212:
769:
138:
761:
228:
tank crews' morale (by giving a sense of increased security) the analysts argued that many improvised armouring techniques were not effective. For example, welding spare tank treads to a turret was not effective, as treads were not armour-grade steel, and concrete was found to offer little protection while also leading to excess fragmentation. Some improvised armour, such as adding concrete or welding on tank treads on an 80 to 90-degree angle, actually made enemy weapons more effective, and both approaches overtaxed the tanks' powertrains from the extra weight.
1855:"The cages are supposed to defend against anti-tank weapons that strike the top of the vehicle, where the armor is the thinnest. "The idea is that if you set off a bazooka or a Panzerfaust... they're set off early and so they don't hit the tank itself..." Crump explained. However, the cages are largely ineffective against the modern anti-tank weapons used by the Ukrainians, such as the Javelin and NLAW... Many modern weapons are designed to counter that sort of protection
366:
251:. Besides spare track-links, other improvised armour included wooden logs, tree trunks, armour plating from other destroyed or abandoned tanks and even a thick layer of concrete, albeit the lattermost very rarely. Concrete was sometimes added above the driver to protect the thinner roof above a driver from antitank rifle fire coming from above. Soviet tank crews sometimes welded bed frames to their tanks to protect against
33:
1944:[At first we welded the body kits (metal grilles for protection against anti-tank missiles) to the tanks, but then they were all removed. Firstly, it is inconvenient: the machine gun is unable to move, and the radio connection disappears when the antenna touches the grille. If there is some kind of fire, it will be simply unrealistic to get out of the tank... So they were all removed and thrown away.]
563:
1942:Обвесы (металлические решетки для защиты от противотанковых ракет) мы сначала все наварили на танки, а потом их все сняли. Во-первых, неудобно: пулемет не двигается, антенна когда замыкает об решетку – сгорает радиостанция, связь пропадает. И если будет какое-то возгорание, там просто нереально будет вылезти из танка... Поэтому их все сняли и выкинули.
290:. Elsewhere, such as on the Eastern Front and in Italy, the German military also relied on add-on plates of armour of varying thickness (including the well-known Schürzen add-on side armour plating), cement and timber to increase the armour of their tracked combat vehicles, especially those with weaker armour like the Marder series of
619:: "It isn't a matter of money. It isn't a matter on the part of the Army of desire. It's a matter of production and capability of doing it. As you know, ah, you go to war with the army you have – not the army you might want or wish to have at a later time. You can have all the armour in the world on a tank and (still) be blown up..."
587:
1801:[It is interesting to mention the terminology surrounding the improvised armour on the tower, referred to as "dog kennel" or "chicken coop" in Hungarian, or "cope cage" in Anglo-Saxon sources. The purpose of the armour is to protect the combat vehicles from drone missiles or armour-piercing rockets coming from above.]
575:
1799:Érdekes egy szót említeni a „kutyaólként" vagy "csirkeketrecként," angolszász forrásokban „cope cage," vagyis durván „dolgozd fel ketrecként" emlegetett improvizált páncélzatról a tornyon. A páncélzat célja az lenne, hogy megvédje a harcjárműveket a felülről érkező drónrakétáktól vagy páncéltörő rakétáktól.
867:
militants, who are armed with captured modern armour. Many of the improvised vehicles were converted tractors and farm equipment fitted with Soviet-era guns, some with elaborate paint schemes and designs. Western commentators and reporters have likened the appearance of some of these vehicles as like
807:
where it saw combat usage, it was pejoratively referred to as "emotional support armour" or "cope cages" among online communities, as an expression of skepticism over their effectiveness. Military analysts have suggested that the armour was most likely designed in an attempt to mitigate the threat of
294:
and the StuG III (many of these were given either timber, concrete, additional armour plating or spare tracks to increase their battlefield survivability). Most German vehicles exported to their allies in the war also carried such forms of armour, such as StuG IIIs sent to
Finland, which carried both
227:
The German military became aware of these improvised armour approaches used by their troops and issued a recommendation against using most of them in 1944 in the
Nachrichtenblatt der Panzertruppen (Newsletter for the Armoured Forces). While the German military was aware that improvised armour boosted
1143:
Nachrichtenblatt der
Panzertruppen No. 14, August 1944. Berlin : Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen, 1944. 40 p. Nachrichtenblatt der Panzertruppen No. 15, September 1944. Berlin : Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen, 1944. 30 p. Reisebericht über die Teilnahme an der Rüstungsbesprechung
1133:
Nachrichtenblatt der
Panzertruppen No. 14, August 1944. Berlin : Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen, 1944. 40 p. Nachrichtenblatt der Panzertruppen No. 15, September 1944. Berlin : Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen, 1944. 30 p. Reisebericht über die Teilnahme an der Rüstungsbesprechung
231:
Welding on improvised Schürzen (skirting) was not permitted, due to concerns that welding the original factory plate armour could weaken it; however, using brackets to mount turret-side and back skirts or side skirts was permitted. Side skirts were permitted because the Soviet 14,5 mm antitank
1123:
Nachrichtenblatt der
Panzertruppen No. 14, August 1944. Berlin : Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen, 1944. 40 p. Nachrichtenblatt der Panzertruppen No. 15, September 1944. Berlin : Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen, 1944. 30 p.Reisebericht über die Teilnahme an der Rüstungsbesprechung
820:
and drone attacks. In May 2022, it was reported in
Russian media interviews with Russian tankers who had returned from Ukraine that their crews eventually removed the cages, as they obstructed the use of machine guns and radios, and prevented timely evacuation if the tank caught fire. In June 2022
195:
and the designers of tank armour. In some cases, a tank that was effectively protected against existing antitank weapons at the time of its manufacture ended up, once finally tested and delivered to the battlefield, being vulnerable to newly designed antitank weapons. As such, tank crews would ask
513:
developed their own marine armour kit (MAK), consisting of bolt-on armour for the crew compartment, ballistic glass, suspension upgrades, and air conditioning. However, the kit was not fielded until early 2005, and even then only to certain specified units. Level I armour kits are now phasing out
651:
Several related questions were asked of
Rumsfeld by other troops. Some of Wilson's fellow soldiers and commanders supported his inquiry in later interviews. Col. John Zimmermann, staff judge advocate of Wilson's unit said that 95 per cent of the unit's 300 vehicles lacked appropriate armour, and
689:
held a special briefing on the issue of up-armouring. Officials stated that the process of up-armouring SPC Wilson's unit was nearly complete on
December 8, and was completed within 24 hours of the incident. Brig. Gen. Jeff Sorenson, Deputy for Acquisition Systems Management, stated during the
1882:
Another idea is that the cages are a response to the conflict in 2020 between
Armenia and Azerbaijan, over Nagorno-Karabakh, in which large numbers of Russian-made Armenian tanks were destroyed from above by MAM-Ls ... A third possibility is that the cages are meant as protection against
128:
in
Dunkirk sent teams in cars to find and rescue downed reconnaissance pilots in the battle areas. They mounted machine guns on them and as these excursions became increasingly dangerous, they improvised boiler plate armouring on the vehicles using metal provided by a local shipbuilder.
74:
in an irregular and extemporized fashion using available materials. Typically, improvised armour is added in the field and it was not originally part of the design, an official up-armour kit, nor centrally planned and distributed. Improvised armour is used to protect occupants from
1714:
They have indeed been mockingly dubbed by Western analysts as "emotional support armour" or "cope cages". Superficially, they are an example of what is known in military circles as field-expedient armour—in other words, stuff that has been added to vehicles after they have entered
1431:, wrote the following in a December 10, 2004, editor's note: "Questions have been raised as to whether Mr. Pitts used the soldier or put words in his mouth. While Mr. Pitts states that he discussed the armour question with the soldiers, Spc. Wilson chose to ask the question."
98:
Improvised vehicle armour has appeared on the battlefield for as long as vehicles have been used in combat. Though usually used in military or conflict contexts, improvised vehicle armour has also been used in non-combat contexts, such as to protect the vehicles of
1826:
Russian soldiers' futile use of pine logs as makeshift protection on logistical trucks and attaching overhead 'cope cages' to their tanks, it's nothing short of tragic. But their commanders' failures to adapt before entering them into such a conflict is
470:
1771:
Social media has been littered with photos of destroyed Russian tanks with cages. The images have acquired a symbolic resonance so quickly that Internet users have coined the term "cope cage" earning a page on the Internet's primary meme
1743:
These are colloquially termed "cope cages" by various communities on the internet. Of course, they will do little to minimise the impact from a missile, but they do demonstrate that Russian soldiers are fearful of the threat the missiles
832:
After the invasion Russian forces began to add improvised armour to their trucks. First in the form of scrap metal, logs and armoured panels from armoured vehicles such as APCs and later in the form of more form-fitting welded plates.
1650:
443:. In some cases they relied on Iraqis to assist them in these efforts, and referred to the result as "hajji" armour. They were also officially advised to line the floors of their Humvees with sandbags to deaden the impact of
204:). Some German improvised armour was designed to protect weak points, such as sandbags added by Afrika Korps tank crews to the turret joint. On the Eastern Front, some tank crews added sandbags due to fears of
803:-like turret) protected by armour of this sort was destroyed by one of the two Javelin missiles fired. However, the actual combat effectiveness of this style of armour was still unknown. In 2022, during the
678:: Meehan described the shortage of armoured vehicles as "a dangerously exposed center of gravity" of America's military presence in Iraq, and the lack of preparedness for insurgent tactics such as deploying
613:: "Why do we soldiers have to dig through local landfills for pieces of scrap metal and compromised ballistic glass to up-armour our vehicles? And why don't we have those resources readily available to us?"
1896:
1937:
845:
485:
The US Army began deploying "up-armour" kits to better protect military vehicles in August 2003, two years before the Marine Corps would. Three levels of "up-armour" were implemented:
1850:
1738:
1877:
1709:
211:
124:
received reports of this and converted some of their own cars. Improvised conversion continued until December 1914 when the first standardized design entered service. The British
2210:
1821:
979:
338:
836:
Improvised armour has also been employed by the Ukrainian army, and has been observed repeatedly in the battlefield on howitzers, IFVs, tanks and foreign-donated equipment.
1658:
666:, the company producing armoured Humvees for the Army, was asked to increase production from 450 to 550 per month—its maximum capacity. Also on December 10, Congressman
196:
field repair workshops to increase their protection, using a wide range of armouring principles, including welded or bolted on metal "skirts" around treads and turrets (
744:(trucks with mounted machine guns and other crew served weapons) with improvised armour mounted on them, likely in an attempt to improve survivability against superior
1883:
RPGs ... which are being fired at tanks from above. This ... is a preferred tactic in urban warfare, where buildings offer shooters the necessary elevation.
1681:
1794:
1841:"Russian soldiers appear to be fixing makeshift cages to the turrets of their tanks in a crude effort to protect themselves against Ukraine's anti-tank missiles"
2011:
1904:
698:
aspect of the Army's counterinsurgency efforts would be negatively impacted were soldiers to remain isolated from the populace in fully armoured vehicles.
598:
The practice of U.S. troops reinforcing their vehicles with improvised armour became well known after a U.S. soldier questioned U.S. Secretary of Defense
357:
to work were armoured against attacks by strikers by fitting metal bars to their windows. These improvised armoured buses were nicknamed "battle buses".
795:
made from steel grilles. In December 2021, the Ukrainian Army released video of a military exercise in which an armoured fighting vehicle (apparently a
145:
with spare track-links welded onto its sloped frontal glacis-plate for additional armoured protection, shown here at Langenberg Liberation Memorial in
120:
were entirely improvised, although this soon changed as the war continued. A few were used by the Belgian Army during the German invasion. The British
526:
incident, a disgruntled man built an improvised armoured bulldozer and attacked buildings and police. The machine used in the incident was a modified
1927:
2091:"Ukraine sends the powerhouse 82nd Air Assault Brigade into battle, as generals decide 'to put all their chips on the table,' says defense analyst"
1521:
1766:
1427:
It was widely reported that Wilson was "asked" to make the inquiry by Pitts or somehow "pressured" by him. Tom Griscom, executive editor of the
1397:"Rumsfeld Responds to U.S. Soldier's Grilling: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Tries to Quell the Firestorm Over the 'Hillbilly Armor' Issue,"
1258:
768:
474:
1607:
1108:
1038:
2064:
350:
1840:
1728:
864:
1982:
1182:
320:
2182:
1956:
1867:
1699:
91:) fire, and mines. Improvised additions have included metal plate, scrap metal, sandbags, concrete, wood, and, since at least the 2000s,
1733:
964:
686:
1325:
695:
503:
454:
Some officers in Iraq were disciplined over their refusal to carry out missions in what they considered improperly-armoured vehicles.
424:
1813:
1163:
1083:
334:
534:. In places, this armour was over 1 foot (30 cm) thick, consisting of 5000-PSI Quikrete concrete mix fitted between sheets of
1615:
804:
1784:
1283:
U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), News Transcript, December 15, 2004.
137:
671:
628:
2116:
1459:
1202:
781:
652:
suggested that it was the result of a double standard used to equip the National Guard as compared with active-duty forces.
2168:
969:
378:
324:
161:
2065:"Photos capture the crude cages Russian and Ukrainian crews are welding on their tanks and armor as a last-ditch defense"
502:
As recently as February 2006, the Army was welding additional armour onto the armoured Humvee variant M1114 and five-ton
860:
644:
291:
1192:, PB 700-03-4, Vol. 35, No. 4, July–August 2003, Army Combined Arms Support Command, Fort Lee, Virginia. ISSN 0004-2528
2211:"Images surface of wood armor on Philippine military vehicles fighting ISIS: Could that actually work against an RPG?"
974:
679:
444:
393:
157:
2196:
377:, improvised vehicle armour was colloquially referred to as "hillbilly armour", "farmer armour" or "hajji armour" by
623:
Rumsfeld was paying a visit to approximately 2,300 troops on the eve of their deployment across the border to Iraq.
2272:
2224:
760:
510:
37:
1476:"Soldiers Must Rely on 'Hillbilly Armor' for Protection: Troops Scavenge Scrap Metal to Protect Combat Vehicles,"
935:
826:
1554:
784:, units on both sides of the conflict improvised and experimented with adding armour to vehicles like trucks or
776:
tank with makeshift 'cope cage' slat armour attached to the turret, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
1221:
264:
2038:
863:(YPG) were reported to have fabricated homemade armoured fighting vehicles of widely varying designs to fight
590:
An airman works on a truck as part of an expanded program to improve the armoured protection for U.S. troops.
489:
Level I: fully integrated armour installed during vehicle production or retrofit (including ballistic windows)
2267:
2090:
1309:
1240:"Bush: Soldiers' equipment gripes heard: To colleagues' cheers, soldier complained about armor to Rumsfeld,"
895:
745:
701:
The incident sparked criticism of Rumsfeld, and led some to question the nation's commitment to its troops.
369:
A U.S. Army 5-ton cargo truck with improvised armour on the doors, rear gunner's box, and an improved bumper
125:
121:
1756:
2262:
1932:
1293:
903:
275:
1440:
999:
943:
729:
385:
1571:
1256:"Waiting For Justice: The Saga of Army Lt. Julian Goodrum, PTSD, Hillbilly Armor, and Whistle-Blowing,"
1518:
1538:
1441:"Reporter planted GI's question for Rumsfeld: Says issue of unarmored vehicles wasn't being covered,"
663:
216:
1757:"What to know about the role Javelin antitank missiles could play in Ukraine's fight against Russia"
1255:
1203:"'Hillbilly Armor': Defense sees it's fallen short in securing the troops. The grunts already knew,"
160:
in the United Kingdom equipped itself with a number of vehicles with improvised armour, such as the
1627:
1280:
869:
741:
733:
639:
635:
530:
D355A bulldozer, fitted with makeshift armour plating covering the cabin, engine, and parts of the
187:
The addition of improvised armour to tanks was performed by both Axis and Allies forces due to the
80:
172:
had sections of tracks attached to their existing armour to provide yet more extra protection. US
2146:
1381:
1222:"Frantically, the Army tries to armor Humvees: Soft-skinned workhorses turning into death traps,"
817:
457:
Hungarian troops were said to be covering their non-armoured Mercedes-Benz G-Class vehicles with
1504:"U.S. to boost armored Humvee output: Pentagon ups order after soldier's question causes stir,"
1412:
1179:
878:
rebels have also been reported to have fashioned similar makeshift armoured fighting vehicles.
1603:
1159:
1104:
1079:
1034:
624:
531:
436:
1075:
1845:
1599:
Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine
1067:
887:
875:
849:
713:
539:
413:
240:
146:
1475:
1396:
1333:
2240:
1761:
1525:
1463:
1262:
1186:
891:
813:
599:
527:
523:
192:
1682:"Ukrainian Troops Test Javelin Missile Against Russian Cage-Style Improvised Tank Armor"
365:
1729:"How do anti-tank missiles work, and how helpful might they be for Ukraine's soldiers?"
994:
656:
591:
458:
389:
169:
55:
51:
32:
2256:
2245:
2012:"Russia's Increasingly Bizarre "Artisanal" Armor Looks More Mad Max Than Major Power"
1872:
1704:
1068:
951:
931:
796:
603:
397:
354:
252:
220:
205:
197:
165:
100:
690:
briefing that fully armoured vehicles had been isolated and destroyed in the former
659:
responded to the incident, saying that the expressed concerns were being addressed.
1789:
984:
709:
691:
675:
667:
330:
279:
173:
153:
41:
825:
tanks. In May 2023 a Russian T-72B3 was seen with improvised top armour with
495:
Level III: locally fabricated armour (interim solution, lacking ballistic windows)
419:
To protect themselves from these threats, American troops began reinforcing their
2225:"IN PHOTOS: Military opens Mapandi bridge to media amid heavy fighting in Marawi"
1897:"Russian T-80 Tank With Improvised Anti-Drone Armor Reportedly Appears In Crimea"
1597:
1456:
1651:"Russian Tanks Massing Near Ukraine Sport Mods Against Drones, Javelin Missiles"
1004:
915:
792:
428:
304:
260:
256:
248:
201:
117:
562:
17:
2142:
1928:"Танкист-герой рассказал о спецоперации и погиб: "Победим, но легко не будет""
1144:
und Rücksprache beim P.A. 1944. 6 p. General der Artillerie Nr. 240/44 g.Kdos.
1134:
und Rücksprache beim P.A. 1944. 6 p. General der Artillerie Nr. 240/44 g.Kdos.
1124:
und Rücksprache beim P.A. 1944. 6 p. General der Artillerie Nr. 240/44 g.Kdos.
989:
919:
852:
and finding themselves lacking in the amount of modern armour, members of the
809:
791:
In late 2021, various Russian tanks were observed with top-mounted improvised
717:
602:
about the need to salvage armour from scrap materials on December 8, 2004, at
551:
543:
535:
469:
409:
283:
244:
142:
76:
899:
898:
used wooden armour plating on their armoured personnel carriers such as the
856:
853:
632:
547:
478:
448:
308:
287:
188:
84:
1983:"Russian Tank With 'Cope Cage' Covered In Explosive Reactive Armor Emerges"
176:
armoured car crews would sometimes line the floors of their vehicles with
1503:
1466:, posted on Poynter Institute website by Jim Romenesko, December 9, 2004.
1359:
1355:
1239:
907:
579:
499:
The process of up-armouring all vehicles was to be complete by mid-2005.
374:
181:
88:
674:) issued a news release harshly critical of the Bush administration and
1329:
939:
934:
in the United States have developed purpose-made vehicles, such as the
911:
440:
405:
311:
were armoured with sandbags and locally fabricated steel armour plate.
177:
59:
1490:
Schmitt, Eric. "U.S. defense chief taken aback by pointed questions,"
946:
chassis with heavy armour shells built onto them consisting of steel,
2197:"These ISIS-Fighting Philippine Tanks Are Clad in DIY Wooden "Armor""
1528:
Congressman Martin T. Meehan (MA05), news release, December 10, 2004.
947:
785:
432:
420:
233:
92:
914:
FSV/APC to protect against rocket propelled grenades fired from the
662:
On December 10, 2004, it was reported that following the incident,
638:) asked the question, but it was later revealed that Lee Pitts, an
586:
164:, intended to be used for defending airfields. Later in 1944, some
36:
Improvised armour added to a truck by railway shop workers for the
1957:"Ancient Russian T-62 Tanks Spotted Wearing Cage Armor In Ukraine"
767:
759:
585:
573:
561:
468:
401:
364:
268:
210:
136:
67:
31:
1156:
Tank Warfare The Illustrated History of the Tank at War 1914–2000
259:
anti-tank weapon. The bed frames were an early version of modern
2183:"Will Makeshift Wooden Tank Armor Protect Our Troops in Marawi?"
2117:"Battlefield DIY – the homemade armoured vehicles fighting Isis"
822:
800:
773:
749:
737:
567:
71:
606:, Kuwait. The question was met with cheers from fellow troops.
538:(acquired from an automotive dealer in Denver), to make ad-hoc
574:
63:
1814:"Speech by Defence Secretary on Russia's invasion of Ukraine"
95:. These materials vary widely in their ballistic protection.
1281:"Special Defense Department Briefing on Uparmoring HMMWV,"
874:
post-apocalyptic action multi-media franchise. The allied
427:
and other vehicles with whatever was available, including
156:
adopted some form of improvised armour at some point. The
1596:
N.R. Jenzen-Jones; Jonathan Ferguson (18 November 2014).
816:, alternatively against RPGs fired from above in cities,
954:, and Rhino Linings to protect against airborne debris.
550:: three external explosions and more than 200 rounds of
473:"Hillbilly" scrap armour plate on door of U.S. Army 8x8
840:
Syrian civil war and conflict against the Islamic State
694:'s campaigns in Afghanistan and Chechnya, and that the
263:, which was used in the 2000s to protect tanks against
2169:"Wood-reinforced vehicles foil Maute antitank weapons"
1201:
Hirsh, Michael; Barry, John and Dehghanpisheh, Babak.
821:
similar structures were seen on some Russian deployed
282:
attached strips of spare tracks to the front of their
232:
rifles could penetrate the less-armoured sides of the
2039:"Ukraine adds armor 'cages' to its artillery systems"
1180:"Gun Trucks: Genuine Examples of American Ingenuity,"
938:
designed to survive the hostile environment inside a
554:
were fired at the bulldozer and had no effect on it.
492:
Level II: add-on armour (including ballistic windows)
788:amphibious armoured personnel carriers or similar.
295:
log (on the sides) and concrete (frontally) armour.
980:
Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA
682:(IEDs) as "symptomatic of a headlong rush to war."
1572:"Monster Trucks on the Road, From Gangs in Mexico"
1519:"Meehan Calls for Ramped Up Armoring of Vehicles,"
582:outfitted with hillbilly armour protecting its cab
1101:Armoured Fighting Vehicles of World Wars I and II
1031:Armoured Fighting Vehicles of World Wars I and II
243:attached to their armour. This was done with the
1457:Email from Pitts to colleagues, December 8, 2004
608:
1868:"Russian tanks in Ukraine are sprouting cages"
1700:"Russian tanks in Ukraine are sprouting cages"
1356:"Man who bulldozed through Colo. town is dead"
1785:"Igazi tankszörnyet zsákmányoltak az ukránok"
8:
1310:"New Marine Armor Kit to Upgrade 'Hummers',"
764:Metal plates welded onto a truck in Ukraine
2005:
2003:
1555:"Lack of armor sign of the times in Iraq,"
1326:"Crews Begin Dismantling Granby Bulldozer"
416:on supply convoys and other known routes.
1235:
1233:
1024:
1022:
1020:
116:The first armoured cars to see combat in
1413:"You Go to War with the Press You Have,"
1216:
1214:
1154:Jorgensen, Christer; Chris Mann (2001).
942:. These vehicles are built on truck and
890:, the ground forces of the Philippines'
648:, had asked Wilson to make the inquiry.
384:During the occupation that followed the
1824:from the original on 23 February 2023.
1602:. Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd.
1294:"Military is Functioning Well in Iraq,"
1016:
868:the makeshift vehicles featured in the
1276:
1274:
542:. This made the machine impervious to
27:Makeshift armour installed on vehicles
2149:from the original on 21 December 2021
2143:"DIY Tank Used in Fight Against ISIS"
1411:Sonnenfeldt, Helmut and Nessen, Rob.
7:
2241:US Soldiers show off Hillbilly Armor
1895:Newdick, Thomas (24 November 2021).
1880:from the original on 16 March 2022.
1853:from the original on 26 March 2022.
1797:from the original on 15 March 2022.
1769:from the original on 12 March 2022.
1741:from the original on 15 March 2022.
1712:from the original on 16 March 2022.
772:A neutralised and abandoned Russian
180:to provide extra protection against
1734:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1680:Thomas Newdick (23 December 2021).
1382:"Soldiers criticize lack of armor,"
965:Armadillo armoured fighting vehicle
2115:Saner, Emine (30 September 2014).
1940:from the original on 24 May 2022.
25:
718:improvised armour to heavy trucks
716:have in a number of cases fitted
514:MAKs for MTVRs and M1114 HMMWVs.
335:Provisional Irish Republican Army
2130:– via www.theguardian.com.
2010:Newdick, Thomas (6 April 2022).
1926:Sergei Valchenko (24 May 2022).
1820:. National Army Museum, London.
1628:"Ukrainian 'Fortress On Wheels'"
1616:Full PDF on armamentresearch.com
1539:"The Defense Secretary We Have,"
846:Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict
570:cargo truck with up-armoured cab
435:blankets and vests, compromised
2037:Malyasov, Dylan (5 July 2023).
1332:. 15 April 2005. Archived from
1158:. Amber Books Ltd. p. 87.
655:On December 9, 2004, President
321:South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)
1793:(in Hungarian). 2 March 2022.
1033:. Southwater. pp. 12–13.
672:House Armed Services Committee
353:, buses used for transporting
255:explosives such as the German
1:
1981:Payne, Stetson (6 May 2023).
1839:Alia Shoaib (26 March 2022).
1727:James Dwyer (10 March 2022).
970:Bison concrete armoured lorry
844:In their role in the ongoing
558:Rumsfeld questioning incident
465:Military-supplied "up-armour"
325:Attack on Derryard checkpoint
292:self-propelled anti-tank guns
162:Bison concrete armoured lorry
1955:Parsons, Dan (6 June 2022).
1570:Cave, Damien (7 June 2011).
680:improvised explosive devices
645:Chattanooga Times Free Press
629:278th Regimental Combat Team
339:improvised tactical vehicles
2243:– Video clip from the film
1812:Wallace, Ben (9 May 2022).
1297:The San Diego Union Tribune
975:Improvised fighting vehicle
805:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2289:
2141:Vocativ (1 October 2014).
1638:– via www.rferl.org.
1261:November 28, 2008, at the
1103:. Southwater. p. 71.
936:Tornado Intercept Vehicles
685:On December 15, 2004, the
318:
38:Danish resistance movement
1185:November 2, 2007, at the
861:People's Protection Units
827:explosive reactive armour
265:rocket-propelled grenades
191:between the designers of
48:Improvised vehicle armour
922:terrorists in the city.
239:Some US tanks had spare
152:Most armies involved in
223:and large wooden beams.
126:Royal Naval Air Service
122:Royal Naval Air Service
1933:Moskovskij Komsomolets
1688:. Brookline Media Inc.
1462:June 18, 2008, at the
1099:Livesey, Jack (2007).
1066:Forty, George (1995).
1029:Livesey, Jack (2007).
930:In recent years, some
829:bricks mounted on it.
777:
765:
621:
595:
583:
571:
546:fire and resistant to
482:
370:
351:1984 UK miners' strike
337:used several types of
276:North African Campaign
224:
200:) and welded screens (
149:
44:
1000:Killdozer (bulldozer)
771:
763:
730:2011 Libyan civil war
687:Department of Defense
627:Thomas Wilson of the
589:
577:
565:
511:United States Marines
472:
368:
214:
140:
35:
2157:– via YouTube.
1544:, December 15, 2004.
1524:May 3, 2007, at the
1509:, December 10, 2004.
1446:, December 10, 2004.
1418:, December 30, 2004.
1299:, February 17, 2006.
1208:, December 20, 2004.
812:weapons such as the
736:were seen operating
664:Armor Holdings, Inc.
594:, Iraq (April 2005).
56:protective materials
1907:on 24 February 2022
1649:Roblin, Sebastien.
1560:, December 9, 2004.
1494:, December 9, 2004.
1481:, December 8, 2004.
1402:, December 9, 2004.
1387:, December 9, 2004.
1315:, December 2, 2004.
1308:Crum, R. USMC Maj.
1245:, December 9, 2004.
1070:World War Two Tanks
818:loitering munitions
756:Russo-Ukrainian War
734:anti-Gaddafi forces
636:Army National Guard
81:crew-served weapons
1576:The New York Times
1537:Kristol, William.
1492:The New York Times
1178:Gardiner, Paul S.
1074:. Osprey. p.
778:
766:
596:
584:
572:
483:
371:
225:
150:
45:
2273:Military vehicles
2227:. 30 August 2017.
2089:Rommen, Rebecca.
1876:. 14 March 2022.
1765:. 12 March 2022.
1708:. 14 March 2022.
1609:978-0-9924624-3-7
1254:Currey, Richard.
1227:, April 15, 2004.
1110:978-1-84476-370-2
1040:978-1-84476-370-2
748:hardware such as
640:embedded reporter
414:military vehicles
217:Sturmgeschütz III
16:(Redirected from
2280:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2095:Business Insider
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2069:Business Insider
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:. Archived from
1892:
1886:
1885:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1846:Business Insider
1836:
1830:
1829:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1661:on 11 March 2022
1657:. Archived from
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1535:
1529:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1429:Times Free Press
1425:
1419:
1416:Washington Times
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1385:Associated Press
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1336:on 15 March 2012
1322:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1292:Hunter, Duncan.
1290:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1220:Moran, Michael.
1218:
1209:
1199:
1193:
1190:Army Logistician
1176:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1054:Band of Brigands
1051:
1045:
1044:
1026:
888:Battle of Marawi
882:Battle of Marawi
876:Free Syrian Army
850:Syrian civil war
724:Libyan civil war
714:Mexican Drug War
712:involved in the
705:Mexican drug War
696:hearts and minds
540:composite armour
461:on the outside.
394:insurgent forces
193:antitank weapons
147:Ede, Netherlands
143:M4 (105) Sherman
40:near the end of
21:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2253:
2252:
2237:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2171:. 21 June 2017.
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2063:Epstein, Jake.
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1762:Washington Post
1755:
1754:
1750:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1630:. 4 August 2014
1626:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1553:Costello, Tom.
1552:
1548:
1542:Washington Post
1536:
1532:
1526:Wayback Machine
1517:
1513:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1474:
1470:
1464:Wayback Machine
1454:
1450:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1380:Burns, Robert.
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1266:The VVA Veteran
1263:Wayback Machine
1253:
1249:
1238:
1231:
1219:
1212:
1200:
1196:
1187:Wayback Machine
1177:
1173:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1009:
960:
928:
884:
842:
814:FGM-148 Javelin
758:
726:
707:
600:Donald Rumsfeld
560:
524:Marvin Heemeyer
520:
518:Marvin Heemeyer
467:
459:ballistic vests
437:ballistic glass
379:American troops
363:
347:
327:
317:
301:
170:Churchill tanks
135:
114:
109:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hillbilly armor
15:
12:
11:
5:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2268:Vehicle armour
2265:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2235:External links
2233:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2213:. 9 June 2017.
2202:
2199:. 7 June 2017.
2188:
2174:
2160:
2133:
2107:
2081:
2055:
2029:
1999:
1973:
1947:
1936:(in Russian).
1918:
1887:
1859:
1831:
1804:
1776:
1748:
1719:
1691:
1672:
1641:
1619:
1608:
1588:
1562:
1546:
1530:
1511:
1496:
1483:
1468:
1448:
1433:
1420:
1404:
1389:
1373:
1347:
1317:
1313:Transformation
1301:
1285:
1270:
1247:
1229:
1210:
1194:
1171:
1164:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1109:
1091:
1084:
1058:
1046:
1039:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:Plastic armour
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
961:
959:
956:
927:
924:
912:Marine LAV-300
883:
880:
841:
838:
757:
754:
725:
722:
706:
703:
657:George W. Bush
592:Balad Air Base
559:
556:
519:
516:
497:
496:
493:
490:
466:
463:
398:roadside bombs
390:Saddam Hussein
362:
359:
355:strikebreakers
346:
345:Strike of 1984
343:
316:
313:
300:
297:
206:magnetic mines
134:
131:
113:
110:
108:
105:
101:strikebreakers
54:consisting of
52:vehicle armour
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2285:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Improvisation
2261:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2246:Gunner Palace
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1873:The Economist
1869:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:The Economist
1701:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1362:. 5 June 2004
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:, March 2006.
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1165:1-86227-135-6
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1085:1-85532-532-2
1081:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
957:
955:
953:
952:polycarbonate
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:storm chasers
926:Storm chasers
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
879:
877:
873:
872:
866:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
839:
837:
834:
830:
828:
824:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
782:war in Donbas
775:
770:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
704:
702:
699:
697:
693:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
653:
649:
647:
646:
641:
637:
634:
630:
626:
620:
618:
614:
612:
607:
605:
604:Camp Buehring
601:
593:
588:
581:
576:
569:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
515:
512:
507:
505:
500:
494:
491:
488:
487:
486:
480:
477:at a base at
476:
471:
464:
462:
460:
455:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:that toppled
387:
386:2003 invasion
382:
380:
376:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
326:
322:
314:
312:
310:
306:
298:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:, the German
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:shaped charge
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
229:
222:
221:spaced armour
218:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
198:spaced armour
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
148:
144:
139:
132:
130:
127:
123:
119:
111:
106:
104:
102:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:is a form of
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2244:
2219:
2205:
2191:
2177:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2121:The Guardian
2120:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2043:Defence Blog
2042:
2032:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:
1950:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1900:
1890:
1881:
1871:
1862:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1807:
1798:
1790:Portfolio.hu
1788:
1779:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1713:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1654:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1622:
1598:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1455:Pitts, Lee.
1451:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1265:
1250:
1242:
1224:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1174:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1100:
1094:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1030:
985:Jury-rigging
929:
896:Marine Corps
885:
870:
843:
835:
831:
790:
779:
727:
710:Drug cartels
708:
700:
692:Soviet Union
684:
676:The Pentagon
668:Marty Meehan
661:
654:
650:
643:
622:
616:
615:
610:
609:
597:
566:A U.S. Army
521:
508:
501:
498:
484:
456:
453:
451:explosions.
418:
383:
372:
348:
331:The Troubles
328:
302:
280:Afrika Korps
273:
267:such as the
249:Stuart tanks
238:
230:
226:
186:
174:M8 Greyhound
154:World War II
151:
133:World War II
115:
97:
47:
46:
42:World War II
29:
2153:14 November
2126:14 November
1634:14 November
1005:Tsar Mangal
886:During the
799:mated to a
793:slat armour
780:During the
746:Libyan Army
728:During the
429:scrap metal
404:teams, and
392:'s regime,
373:During the
349:During the
305:Vietnam War
299:Vietnam War
284:Panzer IIIs
274:During the
261:slat armour
257:Panzerfaust
219:with added
202:slat armour
118:World War I
112:World War I
58:added to a
2257:Categories
1772:directory.
1581:17 January
1012:References
990:Narco tank
920:Abu Sayyaf
810:top-attack
742:technicals
740:tanks and
625:Specialist
552:ammunition
548:explosives
544:small arms
536:tool steel
412:to attack
410:small arms
319:See also:
309:gun trucks
288:Panzer IVs
245:M4 Sherman
158:Home Guard
77:small arms
62:such as a
2100:19 August
2074:19 August
2048:19 August
2016:The Drive
1987:The Drive
1961:The Drive
1901:The Drive
1827:criminal.
1686:The Drive
1366:31 August
900:GKN Simba
857:peshmerga
854:Kurdistan
633:Tennessee
506:in Iraq.
479:Ar-Ramadi
449:land mine
396:deployed
189:arms race
182:landmines
85:artillery
2147:Archived
1938:Archived
1911:11 March
1878:Archived
1851:Archived
1822:Archived
1795:Archived
1767:Archived
1744:present.
1739:Archived
1715:service.
1710:Archived
1665:11 March
1522:Archived
1507:NBC News
1479:ABC News
1460:Archived
1400:ABC News
1360:NBC News
1259:Archived
1206:Newsweek
1183:Archived
958:See also
642:for the
617:Rumsfeld
580:forklift
375:Iraq War
361:Iraq War
315:Troubles
178:sandbags
166:Cromwell
89:tank gun
2021:8 April
1966:21 June
1340:27 June
1330:KMGH-TV
940:tornado
871:Mad Max
774:T-72B3M
752:tanks.
670:(D-MA,
528:Komatsu
522:In the
441:plywood
421:Humvees
406:snipers
329:During
307:, U.S.
303:In the
107:History
60:vehicle
2249:(2005)
2027:
1818:gov.uk
1655:Forbes
1606:
1162:
1107:
1082:
1037:
948:kevlar
908:M113A2
786:BTR-80
611:Wilson
578:A 10K
532:tracks
481:, Iraq
433:kevlar
333:, the
241:tracks
234:Panzer
93:Kevlar
1992:9 May
1558:MSNBC
1243:MSNBC
1225:MSNBC
916:Maute
904:V-150
475:HEMTT
425:LMTVs
408:with
269:RPG-7
70:, or
68:truck
2155:2017
2128:2017
2102:2023
2076:2023
2050:2023
2023:2022
1994:2023
1968:2022
1913:2022
1667:2022
1636:2017
1604:ISBN
1583:2012
1368:2006
1342:2006
1160:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1056:p 59
1035:ISBN
918:and
910:and
894:and
892:Army
865:ISIS
859:and
848:and
823:T-62
801:T-64
750:T-72
738:T-55
568:LMTV
509:The
447:and
439:and
323:and
286:and
247:and
168:and
87:(or
72:tank
1444:CNN
944:SUV
797:BTR
504:MTV
445:IED
402:RPG
141:An
64:car
2259::
2145:.
2119:.
2093:.
2067:.
2041:.
2014:.
2002:^
1985:.
1959:.
1930:.
1899:.
1870:.
1849:.
1843:.
1816:.
1787:.
1759:.
1737:.
1731:.
1702:.
1684:.
1653:.
1574:.
1358:.
1328:.
1273:^
1232:^
1213:^
1078:.
1019:^
950:,
906:,
902:,
732:,
720:.
431:,
423:,
400:,
381:.
341:.
271:.
236:.
215:A
208:.
184:.
103:.
83:,
79:,
66:,
2185:.
2104:.
2078:.
2052:.
2025:.
1996:.
1970:.
1915:.
1669:.
1612:.
1585:.
1370:.
1344:.
1168:.
1113:.
1088:.
1076:9
1043:.
631:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
