
8:
1009:
997:
314:is subducting beneath oceanic crust of the
1831:
1817:
1809:
228:into the path of the Pacific deep western
1759:
1716:
1706:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1561:
1551:
1103:
147:, the Hurunui Canyon which is beyond the
661:
659:
657:
347:found in the Hikurangi Margin sea waters
604:
602:
600:
596:
554:
431:ecosystems are associated with methane
1050:
502:closely related to those found in the
2369:Oceanic trenches of the Pacific Ocean
1157:, Introduction, Fauna & habitats.
237:Hikurangi Trench. Exceptionally, the
7:
1375:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
2364:Geography of the New Zealand seabed
1339:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
894:Lewis, Collott & Lallemand 1998
819:Lewis, Collott & Lallemand 1998
792:Lewis, Collott & Lallemand 1998
768:Lewis, Collott & Lallemand 1998
711:Lewis, Collott & Lallemand 1998
690:Lewis, Collott & Lallemand 1998
649:Lewis, Collott & Lallemand 1998
630:Lewis, Collott & Lallemand 1998
38: (blue) Surface projection of
1431:McArthur, A.D.; Tek, D.E. (2021).
874:"Marine Gazetteer:KaikÅura Canyon"
736:"Marine Gazetteer:Kermadec Trench"
506:, and clams, mussels, and various
25:
1121:, Study area and sampling design.
853:"Marine Gazetteer:Hurunui Canyon"
1322:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1998.00080.x
986:Carter, Carter & McCave 2004
947:Carter, Carter & McCave 2004
930:Carter, Carter & McCave 2004
832:"Marine Gazetteer:Okains Canyon"
807:Carter, Carter & McCave 2004
298:. By contrast, the Kermadec and
269:zone is where the thick oceanic
74:) is a sea floor feature of the
1579:Rowden, Ashley (27 June 2018).
524:are in the deep-sea sub-family
427:In the trough itself, deep-sea
42:, trough and trench structures.
2282:South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts
1278:. Cambridge University Press.
304:Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone
1:
1527:10.1016/S0025-3227(04)00016-7
1424:10.1080/00288306.2022.2048032
1761:10.1371/journal.pone.0076869
1618:10.1371/journal.pone.0049474
1553:10.1371/journal.pone.0076869
290:ridge, and extension in the
98:ecosystems that are unique.
302:represent the parts of the
2390:
1498:10.1038/s41561-021-00692-6
1359:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.011
82:and the east coast of the
961:, Gas hydrate extraction.
70:(previously known as the
2292:Tasmantid Seamount Chain
2257:Lord Howe Seamount Chain
2119:Middleton Seafloor Basin
2084:Deepwater Taranaki Basin
1333:; Bannister, S. (2011).
610:"GEBCO:search:Hikurangi"
239:2016 KaikÅura earthquake
221:to 12,400±160 years BP.
180:(24,396 ft) depth.
1351:2011E&PSL.311..165R
1216:, Fauna & habitats.
1010:McArthur & Tek 2021
998:McArthur & Tek 2021
496:tubeworms of the genus
1654:McCormack, F. (2021).
1094:, 2. Tectonic Setting.
538:Geology of New Zealand
368:for which the town of
348:
63:
1331:Eberhart-Phillips, D.
473:and sulfate-reducing
337:
279:Indo-Australian Plate
129:Hikurangi Sea Channel
61:
2328:Macquarie Fault Zone
2252:James Healy Seamount
2154:Outer Campbell Basin
2026:New Caledonia Trough
1909:Chesterfield Plateau
1395:10.1029/2008GC002153
918:Strachan et al. 2022
906:Strachan et al. 2022
725:, Figures 1, 10, 11.
692:, pp. 444, 447.
455:of both methane and
133:Hikurangi Seachannel
2267:Rumble III Seamount
2242:Graveyard Seamounts
2184:South Loyalty Basin
2134:New Caledonia Basin
1877:, ridges, and rises
1791: /
1752:2013PLoSO...876869B
1519:2004MGeol.205....9C
1490:2021NatGe..14..161H
1452:2021Geo....49..883M
1416:2022NZJGG..65....1S
1387:2009GGG....10.2007B
1314:1998BasR...10..441L
1080:Howarth et al. 2021
1068:Howarth et al. 2021
486:Gammaproteobacteria
340:Brucerolis brandtae
78:off the north-east
2272:Rumble IV Seamount
2232:Flinder's Seamount
1979:West Norfolk Ridge
1914:Colville-Lau Ridge
1899:Challenger Plateau
1708:10.7717/peerj.2154
1256:Bowden et al. 2013
1214:Bowden et al. 2013
1184:Bowden et al. 2013
1155:Bowden et al. 2013
1092:Barker et al. 2009
974:Bowden et al. 2013
959:Bowden et al. 2013
756:Barker et al. 2009
723:Barker et al. 2009
349:
226:turbidity currents
64:
2346:
2345:
2287:Tangaroa Seamount
2277:Rumble V Seamount
2222:Brothers Seamount
2114:Great South Basin
1974:Three Kings Ridge
1959:Northland Plateau
1929:Hikurangi Plateau
1866:(South Zealandia)
1860:(North Zealandia)
1675:10.5509/202194177
1478:Nature Geoscience
1285:978-0-521-38083-6
1143:Rosli et al. 2016
1119:Rosli et al. 2016
1029:. 17 October 2018
794:, pp. 442â4.
516:are of the genus
275:continental crust
271:Hikurangi Plateau
249:10 long tons; 9.4
165:Hikurangi Plateau
137:Hikurangi Plateau
125:Hikurangi Channel
50:Hikurangi Channel
18:Hikurangi Channel
16:(Redirected from
2381:
2374:Subduction zones
2313:Hikurangi Margin
2262:Monowai Seamount
2199:West Coast Basin
2179:South Fiji Basin
2089:East Coast Basin
2059:Canterbury Basin
2021:Hikurangi Trough
1969:Resolution Ridge
1894:Campbell Plateau
1864:Eastern Province
1858:Western Province
1840:Oceanic features
1833:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:39.74°S 178.64°E
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1763:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1660:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1530:
1501:
1471:
1460:10.1130/G48612.1
1437:
1427:
1398:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1325:
1299:
1289:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1241:Ruff et al. 2013
1238:
1229:
1226:Ruff et al. 2013
1223:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1199:Ruff et al. 2013
1196:
1187:
1181:
1170:
1167:Ruff et al. 2013
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1131:Bors et al. 2012
1128:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1070:, Fig.1, Fig. 3.
1065:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
962:
956:
950:
944:
933:
932:, pp. 9â10.
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
746:
744:
742:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
693:
687:
678:
677:
675:
673:
663:
652:
646:
633:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
606:
584:
581:
575:
571:
562:
559:
324:Australian Plate
264:Hikurangi Margin
252:
248:
244:
230:boundary current
177:Hikurangi Margin
72:Hikurangi Trench
68:Hikurangi Trough
47:
40:Hikurangi Margin
37:
21:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2323:Maari oil field
2296:
2203:
2169:Raukumara Basin
2149:Northland Basin
2144:Northeast Slope
2035:
2031:Puysegur Trench
1983:
1889:Bounty Platform
1884:Bellona Plateau
1869:
1851:Major divisions
1846:
1837:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1733:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1663:Pacific Affairs
1658:
1653:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1533:
1504:
1474:
1435:
1430:
1401:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1328:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1201:, Introduction.
1197:
1190:
1186:, Introduction.
1182:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:, Introduction.
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
965:
957:
953:
945:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
878:
876:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
851:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
740:
738:
734:
733:
729:
721:
717:
709:
696:
688:
681:
671:
669:
665:
664:
655:
647:
636:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
607:
598:
593:
588:
587:
582:
578:
572:
565:
560:
556:
551:
543:KaikÅura Canyon
534:
526:Bathymodiolinae
514:saltwater clams
439:usually create
425:
409:segmented worms
332:
260:
250:
246:
242:
186:
157:KaikÅura Canyon
127:(also known as
118:MÄhia Peninsula
104:
92:Kermadec Trench
56:
55:
54:
52:
45:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2338:Pohokura field
2335:
2333:Maui gas field
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Kermadec Plate
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Havre Seamount
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Clark Seamount
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:Wanganui Basin
2191:
2189:Taranaki Basin
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:Campbell Basin
2051:
2045:
2043:
2041:Oceanic basins
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Bellona Trough
2003:
1997:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Puysegur Ridge
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Lord Howe Rise
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1800:-39.74; 178.64
1775:
1774:
1746:(10). e76869.
1731:
1686:
1651:
1611:(11): e49474.
1596:
1576:
1531:
1507:Marine Geology
1502:
1472:
1446:(8): 883â888.
1428:
1399:
1370:
1345:(1): 165â171.
1326:
1308:(4): 441â468.
1302:Basin Research
1290:
1284:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1245:
1230:
1218:
1203:
1188:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1108:
1104:McCormack 2021
1096:
1084:
1072:
1055:
1040:
1014:
1002:
1000:, p. 883.
990:
978:
963:
951:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
865:
844:
823:
821:, p. 450.
811:
796:
784:
772:
770:, p. 444.
760:
748:
727:
715:
713:, p. 441.
694:
679:
653:
651:, p. 445.
634:
622:
595:
594:
592:
589:
586:
585:
576:
563:
553:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
540:
533:
530:
499:Lamellibrachia
483:methanotrophic
468:methanotrophic
429:chemosynthetic
424:
421:
331:
328:
300:Tonga trenches
287:Cape Turnagain
259:
256:
245:10 t (8.4
185:
182:
103:
100:
96:chemosynthetic
48: (green)
44:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2386:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Gifford Guyot
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Pegasus Basin
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Norfolk Basin
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Monowai Basin
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Fairway Basin
2097:
2095:
2094:Emerald Basin
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Dampier Basin
2077:
2075:
2074:Chatham Slope
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Bellona Basin
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Bounty Trough
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Norfolk Ridge
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Loyalty Ridge
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Fairway Ridge
1922:
1920:
1919:Dampier Ridge
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:(9). e72627.
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:(1â4): 9â27.
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:(2). Q02007.
1380:
1376:
1371:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:Reyners, M.;
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:, Conclusion.
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
988:, p. 10.
987:
982:
979:
976:, Succession.
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:
949:, p. 17.
948:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
914:
911:
907:
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
875:
869:
866:
854:
848:
845:
833:
827:
824:
820:
815:
812:
809:, p. 12.
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
757:
752:
749:
737:
731:
728:
724:
719:
716:
712:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
668:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
611:
605:
603:
601:
597:
590:
580:
577:
570:
568:
564:
558:
555:
548:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:sponges. The
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:endosymbionts
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:bristle worms
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:Methane seeps
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Bay of Plenty
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:orange roughy
359:
355:
346:
342:
341:
336:
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Pacific Plate
309:
308:oceanic crust
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
257:
255:
240:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Southern Alps
196:
192:
183:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Cape Palliser
158:
154:
150:
149:Hurunui River
146:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
110:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:Pacific Ocean
73:
69:
60:
51:
41:
30:
19:
2308:Alpine Fault
2174:Reinga Basin
2164:Pukaki Basin
2020:
2016:Havre Trough
1949:Mellish Rise
1934:Kenn Plateau
1904:Chatham Rise
1776:
1743:
1739:
1698:
1694:
1678:. Retrieved
1669:(1): 77â96.
1666:
1662:
1608:
1604:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1543:
1539:
1510:
1506:
1484:(3): 161â7.
1481:
1477:
1443:
1439:
1407:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1342:
1338:
1305:
1301:
1274:
1221:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1031:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
954:
925:
913:
901:
889:
877:. Retrieved
868:
856:. Retrieved
847:
835:. Retrieved
826:
814:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:. Retrieved
730:
718:
670:. Retrieved
625:
613:. Retrieved
579:
557:
525:
517:
509:Demospongiae
507:
497:
465:
446:
437:authigenesis
426:
374:
350:
338:
261:
223:
207:Gas hydrates
187:
169:Chatham Rise
142:
132:
128:
124:
122:
105:
84:North Island
80:South Island
71:
67:
65:
29:
2129:Moore Basin
2109:Gower Basin
2104:Faust Basin
2064:Capel Basin
2001:Bellona Gap
1798: /
1410:(1): 1â16.
1364:11 December
1169:, Abstract.
1145:, Table 2..
1051:Rowden 2018
920:, Figure 2.
908:, Figure 9.
518:Calyptogena
475:myxococcota
389:mud dragons
381:crustaceans
277:of the old
215:Radiodating
145:Pegasus Bay
114:Cook Strait
2353:Categories
2217:Banc Capel
2069:Cato Basin
591:References
435:that with
433:cold seeps
405:tanaidacea
306:where the
292:TaupÅ Rift
283:microplate
267:subduction
203:turbidites
109:Canterbury
2359:Zealandia
2209:Seamounts
1844:Zealandia
1701:. e2154.
1680:21 August
1628:1912/5732
1590:20 August
1468:0091-7613
1082:, Fig. 3.
1033:22 August
896:, Fig. 3.
879:19 August
858:19 August
837:19 August
758:, Fig. 1.
741:19 August
672:19 August
615:21 August
504:Lau Basin
494:frenulate
479:oxidation
457:sulphides
441:carbonate
417:amphipods
393:ostracods
358:alfonsino
296:seamounts
258:Tectonics
191:Oligocene
173:East Cape
102:Geography
88:turbidite
1993:trenches
1875:Plateaux
1786:178°38â²E
1770:24204691
1740:PLOS ONE
1727:27441114
1647:23185341
1605:PLOS ONE
1572:24204691
1540:PLOS ONE
632:, Fig.2.
532:See also
401:copepods
397:nematode
387:such as
370:KaikÅura
316:Kermadec
234:Pliocene
153:KaikÅura
1989:Troughs
1783:39°44â²S
1748:Bibcode
1718:4941793
1638:3504039
1563:3800081
1515:Bibcode
1486:Bibcode
1448:Bibcode
1440:Geology
1412:Bibcode
1383:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
1310:Bibcode
1266:Sources
522:mussels
471:archaea
461:methane
413:isopods
399:worms,
330:Ecology
310:of the
213:seeps.
211:methane
195:Miocene
184:Geology
155:of the
1768:
1725:
1715:
1645:
1635:
1570:
1560:
1466:
1282:
520:, the
366:whales
345:isopod
46:
36:
2301:Other
1695:PeerJ
1659:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1298:(PDF)
549:Notes
385:worms
320:Tonga
1991:and
1766:PMID
1723:PMID
1682:2024
1643:PMID
1592:2021
1585:NIWA
1568:PMID
1464:ISSN
1366:2016
1280:ISBN
1035:2024
1027:NIWA
881:2024
860:2024
839:2024
743:2024
674:2024
617:2024
453:flux
415:and
383:and
360:and
354:hoki
318:and
262:The
66:The
1842:of
1756:doi
1713:PMC
1703:doi
1671:doi
1633:PMC
1623:hdl
1613:doi
1558:PMC
1548:doi
1523:doi
1511:205
1494:doi
1456:doi
1420:doi
1391:doi
1355:doi
1343:311
1318:doi
343:an
131:or
2355::
1764:.
1754:.
1742:.
1738:.
1721:.
1711:.
1697:.
1693:.
1667:94
1665:.
1661:.
1641:.
1631:.
1621:.
1607:.
1603:.
1583:.
1566:.
1556:.
1542:.
1538:.
1521:.
1509:.
1492:.
1482:14
1480:.
1462:.
1454:.
1444:49
1442:.
1438:.
1418:.
1408:65
1406:.
1389:.
1379:10
1377:.
1353:.
1341:.
1337:.
1316:.
1306:10
1304:.
1300:.
1248:^
1233:^
1206:^
1191:^
1174:^
1111:^
1058:^
1043:^
1025:.
966:^
937:^
799:^
697:^
682:^
656:^
637:^
599:^
566:^
528:.
419:.
411:,
407:,
403:,
395:,
391:,
356:,
326:.
219:BP
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
1772:.
1758::
1750::
1744:8
1729:.
1705::
1699:4
1684:.
1673::
1649:.
1625::
1615::
1609:7
1594:.
1574:.
1550::
1544:8
1529:.
1525::
1517::
1500:.
1496::
1488::
1470:.
1458::
1450::
1426:.
1422::
1414::
1397:.
1393::
1385::
1368:.
1357::
1349::
1324:.
1320::
1312::
1288:.
1133:.
1106:.
1053:.
1037:.
883:.
862:.
841:.
782:.
745:.
676:.
619:.
251:Ã
247:Ã
243:Ã
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
