887:â "The total number of prisoners taken by the German armies in the USSR was in the region of 5.5 million. Of these, the astounding number of 3.5 million or more had been lost by the middle of 1944 and the assumption must be that they were either deliberately killed or done to death by criminal negligence. Nearly two million of them died in camps and close on another million disappeared while in military custody either in the USSR or in rear areas; a further quarter of a million disappeared or died in transit between the front and destinations in the rear; another 473,000 died or were killed in military custody in Germany or Poland." They add, "This slaughter of prisoners cannot be accounted for by the peculiar chaos of the war in the east. ... The true cause was the inhuman policy of the Nazis towards the Russians as a people and the acquiescence of army commanders in attitudes and conditions which amounted to a sentence of death on their prisoners."
474:
48:
107:
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904:â "Between 22 June 1941 and the end of the war, roughly 5.7 million members of the Red Army fell into German hands. In January 1945, 930,000 were still in German camps. A million at most had been released, most of whom were so-called âvolunteersâ (Hilfswillige) for (often compulsory) auxiliary service in the Wehrmacht. Another 500,000, as estimated by the Army High Command, had either fled or been liberated. The remaining 3,300,000 (57.5 percent of the total) had perished."
431:, giving them a much higher chance of survival. During World War II, Nazi Germany engaged in a policy of deliberate maltreatment of Soviet POWs, in contrast to their treatment of British and American POWs. This resulted in some 3.3 to 3.5 million deaths, or 57% of all Soviet POWs. Therefore it becomes very difficult to differentiate between a genuine desire to volunteer, and seeming to volunteer in the hope of a better chance of surviving the war.
116:
459:" regardless of the circumstances of their joining or their fate at the hands of the NKVD secret police. After the war, thousands attempted to return to their homes in the USSR. Hundreds were captured and prosecuted, charged with treason and therefore guilty of enlistment from the start of judicial proceedings. Most were sentenced to the
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million Soviet POWs as auxiliaries of the German army and the SS. About half a million Soviet POWs had escaped German custody or had been liberated by the Soviet army as it advanced westward through eastern Europe into
Germany. The remaining 3.3 million, or about 57 percent of those taken prisoner, were dead by the end of the war."
916:
United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum â "Existing sources suggest that some 5.7 million Soviet army personnel fell into German hands during World War II. As of January 1945, the German army reported that only about 930,000 Soviet POWs remained in German custody. The German army released about one
450:
soldiers who desert to join the
Germans. This category wears full German uniform, with their own ranks and badges. They eat like German soldiers and they are attached to German regiments. Thirdly, there are Russian prisoners who do the dirty jobs, kitchens, stables and so on. These three categories
532:"It is disturbing that we are forced to strengthen our fighting troops with Russian prisoners of war, who are already being turned into gunners. It's an odd state of affairs that the "Beasts" we have been fighting against are now living with us in closest harmony."
507:
and therefore of limited value as volunteers also. On the other hand, the manpower was needed, and German
Intelligence had recognised the need to divide the Soviet nationals. The contradiction was sometimes disguised by reclassification of Slavs as
703:
227:
was composed of 25% Hiwis. By 1944, their numbers had grown to 600,000. Both men and women were recruited. Veteran Hiwis were practically indistinguishable from regular German troops, and often served in entire company strengths.
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Okkupation und
Kollaboration. (1938â1945). BeitrĂ€ge zu Konzepten und Praxis der Kollaboration in der deutschen Okkupationspolitik (Europa unterm Hakenkreuz. Erg.-Bd. 1)
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Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on
Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147â195.
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wrote that there were many different reasons why Soviet citizens volunteered. He argues that the issue has to be seen first and foremost with the German
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as well as volunteers enlisted from occupied territories for service in a number of roles including hands-on shooting actions and guard duties at
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sections, which are attached to German divisions. Secondly, Hilfswillige made up of local people or
Russian prisoners who volunteer, or those
1065:
1782:
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Christian Streit: Keine
Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941â1945, Bonn: Dietz (3. Aufl., 1. Aufl. 1978),
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930:â "Statistics show that out of 5.7 million Soviet soldiers captured between 1941 and 1945, more than 3.5 million died in captivity."
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The reliance upon Hiwis exposed a gap between Nazi ideologues and pragmatic German Army commanders. Nazi leaders including
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Russians in the German Army can be divided into three categories. Firstly, soldiers mobilized by German troops, so-called
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427:(war of annihilation) policy in mind. For example, volunteering allowed Soviet POWs to get out of the barbaric
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on top of regular military service, drivers, cooks, hospital attendants, ammunition carriers, messengers,
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300:", which was their training's primary purpose. They took an active role in the executions of Jews at
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540:'s front-line strength, amounting to over 50,000 Slavic auxiliaries serving with the German troops.
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are treated in different ways, with the best treatment naturally reserved for the volunteers.
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and police inducted, processed, and trained 5,082 Hiwi guards before the end of 1944 at the
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reluctantly agreed to allow recruitment of Soviet citizens in the Rear Areas during
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The
Forgotten Axis: Germany's Partners and Foreign Volunteers in World War II
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697:. Penguin Books. pp. 52, 77, 79, 80. direct download 7.91 MB complete.
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Ordinary Men: Reserve Police
Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
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203:. In a short period of time, many of them were moved to combat units.
591:"Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers"
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Auxiliary volunteer corps used by Nazi Germany during World War II
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Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II
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The term 'Hiwis' acquired a thoroughly negative meaning during
52:
Russia, January 1942, two former Soviet soldiers in the German
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when it entered into several other languages in reference to
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camps. After training, they were deployed for service with
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Soviet authorities referred to the Hiwis as "former
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397:In the context of World War II the term has clear
364:before the corpses of Jews in the doorway of the
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1354:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
1226:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy
536:The Hiwis may have constituted one quarter of
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1115:
1113:
634:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 13â15, 57.
631:Hitler's Russian & Cossack Allies 1941â45
296:were sent to all major killing sites of the "
8:
409:(widely presented as such by the Germans).
241:recruited as Hiwis directly from the Soviet
914:Nazi persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War
560:Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts
555:Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts
1247:
1237:
1217:
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1195:
1057:Europe at War 1939â1945: No Simple Victory
288:) and were former Soviet citizens, mostly
1838:German military personnel of World War II
761:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
231:Between September 1941 and July 1944 the
1833:Foreign volunteer units of the Wehrmacht
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617:
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1843:Military supporting service occupations
1031:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
624:Thomas, Nigel (2015). "Eastern Troops.
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237:employed thousands of collaborationist
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788:(in Polish). Trawniki official website
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29:
664:. McFarland. pp. 194, 211, 510.
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651:
161:
7:
1848:Local participation in the Holocaust
863:. Bundesarchiv. HĂŒthig, Berlin u.a.
1532:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
1060:. London: Pan Books. p. 169.
401:, and in the case of the occupied
25:
1286:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1168:Browning, Christopher R. (1992).
550:Collaboration during World War II
1382:Russian Liberation People's Army
399:connotations of collaborationism
114:
105:
46:
1394:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
1172:. New York: Aaron Asher Books.
782:"Hitlerowski obĂłz w Trawnikach"
883:Peter Calvocoressi, Guy Wint,
704:PDF cache archived by WebCite.
264:training camp division of the
1:
1455:Collaborationist Chinese Army
1131:. London: Penguin. pp.
951:. London: Penguin. pp.
256:In one instance, the German
82:Eastern Front (World War II)
1296:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
1089:. London: Penguin. p.
990:. London: Penguin. p.
806:Tadeusz Piotrowski (2006).
266:Trawniki concentration camp
211:Hiwis comprised 50% of the
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1485:First Indian National Army
812:. McFarland. p. 217.
589:Grasmeder, Elizabeth M.F.
276:. They were known as the "
1236:
780:Mgr StanisĆaw JabĆoĆski.
466:, and released under the
434:A captured Hiwi told his
405:territories also of anti-
268:set up in the village of
253:, and the occupied East.
56:army, decorated with the
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37:
1853:German words and phrases
1404:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1349:National Republican Army
1344:Latvian Auxiliary Police
1269:Albanian Fascist Militia
1018:Holocaust Encyclopedia.
686:Browning, Christopher R.
219:in late 1942, while the
1522:Royal Thai Armed Forces
1512:Manchukuo Imperial Army
1497:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1445:Burma Independence Army
1377:Russian Liberation Army
1339:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
1301:Belarusian Home Defence
1265:Albanian collaborators
1081:Beevor, Antony (1999).
809:Ukrainian Collaboration
348:, and Trawniki itself.
217:134th Infantry Division
1507:Malayan Volunteer Army
1373:Russian collaborators
1321:Finnish Defence Forces
759:Holocaust Encyclopedia
658:Lee Ready, J. (1987).
596:International Security
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501:regarded all Slavs as
494:
453:
429:German POW camp system
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1527:Russian Fascist Party
1316:Croatian Armed Forces
859:Röhr, Werner (1994).
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481:inspecting auxiliary
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359:
183:, designated, during
58:General Assault Badge
1492:Inner Mongolian Army
1480:Indian National Army
1364:Royal Hungarian Army
1359:Romanian Land Forces
225:Battle of Stalingrad
201:Operation Barbarossa
1537:Takasago Volunteers
1465:Gando Special Force
1389:Security Battalions
388:extermination camps
181:auxiliary volunteer
33:Auxiliary volunteer
1399:Slovene Home Guard
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468:Khrushchev amnesty
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251:General Government
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1438:collaborationists
1414:Wehrmacht foreign
1409:Waffen-SS foreign
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1259:collaborationists
1067:978-0-330-35212-3
730:External link in
691:Arrival in Poland
514:Helmuth Groscurth
425:Vernichtungskrieg
412:German historian
372:Report, May 1943.
163:[ËhiËviË]
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137:600,000 (in 1944)
16:(Redirected from
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193:Nazi Germany
191:occupied by
185:World War II
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171:abbreviation
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96:Nazi Germany
78:Soviet Union
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417: [
414:Werner Röhr
383:Ostlegionen
352:Use of term
344:as well as
318:CzÄstochowa
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1827:Categories
1721:Luxembourg
1127:Stalingrad
1085:Stalingrad
1020:"Trawniki"
986:Stalingrad
947:Stalingrad
825:2013-04-30
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755:"Trawniki"
671:089950275X
576:References
512:. Colonel
407:Bolshevism
290:Ukrainians
92:Allegiance
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1701:Indonesia
1679:Indochina
1629:Manchukuo
1597:Lithuania
1555:Lists by
1460:Gakutotai
1241:Lists by
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338:BiaĆystok
294:Trawnikis
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1311:Chetniks
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765:July 21,
544:See also
538:6th Army
518:XI Corps
510:Cossacks
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448:Red Army
342:Majdanek
270:Trawniki
221:6th Army
207:Overview
1788:Ukraine
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1751:Romania
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1669:Hungary
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1257:Italian
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485:of the
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