394:
allow these people to live permanently in a mountain community some distance from where they work. Forestry and traditional agriculture is declining in the mountain areas of Japan, Europe and the eastern United States as government subsidies are withdrawn. Outside Europe and Japan the human population in mountains is rising as they are used as refuges, sources of minerals, for tourism, and for commercial forestry, farming and animal husbandry. Colonization and immigration in the last 400 years have been causing steady population growth in formerly less populated mountain areas in Africa, Australia, New
Zealand, South America, Canada and the Western United States, also in some places such as
139:" for the formal definition. 22% of the world's land, or 29,000,000 square kilometres (11,000,000 sq mi) is classified as a mountain region, of which about half is below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Rugged land is considered a mountain region if it is at least 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level, but plateaus and broad valleys running through the mountains below 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) are not considered mountain regions. All land above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) is classified as mountain, including plateaus. This accounts for 20% of the total. Mountain regions in a 2003 study by the
58:
349:
live more than 5 kilometres from a road. In
Afghanistan and China 30% of mountain people live more than 5 kilometres from a road, compared to 20% of non-mountain people. In Peru the respective ratios are 20% and 13%. Population densities in inaccessible places are usually similar to accessible places. In Ethiopia and Afghanistan they are higher. The mountain people want land that can be farmed using traditional methods more than ease of travel to distant places. However, the lack of roads may be seen as evidence of discrimination.
661:
resorts. In mountain regions with seasonal climates, including Europe, North
America, the southern Andes and most of the Himalayas, high pastures can only be used in the summer and the people work in the lower forest zones during the winter. Nearer the equator in the central Andes, East Africa and Southeast Asia there may be less seasonal variation, and permanent settlements as high as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) are practical, with economies based on herding and cold-resistant grains and tubers.
440:, the body's ability to obtain oxygen, show that there is little difference between natives born at high elevations and lowlanders who move to high elevations when they were young children, although the lowlanders had more European ancestry than the high elevation natives. Aerobic capacity was lower with migrants who moved up in their adolescence, and lower again in those who moved as adults. Genetics are obviously important, but there is not yet evidence that inheritance is a strong factor in
706:
470:
548:
800:
539:
population density on grazing land below 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) meets or exceeds the critical density of 25 people per km. The growing mountain population in developing and transition countries is creating serious environmental problems in forest and grazing lands. Some of the forest or grazing land could be converted to crops for subsistence or cash, but 78% is unsuitable for this purpose, or only marginally suitable.
411:
156:
66:
232:
2892:
899:
they have often diversified into tourism and recreation services, mineral processing, manufacturing, administration and services. The mountain cities, particularly in developing countries, are magnets to migrants from the rural areas of the mountains seeking work, security and other benefits. Many are ringed by densely-populated squatter communities.
223:
mean annual temperatures, changes to precipitation patterns and more frequent extreme weather events. It is difficult to predict how well the mountain populations will adapt to changes in the resources on which they rely for subsistence, although it seems clear that there will be increased competition for use of the land for different purposes.
245:
for agriculture and domestic use are often found in valleys with flat ground suitable for cultivation of crops. These are prime locations for settlements. The streams could also be harnessed by mills to process grain. More recently they are used for hydroelectric plants, which provide overall social benefits but can be very disruptive locally.
362:
populations in South and
Central America. 70% live below 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), and less than 10% above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). A very small number of people in the Himalayas and the Andes live permanently at elevations over 4,500 metres (14,800 ft). The countries with the highest percentages of mountain people are
102:. The isolated communities are often culturally and linguistically diverse. Today about 720 million people, or 12% of the world's population, live in mountain regions, many of them economically and politically marginalized. The mountain residents have adapted to the conditions, but in the developing world they often suffer from
778:
in the western
Himalayas. A similar seasonal pattern was followed by North American hunters and gatherers in the past. Other semi-permanent residents in the developed countries include young people who find jobs in the ski resorts or as tree planters and people with second homes in the mountains they
766:
and send part of their earnings home. Men in the Andes often find seasonal work in the lowland farms and oilfields, or work in developed countries such as Spain. This creates a fragile economy where the old people, women and children who remain behind depend on remittances from the men. The situation
684:
for sale in distant markets. In Africa there is strong pressure on the mid-elevation environment from commercial and subsistence farming. Rapid population growth in East Africa is mainly concentrated in the fertile farmlands of the mountain regions. Although the public has come to value the presence
569:
Later human settlers in the mountains practiced a combination of hunting and gathering, raising crops and tending livestock, with most families involved in all these activities. As specialist workers have emerged, the members of each household perform fewer activities, but there are more occupations
898:
The large cities are more or less influenced by the mountains, including the low-lying
Vancouver and Chandigarh, but to a lesser degree than the smaller cities and towns within the mountains. The smaller cities, typically in mountain valleys, are more closely linked to the mountain culture, although
432:
in their blood and shorter limbs. There is no strong evidence that people who live at high elevations have become genetically adapted to the low levels of oxygen. They are not genetically isolated from the people of the lowlands, and typically move through a much wider range of elevations than other
574:
settlers migrated to the mountain areas in the southwest and west of China, while
European settlers moved into South and North America. The indigenous people were often forced to work in commercial agricultural and mining enterprises. This transition was not entirely negative, but devastated many
451:
than lowlanders, and must adapt to wider temperature extremes between day and night. Seasonal weather imposes periods of low and high activity, and of scarce and plentiful food. Unpredictable droughts, periods of intense cold, plant and animal disease, and so on make food availability uncertain. An
393:
About 70% of the mountain population is rural and relies on farming, fishing and extraction from local forests. The permanent mountain population also includes itinerant mineral prospectors, miners, loggers, construction workers and others who move from place to place. Better roads and vehicles may
222:
on mountain environments is not well understood, but they seem to be more sensitive than the lowlands. The higher-level ecosystems will be forced up the mountains as temperatures rise, shrinking in size and at some point disappearing. Threats include environmental stress during adaptation to higher
717:
Mining has been an important part of mountain economies throughout history, with prospectors seeking precious stones, ores, coal and salt in the mountains of Europe and the
Americas. In many places rock, gravel and sand quarries are also economically important. In North America, coal mining in the
348:
While mountain areas are more isolated than lower or flatter lands, when measured by the percentage of the population that lives more than 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from a road the difference is not great as might be expected. Thus in
Ethiopia 50% of mountain people and 40% of non-mountain people
244:
People have lived in mountain regions for thousands of years. Some may have sought refuge from persecution or from changing climate, while others may have migrated in search of food. The new arrivals settled and developed prosperous farming communities. Streams, rivers and lakes that provide water
110:
In parts of the developing world the mountain communities depend on remittances from young men who have gone to work in the lowlands or overseas. Although 70% of mountain people live in rural areas, the rest live in cities, including large cities such as Mexico City, with a population of around 21
452:
estimated 245 million mountain people are thought to be at risk of food shortages. 87% of these live below 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). Water boils at lower temperatures at higher altitudes, so it takes longer to cook food and requires more water and fuel. Gathering fuel in turn requires energy.
178:
Temperatures tend to always be high on the lower slopes near the equator, and there is often heavy rainfall year-round. Higher up and outside the tropics, temperatures can soar in the daytime and plummet at night. Usually there are strong winds, frequent freezing and thawing at the higher levels,
660:
Near the equator the sun is almost overhead all year, so the orientation of slopes is unimportant. Further away, the amount of sunlight varies considerably. In the Alps the south-facing slopes are preferred for settlements and farming, while the north-facing slopes are used for forestry and ski
214:
Almost 28% of the world's forests grow on mountains. Forests are important in regulating water flows and providing fuel and construction material. Before humans arrived, most mountains in tropical and temperate climates would have been forested up to the tree line. Deforestation is not new, and
652:
calls "vertical control", in which groups of people use kinship and other arrangements to access the resources of a range of ecological zones at different elevations, and thus to access a variety of crops and animals. This gives more security than dependence on a single resource. The volcanic
455:
Compared to non-mountain populations, the mountain people suffer more from malnutrition due to food shortage and deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and suffer from respiratory diseases caused by the severe climate and smoke in their shelters during the cold periods. These
106:
and poor health. They depend on crops, livestock and forest products, and tend to be poor. In the developed world the mountain people are generally prosperous, and the mountains may be used for tourism and outdoor recreation. Mining is also widespread and dates back to the pre-Christian era.
538:
17% of the mountain population grows crops or combines crop, livestock and tree farming. 19% subsist from sparsely vegetated barren land, protected areas and closed forests. 44% of mountain land is used for grazing and is home to 64% of rural mountain people. At a global level, the average
361:
The Food and
Agriculture Organization estimated in their 2003 report that around 720 million, or 12% of the world population, live in the mountains. Of these, no more than 10% are in developed countries. About half of all mountain people are in Asia, and there are large and rapidly growing
186:
People have both adapted to mountain conditions and modified those conditions. For example, farmers in many areas use terracing to retain soil and water. Contour ploughing also helps stabilize the fragile soil. Often human activity has degraded the mountain environments. Humans have reduced
248:
The difficulty of movement between valleys in the past has isolated mountain communities and contributed to high levels of cultural diversity. Nearby communities may have different languages and dialects, traditions, costumes, cuisine and economic systems. This is seen in the
2714:
Bigham, A; Bauchet, M; Pinto, D; Mao, X; Akey, JM; Mei, R; Scherer SW, Julian CG, Wilson MJ, López Herráez D, Brutsaert T, Parra EJ, Moore LG, Shriver MD (2010), "Identifying signatures of natural selection in Tibetan and Andean populations using dense genome scan data",
570:
within the community as a whole. This trend has accelerated in the last 400 years, driven by the industrial revolution and colonialism, the transition to commercial produce such as furs and minerals, and the recent growth of tourism. During this period large numbers of
726:, but mining is still an important part of the mountain economy of the Americas. Although mining in the mountains has a very long history, the local communities often resent the exploitation of common lands by mining companies and the associated environmental damage.
914:
Mountain regions are classified by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) based on absolute elevation, slope and Local Elevation Range (LER), which is the range of elevations within a 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) radius, and indicates how hilly the land is.
810:
Almost 30% of mountain people live in towns or cities. The largest cities are on the margins of the mountains, or are on high plateaus, sometimes very high. Examples of large (over 1 million people) cities in or beside the mountains in Latin America include
215:
began 3,000 years ago in China. Mountain forests around the Mediterranean and in Britain had been cleared 1,500 years ago. More recently, in China and Europe there have been efforts to restore the mountain forests so as to reduce flooding and erosion.
357:
Today, new transport and communications technologies are bringing goods, services, infrastructure and information to even the most remote parts of the mountains. The mountain communities are being forced to integrate with the larger global society.
183:. Often these plants are low and store energy in spreading roots, with relatively little vegetation above ground. This vegetation may be cleared for cultivation or road building, or may be overgrazed, resulting in rapid soil loss through erosion.
91:. This includes all rugged land above 300 metres (980 ft) and all land (including plateaus) above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) elevation. The climate is generally harsh, with steep temperature drops between day and night, high winds,
749:
Many of the mountain people in developing countries are poor and depend on scarce or diminishing food resources from agriculture or livestock. They may be partially employed in forestry, mining and service jobs. In the past
293:
contain fertile valleys with temperate climates that are densely farmed using traditional techniques. The 7.6 million people of the island speak almost 1,300 languages, many of which are spoken by only a few hundred people.
170:
Mountain environments vary depending on their latitude and their proximity to the edge of a landmass. The windward side will have greater rainfall than the leeward. The mountain environment can be harsh, particularly in the
345:
in the Andes. Often the mountain people are marginalized both politically and economically. The isolated mountain regions of the Atlas, Peru and Cuba have served as bases for guerrilla rebels.
175:
above the tree line at higher elevations and in the drier climates outside the tropics. No more than 3% of world's land that is highly suitable for agriculture lies in the mountain regions.
657:
supports dense populations who take advantage of the rich soils and diverse altitude-based ecological zones. They accept a trade-off against the high potential for disastrous eruptions.
558:
hunters and gatherers followed the mountain fauna as they moved from summer to winter pastures, fished, gathered edible plants and used the abundant timber for fire and shelter. The
111:
million. The cities attract temporary or permanent migrants from the rural areas. The smaller cities are more connected to the mountain culture and economy than the larger ones.
779:
use for recreation. In South and East Asia, much of the labor for construction, road building and road maintenance is supplied by poor laborers from the lowlands. The
2761:
297:
The cultural groups that live in the mountains are often minorities within their countries, although they may be in the majority in their region. This is true of the
433:
mountain species. However, studies have shown that some positive selected genes or gene regions do contribute to adaptation to high altitude in Andeans and Tibetans.
2924:
621:
Himalaya shows strong similarities. At low elevations crops in all three regions include fruits, and at mid elevations they all include cereals such as
424:
Many of the high-elevation people grow slowly and have small bodies. This may reduce their energy requirements without affecting their ability to handle
192:
629:
in the Andes and Himalaya. Higher up the production gives way to tubers such as potatoes, then to forest, and then at high elevations to pasture for
722:
and mining for metal ores in the western mountains resulted in growth of settlements between 1850 and 1930. Many of these were abandoned during the
477:
Based on a detailed GIS survey, in mountain regions of developing and transitional countries the types of land cover and actual land use are:
123:. It is believed that hill people were the primary carriers of knowledge and culture that helped re-seed civilization after local collapses.
2874:
2847:
2827:
2780:
204:
132:
187:
biodiversity in many of the world's mountain regions. Areas with high biodiversity where the environment is under intense stress include
179:
snow, sleet and heavy rainfall in some areas, causing steady erosion. The thin soils on the slopes do not retain water, and only support
2964:
1698:
664:
Where crops were previously grown only for local consumption, with improved transportation it is practical to grow cash crops such as
441:
140:
2917:
767:
in Europe and North America used to be similar, but with improved transportation today the mountain people are quite prosperous.
762:
served as mercenaries in foreign countries. Today many people from the South Asian mountains work in other countries such as the
200:
1186:
The 2003 FAO report gives the following mountain area population densities by geographical region and class of mountain region:
1892:
763:
1859:
566:
still follow a traditional hunting and gathering lifestyle, although they are under growing pressure from the outside world.
2769:
Grover, Velma I.; Borsdorf, Axel; Breuste, JĂĽrgen; Tiwari, Prakash Chandra; Frangetto, Flavia Witkowski (19 December 2014),
1819:
208:
2910:
98:
People have used or lived in the mountains for thousands of years, first as hunter-gatherers and later as farmers and
57:
219:
3042:
428:, cold and work demands. Long term high-elevation residents have expanded lungs and hearts, higher levels of
3011:
3001:
1940:
Switzerland is further from the equator than Peru or Nepal, so the altitude zones change at lower altitudes.
425:
2896:
2944:
2695:
2673:
1916:
51:
3037:
2836:
Price, Martin F.; Byers, Alton C.; Friend, Donald A.; Kohler, Thomas; Price, Larry W. (24 August 2013),
1888:
1814:
1027:
The 2003 FAO report gives the following mountain area populations by geographical region and elevation:
719:
35:
697:, the local people tend not share that view, since the wildlife preys upon their livestock and crops.
3032:
1911:
1854:
705:
2959:
547:
30:
This article is about people who live in the hills or mountains. For Appalachian hill people, see
759:
469:
2870:
2864:
2843:
2837:
2823:
2776:
2755:
2744:
649:
2770:
2984:
2974:
2817:
2734:
2724:
1921:
1864:
723:
448:
437:
290:
286:
282:
799:
2994:
2949:
1638:
1524:
278:
274:
70:
3006:
2739:
1736:
1600:
1444:
414:
338:
298:
266:
258:
172:
144:
95:
from melting snow and rain that cause high levels of erosion and thin, immature soils.
92:
410:
155:
3026:
2694:
Blyth, Simon; Groombridge, Brian; Lysenko, Igor; Miles, Lera; Newton, Adrian (2002),
1869:
1849:
1824:
1717:
1543:
1505:
784:
780:
395:
342:
330:
120:
103:
2979:
1581:
755:
694:
559:
302:
231:
65:
2729:
1657:
1619:
856:
812:
610:
571:
555:
306:
135:(WCMC) classification, mountain regions include both hills and mountains. See "
99:
1844:
1834:
1467:
872:
788:
730:
563:
429:
383:
270:
188:
163:
2697:
Mountain Watch: Environmental Change and Sustainable Development in Mountains
2398:
2396:
2226:
2224:
2199:
2197:
2989:
2603:
2601:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2127:
2125:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1970:
1968:
1562:
1486:
1425:
884:
840:
738:
734:
379:
310:
254:
180:
47:
31:
2819:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
2748:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1955:
1953:
1951:
852:
816:
2891:
2683:, Cambridge University Press for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
17:
1839:
880:
876:
832:
770:
The mountains are visited seasonally by nomadic pastoralists such as the
334:
196:
88:
39:
2588:
2586:
2501:
2499:
2474:
2472:
2447:
2445:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2383:
2381:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2100:
2098:
2933:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1448:
1387:
The 2003 FAO report gives the following area and population estimates:
892:
888:
868:
860:
844:
828:
669:
642:
375:
371:
314:
159:
2703:, Cambridge, United Kingdom: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
447:
The people of the tropical high mountains experience more exposure to
2902:
2799:
Towards a GIS-based analysis of mountain environments and populations
1898:
1881:
1876:
1829:
864:
848:
836:
824:
803:
775:
771:
751:
710:
677:
665:
634:
622:
606:
602:
590:
586:
582:
367:
363:
326:
2797:
2969:
820:
798:
704:
681:
630:
618:
594:
578:
546:
468:
409:
387:
318:
250:
230:
154:
64:
56:
690:
686:
673:
654:
638:
626:
614:
418:
399:
322:
262:
84:
2906:
2805:, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2796:
Huddleston, Barbara; Ataman, Ergin; Fè d’Ostiani, Luca (2003),
2772:
Impact of Global Changes on Mountains: Responses and Adaptation
815:
at 2,250 metres (7,380 ft), with about 21 million people,
456:
problems are compounded by poor access to primary health care.
598:
518:
Grazing with some cropland, closed forest and barren land: 41%
289:
are spoken in the Alps. The rugged mountains of the island of
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2655:
2643:
2419:
2402:
2372:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2215:
2203:
2073:
2071:
2010:
1993:
1974:
1959:
2631:
2131:
2089:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2325:
2323:
863:
among African mountain cities. The list in Asia includes
729:
So far, there has been relatively little mining in the
119:
The history of hill people can be traced to before the
2681:
Climate Change 1995: The IPCC Second Assessment Report
2619:
2607:
2592:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2517:
2505:
2478:
2463:
2451:
2436:
2387:
2283:
2188:
2143:
2104:
2062:
2039:
2341:
1182:
Population densities by geographical region and class
827:
at 3,500 to 3,800 metres (11,500 to 12,500 ft),
253:
and the western mountains of Canada. In the central
963:Slope > 5° or LER > 300 metres (980 ft)
527:
Mixed use: closed forest, grazing and cropland: 11%
543:From hunting and gathering to farming and forestry
69:Map of the diverse ethno-linguistic groups in the
2839:Mountain Geography: Physical and Human Dimensions
1023:Populations by geographical region and elevation
27:General demonym for people who live at elevation
2674:"Impacts of Climate Change on Mountain Regions"
1041:Percentage of mountain population by elevation
402:there are people who still live on mountains .
83:, is a general term for people who live in the
597:have their origins in mountain regions, as do
2918:
34:. For the hill tribes of Southeast Asia, see
8:
2760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
685:in the mountains of large predators such as
2529:
2302:
2116:
2077:
1755:Total developing & transition countries
609:. A comparison of crops grown in southern
2925:
2911:
2903:
2672:Beniston, Martin; Fox, Douglas G. (1995),
2656:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2644:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2420:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2403:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2373:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2267:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2255:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2243:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2231:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2216:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
2204:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
1960:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003
1383:Area and population by geographical region
193:California montane chaparral and woodlands
61:CIA hand-rendered terrain map of the world
2738:
2728:
575:of the traditional mountain communities.
1389:
1188:
1029:
917:
855:are among European mountain cities, and
741:, although this seems likely to change.
479:
1947:
1933:
2822:, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG,
2753:
2490:
2360:
2329:
2314:
2167:
2155:
2022:
648:The people of the Andes maintain what
235:Elderly Akha woman, Northeast Thailand
195:), the mixed forest ecoregion in the
199:, and in northwest South America the
7:
133:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
48:Ik people § The Mountain People
2863:Webber, Patrick J (8 March 2019),
1699:Commonwealth of Independent States
949:LER > 300 metres (980 ft)
473:High altitude in the Chilean Andes
442:high-altitude adaptation in humans
25:
823:at 2,850 metres (9,350 ft),
819:at 2,650 metres (8,690 ft),
141:Food and Agriculture Organization
38:. For the role-playing game, see
2890:
2816:Palmer, Bill (4 December 2017),
835:. In North America they include
201:Magdalena Valley montane forests
147:follow the WCMC classification.
791:workers for most manual tasks.
406:Physical adaptation and health
1:
1080:Latin America & Caribbean
209:Western Ecuador moist forests
205:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests
136:
2842:, Univ of California Press,
2730:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001116
1860:Northeast Indian Hill tribes
1100:Near East & North Africa
273:. Many distinct dialects of
1251:Latin America and Caribbean
787:can often afford to employ
3059:
1277:Near East and North Africa
910:Classes of mountain region
709:Round Mountain gold mine,
137:Classes of mountain region
29:
2940:
1772:Total developed countries
1692:
1419:
1194:
1191:
1040:
1035:
1032:
926:
923:
920:
625:and wheat, and maize and
551:Terraced farming in Nepal
2869:, Taylor & Francis,
2866:High Altitude Geoecology
1693:Countries in transition
524:Mainly closed forest: 9%
220:impact of climate change
181:drought-resistant plants
2530:Beniston & Fox 1995
2303:Beniston & Fox 1995
2117:Beniston & Fox 1995
2078:Beniston & Fox 1995
1329:Countries in transition
1140:Countries in Transition
191:'s montane ecoregions (
1917:Southeast Asian Massif
807:
714:
617:Andes and the Central
552:
474:
421:
257:there are speakers of
236:
167:
162:village and the river
79:, also referred to as
73:
62:
52:Mountain People (song)
2985:Agricultural/Agrarian
1815:Appalachian Americans
1420:Developing countries
1403: % of total area
802:
708:
550:
472:
413:
234:
158:
68:
60:
42:. For the book named
36:Hill tribe (Thailand)
2899:at Wikimedia Commons
1912:Andean civilizations
1060:Asia & Pacific
760:Scottish highlanders
50:. For the song, see
2610:, pp. 270–271.
2568:, pp. 272–273.
2544:, pp. 275–276.
1355:Developed countries
1160:Developed Countries
783:in the region near
653:mountain region of
436:Studies in Peru of
44:The Mountain People
2934:Types of societies
2632:Grover et al. 2014
2556:, p. 286–287.
2466:, p. 285–286.
2342:Bigham et al. 2010
2132:Grover et al. 2014
2090:Grover et al. 2014
1808:Hill people groups
1303:Sub-Saharan Africa
1120:Sub-Saharan Africa
808:
715:
641:, and in Peru for
553:
530:Mainly cropland 1%
521:Mainly grazing: 3%
512:Mainly barren: 26%
475:
422:
237:
168:
74:
63:
3020:
3019:
2895:Media related to
2876:978-0-429-72735-1
2849:978-0-520-95697-1
2829:978-3-11-029525-2
2782:978-1-4822-0891-7
2620:Price et al. 2013
2608:Price et al. 2013
2593:Price et al. 2013
2578:Price et al. 2013
2566:Price et al. 2013
2554:Price et al. 2013
2542:Price et al. 2013
2518:Price et al. 2013
2506:Price et al. 2013
2479:Price et al. 2013
2464:Price et al. 2013
2452:Price et al. 2013
2437:Price et al. 2013
2388:Price et al. 2013
2284:Price et al. 2013
2218:, pp. 20–21.
2189:Price et al. 2013
2144:Price et al. 2013
2105:Price et al. 2013
2063:Price et al. 2013
2040:Price et al. 2013
2011:Blyth et al. 2002
1994:Blyth et al. 2002
1975:Blyth et al. 2002
1805:
1804:
1380:
1379:
1179:
1178:
1020:
1019:
650:John Victor Murra
536:
535:
353:Present situation
16:(Redirected from
3050:
3002:Proto-Industrial
2927:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2894:
2879:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2832:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2742:
2732:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1941:
1938:
1922:Talysh Mountains
1865:Polish Uplanders
1676:Total developing
1415:% of total pop.
1390:
1225:Asia and Pacific
1189:
1030:
918:
724:Great Depression
480:
449:solar irradiance
438:aerobic capacity
325:and the east of
321:in the north of
291:Papua New Guinea
21:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3043:Montane ecology
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:Post-industrial
2950:Hunter-gatherer
2936:
2931:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2830:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2768:
2752:
2723:(9): e1001116,
2713:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2426:
2418:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2290:
2282:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2257:, pp. 8–9.
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2046:
2038:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1908:
1903:
1889:Thai Hill tribe
1810:
1639:Southern Africa
1525:Central America
1414:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1385:
1219:
1184:
1037:
1025:
924:Elevation range
912:
905:
797:
747:
703:
545:
467:
462:
408:
355:
242:
229:
153:
129:
117:
104:food insecurity
81:mountain people
71:Caucasus region
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2945:Pre-industrial
2941:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2886:
2885:External links
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2860:
2848:
2833:
2828:
2813:
2793:
2781:
2766:
2711:
2691:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2622:, p. 271.
2612:
2597:
2595:, p. 270.
2582:
2580:, p. 273.
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2532:, p. 197.
2522:
2520:, p. 280.
2510:
2508:, p. 275.
2495:
2483:
2481:, p. 284.
2468:
2456:
2454:, p. 285.
2441:
2439:, p. 286.
2424:
2407:
2392:
2390:, p. 278.
2377:
2365:
2346:
2334:
2319:
2307:
2305:, p. 196.
2288:
2286:, p. 272.
2271:
2269:, p. iii.
2259:
2247:
2235:
2220:
2208:
2193:
2191:, p. 268.
2172:
2160:
2148:
2146:, p. 282.
2136:
2121:
2119:, p. 199.
2109:
2107:, p. 283.
2094:
2082:
2080:, p. 193.
2067:
2065:, p. 276.
2044:
2042:, p. 267.
2027:
2015:
1998:
1979:
1964:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:Eastern Europe
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:Central Africa
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1445:Southeast Asia
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1401:Mountain area
1399:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:People per km
1193:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
991:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
977:Slope > 2°
975:
972:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
937:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
911:
908:
904:
901:
796:
793:
746:
743:
702:
699:
544:
541:
534:
533:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
508:
507:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:Protected: 10%
494:
488:
487:
484:
466:
463:
461:
458:
407:
404:
354:
351:
317:in China, the
241:
238:
228:
225:
173:alpine regions
152:
149:
145:United Nations
128:
125:
116:
113:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Horticultural
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2784:
2778:
2775:, CRC Press,
2774:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:PLOS Genetics
2712:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2634:, p. 82.
2633:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2405:, p. 10.
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:, p. iv.
2374:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2233:, p. 21.
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2206:, p. 20.
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2134:, p. 90.
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2092:, p. 88.
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2013:, p. 15.
2012:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:, p. 14.
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Merina people
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Gorani people
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Baltic states
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:South America
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:North America
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:Mountain area
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:pop. density
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:11,500–14,800
1000:
997:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
938:
934:
931:
930:
927:Slope or LER
919:
916:
909:
907:
902:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
785:Mount Everest
782:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
744:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
712:
707:
700:
698:
696:
695:snow leopards
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
656:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
549:
542:
540:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
515:Protected: 9%
514:
511:
510:
509:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
490:
489:
485:
482:
481:
478:
471:
464:
460:Rural economy
459:
457:
453:
450:
445:
443:
439:
434:
431:
427:
420:
416:
412:
405:
403:
401:
397:
396:Talysh people
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
359:
352:
350:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
246:
239:
233:
226:
224:
221:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
184:
182:
176:
174:
165:
161:
157:
150:
148:
146:
143:(FAO) of the
142:
138:
134:
126:
124:
122:
121:Halaf culture
114:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
67:
59:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3038:Anthropology
2954:
2865:
2853:, retrieved
2838:
2818:
2807:, retrieved
2798:
2786:, retrieved
2771:
2720:
2716:
2705:, retrieved
2696:
2685:, retrieved
2680:
2658:, p. 8.
2651:
2646:, p. 6.
2639:
2627:
2615:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2486:
2459:
2422:, p. 5.
2368:
2337:
2310:
2262:
2250:
2245:, p. 4.
2238:
2211:
2170:, p. 1.
2163:
2158:, p. 2.
2151:
2139:
2112:
2085:
2018:
1996:, p. 8.
1962:, p. 2.
1936:
1582:North Africa
1386:
1185:
1052:2,500-3,500m
1049:1,100-2,500m
1026:
988:8,200–11,500
913:
906:
897:
809:
769:
748:
728:
720:Appalachians
716:
663:
659:
647:
577:
568:
554:
537:
505:Cropland: 7%
502:Grazing: 25%
476:
454:
446:
435:
423:
392:
360:
356:
347:
296:
247:
243:
217:
213:
185:
177:
169:
130:
118:
109:
100:pastoralists
97:
80:
76:
75:
43:
3033:Hill people
2960:Circumpolar
2897:Hill people
2491:Webber 2019
2361:Webber 2019
2330:Webber 2019
2315:Webber 2019
2168:Palmer 2017
2156:Palmer 2017
2023:Webber 2019
1798:718,790,000
1789:Total world
1764:662,792,000
1685:630,710,000
1658:West Africa
1620:East Africa
1436:228,016,000
1083:113,000,000
1063:333,000,000
1055:>3,500m
1014:> 14,800
1011:> 4,500
998:3,500–4,500
985:2,500–3,500
974:4,900–8,200
971:1,500–2,500
960:3,300–4,900
957:1,000–1,500
857:Addis Ababa
813:Mexico City
795:Urban areas
764:Gulf States
611:Switzerland
572:Han Chinese
556:Paleolithic
499:Forest: 25%
493:Barren: 33%
151:Environment
77:Hill people
3027:Categories
3007:Industrial
2809:2019-05-28
2707:2019-05-28
2687:2019-05-28
1928:References
1870:SÄ…cz Lachs
1855:Montagnard
1845:Lao Theung
1835:Khmer Loeu
1820:Caucasians
1792:29,384,000
1781:55,998,000
1758:22,542,000
1747:14,804,000
1709:17,278,000
1679:17,237,000
1649:13,035,000
1630:61,955,000
1592:15,525,000
1573:81,714,000
1554:61,253,000
1535:18,732,000
1516:29,658,000
1478:52,953,000
1468:South Asia
1459:52,101,000
1413:population
1408:population
1393:Sub-region
1163:56,000,000
1143:32,000,000
1123:88,000,000
1103:97,000,000
1046:<1,000m
1038:Population
903:Statistics
873:Chandigarh
731:Hindu Kush
564:Kalimantan
483:Land cover
465:Land usage
430:hemoglobin
386:(63%) and
384:Costa Rica
271:Burushaski
227:Population
189:California
164:Dudh Koshi
131:Under the
18:Hill-tribe
2965:Subarctic
1775:6,842,000
1703:4,966,000
1668:4,046,000
1624:1,016,000
1611:8,944,000
1567:2,202,000
1563:Near East
1548:2,996,000
1497:2,779,000
1487:Caribbean
1472:1,051,000
1453:1,729,000
1430:5,514,000
1426:East Asia
946:980–3,280
943:300–1,000
885:Kathmandu
841:Vancouver
806:, Bolivia
745:Migration
739:Himalayas
735:Karakoram
486:Land use
417:Woman in
398:lands in
380:Guatemala
255:Karakoram
240:Diversity
89:mountains
32:Hillbilly
2975:Pastoral
2756:citation
2749:20838600
2493:, PT129.
2363:, PT128.
2332:, PT126.
2317:, PT127.
2025:, PT123.
1906:See also
1840:Lao Sung
1411:Mountain
1406:Mountain
1036:Mountain
881:Siliguri
877:Dehradun
833:Santiago
643:camelids
615:Peruvian
591:tomatoes
587:potatoes
337:and the
335:Ethiopia
299:Tibetans
287:Romansch
197:Caucasus
166:in Nepal
40:Hillfolk
2995:Complex
2970:Nomadic
2955:Montane
2740:2936536
2665:Sources
1741:340,000
1662:120,000
1643:681,000
1605:308,000
1586:478,000
1529:213,000
1510:881,000
1449:Oceania
1218:Average
1215:Class 6
1212:Class 5
1209:Class 4
1206:Class 3
1203:Class 2
1200:Class 1
1008:Class 6
995:Class 5
982:Class 4
968:Class 3
954:Class 2
940:Class 1
893:Kunming
889:Chengdu
869:Bandung
861:Nairobi
845:Calgary
829:Caracas
781:Sherpas
776:Gurjars
752:Gurkhas
670:cabbage
666:carrots
426:hypoxia
415:Quechua
390:(61%).
382:(64%),
378:(70%),
376:Armenia
374:(73%),
372:Lesotho
370:(75%),
366:(89%),
339:Quechua
315:Uyghurs
283:Italian
160:Jorsale
115:History
2990:Feudal
2873:
2855:28 May
2846:
2826:
2788:29 May
2779:
2747:
2737:
1899:Vlachs
1882:Lemkos
1877:Rusyns
1830:Gorals
1491:46,000
1192:Region
1033:Region
932:Meters
865:Tehran
853:ZĂĽrich
849:Geneva
837:Denver
825:La Paz
817:Bogotá
804:La Paz
772:Gaddis
711:Nevada
701:Mining
691:wolves
682:apples
678:garlic
635:cattle
623:barley
613:, the
607:quinoa
603:coffee
583:millet
560:Dayaks
368:Rwanda
364:Bhutan
343:Aymara
331:Amhars
329:, the
327:Turkey
279:German
275:French
127:Extent
93:runoff
46:, see
2803:(PDF)
2701:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
935:Feet
921:Class
821:Quito
756:Swiss
713:, USA
687:bears
674:beans
639:goats
631:sheep
619:Nepal
595:wheat
579:Maize
388:Yemen
319:Kurds
259:Shina
251:Andes
85:hills
2871:ISBN
2857:2019
2844:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2790:2019
2777:ISBN
2762:link
2745:PMID
1893:List
1447:and
891:and
859:and
851:and
843:and
831:and
774:and
758:and
737:and
693:and
680:and
655:Java
627:rice
605:and
593:and
419:Peru
400:Iran
341:and
323:Iraq
313:and
307:Miao
303:Naxi
285:and
269:and
267:Waki
263:Urdu
218:The
207:and
87:and
2735:PMC
2725:doi
1801:12
1767:13
1750:12
1688:14
1652:16
1633:29
1614:11
1595:11
1576:33
1557:18
1538:53
1519:30
1462:10
1439:17
1324:41
1315:124
1298:36
1272:27
1246:40
1169:21%
1166:79%
1149:22%
1146:78%
1135:1%
1132:14%
1129:66%
1126:19%
1109:57%
1106:38%
1095:7%
1092:17%
1089:38%
1086:38%
1075:2%
1069:35%
1066:60%
789:Rai
599:tea
562:of
333:in
3029::
2758:}}
2754:{{
2743:,
2733:,
2719:,
2679:,
2600:^
2585:^
2498:^
2471:^
2444:^
2427:^
2410:^
2395:^
2380:^
2349:^
2322:^
2291:^
2274:^
2223:^
2196:^
2175:^
2124:^
2097:^
2070:^
2047:^
2030:^
2001:^
1982:^
1967:^
1950:^
1795:22
1784:6
1778:20
1761:23
1744:29
1731:0
1712:6
1706:23
1682:23
1671:2
1646:13
1627:16
1570:34
1551:17
1532:41
1513:45
1500:9
1494:22
1481:4
1475:24
1456:35
1433:50
1398:km
1376:8
1358:13
1350:6
1321:10
1318:53
1312:80
1309:34
1306:20
1289:23
1286:29
1283:42
1280:43
1266:14
1263:42
1260:30
1257:25
1254:30
1237:13
1234:44
1231:52
1228:74
1175:-
1155:-
1115:-
1112:5%
1072:3%
895:.
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
871:,
867:,
847:.
839:,
754:,
733:,
689:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
645:.
637:,
633:,
601:,
589:,
585:,
581:,
444:.
311:Yi
309:,
305:,
301:,
281:,
277:,
265:,
261:,
211:.
203:,
2926:e
2919:t
2912:v
2764:)
2727::
2721:6
2344:.
1895:)
1891:(
1728:0
1725:0
1722:0
1665:2
1608:6
1589:9
1373:-
1370:-
1367:-
1364:2
1361:6
1347:-
1344:2
1341:2
1338:4
1335:4
1332:7
1295:2
1292:7
1269:8
1243:2
1240:5
1172:-
1152:-
54:.
20:)
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