1427:
98:
3275:
3265:
1666:
1556:
1501:
1447:
1858:, however, has demonstrated that the two types of sounds involve two distinct types of voicing and release mechanisms. The series of so-called voice aspirates should now properly be considered to involve the voicing mechanism of murmur, in which the air flow passes through an aperture between the
1731:. Supplementing these are two consonants that are internal developments in specific word-medial contexts, and seven consonants originally found in loan words, whose expression is dependent on factors such as status (class, education, etc.) and cultural register (Modern Standard Hindi vs Urdu).
1610:
3636:
A few sounds, borrowed from the other languages like
Persian and Arabic, are written with a dot (bindu or nukta) as shown in Table 2.2. …those who come from rural backgrounds and do not speak really good Khariboli, pronounce these sounds as the nearest equivalents in
466:). The opposition of length in the close vowels has been neutralized in word-final position, only allowing long close vowels in final position. As a result, Sanskrit loans which originally have a short close vowel are realized with a long close vowel, e.g.
2604:, and the tongue-tip must be well in contact with the back of the upper front teeth. The retroflex series is not purely retroflex; it actually has an apico-postalveolar (also described as apico-pre-palatal) articulation, and sometimes in words such as
1658:
1548:
1493:
1439:
1667:
1557:
1502:
1448:
2928:
is very rare and is found in loanwords from
Persian, Portuguese, and English and is considered to fall under the domain of Urdu and although it is officially present in Hindi, many speakers of Hindi assimilate it to
2646:, with the former occurring in initial, geminate and postnasal positions and the latter occurring in intervocalic and final positions. However, in Standard Hindi they contrast in similar positions, as in
2787:, i.e. the speaker can choose , , or an intermediate sound based on personal habit and preference, and still be perfectly intelligible, as long as the meaning is constant. This includes words such as
3280:
1611:
1602:
2948:. The introduction of these clusters into the language contravenes a historical tendency within its native core vocabulary to eliminate clusters through processes such as cluster reduction and
305:, with short vowels being lax, and long vowels being tense. Vowels are somewhat longer before voiced stops than before voiceless stops. Additionally, and occur as conditional allophones of
3540:
As this symbol can represents any nasal consonant phoneme depending on which consonant it is followed by, the particular IPA character used to represent this sound depends on the context.
2905:
is found in loanwords from all sources (Arabic, English, Portuguese, Persian, Sanskrit) and is well-established. Some Hindi speakers (especially those from rural areas) pronounce the
3937:... showed extremely regular patterns. As is not uncommon in a study of subphonemic detail, the objective data patterned much more cleanly than intuitive judgments ... occurs when /
3772:
Pandey, Dipti; Mondal, Tapabrata; Agrawal, S. S.; Bangalore, Srinivas (2013). "Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system".
860:) occur word-finally and before voiceless stops; instances of nasalized short vowels () and of nasalized long vowels before voiced stops (the latter, presumably because of a deleted
2597:
in
Hindustani is typically voiced (as ), especially when surrounded by vowels, but there is no phonemic difference between this voiced fricative and its voiceless counterpart .
2600:
Hindustani also has a phonemic difference between the dental plosives and the so-called retroflex plosives. The dental plosives in
Hindustani are laminal denti-alveolar as in
3685:—occur in words of Arabic or Persian origin. Many speakers maintain these sounds in their speech, but others often pronounce them as k, kh, g, j and ph, respectively.
5059:
89:, a co-official language of India and co-official and national language of Pakistan respectively. Phonological differences between the two standards are minimal.
2897:, are still considered to fall under the domain of Urdu, and are also used by some Hindi speakers; however, other Hindi speakers may assimilate these sounds to
5026:
779:
is surrounded on one of the sides by a schwa and on other side by a round vowel (due to
Hindustani phonotactics, this generally only occurs in the sequences
3214:
3018:
is stressed. However, the final mora of the word is ignored when making this assignment (Hussein 1997) . For example, with the ignored mora in parentheses:
3966:
5710:
5321:
2513:
2342:
1870:
of murmured consonants in Proto-Indo-European, a phonation that is absent in all branches of the Indo-European family except Indo-Aryan and
Armenian.
3774:
2013 International
Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE)
2823:
into formal Modern
Standard Hindi. They occur primarily in Sanskrit loanwords and proper nouns. In casual speech, they are sometimes replaced with
3270:
3044:
3513:
Hindi has individual letters for each of the aspirated consonants, whereas Urdu has a specific letter to represent aspiration after any consonant
4427:
3285:
2890:
shift also occasionally occurs in Urdu. While is a foreign sound, it is also natively found as an allophone of /s/ beside voiced consonants.
5326:
5289:
4809:
4396:
4373:
4351:
4275:
4075:
3929:
3789:
3721:
3629:
2578:
followed by a stop, and in
Sanskrit loanwords. However /n/ + velar clusters also occur, eg. /ʊn.kaː/ making /ŋ/ phonemic. There are murmured
1010:
173:
800:
is surrounded on one side by a schwa and a round vowel on the other side. One or both of the schwas will become giving the pronunciation .
4666:
4194:
4082:
In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़
2780:, 'vow'). Native Hindi speakers are usually unaware of the allophonic distinctions, though these are apparent to native English speakers.
4661:
3193:
3108:
3087:
2302:
411:). This contrast is often not realized by Urdu speakers, and always neutralized in Hindi (where both sounds uniformly correspond to ).
5052:
4656:
3300:
3014:
Stress is on the heaviest syllable of the word, and in the event of a tie, on the last such syllable. If all syllables are light, the
2850:. Being Persian in origin, these are seen as a defining feature of Urdu, although these sounds officially exist in Hindi and modified
1088:
624:). This change is part of the prestige dialect of Delhi, but may not occur for every speaker. Here are some examples of this process:
182:
4319:
4250:
4035:
3976:
3890:
3662:
2502:
Stops in final position are not released, although they continue to maintain the four-way phonation distinction in final position.
5161:
5021:
4138:
is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. In
2229:
2017:
5854:
5547:
5534:
5088:
4704:
4681:
3652:
2206:
1167:
263:
203:
49:
31:
5745:
5113:
4771:
3756:. ... A few words contain consonants…from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) as
2261:
1209:
230:
3918:
Janet
Pierrehumbert; Rami Nair (1996). "Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure". In Jacques Durand; Bernard Laks (eds.).
5705:
5670:
5311:
5103:
5045:
2409:
2278:
2221:
2123:
3010:
An extra-heavy syllable (three moras) ends in a long vowel and a consonant, or a short vowel and two consonants: VVC, VCC
5844:
5301:
5254:
5098:
4776:
2918:
2213:
1251:
973:
290:
are always short in length, while the vowels , , , , , , are usually considered long, in addition to an eleventh vowel
273:
216:
2010:
1288:
1052:
248:
166:
78:
4676:
2866:
even in native (non-Persian, non-English, non-Portuguese) Hindi words as well as many other Indian languages such as
3480:
Diacritics in Urdu are normally not written and usually implied and interpreted based on the context of the sentence
3172:
3065:
5683:
5229:
5184:
5118:
5093:
4933:
4766:
4420:
3260:
2706:
2643:
2311:
1996:
1771:
For the English speaker, a notable feature of the Hindustani consonants is that there is a four-way distinction of
4102:) in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़
876:
The principal vowel phonemes may be organised as follows to demonstrate the orthographic conventions for vowels.
5402:
5331:
5189:
5174:
5006:
4802:
2510:
is usually flapped or trilled. In intervocalic position, it may have a single contact and be described as a flap
2268:
2237:
1867:
2924:
is not commensurate with education and sophistication, but is characteristic of all social levels. The sibilant
5715:
5407:
5341:
5306:
4484:
3237:
2705:
Hindustani does not distinguish between and , specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but
2245:
2116:
2032:
2003:
1130:
189:
4142:
each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs.
4344:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
4025:
3531:
In Urdu the initial form (letter) for representing a nasalised word is: ن٘ (nūn + small nūn ghunna diacritic)
5559:
5452:
5422:
5387:
5179:
5123:
5108:
4720:
3241:
3240:, followed by a rise in pitch. Strictly speaking, Hindustani, like most other Indian languages, is rather a
2102:
2024:
1701:
1647:
1591:
1537:
1482:
407:
389:
342:
17:
2738:
in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as and when it is pronounced as .
5813:
5600:
5417:
5316:
4965:
4725:
4592:
3498:
3490:
3248:
3151:
3130:
3004:
2997:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2739:
2713:
2610:
2594:
2583:
2519:
2518:, but it may also be a clear trill, especially in word-initial and syllable-final positions, and geminate
2507:
2503:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2403:
2366:
2333:
2287:
1949:
1901:
1839:
1821:
1804:
1787:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
857:
844:
840:
828:
804:
797:
793:
784:
780:
776:
772:
735:
712:
703:
692:
673:
654:
617:
613:
605:
594:
566:
558:
463:
459:
451:
447:
416:
328:
306:
291:
287:
45:
41:
27:
5434:
5427:
5336:
5249:
5244:
4751:
4688:
4413:
2858:, also found in English and Portuguese loanwords, are now considered well-established in Hindi; indeed,
2349:
2296:
2109:
1941:
1934:
2846:(including some words which Persian itself borrowed from Arabic or Turkish) introduced six consonants,
5803:
5665:
5575:
5554:
5201:
5011:
4981:
4854:
4795:
4619:
4587:
4499:
2631:
2511:
2407:
2130:
1958:
1728:
340:
332:
5793:
5700:
5678:
5635:
5620:
5585:
5529:
5474:
5469:
5348:
5234:
5211:
5156:
4829:
4544:
4504:
4479:
4452:
3522:
As this is a diacritic affecting the preceding vowel, it cannot be the initial character of a word.
2193:
2146:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2054:
2047:
1983:
1896:
1859:
1817:
1325:
820:
60:
823:, there are nasalized vowels in Hindustani. There is disagreement over the issue of the nature of
5690:
5499:
5444:
5439:
5394:
5353:
5146:
5072:
5016:
4928:
4844:
4447:
4177:
3795:
3559:
2993:
2940:
Being the main sources from which Hindustani draws its higher, learned terms– English, Sanskrit,
2742:
is pronounced in onglide position, i.e. between an onset consonant and a following vowel, as in
1966:
1891:
5590:
5037:
4201:
3816:
1754:). They all occur monomorphemically except , which occurs only in a few Sanskrit loans where a
5818:
5783:
5768:
5752:
5740:
5725:
5695:
5655:
5625:
5605:
5595:
5539:
5519:
5509:
5494:
5479:
5374:
5369:
5296:
5266:
5261:
5239:
5221:
5216:
5206:
5196:
4952:
4746:
4648:
4549:
4539:
4392:
4384:
4369:
4361:
4347:
4315:
4271:
4246:
4071:
4031:
3972:
3925:
3886:
3820:
3785:
3717:
3658:
3625:
3494:
2945:
2871:
2254:
2143:
2095:
1921:
1906:
1800:
1742:). Geminate consonants are always medial and preceded by one of the interior vowels (that is,
933:
334:
239:
5798:
5730:
5720:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5630:
5615:
5610:
5524:
5514:
5382:
5276:
5169:
5151:
5141:
4996:
4991:
4741:
4671:
4582:
4534:
4494:
4462:
3777:
2981:
2875:
2867:
2843:
2601:
2160:
2061:
1916:
1886:
1881:
1783:
1387:
702:
However, the fronting of schwa does not occur in words with a schwa only on one side of the
295:
3804:
Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/
16:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu for Knowledge (XXG) articles, see
5808:
5788:
5773:
5735:
5640:
5580:
5504:
5489:
5484:
5457:
5284:
5271:
4986:
4902:
4834:
4611:
4577:
4569:
4554:
4521:
2985:
2327:
1928:
1911:
816:
197:
3251:
has a strong tendency to vanish into nothing (syncopated) if its syllable is unaccented.
4339:
3549:
This character does not have an initial form and is not used for initial nasals in Hindi
5859:
5823:
5778:
4756:
4457:
2913:), though these same speakers, having a Sanskritic education, may hyperformally uphold
2784:
2635:
1978:
621:
348:
224:
5849:
5838:
4960:
4897:
4887:
4839:
4629:
4489:
4305:
3999:
3290:
2977:
2563:
2377:
2323:
2199:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2153:
2044:
1989:
1835:
455:
122:
65:
3799:
4864:
4761:
4624:
4261:
4130:
is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the German
1355:
443:
4309:
4265:
4240:
3919:
1665:
1609:
1555:
1500:
1446:
5001:
4529:
2575:
2567:
824:
570:
435:
160:
142:
117:
97:
3781:
4938:
4597:
4474:
4222:
3861:"r is a tip dental trill, and often has but one flap", Thomas Cummings (1915)
3295:
2949:
2851:
2571:
2429:
1735:
1715:
861:
256:
135:
127:
5068:
4559:
3714:
A Guru’s Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora
2836:
2709:
2639:
1855:
1779:, rather than the two-way distinction found in English. The phonations are:
1772:
1724:
896:
601:
302:
2956::293) lists distinctively Sanskrit/Hindi biconsonantal clusters of initial
787:). It differs from the vowel in that it is a short vowel. For example, in
4333:. Building Centenary and Silver Jubilee Series, 35. Poona: Deccan College.
2466:
in Hindi respectively, except in the careful speech of educated speakers.
545:) has been variously transcribed as or . Among sources for this article,
4859:
4634:
3849:, Indian Institute of Language Studies; Foreign Service Institute (1957)
3501:, also though it is not often used or needed in modern Hindi orthography.
2812:
2579:
1755:
562:
439:
298:
286:
Hindustani natively possesses a symmetrical ten-vowel system. The vowels
74:
37:
2944:, and to a lesser extent Persian provide loanwords with a rich array of
4892:
3622:
Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study
1776:
2964:, and distinctively Perso-Arabic/Urdu biconsonantal clusters of final
301:. The distinction between short and long vowels is often described as
4912:
4907:
4607:
3961:
3959:
3015:
2941:
3924:. European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press.
2835:
does not occur word-initially and has a nasalized flap as a common
2804:) (pronounced ), which can be pronounced equally correctly as or .
2570:
occur only in consonant clusters, where each nasal is followed by a
4000:"Hindi Urdu Machine Transliteration using Finite-state Transducers"
3760:, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f.
4436:
3245:
2470:
is found in Urdu and is rarer in Hindi, often being replaced with
1694:
1640:
1584:
1530:
1475:
882:
847:, possibly because of the effect of nasalization on vowel quality;
609:
96:
82:
70:
4818:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
86:
5041:
4791:
4409:
3407:
3405:
2920:. In contrast, for native speakers of Urdu, the maintenance of
2478:) in the latter; an example of a word containing this sound is
4178:
http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/theses/2001Dyrud.PDF
4049:
4047:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
2879:
872:
Vowel orthography with diacritics and English approximations
370:
The open central vowel is transcribed in IPA by either or .
3497:. However, there does exist a diacritic, ्, for suppressing
1862:, as opposed to passing between the ligamental vocal bands."
1425:
2582:, , but these are considered to be consonant clusters with
3863:
An Urdu Manual of the Phonetic, Inductive Or Direct Method
4331:
Studies in Hindi-Urdu, I: Introduction and Word Phonology
3620:
Kulshreshtha, Manisha; Mathur, Ramkumar (24 March 2012).
3615:
3613:
3611:
3509:
3507:
2854:
characters are available to represent them. Among these,
1404:
homorganic nasal before the succeeding consonant, like ju
393:) in word-final position, which contrasts with (spelled
4405:
2522:
is always a trill in Arabic and Persian loanwords, e.g.
853:
all vowel nasalization is predictable (i.e. allophonic);
4787:
2400:
Marginal and non-universal phonemes are in parentheses.
1846:
The last is commonly called "voiced aspirate", though
3624:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19.
3281:
IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)
3236:
Content words in Hindustani normally begin on a low
36:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5761:
5568:
5362:
5134:
4974:
4951:
4921:
4880:
4873:
4734:
4713:
4697:
4647:
4606:
4568:
4520:
4513:
3880:
2762:
2743:
2667:
2647:
2605:
2543:
2523:
2479:
1763:
788:
730:
707:
588:
540:
487:
467:
442:are thought to have been primarily distinctions of
3950:/ is in onglide position ... occurs otherwise ...
3728:Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to the
3003:A heavy syllable (two moras) ends in a long vowel
2506:varies freely with , and can also be pronounced .
1382:heavy nasalisation of the preceding vowel, like c
593:) will be represented as to distinguish it from
4346:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–103,
4195:"Word boundary detection using pitch variations"
620:before the next syllable or word-finally due to
50:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4342:, in International Phonetic Association (ed.),
4219:Word Boundary Detection Using Pitch Variations.
4182:Hindi-Urdu: Stress Accent or Non-Stress Accent?
4126:, but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़
3921:Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods
4024:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007).
3707:
3705:
2984:. To predict stress placement, the concept of
101:The oral vowel phonemes of Hindi according to
5053:
4803:
4421:
4297:Phonetic Correlates of Lexical Stress in Urdu
4184:(University of North Dakota, master's thesis)
3913:
3911:
3489:Hindi does not have a diacritic to represent
2862:appears to be encroaching upon and replacing
1866:The murmured consonants are believed to be a
1344:aspiration of the preceding consonant, as in
850:there is phonemic nasalization of all vowels;
458:, or length accompanied by quality (that is,
454:), have become in Hindustani distinctions of
8:
4387:, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),
4364:, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),
4225:, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering)
3647:
3645:
4005:. Association for Computational Linguistics
3938:
3874:
3456:
3007:or in a short vowel and a consonant: VV, VC
2792:
2768:
2749:
2719:
2673:
2653:
2614:
2549:
2529:
2485:
1758:boundary could be posited in between, e.g.
1673:
1617:
1563:
1508:
1487:'take care of, knife blade, hair, forehead'
1454:
739:
716:
574:
557::110) use . Furthermore, an eleventh vowel
526:
493:
473:
5060:
5046:
5038:
4877:
4810:
4796:
4788:
4517:
4428:
4414:
4406:
4217:Ramana Rao, G.V. and Srichand, J. (1996)
4122:is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat like
3945:
3943:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3274:
3264:
2799:
2797:
2775:
2773:
2756:
2754:
2731:
2729:
2681:
2679:
2661:
2659:
2622:
2620:
2557:
2555:
2537:
2535:
2493:
2491:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1309:
1304:
1272:
1267:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1151:
1146:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1073:
1068:
1036:
1031:
1026:
994:
989:
958:
953:
948:
835::117) presents four differing viewpoints:
747:
745:
724:
722:
683:
664:
645:
582:
580:
534:
532:
501:
499:
481:
479:
400:
394:
380:
374:
373:In Urdu, there is further short (spelled
4270:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
4070:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 20.
3020:
2966:/ft,rf,mt,mr,ms,kl,tl,bl,sl,tm,lm,ɦm,ɦr/
1872:
878:
626:
108:
4239:Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (2003),
4153:
3578:
3411:
3384:
3312:
3271:IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio
2953:
1847:
550:
4053:
3902:
3696:
3602:
3590:
3468:
3423:
3396:
3372:
3331:
3319:
3286:Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages
2761:, 'food dish'), and elsewhere, as in
1713:
1700:
1646:
1590:
1536:
1481:
832:
600:In addition, occurs as a conditioned
554:
549:, pictured to the right, uses , while
4165:
3444:
3360:
3343:
2783:In most situations, the allophony is
2587:
1596:'postpone, wood shop, branch, shield'
807:as diphthongs, pronouncing them as .
546:
525:The vowel represented graphically as
406:
388:
331:is often realized more open than mid
102:
7:
4667:Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal
4110:, are the initial sounds in English
2627:'broken') it even becomes alveolar.
40:. For the distinction between ,
4662:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
3712:Morelli, Sarah (20 December 2019).
3493:as it is the inherent vowel of the
2980:, but it is not as important as in
1738:(doubled in length; exceptions are
1629:
395:
381:
375:
351:word-medially in certain contexts.
77:, and through its two standardized
4657:Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka
3301:Phonological history of Hindustani
1714:Problems playing these files? See
771:The vowel occurs in proximity to
14:
4068:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi
3968:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi
3744:, and has two slightly differing
2376:
2348:
2341:
2310:
2301:
2286:
2277:
2267:
2260:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1965:
1957:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1874:Consonant phonemes of Hindustani
1734:Most native consonants may occur
1412:ch, and light vowel nasalisation
1354:
1324:
1287:
1250:
1208:
1166:
1129:
1087:
1051:
1009:
972:
932:
272:
262:
247:
238:
229:
215:
202:
188:
181:
172:
165:
3716:. University of Illinois Press.
3273:
3263:
1723:Hindustani has a core set of 28
1663:
1607:
1553:
1538:[t̪aːlt̪ʰaːld̪aːld̪ʱaːɾ]
1498:
1444:
868:Masica supports this last view.
506:'item') are and , not * and *.
4705:Department of Official Language
4682:Hindutva boycott of Hindi films
4391:, Routledge, pp. 250–285,
4368:, Routledge, pp. 286–350,
4118:respectively. The consonant क़
3817:"Meaning of azhdaha in English"
2893:The other three Persian loans,
856:Nasalized long vowel phonemes (
32:International Phonetic Alphabet
5027:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
3022:Examples of Hindustani stress
2542:'little') versus well-trilled
1652:'walk, deceit, water, glimmer'
1542:'rhythm, plate, lentil, knife'
942:
1:
5022:Progressive Writers' Movement
4314:, John Benjamins Publishing,
4289:, University of Chicago Press
3971:. Motilal Banarsidass. 1989.
4383:Shapiro, Michael C. (2003),
4360:Schmidt, Ruth Laila (2003),
4066:Shapiro, Michael C. (1989).
3657:. Dover Publications. 1981.
2878:, as happened in Greek with
1854:"Evidence from experimental
1702:[kaːnkʰaːnɡaːnɡʱaːn]
1695:
1648:[tʃəltʃʰəldʒəldʒʱəl]
1641:
1592:[ʈaːlʈʰaːlɖaːlɖʱaːl]
1585:
1531:
1483:[paːlpʰaːlbaːlbʱaːl]
1476:
5290:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
3885:), Kitāb Mahal, Allahabad,
3881:
2901:respectively. The sibilant
2815:borrowing has reintroduced
2763:
2744:
2668:
2648:
2606:
2586:in the analysis adopted by
2574:stop, as an allophone of a
2544:
2524:
2480:
1764:
1318:t (Received Pronunciation)
831:which is never nasalized).
803:Some Eastern dialects kept
789:
731:
708:
589:
541:
488:
468:
57:Phonology of Hindi and Urdu
5878:
3873:Tiwari, Bholanath ( 2004)
3782:10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861
3748:sounds, transliterated as
3736:g, transliterated here as
3261:IPA vowel chart with audio
2644:complementary distribution
110:Hindustani vowel phonemes
15:
5079:
4825:
4443:
4329:Kelkar, Ashok R. (1968).
4299:, Northwestern University
4040:– via Google Books.
3944:
3939:
3875:
3845:, Omkar Nath Koul (1994)
3457:Cardona & Jain (2003)
2798:
2793:
2774:
2769:
2755:
2750:
2730:
2720:
2680:
2674:
2660:
2654:
2621:
2615:
2556:
2550:
2536:
2530:
2492:
2486:
2322:
2295:
2284:
2259:
2243:
2234:
2192:
1977:
1927:
1878:
1706:'ear, mine, song, bundle'
1674:
1618:
1564:
1509:
1455:
1374:
1369:
1336:
1303:
1266:
1145:
1025:
988:
904:
901:
894:
891:
888:
881:
746:
740:
723:
717:
581:
575:
533:
527:
500:
494:
480:
474:
126:
121:
116:
114:
4389:The Indo-Aryan Languages
4366:The Indo-Aryan Languages
4295:Hussein, Sarmad (1997),
4267:The Indo-Aryan Languages
4242:The Indo-Aryan Languages
4027:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2996:) ends in a short vowel
2634:, the plosives and the
827:(barring English-loaned
5322:Regional North American
4721:World Hindi Secretariat
4338:Ohala, Manjari (1999),
4180:Dyrud, Lars O. (2001)
3560:Phonetics from UCLA.edu
3242:syllable-timed language
2972:Suprasegmental features
2962:/tʋ,ʃʋ,nj,lj,rʋ,dʒj,rj/
2716:in Hindustani (written
2450:are mostly replaced by
1727:inherited from earlier
28:phonetic transcriptions
18:Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu
5855:Indo-Aryan phonologies
5746:Dialects and varieties
5317:Received Pronunciation
5162:American Sign Language
4966:Hindi-Urdu controversy
4726:World Hindi Conference
4698:National organizations
4677:Hindi–Urdu controversy
4287:Metrical stress theory
3005:/aː,iː,uː,eː,ɛː,oː,ɔː/
2992:A light syllable (one
2958:/kr,kʃ,st,sʋ,ʃr,sn,nj/
1864:
1430:
811:Nasalization of vowels
612:) within the sequence
106:
25:This article contains
4752:Sahitya Akademi Award
4689:Punjabi Suba movement
4285:Hayes, Bruce (1995),
3847:Hindi Phonetic Reader
1852:
1429:
100:
4714:Global organizations
4620:Andaman Creole Hindi
4588:Caribbean Hindustani
3843:Urdu phonetic reader
3841:Nazir Hassan (1980)
3387:, pp. 293, 310.
3060:small change, coins
2632:Indo-Aryan languages
1860:arytenoid cartilages
561:is found in English
339:, i.e. as near-open
5845:Hindustani language
5671:Proto-Indo-European
5327:White South African
3851:Hindi: Basic Course
3023:
1875:
1768:('without shame').
906:Approximate English
858:/ɑ̃ːĩːũːẽːɛ̃ːõːɔ̃ː/
347:. It is subject to
111:
4207:on 25 October 2007
3021:
2946:consonant clusters
2808:External borrowing
2690:Allophony of and
2414:for some speakers.
1873:
1850::260) notes that,
1431:
294:which is found in
109:
107:
5832:
5831:
5332:Standard Canadian
5073:world's languages
5035:
5034:
4947:
4946:
4785:
4784:
4649:Language politics
4643:
4642:
4398:978-0-415-77294-5
4375:978-0-415-77294-5
4353:978-0-521-63751-0
4277:978-0-521-29944-2
4077:978-81-208-0508-8
3931:978-1-901471-02-1
3821:Rekhta Dictionary
3791:978-1-4799-2378-6
3732:in the English sa
3723:978-0-252-05172-2
3669:These letters—q,
3631:978-1-4614-1137-6
3495:Devanagari script
3234:
3233:
2976:Hindustani has a
2562:'particle'). The
2392:
2391:
2369:
2336:
2257:
2202:
2149:
2098:
2050:
1992:
1826:⟨p⟩
1809:⟨b⟩
1792:⟨p⟩
1696:kān khān gān ghān
1668:
1642:cal chal jal jhal
1612:
1586:ṭāl ṭhāl ḍāl ḍhāl
1558:
1532:tāl thāl dāl dhār
1503:
1477:pāl phāl bāl bhāl
1449:
1416:
1415:
909:
899:
864:) are allophonic.
700:
699:
284:
283:
155:
150:
145:
138:
5867:
5684:Kerkrade dialect
5307:General American
5062:
5055:
5048:
5039:
4878:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4789:
4672:Hindi imposition
4518:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4401:
4378:
4356:
4334:
4324:
4300:
4290:
4280:
4255:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4200:. Archived from
4199:
4191:
4185:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4004:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3915:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3709:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3617:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3563:
3562:but re-recorded.
3556:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3250:
3188:goods, property
3146:where, where to
3024:
3006:
2999:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2596:
2585:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2380:
2365:
2352:
2345:
2332:
2314:
2305:
2290:
2281:
2271:
2264:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2198:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2142:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2094:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1988:
1969:
1961:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1876:
1841:
1827:
1824:, which is like
1823:
1810:
1807:, which is like
1806:
1793:
1790:, which is like
1789:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1435:Hindustani stops
1428:
1377:
1372:
1358:
1339:
1328:
1311:
1306:
1291:
1274:
1269:
1254:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1212:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1170:
1153:
1148:
1133:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1091:
1075:
1070:
1055:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1013:
996:
991:
976:
960:
955:
950:
936:
905:
895:
879:
859:
846:
842:
830:
806:
799:
795:
792:
786:
782:
778:
774:
768:
767:
763:
751:
750:
749:
743:
742:
737:
734:
728:
727:
726:
720:
719:
714:
711:
705:
694:
685:
675:
666:
656:
647:
627:
619:
615:
607:
596:
592:
586:
585:
584:
578:
577:
568:
560:
544:
538:
537:
536:
530:
529:
522:
521:
517:
505:
504:
503:
497:
496:
491:
485:
484:
483:
477:
476:
471:
465:
461:
453:
449:
431:
430:
426:
418:
410:
408:[ləɽkaː]
402:
398:
397:
392:
384:
383:
378:
377:
367:
366:
362:
346:
338:
330:
325:
324:
320:
308:
293:
289:
276:
266:
251:
242:
233:
219:
206:
192:
185:
176:
169:
153:
148:
141:
134:
112:
47:
43:
5877:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5757:
5711:Scottish Gaelic
5564:
5418:Standard Modern
5358:
5170:Modern Standard
5130:
5075:
5066:
5036:
5031:
4970:
4943:
4929:Aurangabad Urdu
4917:
4869:
4821:
4816:
4786:
4781:
4730:
4709:
4693:
4639:
4602:
4564:
4509:
4439:
4434:
4399:
4382:
4376:
4359:
4354:
4337:
4328:
4322:
4304:
4294:
4284:
4278:
4260:
4253:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4078:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3932:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3792:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3665:
3654:Say It in Hindi
3651:
3650:
3643:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3566:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3257:
3230:epithet of God
3027:Hindi spelling
2986:syllable weight
2974:
2842:Loanwords from
2810:
2785:non-conditional
2727:
2717:
2712:of the phoneme
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2474:(or further by
1982:
1905:
1890:
1825:
1808:
1791:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1549:Retroflex stops
1545:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1359:
1329:
1292:
1255:
1213:
1171:
1134:
1092:
1056:
1014:
977:
937:
907:
874:
862:nasal consonant
813:
769:
765:
761:
759:
758:
633:Transliteration
573:'). Hereafter,
523:
519:
515:
513:
512:
432:
428:
424:
422:
421:
390:[kəmra]
368:
364:
360:
358:
357:
326:
322:
318:
316:
315:
95:
58:
55:
54:
53:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5716:Serbo-Croatian
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4792:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Jnanpith Award
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4380:
4374:
4357:
4352:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4306:Kachru, Yamuna
4302:
4292:
4282:
4276:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4186:
4170:
4158:
4146:
4076:
4058:
4043:
4036:
4016:
3991:
3977:
3955:
3930:
3907:
3895:
3866:
3854:
3834:
3808:
3790:
3764:
3722:
3701:
3689:
3663:
3641:
3630:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3564:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3503:
3482:
3473:
3461:
3459:, p. 283.
3449:
3428:
3416:
3401:
3389:
3385:Schmidt (2003)
3377:
3365:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3256:
3253:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:Pronunciation
3034:
3031:
3030:Urdu spelling
3028:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3001:
2973:
2970:
2809:
2806:
2691:
2688:
2593:The fricative
2500:
2499:
2433:
2415:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1815:
1798:
1711:
1672:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1453:
1443:
1440:Bilabial stops
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
992:
987:
984:
981:
978:
971:
968:
967:
961:
956:
951:
946:
943:
941:
938:
931:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
911:
910:
903:
900:
893:
890:
886:
885:
873:
870:
866:
865:
854:
851:
848:
812:
809:
757:
754:
729:'a story') or
698:
697:
695:
690:
687:
679:
678:
676:
671:
668:
660:
659:
657:
652:
649:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
622:schwa deletion
597:, the latter.
587:(romanized as
539:(romanized as
511:
508:
486:'energy') and
420:
413:
356:
353:
349:schwa deletion
314:
311:
282:
281:
279:
277:
270:
268:
259:
253:
252:
245:
243:
236:
234:
227:
221:
220:
213:
211:
209:
207:
200:
194:
193:
186:
179:
177:
170:
163:
157:
156:
151:
146:
139:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
94:
91:
56:
48:⟩, see
24:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5873:
5872:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5560:Luxembourgish
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5548:Maastrichtian
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Orthographies
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5051:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Urdu movement
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:Standard Urdu
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Haflong Hindi
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Chhattisgarhi
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Kinship terms
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4321:90-272-3812-X
4317:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4262:Masica, Colin
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:9781135797102
4248:
4245:, Routledge,
4244:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4154:Shapiro (2003
4150:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4037:9781135797119
4033:
4030:. Routledge.
4029:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3980:
3978:9788120805088
3974:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3891:81-225-0017-X
3888:
3883:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3776:. p. 3.
3775:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3699:, p. 20.
3698:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3664:9780486137919
3660:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:Shapiro (2003
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:Shapiro (2003
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3375:, p. 47.
3374:
3373:Kelkar (1968)
3369:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3334:, p. 15.
3333:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Urdu alphabet
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:Romanization
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:stress accent
2971:
2969:
2955:
2954:Schmidt (2003
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2919:
2891:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2853:
2848:/f,z,ʒ,q,x,ɣ/
2845:
2840:
2838:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2765:
2746:
2711:
2708:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2686:'fearless').
2670:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2546:
2526:
2515:
2482:
2434:
2431:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1848:Shapiro (2003
1837:
1834:
1831:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1757:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1703:
1697:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1604:
1603:Palatal stops
1593:
1587:
1550:
1539:
1533:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1441:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
985:
982:
979:
975:
970:
969:
965:
962:
957:
952:
947:
944:
939:
935:
930:
929:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
912:
898:
887:
884:
880:
877:
871:
869:
863:
855:
852:
849:
839:there are no
838:
837:
836:
834:
826:
822:
818:
810:
808:
801:
791:
764:
755:
753:
733:
710:
696:
693:/ʈʰə.ɦəɾ.nɑː/
691:
688:
681:
680:
677:
672:
669:
662:
661:
658:
653:
650:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
628:
625:
623:
611:
603:
598:
591:
572:
564:
556:
552:
551:Shapiro (2003
548:
543:
518:
509:
507:
490:
470:
457:
445:
441:
437:
427:
414:
412:
409:
405:
391:
387:
371:
363:
354:
352:
350:
344:
336:
321:
312:
310:
304:
300:
297:
280:
278:
275:
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
255:
254:
250:
246:
244:
241:
237:
235:
232:
228:
226:
223:
222:
218:
214:
212:
210:
208:
205:
201:
199:
196:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
162:
159:
158:
152:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
124:
119:
113:
104:
99:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
66:lingua franca
62:
51:
39:
35:
33:
29:
19:
5814:West Frisian
5601:Massachusett
5464:
5114:Prepositions
5083:
4934:British Urdu
4849:
4762:Hindi cinema
4625:Bombay Hindi
4469:
4388:
4365:
4343:
4330:
4310:
4296:
4286:
4266:
4241:
4233:Bibliography
4218:
4209:. Retrieved
4202:the original
4189:
4181:
4173:
4161:
4149:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4067:
4061:
4054:Masica (1991
4026:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3967:
3936:
3935:
3920:
3903:Masica (1991
3898:
3882:Hindī Bhāshā
3869:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3811:
3803:
3773:
3767:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3713:
3692:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3653:
3635:
3621:
3603:Kachru (2006
3598:
3591:Masica (1991
3586:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3485:
3476:
3469:Masica (1991
3464:
3452:
3424:Masica (1991
3419:
3397:Masica (1991
3392:
3380:
3368:
3339:
3327:
3320:Masica (1991
3315:
3235:
3223:
3202:
3181:
3167:sir, mister
3160:
3139:
3117:
3095:
3074:
3052:
3013:
2975:
2939:
2892:
2841:
2811:
2788:
2782:
2726:in Hindi or
2704:
2629:
2599:
2592:
2588:Ohala (1999)
2568:velar nasals
2501:
1865:
1853:
1845:
1829:
1812:
1795:
1770:
1733:
1722:
1494:Dental stops
1409:
1405:
1386:'t in rapid
1383:
1345:
1315:
1278:
1241:
1199:
1157:
1120:
1079:
1042:
1000:
963:
875:
867:
833:Masica (1991
825:nasalization
814:
802:
770:
752:'outside').
701:
599:
555:Masica (1991
547:Ohala (1999)
524:
444:vowel length
436:close vowels
433:
423:, , , ": -->
403:
385:
372:
369:
327:
285:
69:of northern
64:
59:
44:and ⟨
26:
5544:Limburgish
5435:Greenlandic
5312:New Zealand
5245:Northern Wu
5104:Determiners
5084:Phonologies
5069:Phonologies
4992:Informatics
4166:Hayes (1995
3876:हिन्दी भाषा
3827:12 December
3697:Kachru 2006
3445:Ohala (1999
3361:Ohala (1999
3344:Ohala (1999
3332:Kachru 2006
3016:penultimate
2988:is needed:
2909:sounds as
2707:conditional
2666:'bird') vs
2576:nasal vowel
2406:is lateral
2334:unaspirated
2297:Approximant
1828:in English
1811:in English
1794:in English
1740:/bʱ,ɽ,ɽʱ,ɦ/
1659:Velar stops
103:Ohala (1999
5839:Categories
5804:Vietnamese
5675:Ripuarian
5666:Portuguese
5576:Macedonian
5555:Lithuanian
5465:Hindustani
5302:Australian
5255:Historical
5202:Belarusian
5099:Adjectives
4987:Literature
4939:Roman Urdu
4903:Hyderabadi
4855:Vocabulary
4830:Hindustani
4742:Literature
4598:Fiji Hindi
4560:Sansi Boli
4545:Hindustani
4505:Hindustani
4475:Devanagari
4453:Declension
4223:IIT Madras
4211:18 October
4140:devanāgari
3307:References
3296:Devanagari
3082:committee
2960:and final
2950:epenthesis
2852:Devanagari
2710:allophones
2694:and ": -->
2640:allophones
2572:homorganic
2498:'dragon').
2430:post-velar
1760:/nɪʃ+ʃiːl/
1729:Indo-Aryan
1725:consonants
1716:media help
1419:Consonants
1408:gle or bra
917:Combining
908:equivalent
821:Portuguese
713:/kəɦaːniː/
630:Hindi/Urdu
565:, such as
553::258) and
438:, what in
434:Among the
61:Hindustani
5794:Ukrainian
5701:Sardinian
5679:Colognian
5636:Old Saxon
5621:Norwegian
5586:Maldivian
5530:Latgalian
5475:Icelandic
5470:Hungarian
5349:Esperanto
5235:Cantonese
5212:Bulgarian
5185:Levantine
5157:Afrikaans
4874:Varieties
4850:Phonology
4514:Varieties
4500:Etymology
4470:Phonology
4009:25 August
3984:25 August
3558:Derived:
3471::117–118)
3219:پروردگار
3215:परवरदिगार
2911:/pʰ,dʒ,s/
2837:allophone
2580:sonorants
2367:aspirated
2200:voiceless
2194:Fricative
2147:aspirated
2048:aspirated
2045:voiceless
1990:voiceless
1984:Affricate
1902:Post-alv.
1897:Retroflex
1856:phonetics
1818:aspirated
1773:phonation
897:ISO 15919
756:Vowels ,
686:"to wait"
655:/kəɦ.nɑː/
639:Phonetic
602:allophone
563:loanwords
510:Vowels ,
446:(that is
303:tenseness
299:loanwords
198:Close-mid
79:registers
5691:Romanian
5500:Japanese
5458:Biblical
5445:Hawaiian
5440:Gujarati
5403:Standard
5395:Galician
5383:Parisian
5354:Estonian
5285:Standard
5230:Mandarin
5226:Chinese
5190:Tunisian
5175:Egyptian
5147:Acehnese
5119:Pronouns
5094:Grammars
4953:Politics
4898:Dhakaiya
4881:Dialects
4860:Nastaliq
4840:Alphabet
4635:Hinglish
4550:Kannauji
4540:Haryanvi
4480:Numerals
4458:Pronouns
4308:(2006),
4264:(1991),
3800:26461938
3255:See also
3222:parvardi
3049:ریزگاری
3045:रेज़गारी
2899:/k,kʰ,g/
2882:. This
2872:Gujarati
2813:Sanskrit
2736:⟩
2728:⟨
2724:⟩
2718:⟨
2630:In some
2611:/ʈuːʈaː/
1892:Alveolar
1836:murmured
1777:plosives
1756:morpheme
1736:geminate
926:Initial
914:Initial
760:, ": -->
736:/baːɦər/
706:such as
689:ṭhaharnā
682:ठहरना /
674:/ʃə.ɦəɾ/
648:"to say"
636:Phonemic
514:, ": -->
440:Sanskrit
399:, as in
379:, as in
225:Open-mid
75:Pakistan
42:/ /
38:Help:IPA
5819:Yiddish
5784:Turkish
5769:Tagalog
5753:Swedish
5741:Spanish
5726:Slovene
5696:Russian
5656:Persian
5626:Occitan
5606:Medumba
5596:Marathi
5540:Latvian
5520:Kurdish
5510:Konkani
5495:Italian
5480:Ingrian
5449:Hebrew
5423:Ancient
5408:Bernese
5399:German
5379:French
5375:Finnish
5370:Faroese
5297:English
5267:Cornish
5262:Chukchi
5240:Hokkien
5222:Catalan
5217:Burmese
5207:Bengali
5197:Avestan
5166:Arabic
5071:of the
5012:Writers
4893:Dakhini
4865:Braille
4845:Grammar
4835:History
4772:Writers
4612:Creoles
4608:Pidgins
4583:Bagheli
4570:Eastern
4555:Kauravi
4535:Bundeli
4522:Western
4495:History
4490:Braille
4448:Grammar
4385:"Hindi"
4340:"Hindi"
4106:and फ़
3209:Muslim
3198:مسلمان
3194:मुसलमान
3113:روزانہ
3109:रौज़ाना
3088:क़िस्मत
2998:/ə,ɪ,ʊ/
2982:English
2922:/f,z,ʃ/
2907:/f,z,ʃ/
2895:/q,x,ɣ/
2876:Marathi
2868:Bengali
2844:Persian
2602:Spanish
2564:palatal
1922:Glottal
1907:Palatal
923:Medial
805:/ɛː,ɔː/
794:/bəɦʊt/
775:if the
644:कहना /
456:quality
415:Vowels
296:English
123:Central
63:is the
30:in the
5799:Uyghur
5731:Somali
5721:Slovak
5661:Polish
5651:Pashto
5646:Ottawa
5631:Ojibwe
5616:Nepali
5611:Navajo
5525:Kyrgyz
5515:Korean
5453:Modern
5414:Greek
5388:Quebec
5342:Middle
5281:Dutch
5277:Danish
5180:Hejazi
5152:Adyghe
5142:Abkhaz
5002:Poetry
4997:Cinema
4982:Awards
4913:Urdish
4908:Rekhta
4747:Awards
4578:Awadhi
4395:
4372:
4362:"Urdu"
4350:
4318:
4274:
4249:
4074:
4034:
3975:
3928:
3889:
3823:. 2023
3798:
3788:
3720:
3661:
3637:Hindi.
3628:
3244:. The
3177:اسباب
3125:daily
3039:Gloss
2942:Arabic
2794:अद्वैत
2789:advait
2745:pakwān
2551:ज़र्रा
2487:अझ़दहा
2481:aždahā
2462:, and
2446:, and
2424:, and
2255:voiced
2144:voiced
2096:voiced
1917:Uvular
1887:Dental
1882:Labial
1868:reflex
1801:voiced
1784:tenuis
1775:among
1765:niśśīl
1687:, घान/
1683:, गान/
1679:, खान/
1577:, ढाल/
1573:, डाल/
1569:, ठाल/
1525:, धार/
1514:, थाल/
1468:, भाल/
1464:, बाल/
1460:, फाल/
920:Final
892:Hindi
883:Vowels
817:French
815:As in
709:kahānī
684:ٹھہرنا
667:"city"
663:शहर /
567:/bæːʈ/
464:/ʊ,uː/
460:/ɪ,iː/
452:/u,uː/
448:/i,iː/
359:": -->
355:Vowel
317:": -->
313:Vowel
93:Vowels
46:
5860:Hindi
5809:Welsh
5789:Ubykh
5774:Tamil
5736:Sotho
5706:Scots
5641:Oromo
5591:Māori
5581:Malay
5535:Latin
5505:Kiowa
5490:Irish
5485:Inuit
5428:Koine
5272:Czech
5124:Verbs
5109:Nouns
5017:Poets
5007:Music
4922:Forms
4777:Poets
4767:Music
4463:Verbs
4437:Hindi
4311:Hindi
4205:(PDF)
4198:(PDF)
4168::276)
4156::261)
4134:. ग़
4098:, फ़
4094:, ज़
4086:, ख़
4003:(PDF)
3796:S2CID
3581::260)
3447::101)
3426::114)
3414::258)
3399::111)
3363::102)
3346::102)
3322::110)
3246:schwa
3238:pitch
3201:musal
3173:असबाब
3156:جناب
3135:کدھر
3103:fate
3092:قسمت
3066:समिति
3055:gārī
2856:/f,z/
2800:ادویت
2757:پکوان
2751:पकवान
2669:niḍar
2655:नीड़ज
2649:nīṛaj
2636:flaps
2545:zarrā
2516:]
2512:[
2494:اژدہا
2476:/d͡ʒ/
2460:/d͡ʒ/
2412:]
2408:[
2395:Notes
2328:Trill
1929:Nasal
1912:Velar
1838:, as
1832:, and
1820:, as
1803:, as
1786:, as
1750:, or
1633:, झल/
1627:, जल/
1623:, छल/
1518:, दाल
1231:◌َـیـ
1069:◌ِـیـ
966:bout
902:Urdu
790:bahut
785:/ʊɦə/
781:/əɦʊ/
732:bāhar
725:کہانی
718:कहानी
670:śahar
651:kahnā
614:/əɦə/
610:schwa
495:वस्तु
489:vastu
475:शक्ति
469:śakti
404:laṛkā
386:kamra
345:]
341:[
337:]
333:[
161:Close
149:short
143:short
118:Front
105::102)
83:Hindi
71:India
34:(IPA)
5850:Urdu
5824:Zuni
5779:Taos
4975:Arts
4819:Urdu
4735:Arts
4610:and
4530:Braj
4393:ISBN
4370:ISBN
4348:ISBN
4316:ISBN
4272:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4213:2007
4114:and
4090:,ग़
4072:ISBN
4056::92)
4032:ISBN
4011:2009
3986:2009
3973:ISBN
3926:ISBN
3905::97)
3887:ISBN
3829:2023
3786:ISBN
3752:and
3718:ISBN
3659:ISBN
3626:ISBN
3605::20)
3593::98)
3152:जनाब
3140:dhar
3131:किधर
3098:mat
3070:سمت
2994:mora
2935:/dʒ/
2917:and
2884:/pʰ/
2874:and
2864:/pʰ/
2827:and
2819:and
2770:व्रत
2764:vrat
2696:edit
2675:निडर
2662:نیڑج
2638:are
2623:ٹوٹا
2616:टूटा
2607:ṭūṭā
2566:and
2558:ذرّہ
2531:ज़रा
2525:zarā
2520:/rː/
2452:/kʰ/
2428:are
2175:d͡ʒʱ
2076:t͡ʃʰ
1979:Stop
1840:/bʱ/
1822:/pʰ/
1796:spin
1762:for
1689:گھان
1681:کھان
1675:कान/
1579:ڈھال
1571:ٹھال
1565:टाल/
1527:دھار
1516:تھال
1510:ताल/
1470:بھال
1462:پھال
1456:पाल/
1376:ـن٘ـ
1348:ake
1305:◌َـو
1281:rce
1236:اَیـ
1226:◌َـے
1110:ـ◌ُـ
1074:اِیـ
1032:ـ◌ِـ
954:ـ◌َـ
889:IPA
843:and
819:and
796:the
762:edit
748:باہر
741:बाहर
646:کہنا
618:/əɦ/
595:/æː/
559:/æː/
516:edit
502:وستو
482:شکتی
462:and
450:and
425:edit
419:, ,
401:لڑکا
382:کمرہ
361:edit
319:edit
292:/æː/
257:Open
154:long
136:long
128:Back
87:Urdu
85:and
73:and
5762:T–Z
5569:M–S
5363:F–L
5337:Old
5250:Old
5135:A–E
4132:ach
4116:fig
4112:zig
3778:doi
3740:or
3499:/ə/
3491:/ə/
3249:/ə/
3224:gār
3203:mān
3182:bāb
3161:nāb
3120:nā
3096:qis
3077:ti
3053:rez
3000:: V
2933:or
2931:/z/
2926:/ʒ/
2915:/ɳ/
2903:/ʃ/
2888:/f/
2886:to
2880:phi
2860:/f/
2833:/ɳ/
2829:/ʃ/
2825:/n/
2821:/ʂ/
2817:/ɳ/
2776:ورت
2740:/ʋ/
2714:/ʋ/
2682:نڈر
2642:in
2595:/ɦ/
2584:/ɦ/
2538:ذرا
2508:/r/
2504:/ʋ/
2472:/z/
2468:/ʒ/
2464:/k/
2456:/g/
2448:/q/
2444:/z/
2440:/ɣ/
2436:/x/
2426:/q/
2422:/ɣ/
2418:/x/
2404:/ɽ/
2324:Tap
2161:d̪ʱ
2124:d͡ʒ
2062:t̪ʰ
2018:t͡ʃ
1830:pin
1813:bin
1805:/b/
1788:/p/
1752:/ʊ/
1748:/ɪ/
1744:/ə/
1685:گان
1677:کان
1635:جھل
1625:چھل
1619:चल/
1575:ڈال
1567:ٹال
1523:دال
1512:تال
1466:بال
1458:پال
1367:m̐
1310:اَو
1301:au
1244:ry
1222:ai
1202:te
1194:ایـ
1189:ـیـ
1152:اُو
1147:◌ُو
1105:◌ُو
1045:ll
1027:◌ِی
829:/æ/
798:/ɦ/
783:or
777:/ɦ/
773:/ɦ/
704:/ɦ/
665:شہر
606:/ə/
604:of
583:اَے
571:bat
535:اَے
329:/ə/
307:/ə/
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1630:جل
1621:چل
1401:ṁ
1398:ं
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1273:او
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