246:
350:
702:), a military division of ten thousand Muslim soldiers was sent against the Siah-Posh (Kam) Kafirs under the command of General Aglan Khan to either slay these infidels or else to convert them into Islam. Tuzak-i-Timuri frankly admits that the regiment was badly routed by a small number of Siah-Posh Kafirs. The Muslim forces had to flee from the battle-field leaving their horses and armour. Another detachment had to be sent under Muhammad Azad which fought gallantly and recovered the horses and the armour lost by General Aglan and came back home, leaving the Siah-Posh alone.
599:, or the eastern part of the Hindu Kush; separating as Firishta says, the countries of Hindustan and Turkistan and remarkable for its excellent fruit. The country into which the army of Ghazni marched appears to have been the same as that now called Kafirstan, where the inhabitants were and still are, idolaters and are named the Siah-Posh, or black-vested by the Muslims of later times. In Nardain there was a temple, which the army of Ghazni destroyed; and brought from thence a stone covered with certain inscriptions, which were according to the Hindus, of great antiquity.
2982:
2856:
36:
734:(modern Pakistan) where they were allowed to settle by the Mehtar. There they practised their faith for a few more decades, before finally converting to Islam as well. The final known non-converted Kafir was settled in a Chitrali village known as Urtsun. This Kafir's name was Chanlu, and he converted in 1938, several months after being interviewed about the cosmology of the Kati.
1447:'The pacification of the country was completed by the wholly gratuitous conquest of a remote mountain people in the north-east, the non-Muslim Kalash of Kafiristan (Land of the Unbelievers), who were forcibly converted to Islam by the army. Their habitat was renamed Nuristan (Land of Light).' Angelo Rasanayagam,
245:
766:
who visited
Kafiristan and studied the Kafirs for about two years (1889–1891) improved upon the old classification by recognising that the Safed-posh Kafirs were actually members of several separate clans, viz, the Waigulis, Presungulis or Viron, and the Ashkuns. The later three groups of the Kafirs
705:
Timur does not boast of any killings or imprisonment of the Siah-Poshes as he does for the Katirs and numerous other communities of India proper. Also, he gives no further details of his conflict with the Siah-Poshes in his Tuzak-i-Timuri after this encounter, which clearly shows that the outcome of
1274:
Living in the high mountain valleys, the
Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as
2194:
Cf:The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, p 158, George Scott
Robertson, Arthur David McCormick; The Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial industrial, and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures, 1885, p 202, Edward
2312:
Haber, Marc; Platt, D.E.; Ashrafian Bonab, M.; Youhanna, S.C.; Soria-Hernanz, D.F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.;
793:
or
Madugals, Siah-posh Kashtoz or Kashtan, Siah-posh Gourdesh or Istrat, and Siah-posh Kams or Kamoze. The Siah-posh Katirs were further divided into the Katirs, who occupied twelve villages of the lower Bashgul (Kam) country, the Kti or Katawar, who lived in two villages in the Kti Valley, the
2171:
are said to be Koresh from a people of that name (Kuresh Perian, and Keruch Rajput) known to have anciently inhabited these eastern districts of the
Paropamisus of the Greeks" (See: An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of
829:
and many later scholars. However some other people do believe in their authenticity of this tale that some of the Kalash themselves claim as being descendants of
Alexander's army. This list of people who propagate the Kalash's ancestry claim is true includes Sir George Scott Robertson, and
337:
647:
and took refuge at the top of the hill. Timur razed the fort to ground, burnt their houses and surrounded the hill where the Kator had collected for shelter. The relic of the historic fort is said to still exist a little north to Najil in the form of a structure known as
1043:
324:
741:), or alternatively as Sheikhan (a generic term for recent converts to Islam). The exact population size of Nuristanis in Chitral is unknown, but members of the community estimate that they number at least 12 000. All of them are speakers of the
2185:, king of Persia who was born in Cabul country" (See: An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, September 1891)p 134, Henry Walter Bellew - Afghanistan.
314:
The
Nuristan region has been a prominent location for war, which has led to the death of many indigenous Nuristanis. Nuristan has also received abundance of settlers from the surrounding Afghan regions due to the borderline vacant location.
2020:
Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, 1977 edition, p 127, John
Biddulph; An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan, 1891, p 146, Henry Walter Bellew; The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 71, 74 sqq., George Scott Robertson, Arthur David
2446:
An account of the
Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India, (comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the ... Entdeckungsgeschichte und Geographie Asiens), 1969 Edition, by Mountstuart
497:
The area extending from modern
Nuristan to Kashmir was known as "Peristan", a vast area containing a host of Nuristani cultures and Indo-European languages that became Islamized over a long period. Earlier, it was surrounded by
761:
were classified into two groups: the Siah-posh (black clad) and the Safed-posh (white clad) Kafirs, also known as the Lal-posh (red-clad), so-called because of the colour of the robes they wore. But the British investigator
1549:
1523:
338:
2154:
An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, September 1891) pp 35, 47, 87, 134, 141, 144, 195, Henry Walter Bellew -
545:'s rule around 1895. The province is now known as Nuristan and the people as Nuristanis. However, among the rural population many old customs and beliefs like occasional production of wine have continued.
339:
1481:
Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practise an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.
868:. Keruch, according to Bellew is the name of a Rajput clan which may have been adopted into the Rajput nation though of different race and descent. Thus, Bellew seem to relate Siah-Posh Kafirs to the
821:. The Pakistani Tourist Bureau still continues to propagate that the peoples in the mountains are descendants of soldiers from the army of Alexander but Greek descent of Kafirs has been discounted by
1239:
Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practised a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam—and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.
2231:
An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, September 1891), 1891, p 134, Henry Walter Bellew - Afghanistan.
2222:
An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared and Presented to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, September 1891), 1891, p 134, Henry Walter Bellew - Afghanistan.
1438:
Reflections of the Islamisation of Kafiristan in Oral Tradition / Georg Buddruss Journal of Asian Civilizations — Volume XXXI — Number 1-2 – 2008, Special Tribute Edition, pp. 16–35
325:
363:
326:
557:
encountered them and finally defeated them after they put up a stubborn and prolonged resistance, describing them as being distinct culturally and religiously from other peoples of the region.
1002:. Thereafter, Nuristan remained a scene of some of the bloodiest guerrilla fighting with the Soviet forces from 1979 through 1989. Following the withdrawal of the Soviet troops in 1989, the
341:
2549:
Journal of Indian History, 1963, University of Kerala Dept. of History, University of Allahabad Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala - India.
1429:
A Former Kafir Tells His 'Tragic Story'. Notes on the Kati Kafirs of Northern Bashgal (Afghanistan) / Max Klimburg, East and West, Vol. 58 – Nos. 1–4 (December 2008), pp. 391–402
2453:
The Religions of the Hindukush: The Religion of the Kafirs : The Pre-Islamic Heritage of Afghan Nuristan (The Religions of the Hindukush) by Karl Jettmar (Paperback - Mar 1986).
808:
While the Kamtoz of the lower Bashgul valley were the most numerous, the Kam of the upper Bashgul valley were the most intractable and fierce and dreaded for their military prowess.
652:(Timur's Fort). After a tough fight, some of the Kators were defeated and were instantly put to death while the others held out against heavy odds for three days. Timur offered them
2676:
2584:
Roots of Peristan: The Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindukush/Karakorum. Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference ISMEO, Rome, Palazzo Baleani, 5-7 October, 2022
612:
in 1398 CE. Timur's autobiography (Tuzak-i-Timuri) amply attests that he had battled both with the Katirs as well as the Kam sections of the Siah-Posh (black-robed) Kafirs of the
1556:
328:
666:
soldiers during night. The latter being on guard, fought back, killed numerous Kators and took 150 as prisoners and put them to death afterwards. Next day, Timur ordered his
2181:
H.W. Bellew: "The name Koresh or Kurush is said to be national designation of Kafir tribes north of Lughman; and it is not impossible that it may have been family name of
1527:
1050:
Most Nuristanis are from the Kata Family and Janaderi Branch. However, there are other Nuristani tribes as well, some of the Kata of Janaderi people live in Ozhor (now
364:
311:. Non-Muslim religious practices endure in Nuristan today to some degree as folk customs. In their native rural areas, they are often farmers, herders, and dairymen.
852:
but this is merely a fashionable fiction. H. W. Bellew relates name Gurish/Gorish or Koresh of the Kafirs accounts to Kurush and writes that Koresh or Kurush is the
716:
In 1839, the Kafirs sent a deputation to Sir William Macnaghten in Jalalabad claiming relationship with the fair skinned British troops who had invaded the country
909:
data suggests that the Kafirs are not the tenth century migrants to Kafirstan but are a remnant of the original population of the area which according to some was
2039:
A passage to Nuristan: exploring the mysterious Afghan hinterland, 2006, p 80, Nicholas Barrington, Joseph T. Kendrick, Reinhard Schlagintweit, Sandy (FRW) Gall.
303:
conducted a military campaign in Kafiristan and followed up his conquest with forced conversion of the Kafirs to Islam; the region thenceforth being known as
3103:
2891:
1913:
448:. There are a number of other deities, semi-gods and spirits. The Kalash pantheon is thus one of the few living representatives of Indo-European religion.
2669:
1663:
1581:
856:
designation of the Kafir tribes of Kafiristan, north of Laghman. Bellew further speculates that Koresh (or Kurush) may have been the family name of the
2477:
Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia, 1967, William Kerr Fraser-Tytler, Michael Cavenagh Gillett - Afghanistan.
794:
Kulam, and the Ramguli, the most numerous group, living in twenty four villages in the Ramgul Valley, in the westernmost part of Kafiristan on the
502:
which temporarily extended literacy and state rule to the region. The journey to the region was perilous according to reports of Chinese pilgrims
801:
All Siah-posh groups of Kafirs were regarded as of common origin. They all had a common dress and customs and spoke closely related dialects of
349:
2525:
Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology: Purāṇas in Translation, 1970, Jagdish Lal Shastri, Arnold Kunst, G. P. Bhatt, Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare.
3108:
2662:
2591:
1006:
Ghulam Rabbani was declared as governor of the Kunar Province. The Nuristanis inspired others to fight and contributed to the demise of the
2450:
Proceedings (1869, 1879, 1881, 1884...)... by Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), Norton Shaw, Francis Galton, William Spottiswoode.
1631:
1319:
2415:
The Kafirs of the Hindukush, 1896, by George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick, (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints) - Online :
2579:
1359:
494:
advising those seeking help and priests officiating at religious services. The cult centered on the sacrifice of animals, mostly goats.
1007:
902:. There they probably found other races already settled, whom they vanquished, drove away, or enslaved, or with whom they amalgamated.
2734:
2057:
Aryan idols: Indo-European mythology as ideology and science, 2006, p 53, fn 109, Stefan Arvidsson, Sonia Wichmann - Social Science.
1983:
1474:
1267:
1232:
737:
In Chitral, the Nuristanis are known either as Bashgalis (as most migrated from a valley of Nuristan called Bashgal in the Chitrali
479:, Kshumai or Kime etc. According to Michael Witzel, some of these gods, especially Disani, Moni, and Gish, have direct parallels in
119:
2555:
Transaction, Indian Institute of World Culture, Indian Institute of World Culture, Published by Indian Institute of World Culture.
2543:
Publications, 1904, Published by Oriental Translation Fund (Editors T. W. Rhys Davis, S. W. Bushel, London Royal Asiatic Society).
817:
Some earlier writers had speculated and propagated the myth that the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush may have descended from the army of
362:
595:
Another crusade against idolatry was at length resolved on; and Mahmud led the seventh one against Nardain, the then boundary of
533:, the people in this region retained their traditional religion, and were thus known as "Kafirs" to the Muslims. The Arabic word
422:
Râja called imr'o in Kâmviri. There is a creator god, appearing under various names, as lord of the nether world and of heaven:
2884:
1693:
2534:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1856, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
966:, being the commander of the 1st Central Army Corps. Before his assassination, General Issa called the Nuristani people in a "
2621:
1601:
57:
1382:
418:
Certain deities were revered only in one community or tribe, but one was universally revered as the creator: the Hindu god
3088:
3037:
100:
2779:
2685:
2480:
Afghanistan: its people, its society, its culture, 1962, Donald Newton Wilber, Elizabeth E. Bacon - Juvenile Nonfiction.
2092:
Appletons' Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year, 1897, p 8, Published by D. Appleton & Co.
435:
365:
340:
72:
53:
2416:
805:. Nicholas Barrington et al. reported that the Waigulis and Presungulis referred to all Siah-posh Kafirs as Katirs.
2877:
396:
They acknowledged a number of human-like deities who lived in the unseen Deity World (Kâmviri d'e lu; cf. Sanskrit
327:
2101:
Cf: The New International Encyclopaedia edited by Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby 1911.
79:
3093:
2837:
1846:
308:
2923:
2827:
2567:
Bhārata-kaumudī; Studies in Indology in Honour of Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji, 1945, Radhakumud Mookerji - India).
1104:
975:
685:
2650:
2607:
Note: this source has been evaluated as "totally unreliable" by the leading scholarly authorities on Nuristan.
2468:
The New International Encyclopaedia edited by Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby 1911.
2286:
1731:
Cacopardo, Alberto M. (2016). "Fence of Peristan - The Islamization of the "Kafirs" and Their Domestication".
1080:
In total, there are 35 such designations: five from the north–south valleys and 30 from the east–west valley.
2561:
Kāṭhakasaṅkalanam: Saṃskr̥tagranthebhyaḥ saṅgr̥hītāni Kāṭhakabrāhmaṇa, Kāṭhakaśrautasūtra, 1981, Surya Kanta.
2240:
The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 75, 76, 157, 165, 168, George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick.
2842:
2769:
2428:
Afghanistan: its people, its society, its culture (Survey of world cultures), 1962, by Donald Newton Wilber.
1003:
499:
86:
46:
2083:
Aryan idols: Indo-European mythology as ideology and science, 2006, p 53, Stefan Arvidsson, Sonia Wichmann.
510:. The decline of Buddhism resulted in the region becoming heavily isolated. The Islamization of the nearby
3062:
2832:
2531:
The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship, 1905, Charles Frederick Oldham.
2456:
A History of Kafferistan: Socio-economic and Political Conditions of the Kaffers, 1989, Amar Singh Chohan.
2048:
The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 2,3, 76, George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick - Nuristan.
2008:
875:
826:
763:
629:
514:
began in the 8th century and Peristan was completely surrounded by Muslim states in the 16th century. The
282:
2495:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1849, RAS Great Britain and Ireland.
963:
3011:
2931:
2440:
The gates of India: Being an historical narrative by Thomas Hungerford Holdich (Unknown Binding - 1977).
2249:
Afghanistan: its people, its society, its culture, 1962, p 50, Donald Newton Wilber, Elizabeth E. Bacon.
802:
742:
293:
68:
2586:. Part I. Edited by Alberto M. Cacopardo & Augusto S. Cacopardo. Rome: ISMEO, 2023. pp. 317-358.
2552:
Census of India, 1961, India Office of the Registrar General, Office of the Registrar General, India.
2328:
2071:
1824:
Majumdar, Dr Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, Achut Dattatraya; Majumdar, Asoke Kumar. "Tuzak-i-Timuri", in
1755:
1305:
730:
At the time of the Afghan conquest of Kafiristan, a small number of Kom and Kati Kafirs fled east to
709:
Other references to these Kafirs are made in the fifteenth and later in sixteenth century during the
438:*dheiǵh- i.e. "to form" (Kati Nuristani dez "to create", CDIAL 14621); Dezauhe is also called by the
427:
383:, an authority on Hindu Kush languages, observed the following about pre-Islamic Nuristani religion:
2604:
1903:
History & Culture of Indian People, Vol VI, p 117, R. C. Majumdar, A. D. Pusalkar, K. M. Munshi.
3098:
3032:
971:
818:
770:
The term Siah-posh Kafirs used to designate the dominant group of Hindu Kush Kafirs inhabiting the
554:
354:
278:
191:
2486:
Geographical and economic studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana parva, 1945, Moti Chandra - History.
407:
and Kevin Maurer describe the Nuristanis of having traditionally practising a "primitive" form of
2860:
2516:
The geographical dictionary of ancient and mediaeval India, 1979, Nundo Lal Dey - Social Science.
2510:
The Achaemenids and India: By Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya. 2d Rev. Ed, 1974, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya.
2145:
Central Asia, 1985, p 118, Published by Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar.
1771:
1330:
1051:
1019:
1638:
1334:
1058:. There is a very popular rock associated with this tribe located in Karimabad (Juwara) called
3052:
2956:
2951:
2900:
2587:
2356:
1930:
1657:
1575:
1470:
1367:
1263:
1228:
1152:
1067:
1031:
1027:
1023:
910:
882:
viz. the Katirs (Kamtoz), the Kams (Kamoz) and the Wais are mainly descended from the ancient
542:
300:
262:
163:
2030:
The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 74, 76 George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick.
684:
towers of the skulls of the Kators which he built on the mountain in the auspicious month of
624:
in March 1398. On the basis of local complaints of ill-treatment and extortions filed by the
3047:
2941:
2522:
Ancient Indian tradition & mythology: Purāṇas in translation, 1969, Jagdish Lal Shastri.
2498:
Die Voelker des oestlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen, 1869, Adolf Bastian, Heinrich Kiepert.
2346:
2336:
2315:"Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events"
1942:
1789:
1763:
1394:
831:
746:
731:
725:
588:
439:
388:
270:
175:
2459:
Journal of the United Service Institution of India (Simla, 1881), Gottlieb William Leitner.
1524:"Nuristan a Safe Passage for Taliban to Enter North and North-Eastern Parts of Afghanistan"
1077:
do, however they do designate themselves by the names of the local regions they are from.
2971:
2946:
2799:
2443:
The Indian Borderland, 1880-1900 by Thomas Hungerford Holdich (Paperback - 12 April 2001).
2204:
The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, p 158, George Scott Robertson, Arthur David McCormick.
2182:
999:
983:
934:
906:
857:
738:
452:
202:
198:
878:
also rejects Greek origin of the Kafirs. According to him, the present dominant clans of
2981:
2332:
1961:
1759:
1296:
672:
kill all men, enslave the women and children and plunder or lay waste all their property
93:
2961:
2936:
2759:
2513:
India as described in early texts of Buddhism and Jainism, 1980, B. C. Law - Tripitaka.
2351:
2314:
1882:
1137:
987:
959:
771:
380:
237:
167:
986:
in 1978. They played an important role in the conquering of some provinces, including
895:
17:
3082:
2966:
2789:
2744:
2714:
2709:
2276:
Country Survey Series, 1956, p 53, Human Relations Area Files, inc.- Human geography.
1838:
1147:
1132:
1099:
775:
710:
675:
541:
means one who does not believe in Islam. The majority were converted to Islam during
515:
229:
2422:
Nuristan, 1979, by Lenart Edelberg and Schuyler Jones, Graz, Austria - Online :
1461:
Barrington, Nicholas; Kendrick, Joseph T.; Schlagintweit, Reinhard (18 April 2006).
945:) which goes back to the ancient prototype of these races preserved in the midst of
2910:
2811:
2719:
2704:
2699:
1919:, Evening Meeting, 10 December 1883, Processing of the Royal Geographical Society .
1412:
1042:
938:
822:
581:
307:, the "Land of Light". Before their conversion, the Nuristanis practised a form of
258:
2625:
2465:
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischcn Gesellschaft, vol. xx. (Leipzig. 1800).
2267:
Cf: Afghanistan, 1967, p 58, William Kerr Fraser-Tytler, Michael Cavenagh Gillett.
1609:
2341:
1713:
1466:
1196:
979:
946:
914:
887:
795:
621:
609:
404:
289:
266:
216:
171:
35:
2654:
2483:
Country Survey Series, 1956, Human Relations Area Files, inc - Human geography.
3067:
3042:
2739:
2724:
2537:
Indian Caste, 1877, p 286, John Wilson; India of To-day, 1906, Walter Del Mar.
1178:
1127:
995:
921:
of an extremely ancient element related to oldest known population of central
758:
526:
511:
468:
233:
2564:
The Contemporary Review, Vol LXXII, July-Dec 1897, A. Strahan (etc.), London.
2504:
Political History of Ancient India, 1996, H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Banerjee.
2462:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, O.S., vol. xix. (London, 1862), Trumpp.
2134:
War at the top of the world: the struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet
837:
The Siah-Posh Kafirs themselves claim to have descended from certain Koresh (
3057:
2996:
2794:
1398:
991:
899:
879:
613:
353:
Kati ancestor statues - Brumotul, Bumboret Valley, Chitral; picture by
296:
reached an agreement regarding the Indo-Afghan border for a period of time,
2423:
2360:
894:
in tenth century, and fled for refuge from victorious Muslims to the hilly
789:
The Siah-Posh tribe was divided into Siah-posh Katirs or Kamtoz, Siah-posh
1946:
706:
the fight against the Siah-Poshes was very costly and shameful for Timur.
463:, plus a multitude of lesser gods and goddesses known locally as Mandi or
2764:
2319:
2168:
2165:
1259:
1074:
922:
783:
507:
503:
408:
397:
274:
179:
2401:
2375:
1022:
of five Nuristani samples, three were found to belong to the Haplogroup
662:. They chose the latter, but soon recanted and attacked the regiment of
3006:
3001:
2784:
2754:
2007:
The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, p 74 sqq., George Scott Robertson,
1775:
1510:
From Kabul to Baghdad and back: The U.S. at war in Afghanistan and Iraq
842:
779:
519:
491:
374:
O Priestess, (to-) the-dance come ! Your on head golden garland is
249:
Kautiak villagers in Nuristan province with U.S. Navy commander (right)
2642:
1695:
Vala and Iwato: The Myth of the Hidden Sun in India, Japan, and beyond
608:
The first reference to Siah-Posh Kafirs occurs in Timur's invasion of
2804:
2774:
2729:
1142:
1055:
861:
853:
663:
625:
480:
476:
387:"Before their conversion to Islâm the Nuristânis practiced a form of
2869:
1767:
411:, up until the late nineteenth century, before their conversions to
2290:
1602:"Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan"
2915:
1041:
967:
891:
883:
865:
849:
845:
790:
667:
658:
637:
617:
596:
577:
573:
530:
484:
472:
456:
443:
412:
360:
348:
335:
322:
244:
2492:
Memoir on Cuneiform Inscription, 1949, Henry Creswicke Rawlinson.
2123:
P. 162 The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush by Sir George Scott Robertson
1463:
A Passage to Nuristan: Exploring the Mysterious Afghan Hinterland
2546:
Ancient Buddhist Monasteries: India and Nepal, 1998, S. Gajrani.
1112:
930:
869:
641:
464:
460:
423:
419:
297:
2873:
2658:
2558:
Journal of Uttara Pradesh Historical Society, Vol XVI, Part II.
2507:
The Indian historical quarterly, 1949, S Chattopadhyaya, India.
1256:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
2437:
Aus dem westlichen Himalaya (Leipzig, 1884), K.E. von Ujfalvy.
451:
They believed in many deities, whose names resembled those of
29:
1984:"Survey conducted on identity, literacy of Kataviri language"
1225:
No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan
529:
because while the surrounding populations were converted to
2431:
Tribes of the Hindu Kush (Calcutta, 1880) by John Biddulph.
1073:
The Nuristani do not have a formal tribal structure as the
201:, serving as the lingua franca and widely understood as a
2605:
Nuristani Tribal Tree – US Naval Postgraduate School
2471:
The Encyclopædia Britannica, 1888, Thomas Spencer Baynes.
774:. The Siah-posh Kafirs have sometimes been confused with
2612:
332:
Kati priest (deblole): Kareik. The last singing priest.
1881:
History & Culture of Indian People, Vol VI, p 117,
1417:
Afghanistan: a short history of its people and politics
487:, indicating a shared history dating back to 2000 BCE.
2540:
On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D., 1904.
2474:
Afghanistan, 1956, Donald Newton Wilber - Afghanistan.
1912:
Memoir of William Watts McNair - J. E. Howard, 2003,
905:
According to Donald Wilber and other recent writers,
560:
Nuristanis were formerly classified into "Siah-Posh (
2501:
Ancient geography of India, 1971, Anundoram Borooah.
2434:
Kafiristan (Lahore, 1881), Gottlieb William Leitner.
1826:
The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol VI
962:
was second in command following the King during the
3020:
2989:
2922:
2820:
2692:
2580:
Nuristani Theonyms in Light of Historical Phonology
1746:Thesiger, Wilfred (1957). "A Journey in Nuristan".
767:used to be collectively known as Sped-Posh Kafirs.
490:Each village and clan had its guardian deity, with
223:
210:
185:
157:
142:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1218:
1216:
1214:
459:sources. There was a supreme deity named Mara or
288:In the mid-1890s, after the establishment of the
1861:The political and statistical history of Gujarát
1595:
1593:
1591:
1223:Weiss, Mitch; Maurer, Kevin (31 December 2012).
978:tribe, the Nuristani were the first citizens of
593:
2409:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal
2383:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal
2172:Orientalists (London, September 1891), p 195).
640:in eastern Afghanistan. The Kators left their
576:fought with and was humbled by the Siah-Posh.
2885:
2670:
2519:The Indian historical quarterly, 1936, India.
2287:"Richard Strand's Nuristan Site OLD LOCATION"
2164:H. W. Bellew: "...the Kafir (Infidel) of the
1275:the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called
1249:
1247:
636:of the Siah-Posh group located north-east of
391:, infused with accretions developed locally".
8:
603:
137:
1790:"Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture"
1381:Motamedi, Ahmad; Edelberg, Lennart (1968).
698:Again, according to Timur's autobiography (
522:are the last surviving heirs of the area.
2892:
2878:
2870:
2677:
2663:
2655:
1843:Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River
1733:Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia
136:
2613:"Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush"
2350:
2340:
693:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Ethnic group of Afghanistan and Pakistan
2074:; Afghanistan, 2002, p 8, Martin Ewans.
1600:Strand, Richard F. (31 December 2005).
1165:
929:), the element with resemblance to the
1662:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1655:
1580:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1573:
1254:Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014).
1679:The Origin of the World's Mythologies
1173:
1171:
1169:
537:means disbelief and the related word
371:Ut'äya de'bulā̃ 'ye! Tu pycüř sun mol
345:Kati sacrificing goat to the God Imra
7:
2417:online, 8 copies at Internet Archive
2258:Afghanistan, 2002, p 8, Martin Ewans
604:Timur's encounter with Katirs/Kators
158:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3104:Social groups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2622:"Peoples and Languages of Nuristân"
1931:"Some gods of Pre-Islamic Nuristan"
1197:"Afghanistan population statistics"
1054:), Gobor, Buburat, Ayun, Broze and
434:(ḍezáw) whose name is derived from
2489:The London quarterly review, 1973.
2289:. Users.sedona.net. Archived from
1872:'See: Tuzak-i-Timuri, III, pp 400.
1008:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
970:" against the Soviet Army and the
25:
1962:"The Cosmology of the Red Kafirs"
1935:Revue de l'histoire des religions
757:Prior to 1895, the Kafirs of the
694:Timur's encounter with Kam Kafirs
580:advised not to tangle with them.
2980:
2854:
2649:Richard Strand's Nuristân Site:
1859:ʻAlī Muḥammad Khān, James Bird.
1419:. Harper Perennial. p. 103.
1227:. Berkley Caliber. p. 299.
1062:(Kata is the name of the tribe;
670:to advance on all four sides to
632:, Timur personally attacked the
34:
1929:Allen, Nicholas Justin (1991).
1894:Ref: Tuzak-i-Timuri, pp 401-08.
1885:, A. D. Pusalkar, K. M. Munshi.
277:. Their languages comprise the
45:needs additional citations for
1969:Beiträge zur Südasienforschung
1083:Some of these tribes include:
964:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
682:, Timur proudly boasts of the
1:
2114:By Debra Skelton, Pamela Dell
2112:Empire of Alexander the Great
1495:The Soviet War in Afghanistan
1449:Afghanistan: A Modern History
954:Soviet–Afghan War (1979-1989)
500:Buddhist states and societies
148:
3109:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
2686:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
2643:"Lexicons of the Hindu-Kush"
2528:Vishnu Purana, H. H. Wilson.
2342:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288
2213:North of Laghman or Lamghan.
1810:Holdich, Thomas Hungerford.
1508:Ballard; Lamm; Wood (2012).
913:but according to the others
2641:Strand, Richard F. (1999).
2620:Strand, Richard F. (2001).
2611:Strand, Richard F. (1997).
1360:"Wlodek Witek (CHArt 2001)"
778:people of the neighbouring
3125:
2400:Burnes, Elexander (1838).
2374:Burnes, Elexander (1838).
1960:Shahzada, Hussam-ul-Mulk.
1847:W. W. Norton & Company
1497:. United Press of America.
723:
2978:
2907:
2851:
2402:"On the Siah-posh Kafirs"
2376:"On the Siah-posh Kafirs"
1982:Admin (25 October 2019).
1451:, I.B. Tauris, 2005, p.11
1383:"Persée: A Kafir goddess"
1298:Cultures of the Hindukush
1179:"Afghanistan - Nuristani"
839:Gurashi/Gorish or Goraish
483:, the native religion of
430:('death', Nuristani), or
292:when Afghanistan and the
228:
215:
190:
162:
147:
1748:The Geographical Journal
1692:Witzel, Michael (2005).
1677:Witzel, Michael (2012).
1283:by the Nuristani tribes.
1046:Nuristan, in light green
943:the Siah-Posh/Wai groups
745:, also known locally as
1399:10.3406/arasi.1968.1603
1066:meaning "stone" in the
890:who refused to embrace
553:In the 4th century BC,
3063:Nuristan National Park
2861:Afghanistan portal
2009:Arthur David McCormick
1327:people.fas.harvard.edu
1047:
1018:In a 2012 research on
886:population of eastern
876:George Scott Robertson
827:George Scott Robertson
764:George Scott Robertson
753:Pre-1895 Kafir society
601:
525:The region was called
402:
393:
376:
358:
346:
333:
283:Indo-Iranian languages
250:
152: 125,000–300,000
18:Hindukush Kafir people
1947:10.3406/rhr.1991.1679
1915:A Visit to Kafiristan
1718:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1045:
743:Kamkata-vari language
720:Settlement in Chitral
394:
385:
368:
352:
344:
331:
294:British Indian Empire
248:
224:Related ethnic groups
3089:Indo-Iranian peoples
2313:et al. (2012).
2072:Joseph Barnard Davis
1306:Franz Steiner Verlag
917:. They appear to be
864:who was born in the
471:or Giwish, Bagisht,
467:, Wushum or Shomde,
319:Pre-Islamic religion
54:improve this article
3033:Nuristani languages
2333:2012PLoSO...734288H
2136:By Eric S. Margolis
2068:Thesaurus craniorum
1917:on Internet Archive
1760:1957GeogJ.123..457T
1493:Hauner, M. (1991).
972:Afghan Armed Forces
841:) a name linked to
819:Alexander the Great
564:) and "Safed-Posh (
555:Alexander the Great
355:Georg Morgenstierne
192:Nuristani languages
139:
2578:Halfmann, Jakob. "
1812:The Gates of India
1644:on 9 November 2013
1530:on 29 October 2013
1340:on 9 November 2013
1331:Harvard University
1048:
1026:, and one each in
982:to revolt against
377:
359:
347:
334:
251:
3076:
3075:
3053:Landai Sin Valley
2901:Nuristan Province
2867:
2866:
2821:Foreign nationals
2592:978-88-66872-65-8
2293:on 22 August 2005
1562:on 4 October 2013
1320:"Kalash Religion"
1183:countrystudies.us
1153:Kata-vari dialect
1068:Chitrali language
812:Origin hypotheses
543:Abdur Rahman Khan
366:
342:
329:
301:Abdur Rahman Khan
263:Nuristan Province
243:
242:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3116:
3094:Nuristani people
3048:Landai Sin River
2990:Populated places
2984:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2624:. Archived from
2616:
2412:
2406:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2309:
2303:
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2075:
2070:, 1867, p. 137,
2064:
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2031:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2005:
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1979:
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1879:
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1864:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1801:
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1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1637:. Archived from
1636:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1608:. Archived from
1597:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1555:. Archived from
1554:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1526:. Archived from
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1370:on 21 July 2011.
1366:. Archived from
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1333:. Archived from
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1175:
933:and a type with
832:Eric S. Margolis
726:Shekhani dialect
589:Mahmud of Ghazni
584:passed by them.
389:ancient Hinduism
367:
343:
330:
309:ancient Hinduism
273:of northwestern
271:Chitral District
265:of northeastern
206:
153:
150:
143:Total population
140:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3016:
2985:
2976:
2918:
2903:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2816:
2688:
2683:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2628:on 1 April 2019
2619:
2610:
2601:
2575:
2573:Further reading
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1768:10.2307/1790347
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1634:
1632:"Archived copy"
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1612:on 1 April 2019
1599:
1598:
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1550:"Archived copy"
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1507:
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1477:
1469:. p. 111.
1460:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1437:
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1428:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1387:Arts Asiatiques
1380:
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1262:. p. 205.
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1202:
1200:
1195:
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1177:
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1167:
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1124:
1040:
1016:
984:Saur Revolution
956:
907:anthropological
814:
755:
739:Khowar language
728:
722:
696:
606:
591:attacked them:
551:
379:Noted linguist
361:
336:
323:
321:
219:
203:second language
196:
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135:
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2599:External links
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1941:(2): 141–168.
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1883:R. C. Majumdar
1874:
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1852:
1849:. p. 225.
1839:Albinia, Alice
1830:
1828:. 1977. p 117.
1817:
1814:. p. 270.
1802:
1797:nanzan-u.ac.jp
1781:
1754:(4): 457–464.
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1295:Karl Jettmar.
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1107:
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960:Issa Nuristani
955:
952:
951:
950:
903:
873:
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772:Bashgal Valley
754:
751:
724:Main article:
721:
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700:Tuzak-i-Timuri
695:
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680:Tuzak-i-Timuri
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381:Richard Strand
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1020:Y-chromosomes
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
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48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3027:
2932:Barg-i Matal
2909:
2749:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:the original
2583:
2447:Elphinstone.
2408:
2393:Bibliography
2382:
2369:
2324:
2318:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
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2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2190:
2177:
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2155:Afghanistan.
2150:
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2106:
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1991:. Retrieved
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1646:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1626:
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1610:the original
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1557:the original
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1528:the original
1518:
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1488:
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1363:
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1335:the original
1326:
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671:
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650:Timur Hissar
649:
644:
633:
628:against the
607:
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569:
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259:ethnic group
254:
252:
197:
134:Ethnic group
131:
116:
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90:
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76:
69:"Nuristanis"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1467:I.B. Tauris
1393:(1): 3–21.
1364:chart.ac.uk
980:Afghanistan
949:ascendancy.
927:the Presuns
888:Afghanistan
622:Afghanistan
616:mountains.
610:Afghanistan
566:white-robed
562:black-robed
405:Mitch Weiss
398:deva lok'a-
369:Kati Hymn:
290:Durand Line
267:Afghanistan
217:Sunni Islam
172:Afghanistan
3099:Hindu Kush
3083:Categories
3068:Pech River
3043:Kafiristan
3028:Nuristanis
2838:Pakistanis
2750:Nuristanis
2632:19 January
2066:See also:
2021:McCormick.
1714:"Nuristan"
1616:19 January
1159:References
1128:Kho people
996:Badakhshan
947:Indo-Aryan
915:Indo-Aryan
896:fastnesses
860:, king of
798:frontier.
782:region in
759:Hindu Kush
690:(1300 CE)
527:Kafiristan
512:Badakhshan
426:Rājan, or
281:branch of
255:Nuristanis
138:Nuristanis
80:newspapers
3058:Mir Samir
3038:Governors
2997:Bagalgrom
2924:Districts
2828:Armenians
2795:Qizilbash
1735:: 69, 77.
1566:2 October
1534:4 January
1199:. GeoHive
1060:kata bont
1052:Karimabad
1010:in 1992.
992:Nangarhar
923:Himalayas
919:a mixture
911:Dravidian
900:Kafirstan
880:Kafirstan
747:Sheikhani
674:. In his
614:Hindukush
587:In 1014,
570:Red-Robed
518:of lower
475:, Züzum,
279:Nuristani
186:Languages
3012:Peshawar
2957:Nuristan
2952:Nurgaram
2843:Russians
2800:Turkmens
2770:Punjabis
2765:Pashtuns
2361:22470552
2320:PLOS ONE
2195:Balfour.
2169:Kambojia
2166:Sanskrit
1993:15 April
1841:(2010).
1658:cite web
1576:cite web
1415:(2002).
1260:ABC-CLIO
1122:See also
1093:Gramsana
1090:Dungulio
1075:Pashtuns
1014:Genetics
1000:Panjshir
958:General
941:traits (
870:Iranians
854:national
784:Pakistan
688:A.H. 800
620:invaded
508:Sung Yun
504:Fa-hsien
455:and old
409:Hinduism
305:Nuristan
275:Pakistan
211:Religion
180:Pakistan
164:Nuristan
110:May 2014
3007:Pesawur
3002:Kamdesh
2942:Kamdesh
2911:Capital
2833:Indians
2785:Hazaras
2760:Pashayi
2755:Pamiris
2730:Gurjars
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2352:3314501
2329:Bibcode
1776:1790347
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843:Quraysh
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776:Kalasha
732:Chitral
686:Ramazan
678:called
626:Muslims
549:History
539:"Kafir"
520:Chitral
492:shamans
453:Iranian
445:Khodaii
440:Persian
357:in 1929
257:are an
238:Pashayi
176:Chitral
94:scholar
2972:Waygal
2947:Mandol
2805:Uzbeks
2790:Kyrgyz
2780:Turkic
2775:Tajiks
2745:Moghol
2715:Brahui
2710:Baloch
2590:
2359:
2349:
2297:4 June
2132:P. 64
2110:P. 39
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1473:
1266:
1231:
1203:4 June
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1087:Askunu
1056:Mastuj
1038:Tribes
998:, and
935:Nordic
884:Indian
862:Persia
796:Afghan
791:Mumans
668:troops
664:Muslim
634:Kators
630:Kafirs
535:"Kufr"
481:Shinto
477:Disani
230:Kalash
199:Pashto
96:
89:
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3021:Other
2962:Parun
2937:Du Ab
2916:Parun
2812:Wakhi
2720:Dalak
2705:Arabs
2700:Aimaq
2405:(PDF)
2379:(PDF)
2183:Cyrus
1971:: 26.
1965:(PDF)
1863:p. 29
1793:(PDF)
1772:JSTOR
1699:(PDF)
1648:1 May
1642:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1344:1 May
1338:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1302:(PDF)
1277:imr'o
1109:Kshto
1096:Jench
988:Kunar
968:Jihad
931:Kurds
892:Islam
858:Cyrus
850:Arabs
846:tribe
659:Islam
654:death
645:Najil
638:Kabul
618:Timur
597:India
578:Babur
574:Timur
531:Islam
485:Japan
457:Vedic
442:term
432:Dezau
413:Islam
168:Kunar
101:JSTOR
87:books
2967:Wama
2634:2012
2588:ISBN
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1995:2022
1664:link
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1582:link
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469:Gish
465:Moni
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