467:
261:
40:
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is drained by many streams that join the
Tanjero river. The folds of mountains that emerge in the southeast region of Shahrizor make the area difficult to traverse. The land south of the Shahrizor consists of steep, high ridges that make inhabiting and travelling difficult. The land is in the valleys of these ridges are narrow, posing issues for agriculture.
571:. The distinct features of this pottery include neckless jars with inverted rims, double-rimmed jars, cannon spouts, globular holemouths and bowls with inwardly turned bevelled rims. The expedition found these characteristics to be similar to those of material uncovered in the Syrian Jazirah region and other locations in northwestern
375:
The
Shahrizor Plain is a prominent geographic region within the Hilly Flanks. The plain is formed by the Shahrizor basin, which is formed by the gradual descending height of the Azmar and Kurhakazhaw mountains. Many modern villages and ancient mounds have settled along the basin. The Shahrizor basin
642:
in the northeast and the mountainous
Surdash region in the northwest, is known for its agricultural history. Various weeds and cereal grasses, such as wild barley, continue to grow in non-cultivated soils of the region. Around 1957, an estimated 30% of the land was used for grain cultivation, while
631:
A noteworthy finding from the Joint
Istanbul University-Chicago Oriental Institute Prehistoric Project was the low presence of grains and grain legumes. The researchers believe the poor preservation of the food plants in the upper levels may account for this diminished amount. The decline in traces
599:
region. The most likely explanation for the late arrival in different regions is the complex nature of the husbandry practices for managing pigs. Environmental factors and the existing agricultural practices put in place in particular societies may have inhibited the introduction of pig management.
199:
The term âhilly flanksâ has been commonly associated with a region of fertile land typically characterised by a moderately mountainous âhillyâ nature. The moderate nature of the hills in these regions are normally due to the close proximity of the region to a mountainous region. Hence, foothills in
217:
Braidwood proposed his theory that the Hilly Flanks region was one of the first agricultural civilisations in the world given the sufficient amount of rainfall the region received. This enabled societies to carry out agriculture without irrigation. Communities were able to raise livestock in these
545:
era. The earliest
Neolithic pottery primarily consisted of tokens and figurines. The tokens are shaped as balls, cones, buttons, and âteardropsâ. Figurines commonly depict reclining female individuals, usually with enlarged hips and thighs, which the culture viewed as a âsign of femininity.â
371:
river in the
Fertile Crescent, the land of the hilly flanks is fertile for agriculture and raising livestock. The majority of fertile land most effective for agricultural use consist either of plains where rivers drains out of, or fertile valleys that run through the ridges of the foothills.
237:
experienced desiccation, or a period of increased droughts, higher temperatures, and decreased precipitation. The lack of rainfall resulted in less fertile land that posed issues for inhabitants of the region, which then forced civilisations to mobilise to oases and river valley regions in
190:
societies that settled in the region. Major emphasis in archaeological studies has been placed on the effect of the changes in climate on food management methods, particularly the shift from hunting and gathering to crop cultivation and livestock domestication. Animal husbandry include the
482:
The
Pishdar and Rania plains, located in the hilly flanks region, have been the location of many archaeological expeditions involving excavations. Excavations at the sites of Bab-w-Kur in the Rania plain revealed the remains of âa series of large tripartite row houses and workshops, and a
174:
The region has been the subject of numerous archaeological expeditions intending to discover more about its historical culture. One such archaeological investigation by the Danish
Archaeological Expedition to Iraq (DAEI) aimed to investigate the early urbanism in the upper regions of
628:, but placed an emphasis on the collection of data that provided insight on the domestication of plants and animals. Evidence across all excavations showed a shift from the dependence on big wild animals, such as aurochs and red deers, to the raising of domestic sheep and goats.
594:
Pig domestication occurred in the hilly flanks region, but discoveries found that there was an inconsistency in the pig management methods used throughout the region. Pig management had an early introduction in the Jarmo region, while it was introduced at a later stage in the
603:
Archaeological remains gathered by studies present evidence on the societal shift from hunting and gathering resources to producing food through agriculture and domesticating livestock. The first evidence of food resource management is believed to be dated back to the
549:
The creation of clay figurines provide insights into the activities carried out during that time. The female figurines are believed to have been used for education on female bodily development and implies a period of discovering their body and identity.
483:
fortification wall that seems to surround parts of the lower mound.â This area is given the nickname the âRed
Mudbrick Townâ. Analysis of the excavations in this region, along with accompanying pottery remains, suggest these findings date back to the
612:
climate change is a major reason for the shift to agriculture and herding methods. The change in climate prompted the improvement of human skills, technological innovations, and food management techniques required for successful food production.
427:
set up the Jarmo
Project to research the early domesticates in certain archaeological sites of interest in the hilly flanks region. The Jarmo Project found evidence of floral and faunal remains that helped to indicate the shift from
418:
believes that the settlements in the hilly flanks region are the worldâs first village farming communities, evidence of which are derived from archaeological expeditions that studied the Agricultural Revolution in the
1137:
Giraud, Jessica; Baldi, Johnny S.; Bonilauri, Stéphanie; Mashkour, Marjan; Lemée, Marion; Pichon, Fiona; Mura, Mathilde; Pot, Marie-Aliette; Jamialahmadi, Mana; Biglari, Fereidoun; Rasheed, Kamal (2019-12-01).
510:. Second, evidence is difficult to locate on imagery, and the nature of their composition is that of fragile, fragmented material. Third, the sites have been destroyed from intensive agriculture in the region.
478:
Plain. The plain's climate, characterised by higher altitudes and increased precipitation, present differing environmental patterns in comparison to the general trends provided by the study of the lake cores.
466:
541:
Pottery and clay innovation was a major aspect of creativity and practice in the hilly flanks. Archaeological findings have uncovered remains of pottery dating back to the
616:
Excavations by the Joint Istanbul University-Chicago Oriental Institute Prehistoric Project studied an early-village farming site dating back to around 7000 B.C. called
407:
Foothill Arc. The characteristics shared include being located along elevated sites around river catchments and historically being early farming sites.
517:
became an obstacle for researchers pursuing scientific studies in the hilly flanks region. Most archaeologists shifted their research to the adjacent
1298:
Matthews, W.; Richardson, A.; Walsh, S.; Iversen, I.; Mudd, D.; Rasheed, K.; Raeuf, K.; Bendrey, R.; Whitlam, J.; Bogaard, A.; Charles, M. (2019).
525:
regions. In the late 2000s, archaeological excavations resumed in the Iraqi Kurdistan region as the political situation stabilised. Sites of the
242:. However, further archaeological research expeditions, such as the Iraq-Jarmo Project, provided evidence that supported Braidwood's theory.
591:
in the hilly flanks region, raised animals such as goats, sheep, pigs, and cattle, and harvested crops such as wheat, barley, and legumes.
1140:"Human occupation along the foothills of Northwestern Zagros during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene in the Rania and Peshdar plains"
214:. He is believed to be one of the first to coin the phrase âthe hilly flanks of the Fertile Crescentâ to describe this particular region.
721:
250:
293:, the region spans over 1000 miles from the lower central area of the Turkish peninsula, curling around the northern sector of the
1427:
474:
Despite the evidence gathered from the lake coring expeditions, there is a lack of understanding of the evolution history of the
179:. Previous survey work done in the Rania Plain, a region in the Hilly Flanks, has recorded settlement history dating back to the
712:
490:
Although there are ongoing archaeological projects and excavations, there have only been six archaeological sites of study in
583:
The hilly flanks are largely believed to be the origins of agriculture, particularly the use of domestic animals and plants.
191:
domestication of pigs, goats, sheep, and cattle. The crops frequently harvested include barley, wheat, legumes, and grains.
1180:"Landscape and early farming at Neolithic sites in Slemani, Iraqi Kurdistan: A case study of Jarmo and Qalat Said Ahmadan"
164:
835:"The Northern Iranian Central Plateau at the End of the Pleistocene and Early Holocene: The Emergence of Domestication"
435:
Further archaeological expeditions from geologists and botanists provided evidence to supplement the understanding of
1078:"New Investigations in the Environment, History, and Archaeology of the Iraqi Hilly Flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project"
186:
Studies on pottery and clay remains in the region uncover the activities of creative expression and entertainment in
206:, an American archaeologist from Michigan, led the Iraq-Jarmo Project in the 1950s, which consisted of carrying out
1422:
502:
may have taken place in the Northern Iraqi plain, resulting in the burial of sites by sedimentary deposits such as
207:
533:
in the Shahrizor Plain and Shimshara in the Rania Plain, were investigated to research methods of early farming.
443:
climate changes in the region. The evidence was obtained through archaeological projects involving the coring of
379:
The Hilly Flanks share similar characteristics with other foothill chains, including the alluvial fans along the
1344:
Braidwood, Robert J.; Cambel, Halet; Lawrence, Barbara; Redman, Charles L.; Stewart, Robert B. (February 1974).
556:
pottery has been identified in Kall Karim, a region of the hilly flanks located between the Iraqi border and
245:
There are other instances where a region of land is given the designation of âthe hilly flanksâ. A team of
707:
657:
652:
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Mountains. Ubaid pottery is typically characterised by its black to brown, purple and dark green colours.
436:
1178:
Tsuneki, Akira; Rasheed, Kamal; Watanabe, Nobuya; Anma, Ryo; Tatsumi, Yuki; Minami, Masayo (2019-12-01).
1269:"Early Pig Management in the Zagros Flanks: Reanalysis of the Fauna from Neolithic Jarmo, Northern Iraq"
460:
203:
432:
of wild species to a mode of subsistence dependent on domesticated plants, animals and their products.
260:
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1357:
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glaciation periods, and the Holocene climate change saw increased precipitation and the shift to the
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regions. Braidwood's theory was proposed as a counterargument to that of Australian archaeologist
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1244:
1205:
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The area pertaining to the hilly flanks is predominantly characterised as the foothills of the
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began in the Hilly Flanks because these areas received enough rainfall for agriculture without
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1197:
1157:
854:
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of food plants may indicate a difference in dependency of food sources, from plant to animal.
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325:
1225:"Ubaid Ceramic Production in the Hilly Flanks of Northwestern Posht-I Kuh (Ilam - West Iran)"
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Altaweel, Marsh; MĂŒhl, S.; Nieuwenhuyse, O.; Radner, K.; Rasheed, K.; Saber, S. A. (2012).
491:
429:
424:
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306:
625:
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1361:
1300:"The Early Neolithic of Iraqi Kurdistan: Current research at Bestansur, Shahrizor Plain"
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is used to describe the approximate historical region encompassing the land east of the
360:. A large portion of the Hilly Flanks region lies within the northern highlands of the
246:
89:
1388:
1345:
455:. The regional environmental studies indicate aridity and lower snow lines during the
1411:
1325:
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1209:
1101:
866:
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470:
The Neolithic site of Bestansur at the Shahrizor Plain, Sulaymaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan
380:
253:, USA used the term âhilly flanksâ to refer to the northern part of a Fertile Arc in
144:
1017:"Foothills and intermountain basins: Does China's Fertile Arc have "Hilly Flanks"?"
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858:
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van Zeist, W. (1966). "Late Quaternary vegetation history of Western Iran".
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104:. The Hilly Flanks foothill chain spans over 1000 miles, including parts of
17:
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1192:
1152:
1370:
1015:
Ren, Lemoine X.; Mo, D.; Kidder, T. R.; Guo, Y.; Qin, Z.; Liu, X. (2016).
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in the Hilly Flanks region are explained by three primary reasons. First,
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383:, the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor, which is a region spanning from the
1240:
1346:"Beginnings of Village-Farming Communities in Southeastern Turkeyâ1972"
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813:
388:
341:
125:
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171:. Ultimately, archaeological investigations proved Braidwood correct.
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Vahdati Nasab, Hamed; Shirvani, Sanaz; Rigaud, Solange (2019-08-13).
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The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions
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The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions
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120:, with similar characteristics of fertility with the added trait of
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163:, which placed the origins of agriculture in well-watered desert
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494:, including Jarmo. The lower number of sites identified for the
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109:
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257:, similar to that of the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East.
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crops had their natural habitats in the Hilly Flanks, as did
638:, a wide valley in the hilly flanks region bordered by the
264:
The Hilly Flanks (orange) curl around the green area, the
895:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
143:. He also observed that many of the wild progenitors of
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known today, consisting of dry summers and wet winters.
643:
around 50% of the land was used for animal husbandry.
797:"Pre-Pottery Clay Innovation in the Zagros Foothills"
624:. The Project gathered resources to learn more about
891:"Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros: I"
567:
pottery in the Rania and Peshdar plains in Northern
58:
53:
32:
301:range. The natural borders of this region are the
27:Area around the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia
281:. Intercepting through the modern-day borders of
200:certain regions have been dubbed âhilly flanksâ.
989:"Jarmo | archaeological site, Iraq | Britannica"
336:includes the parts of the modern-day nations of
1350:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
44:A section of the Hilly Flanks region with the
513:The political escalation of the mid-1970s in
8:
684:"What are the Hilly Flanks in Agriculture?"
297:, then running along the foothills of the
29:
1387:
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1273:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
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587:, an archaeological site in northeastern
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155:. His theory was in opposition to the
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1117:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
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249:from the Department of Anthropology,
84:are the upland areas surrounding the
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1056:Kopanias, K.; MacGinnis, J. (2016).
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771:Kopanias, K.; MacGinnis, J. (2016).
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941:"Robert John Braidwood (1907-2003)"
451:, Lake Zeribar and Lake Mirabad in
229:, which argued that the regions of
423:. In 1950, Braidwood and his wife
313:to the south, and the lowlands of
251:Washington University in St. Louis
25:
1060:. Archaeopress. pp. 411â415.
777:. Archaeopress. pp. 411â415.
367:Given its close proximity to the
92:, including the foothills of the
100:, and the highland parts of the
38:
1267:Price; Arbuckle, B. S. (2015).
974:. London: Norton & Company.
135:in 1948. He proposed that the
116:. The region is just north of
1:
801:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
716:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
563:Additional excavations found
1042:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.001
839:Journal of World Prehistory
739:"What Is the Oasis Theory?"
74:Middle East or Western Asia
1444:
972:The Most Ancient Near East
851:10.1007/s10963-019-09133-0
713:Why the West RulesâFor Now
208:interdisciplinary research
1094:10.1017/S0021088900000231
957:10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.642
320:In archaeology, the term
37:
1021:Quaternary International
606:Upper Paleolithic Period
485:Late Chalcolithic Period
210:in the foothills of the
181:Late Chalcolithic Period
1428:Physiographic divisions
945:American Anthropologist
131:The term was coined by
1317:10.4000/paleorient.644
1193:10.4000/paleorient.666
1153:10.4000/paleorient.702
658:History of Mesopotamia
653:History of agriculture
496:Early Neolithic Period
471:
437:Pleistocene glaciation
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1371:10.1073/pnas.71.2.568
970:Childe, V.G. (1928).
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461:Mediterranean climate
430:hunting and gathering
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204:Robert John Braidwood
225:Childe proposed his
137:Neolithic Revolution
1362:1974PNAS...71..568B
1241:10.1017/irq.2018.15
1033:2016QuInt.426...86R
795:Richardson (2019).
403:, and the northern
993:www.britannica.com
814:10.1111/ojoa.12155
529:period, including
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305:to the north, the
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48:in the background.
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1223:Mazaheri (2018).
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303:Zagros Mountains
279:Zagros Mountains
266:Fertile Crescent
220:V. Gordon Childe
212:Zagros Mountains
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295:Tigris river
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227:Oasis Theory
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157:oasis theory
145:domesticated
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1418:Mesopotamia
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579:Agriculture
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315:Mesopotamia
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177:Mesopotamia
169:Mesopotamia
118:Mesopotamia
1412:Categories
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1184:Paléorient
1144:Paléorient
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664:References
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