502:
150:
163:
461:
literary standards. In regards to the Indo-Aryan language family, the coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used; here only
Eastern and Western Hindi languages will be considered.
904:, i.e. neither is it a native language of any people nor is it used in formal settings by the educated and upper social strata. However, it is often used in the films of Hindi cinema (
1247:
162:
384:
3071:
1217:
1034:
realizations, ranging from to and from to , respectively, in
Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western Hindi varieties.
1240:
470:
If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects:
358:
2776:
1646:
273:
1107:
3076:
2428:
1463:
1233:
2399:
2219:
1382:
1055:
370:
171:
2962:
377:
3081:
2930:
2786:
852:
282:
2496:
1933:
2935:
2636:
2610:
2049:
2831:
1592:
1205:
353:
1103:
107:
102:
69:
3039:
2908:
2184:
1978:
1795:
1330:
758:
422:
302:
74:
2709:
2522:
2008:
1973:
1968:
1807:
1790:
1310:
926:
454:
348:
325:
1114:
858:
609:
3086:
2997:
2972:
2841:
2811:
2668:
2448:
2438:
2248:
1827:
1256:
911:
848:
832:
795:
785:
732:
604:
495:
458:
406:
339:
206:
79:
3044:
2851:
2572:
2557:
2489:
2463:
2453:
2378:
2095:
1885:
1812:
1785:
1537:
1367:
974:
944:
893:
578:
446:
418:
320:
179:
1150:
2856:
2769:
2734:
2506:
2024:
1759:
1449:
1377:
1372:
1021:
are both central Indo-Aryan languages, although deriving from separate origins within the family.
824:
780:
This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for mere political reasons, such as
487:
311:
2893:
2879:
501:
483:
149:
3049:
2863:
2532:
2501:
2479:
2443:
2285:
2243:
2148:
2090:
1855:
1777:
1772:
1681:
1602:
1582:
1504:
1429:
1346:
1279:
1213:
1170:
871:
862:
672:
556:
426:
2967:
2957:
2903:
2836:
2739:
2714:
2704:
2683:
2678:
2653:
2592:
2484:
2458:
2421:
2416:
2370:
2316:
2269:
2228:
2179:
2124:
2085:
2034:
1953:
1923:
1870:
1860:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1691:
1641:
1597:
1509:
1315:
1264:
1162:
1051:
988:
954:
948:
915:
897:
820:
789:
781:
768:
752:
624:
542:
330:
292:
287:
222:
3012:
2846:
2801:
2688:
2658:
2615:
2567:
2527:
2433:
2383:
2354:
2332:
2264:
2174:
2134:
2100:
2044:
2039:
1998:
1983:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1817:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1686:
1607:
1532:
1488:
1444:
1439:
1424:
1419:
1362:
1325:
1320:
1018:
966:
958:
875:
711:
654:
644:
442:
438:
297:
238:
64:
3022:
2764:
2673:
2605:
2600:
2582:
2562:
2349:
2342:
2311:
2205:
2153:
1993:
1988:
1943:
1918:
1910:
1865:
1835:
1802:
1653:
1562:
1527:
1519:
1483:
1434:
1300:
1166:
970:
962:
836:
828:
816:
685:
550:
136:
126:
3065:
3007:
2663:
2577:
2552:
2337:
1676:
1577:
1001:
991:
984:
932:
922:
919:
689:
676:
634:
629:
590:
568:
546:
528:
450:
414:
227:
798:(or at least its ancestor) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the
3002:
1767:
995:
885:
867:
762:
727:
619:
614:
216:
211:
2080:
1895:
1398:
799:
524:
410:
17:
2189:
2158:
2129:
980:
940:
811:
755:(8 m), spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
741:
697:
693:
649:
560:
434:
243:
57:
1174:
2979:
2888:
2868:
1557:
1552:
1284:
1031:
905:
723:
715:
532:
116:
870:
is a dialect of
Hindustani greatly influenced by Bihari languages such as
3017:
2759:
2110:
1572:
1567:
1547:
1305:
714:(4.35 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the
639:
598:
232:
973:. There is a small but distinct difference between Deccani and standard
2951:
2822:
2295:
2029:
1542:
1225:
1123:. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
1005:
564:
536:
430:
249:
2290:
2139:
2114:
1671:
1663:
1587:
1478:
1403:
1014:
901:
889:
803:
665:
660:
259:
254:
761:(18 m), spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central
2105:
2003:
1009:
936:
879:
594:
582:
572:
513:
languages. From top to bottom: Awadhi, Bagheli and
Chhattisgarhi.
508:
languages. Clockwise from the top: Haryanvi, Hindi, Bundeli, Braj.
500:
188:
31:
965:, a dialect of Urdu spoken in the present areas of the erstwhile
2806:
2119:
719:
586:
193:
1229:
2898:
30:"Hindi languages" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
908:) because Mumbai is the base of the Bollywood film industry.
1119:. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1,
737:(mostly based on Bhojpuri but has major Awadhi influence)
1132:
1130:
417:. These language varieties form the central part of the
2988:
2944:
2921:
2877:
2820:
2794:
2785:
2752:
2727:
2697:
2646:
2635:
2628:
2591:
2545:
2515:
2472:
2409:
2398:
2363:
2325:
2304:
2278:
2257:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2198:
2167:
2073:
2064:
2017:
1909:
1826:
1758:
1751:
1704:
1662:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1518:
1497:
1471:
1462:
1412:
1391:
1355:
1339:
1293:
1272:
1263:
1030:The Delhi Hindustani pronunciations commonly have
115:
96:
63:
51:
41:
977:, which is bigger the further south it is spoken.
746:(mostly based on Awadhi with Bhojpuri influence)
1241:
1004:is a trade language of the areas adjacent to
792:. They are languages much older than Hindi.
378:
8:
1208:, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),
888:("Bombay Baat"), the dialect of the city of
453:of Northern India that is the basis of the
2791:
2643:
2632:
2406:
2233:
2224:
2070:
1755:
1631:
1624:
1468:
1269:
1248:
1234:
1226:
385:
371:
157:
441:(Delhi) dialect (one of several called '
1187:
1136:
1090:
1078:
1071:
1043:
338:
310:
272:
178:
1121:Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī
38:
95:
7:
1167:10.13173/medilangrevi.23.2016.0033
25:
1151:"Elements of Domari Dialectology"
425:family. They historically form a
2954:(unknown further classification)
675:(9.5 m), spoken in west-central
437:, the Central Zone includes the
161:
148:
1212:, Routledge, pp. 276–314,
835:(not a separate language), and
771:(1.7 m), spoken in Chhattisgarh
545:(3 m), spoken in south-western
935:, a dialect of Urdu spoken in
429:that descends from the Middle
200:Regional or dialectal variants
1:
1155:Mediterranean Language Review
421:family, itself a part of the
3072:Central Indo-Aryan languages
1204:Shapiro, Michael C. (2003),
1056:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
1050:Not to be confused with the
589:(373 m)), spoken in western
399:Central Indo-Aryan languages
878:, spoken in urban areas in
853:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
851:is a trade language of the
527:(1.6 m), spoken in western
3103:
1116:Linguistic Survey of India
947:but heavily influenced by
896:but heavily influenced by
531:and adjacent districts of
29:
3031:
892:(Bombay); it is based on
597:, and after partition in
147:
65:Linguistic classification
46:
2832:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
1210:The Indo-Aryan Languages
843:Use in non-Hindi regions
567:, and as a minority in
861:is a trade language of
3040:Indo-Iranian languages
900:. Technically it is a
514:
423:Indo-European language
303:Hindustani orthography
283:Hindi–Urdu controversy
2710:Maharashtrian Konkani
1149:Herin, Bruno (2016).
994:that developed among
969:, and the historical
927:Indo-Caribbean people
925:that developed among
504:
455:Modern Standard Hindi
3077:Indo-Aryan languages
2998:Andaman Creole Hindi
2429:Bishnupriya Manipuri
2249:Caribbean Hindustani
1257:Indo-Aryan languages
912:Caribbean Hindustani
849:Andaman Creole Hindi
733:Caribbean Hindustani
605:Andaman Creole Hindi
496:Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
459:Modern Standard Urdu
407:Indo-Aryan languages
359:Phonological history
3045:Nuristani languages
2777:Mitanni superstrate
1383:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
1104:Grierson, George A.
688:(2,600), spoken in
447:Hindustani language
419:Indo-Aryan language
180:Hindustani language
3082:Languages of India
2931:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2812:Early Ardhamagadhi
515:
488:Shauraseni Prakrit
340:Linguistic history
85:Central Indo-Aryan
42:Central Indo-Aryan
27:Central Indo-Aryan
3059:
3058:
3050:Iranian languages
2917:
2916:
2837:Dramatic Prakrits
2748:
2747:
2723:
2722:
2624:
2623:
2541:
2540:
2497:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
2394:
2393:
2214:
2213:
2060:
2059:
2050:list of languages
1747:
1746:
1700:
1699:
1616:
1615:
1458:
1457:
1219:978-0-415-77294-5
943:. It is based on
863:Arunachal Pradesh
825:spurious language
809:To Western Hindi
806:ca. 500–1000 CE.
559:(8 m), spoken in
549:and west-central
482:evolved from the
433:. Located in the
427:dialect continuum
395:
394:
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
3094:
2936:Proto-Indo-Aryan
2792:
2715:Canarese Konkani
2644:
2633:
2407:
2234:
2225:
2071:
1756:
1632:
1625:
1469:
1270:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1222:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1059:
1052:Bihari languages
1048:
859:Arunachali Hindi
747:
738:
610:Arunachali Hindi
387:
380:
373:
293:Hindi literature
288:Persian and Urdu
165:
158:
152:
143:
139:
133:
129:
39:
21:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3027:
2990:
2984:
2940:
2923:
2913:
2873:
2816:
2802:Ashokan Prakrit
2781:
2744:
2719:
2693:
2638:
2620:
2587:
2537:
2511:
2468:
2401:
2390:
2359:
2321:
2300:
2274:
2253:
2210:
2194:
2163:
2135:Hyderabadi Urdu
2056:
2013:
1905:
1822:
1743:
1696:
1687:Pahari-Pothwari
1658:
1612:
1593:Pahari Kinnauri
1514:
1493:
1454:
1420:Indus Kohistani
1413:Hazara Division
1408:
1387:
1351:
1335:
1289:
1259:
1254:
1220:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1110:
1108:"Western Hindi"
1102:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1028:
967:Hyderabad State
959:Hyderabadi Urdu
845:
778:
745:
736:
702:
645:Hyderabadi Urdu
509:
468:
405:are a group of
403:Hindi languages
391:
298:Urdu literature
266:
265:
248:
237:
221:
142:(Eastern Hindi)
141:
135:
134:
132:(Western Hindi)
131:
125:
124:
53:
47:Hindi languages
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hindi languages
15:
12:
11:
5:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Lisan ud-Dawat
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:, p. 283.
1188:Shapiro (2003)
1180:
1141:
1139:, p. 277.
1137:Shapiro (2003)
1126:
1095:
1093:, p. 305.
1091:Shapiro (2003)
1083:
1081:, p. 276.
1079:Shapiro (2003)
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1012:
999:
978:
963:Bangalori Urdu
952:
930:
909:
883:
865:
856:
844:
841:
777:
776:
775:
774:
773:
772:
756:
750:
749:
748:
739:
703:
683:
682:
681:
680:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
576:
554:
551:Madhya Pradesh
540:
516:
467:
464:
409:spoken across
393:
392:
390:
389:
382:
375:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
351:
343:
342:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
315:
314:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
277:
276:
270:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
257:
252:
246:
241:
235:
230:
225:
219:
214:
209:
202:
198:
196:
191:
183:
182:
176:
175:
167:
166:
154:
153:
145:
144:
119:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
98:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
67:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3099:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Haflong Hindi
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:Chinali–Lahul
2961:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2910:
2909:Khasa Prakrit
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Chhattisgarhi
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Rathwi Bareli
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Mahasu Pahari
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1054:, a group of
1053:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Haflong Hindi
1000:
997:
993:
992:lingua-franca
990:
986:
985:Eastern Hindi
982:
979:
976:
972:
971:Deccan region
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:Dhakaiya Urdu
931:
928:
924:
923:lingua-franca
921:
920:Eastern Hindi
917:
913:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
864:
860:
857:
854:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:, Chamari (a
822:
819:(Sansiboli),
818:
814:
813:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
770:
767:
766:
764:
760:
759:Chhattisgarhi
757:
754:
751:
743:
740:
734:
731:
730:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
709:
708:
707:Eastern Hindi
705:
704:
701:
699:
695:
691:
690:Gissar Valley
687:
678:
677:Uttar Pradesh
674:
671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Haflong Hindi
633:
631:
630:Dhakaiya Urdu
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:Uttar Pradesh
588:
584:
580:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
552:
548:
547:Uttar Pradesh
544:
541:
538:
534:
530:
529:Uttar Pradesh
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:Western Hindi
518:
517:
512:
511:Eastern Hindi
507:
506:Western Hindi
503:
499:
497:
493:
492:Eastern Hindi
489:
485:
481:
480:Western Hindi
477:
476:Eastern Hindi
473:
465:
463:
460:
456:
452:
451:lingua franca
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Central India
412:
408:
404:
400:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
368:
366:
365:
360:
357:
355:
354:Kinship terms
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
341:
337:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
313:
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
275:
271:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
247:
245:
242:
240:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
204:
203:
201:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
164:
160:
159:
151:
146:
138:
128:
123:
120:
118:
114:
109:
108:Eastern Hindi
106:
104:
103:Western Hindi
101:
100:
99:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:Indo-European
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3003:Bombay Hindi
2945:Unclassified
2842:Ardhamagadhi
2669:Berar Deccan
2523:Chittagonian
2516:Chittagonian
2065:
2009:Vaagri Booli
1974:Pauri Bareli
1969:Palya Bareli
1934:Dhodia–Kukna
1808:Parkari Koli
1621:Northwestern
1311:Kundal Shahi
1209:
1198:Bibliography
1183:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1120:
1115:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1046:
1029:
996:Indo-Fijians
957:, including
886:Bombay Hindi
868:Bihari Hindi
810:
808:
794:
779:
763:Chhattisgarh
728:South Africa
706:
684:
620:Bombay Hindi
615:Bihari Hindi
519:
510:
505:
491:
479:
475:
471:
469:
402:
398:
396:
199:
121:
97:Subdivisions
84:
75:Indo-Iranian
54:distribution
36:
3087:North India
2991:and creoles
2973:Lahul Lohar
2852:Maharashtri
2449:Mal Paharia
2439:Kharia Thar
2081:Braj Bhasha
1032:diphthongal
800:Middle East
796:Seb Seliyer
657:(Khariboli)
581:(including
3066:Categories
2894:Apabhraṃśa
2880:Apabhraṃśa
2857:Shauraseni
2573:Bodo Parja
2558:Sambalpuri
2490:Goalpariya
2464:Tanchangya
2454:Noakhailla
2379:Bote-Darai
2190:Fiji Hindi
2159:Sadhukkadi
2130:Judeo-Urdu
2096:Hindustani
1886:Shekhawati
1828:Rajasthani
1813:Saurashtra
1538:Bhadarwahi
1368:Gawar-Bati
1066:References
1026:Comparison
981:Fiji Hindi
975:Hindustani
945:Hindustani
941:Bangladesh
894:Hindustani
812:Ethnologue
786:Rajasthani
742:Fiji Hindi
698:Uzbekistan
694:Tajikistan
650:Judeo-Urdu
579:Hindustani
561:Chandigarh
484:Apabhraṃśa
445:') of the
435:Hindi Belt
349:Vocabulary
326:Declension
244:Judeo-Urdu
239:Hyderabadi
80:Indo-Aryan
58:South Asia
52:Geographic
2980:Sheikhgal
2924:languages
2889:Abahattha
2869:Paishachi
2770:Classical
2735:Maldivian
2507:Surjapuri
2473:Kamarupic
2375:Kuswaric
2237:Bhojpuric
2025:Khandeshi
1558:Chambeali
1553:Bilaspuri
1450:Mankiyali
1378:Shumashti
1373:Nangalami
1285:Kishtwari
1175:0724-7567
1161:: 33–73.
906:Bollywood
724:Mauritius
716:Caribbean
533:Rajasthan
466:Languages
443:Khariboli
117:Glottolog
34:language.
3036:See also
3018:Nefamese
3013:Nagamese
2904:Kamarupi
2864:Gāndhārī
2821:Middle (
2760:Sanskrit
2698:Konkanic
2647:Marathic
2637:Marathi–
2629:Southern
2533:Rohingya
2502:Rangpuri
2480:Assamese
2444:Kurmukar
2422:dialects
2402:Kamarupa
2286:Maithili
2279:Maithili
2244:Bhojpuri
2149:Kannauji
2111:Hinglish
2091:Haryanvi
1856:Dhundari
1796:Wadiyara
1778:Jandavra
1773:Gujarati
1760:Gujarati
1682:Khetrani
1647:dialects
1603:Sirmauri
1583:Jaunsari
1573:Mandeali
1568:Pangwali
1548:Bhateali
1505:Garhwali
1464:Northern
1430:Chilisso
1306:Brokskat
1280:Kashmiri
1273:Kashmiri
1106:(1916).
872:Bhojpuri
769:Surgujia
744:(460 k)
735:(300 k)
673:Kannauji
640:Hinglish
599:Pakistan
557:Haryanvi
486:form of
431:Prakrits
411:Northern
321:Numerals
233:Hinglish
228:Dhakaiya
172:a series
170:Part of
137:east2726
127:west2812
2989:Pidgins
2968:Chinali
2958:Bazigar
2952:Badeshi
2847:Magadhi
2823:Prakrit
2740:Sinhala
2728:Insular
2705:Konkani
2684:Katkari
2679:Phudagi
2659:Varhadi
2654:Marathi
2639:Konkani
2611:Bhunjia
2485:Kamrupi
2459:Sylheti
2417:Bengali
2410:Bengali
2371:Kumhali
2338:Kochila
2326:Tharuic
2317:Kurmali
2305:Sadanic
2296:Bajjika
2270:Khortha
2220:Eastern
2180:Bagheli
2168:Eastern
2125:Deccani
2101:Kauravi
2086:Bundeli
2074:Western
2066:Central
2035:Dawoodi
2030:Lambadi
1954:Bhilori
1924:Bhilali
1871:Marwari
1861:Harauti
1791:Parkari
1752:Western
1719:Kholosi
1714:Jadgali
1692:Saraiki
1642:Punjabi
1635:Eastern
1628:Punjabi
1598:Hinduri
1543:Churahi
1520:Western
1510:Kumaoni
1498:Central
1472:Eastern
1399:Kalasha
1392:Chitral
1347:Pashayi
1340:Pashayi
1316:Kalkoti
1206:"Hindi"
1006:Haflong
955:Deccani
949:Bengali
898:Marathi
821:Bagheli
753:Bagheli
655:Kauravi
625:Deccani
565:Haryana
543:Bundeli
537:Haryana
472:Western
439:Dehlavi
312:Grammar
274:History
250:Kauravi
223:Deccani
207:Andaman
140:
130:
2922:Proto-
2878:Late (
2787:Middle
2689:Kadodi
2616:Nahari
2593:Halbic
2568:Bhatri
2528:Chakma
2434:Hajong
2400:Gauda–
2384:Danwar
2364:Others
2355:Musasa
2291:Angika
2265:Magahi
2258:Magahi
2229:Bihari
2199:Others
2175:Awadhi
2140:Rekhta
2115:Urdish
2045:Romani
2040:Domari
2018:Others
1999:Vasavi
1984:Pardhi
1964:Magari
1959:Mawchi
1949:Bauria
1939:Dhanki
1929:Chodri
1901:Nimadi
1891:Dhatki
1881:Mewari
1876:Mewati
1851:Gujari
1846:Loarki
1841:Goaria
1818:Vaghri
1739:Sindhi
1734:Memoni
1729:Luwati
1724:Kutchi
1706:Sindhi
1672:Hindko
1664:Lahnda
1608:Sarazi
1588:Kullui
1533:Kangri
1489:Nepali
1479:Doteli
1445:Tirahi
1440:Kalami
1425:Bateri
1404:Khowar
1363:Dameli
1326:Palula
1321:Ushoji
1265:Dardic
1216:
1173:
1019:Romani
1015:Domari
989:Bihari
983:is an
961:, and
916:Bihari
914:is an
902:pidgin
890:Mumbai
876:Magahi
833:Gowari
804:Europe
790:Pahari
788:, and
782:Bihari
712:Awadhi
666:Urdish
661:Rekhta
569:Punjab
449:, the
260:Urdish
255:Rekhta
217:Bombay
212:Bihari
174:on the
3023:Vedda
2795:Early
2765:Vedic
2674:Varli
2606:Kamar
2601:Halbi
2583:Kupia
2563:Desia
2350:Majhi
2343:Buksa
2333:Tharu
2312:Sadri
2206:Parya
2154:Sansi
2106:Hindi
2004:Wagdi
1994:Kalto
1989:Gamit
1944:Dubli
1919:Bhili
1866:Malvi
1836:Bagri
1786:Kachi
1782:Koli
1654:Sansi
1563:Gaddi
1528:Dogri
1484:Jumli
1435:Gowro
1356:Kunar
1301:Shina
1294:Shina
1111:(PDF)
1038:Notes
1010:Assam
937:Dhaka
880:Bihar
837:Ghera
829:Bhaya
817:Sansi
815:adds
686:Parya
595:Delhi
583:Hindi
573:Delhi
494:from
331:Verbs
189:Hindi
32:Hindi
2807:Pāli
2664:Andh
2578:Reli
2553:Odia
2546:Odia
2120:Urdu
1911:Bhil
1677:Inku
1331:Sawi
1214:ISBN
1171:ISSN
1017:and
874:and
802:and
726:and
720:Fiji
696:and
587:Urdu
585:and
571:and
535:and
525:Braj
474:and
457:and
413:and
397:The
194:Urdu
122:None
2899:Elu
2753:Old
1768:Aer
1163:doi
1008:in
827:),
692:in
401:or
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