245:
British gentlemen for the benefit and instruction of the native
Indians. Charles Grant, the president of the East India Company's board of control, championed the cause of English education as a 'cure for darkness' where 'darkness' was 'Hindoo ignorance'. The Charter Act was passed in 1813. This legalized missionary work by the Company, including the introduction of English education. By the beginning of the twentieth century, English had become the unifying language in the Indian struggle for independence against the British.
241:, also called 'Company Raj' (literally, 'Company Rule'), the languages of India were brought into contact with the foreign element of English. In colonized India, English became a symbol of authority and a powerful hegemonic tool to propagate British culture, including Christianity. The political ascendancy of the British extended into social and professional roles; this meant that the legal proceedings, as well as the studies in medicine and science, were conducted in English.
304:
458:
263:, which is a category that refers inclusively to Hindi and Indian languages, with English, led to the emergence of the linguistic phenomenon now known as Hinglish. Many common Indic words such as 'pyjamas', 'karma', 'guru' and 'yoga' were incorporated into English usage, and vice versa ('road', 'sweater', and 'plate'). This is in parallel with several other similar hybrids around the world, like
444:
425:, was published in 2015. Romanised Hindi has been supported by advertisers in part because it allows a message to be conveyed in a neutral script to both Hindi and Urdu speakers. Other reasons for adoption of Romanised Hindi are the prevalence of Roman-script digital keyboards and corresponding lack of Indic-script keyboards in most mobile phones.
324:
speakers, especially among the youth. Google's Gboard mobile keyboard app gives an option of
Hinglish as a typing language where one can type a Hindi sentence in the Roman script and suggestions will be Hindi words but in the Roman script. In 2021, Google rolled out support for Romanized Hindi on its search engine and on the
572:
248:
Meanwhile, English was on its way to becoming the first global lingua franca. By the end of the twentieth century, it had special status in seventy countries, including India. Worldwide, English began to represent modernization and internationalization, with more and more jobs requiring basic fluency
323:
In recent years, due to an increase in literacy and connectivity, the interchange of languages has reached new heights, especially due to increasing online immersion. English is the most widely used language on the internet, and this is a further impetus to the use of
Hinglish online by native Hindi
244:
This led to an interest in the promotion of
English into the society of Indian natives. Educated Indians, or 'brown sahibs', wished to participate in academia and pursue professional careers. Raja Rammohan Roy, a social and education reformer, advocated that English be taught to Indians by certain
331:
While
Hinglish has arisen from the presence of English in India, it is not merely Hindi and English spoken side by side, but a language type in itself, like all linguistic fusions. Aside from the borrowing of vocabulary, there is the phenomenon of switching between languages, called
249:
in it. In India especially, the language came to acquire a social prestige, 'a class apart of education', which prompted native Indian or South Asian speakers to turn bilingual, speaking their mother tongue at home or in a local context, but
English in academic or work environments.
800:
392:
who are more comfortable with
English. Research into the linguistic dynamics of India shows that while the use of English is on the rise, there are more people fluent in Hinglish than in pure English.
1102:
3237:
1411:
Thakur, Saroj; Dutta, Kamlesh; Thakur, Aushima (2007). Davis, Graeme; Bernhardt, Karl (eds.). "Hinglish: Code switching, code mixing and indigenization in multilingual environment".
886:'Urdu + English'. These terms are found in texts on regional variations of Indian English, usually in complaint-tradition discussions of failing standards of language purity.
1154:
3193:
1823:
358:
With its widespread use in social media such as blogs, Facebook and X (formerly
Twitter), the analysis of Hinglish using computers has become important in a number of
1128:
1489:
1052:
1601:
432:
Hindi; in 2011, the Home
Ministry gave permission to officials to use English words in their Hindi notes, so long as they are written in Devanagari script.
4156:
1322:
648:
1296:
3242:
1727:
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4227:
3186:
1816:
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manner, which is why it is popular among the youth. Like other dynamic language mixes, Hinglish is now thought to 'have a life of its own'.
2834:
2473:
229:. Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets, in approximately the 15th-17th centuries as 'khichdi boli' â or amalgamated speech.
4232:
702:
2922:
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971:
919:
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2455:
1279:
1035:
946:
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3179:
2742:
2726:
2323:
1809:
328:
app. Phrases such as "Naya
Payment" for "New Payment" and "Transaction History Dekhein" for "See Transaction History" are used.
3154:
2222:
1668:
2180:
1702:
1757:
Bhatia, Tej K. (2012). "The multilingual mind, optimization theory, and Hinglish". In Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (eds.).
1462:
1025:
936:
271:(Tagalog + English). A fair share of the words borrowed into English from Indian languages were themselves borrowed from
3742:
3732:
3247:
1994:
359:
4130:
3288:
429:
344:
20:
4181:
4146:
2815:
2754:
316:
411:
comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in
172:, though the latter term is used in India and Pakistan to precisely refer to a mixture of English with the Urdu
4176:
3217:
3014:
2550:
2544:
2434:
842:
Within India, however, other regional forms exist, all denoting a mixing of English with indigenous languages.
253:
4237:
3793:
3671:
3222:
3203:
2538:
2438:
350:
Hinglish used to be limited to informal contexts and ads, but it is now also used in university classrooms.
325:
260:
1517:
340:, direct translations, adapting certain words, and infusing the flavours of each language into each other.
3803:
3788:
3269:
2532:
2426:
2243:
2050:
375:
109:
was first recorded in 1967. Other colloquial portmanteau words for Hindustani-influenced English include:
1181:
256:, often considered the father of modern Hindi, wrote poems in Hinglish, combining languages and scripts.
3432:
3264:
3101:
190:
137:
1574:
1232:
4171:
3719:
3529:
3399:
2764:
2265:
609:
389:
145:
75:
between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences.
1643:
1053:"What today's Hindi supremacists could learn from a 'Hinglish' poem by 'the father of modern Hindi'"
4186:
3452:
3367:
3362:
3311:
3227:
2841:
397:
363:
222:
161:
149:
141:
44:
40:
428:
Hinglish has become increasingly accepted at the governmental level in India as an alternative to
4059:
3981:
3866:
3499:
3437:
3387:
3354:
3259:
3232:
3107:
2430:
1556:
1494:
1446:
1393:
753:
417:
312:
238:
36:
1794:
400:, projected in 2004 that at about 350 million, the world's Hinglish speakers may soon outnumber
3038:
2953:
206:
4217:
4118:
3871:
3780:
3643:
3569:
3534:
3504:
3479:
3447:
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3412:
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2515:
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2317:
2085:
1774:
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1676:
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1356:
1275:
1252:
1201:
1031:
967:
942:
915:
831:
743:
629:
522:
1103:"Google Pay Hinglish? Yes, it exists! Here's how to enable it on iPhones and Android devices"
4191:
4019:
4004:
3899:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3841:
3765:
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3704:
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3630:
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3602:
3577:
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3422:
3377:
2861:
2360:
2295:
1383:
1244:
1193:
784:
735:
621:
463:
343:
The Indian English variety, or simply Hinglish, is the Indian adaption of English in a very
280:
272:
218:
210:
87:
79:
59:
2851:
1348:
4009:
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2327:
2277:
1896:
677:
484:
472:
303:
72:
64:
3113:
1376:""I am borrowing ya mixing ?" An Analysis of English-Hindi Code Mixing in Facebook"
4222:
4106:
4039:
4034:
4024:
3937:
3904:
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3816:
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3638:
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3442:
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2354:
2311:
2299:
2271:
2216:
2185:
1884:
1861:
1197:
514:
489:
407:
In India, Romanised Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of
401:
333:
68:
24:
1155:"Google for India 2021: Stepping up product focus to drive digital inclusion in India"
315:, which features the movie's name written in Roman, Devanagari, and Urdu scripts. (in
4211:
4196:
4049:
3958:
3931:
3856:
3831:
3821:
3709:
3648:
3519:
3344:
2692:
2667:
2622:
2026:
2006:
1832:
1006:
757:
478:
393:
385:
1397:
649:"The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites"
4067:
4044:
3942:
3727:
3653:
2760:
1849:
1627:
734:, SpringerBriefs in Computer Science, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 7â9,
449:
91:
3026:
2377:
193:. In this period, it has accommodated several linguistic influences. Contact with
1027:
The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes
938:
The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes
727:
590:
4151:
4029:
3861:
3811:
3689:
3171:
3160:
2982:
2797:
2616:
2509:
2486:
2210:
2044:
1374:
Bali, Kalika; Sharma, Jatin; Choudhury, Monojit; Vyas, Yogarshi (October 2014).
1002:
739:
381:
337:
169:
48:
1728:"Government will now prefer 'hinglish' words over Hindi translation-India News"
1380:
Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching
573:
Evolutionary development of âhinglishâlanguage within the indian sub-continent.
457:
3999:
3610:
2947:
2906:
2704:
2688:
2383:
2305:
2022:
1778:
1349:"Code-Mixing in Social Media Text: The Last Language Identification Frontier?"
779:
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of âlishesâ: The nomenclature of hybridity.
439:
412:
95:
1680:
1552:
1360:
1256:
1205:
633:
526:
384:. It is also spoken to some extent as an easier-to-learn variant of Hindi by
3948:
3329:
3148:
3071:
3004:
2994:
2965:
2900:
2645:
2639:
2582:
2503:
2467:
2401:
2395:
2259:
2239:
2172:
2113:
2103:
2012:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1890:
1575:"Hindi-shindi: Humari national bhasha ko promote karne ki koi need nahi hai"
308:
264:
173:
3032:
788:
726:
Palakodety, Shriphani; KhudaBukhsh, Ashiqur R.; Jayachandran, Guha (2021),
1388:
1077:
591:"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti"
4014:
3976:
3826:
3539:
3254:
3144:
3123:
3020:
3008:
2941:
2912:
2894:
2821:
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2736:
2732:
2710:
2698:
2649:
2578:
2344:
2289:
2253:
2249:
2204:
2168:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2074:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2000:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1919:
1913:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1248:
625:
194:
99:
1560:
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3119:
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2855:
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2610:
2574:
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2556:
2480:
2162:
2119:
2107:
2068:
2062:
2018:
1979:
1878:
1628:
Looking for common ground: aspects of cultural production in Hindi/Urdu
579:. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.
408:
268:
198:
1758:
4083:
3587:
3474:
3407:
2959:
2156:
2150:
610:"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact"
276:
226:
214:
165:
1375:
1382:. Doha, Qatar: Association for Computational Linguistics: 116â126.
380:
Hinglish is more commonly heard in urban and semi-urban centers of
3457:
1078:"pajamas | Etymology, origin and meaning of pajamas by etymonline"
153:
53:
1801:
237:
At the turn of the 18th century, with the rising dominion of the
4123:
3971:
3582:
3462:
202:
157:
3175:
1805:
415:
Hindi. Romanised Hindi is also used by some newspapers such as
1442:"Meanwhile: A mix of Hindi, English and 350 million speakers"
1490:"Hinglish gets the most laughs, say Mumbai's standup comics"
1701:
Narayanaswami, Plain Speaking | V. R. (25 October 2011).
1129:"Google users will soon be able to interact in Hinglish"
1795:"Practicing 'The Queen's Hinglish' in Central England"
775:
773:
1537:"Romanagari an Alternative for Modern Media Writings"
703:"Mandi Hinglish is taking place in Hindi and English"
828:
Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives
595:
International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter
4139:
4096:
4076:
4058:
3990:
3957:
3924:
3917:
3890:
3802:
3779:
3756:
3718:
3680:
3662:
3629:
3601:
3568:
3398:
3353:
3310:
3287:
3278:
3210:
3132:
3093:
3063:
3047:
2974:
2931:
2876:
2789:
2719:
2676:
2631:
2524:
2495:
2447:
2416:
2369:
2336:
2231:
2196:
1905:
1895:
Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
1839:
1182:"English in advertising: multiple mixing and media"
102:), often also mixed with English words or phrases.
614:ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics
1541:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute
1419:(2). Journal of Language and Linguistics: 112â6.
2845:
2209:South Sudan local languages
1793:Rob Gifford, Baljinder Mahal (4 December 2006).
1602:"Tricity gives birth to first novel in Hinglish"
221:has led to historical 'mixes' or fusions, e.g.,
1760:Chutnefying English: the Phenomenon of Hinglish
1464:Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish
1030:. The University of Illinois Press. p. 1.
966:. Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. pp. 114â116.
941:. The University of Illinois Press. p. 7.
577:International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH
515:"A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million"
854:refers to 'a mixture of Bengali and English',
3187:
2747:Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
1817:
1323:"Has Hinglish arrived? MP allows it in exams"
801:"Hinglish is the new NRI and global language"
283:word 'pyjamas' which originates from Persian
160:is viewed as a single spoken language called
8:
1297:"'Hinglish' rules the university classrooms"
1233:"Hinglish: code-switching in Indian English"
721:
719:
152:families to enliven standard English". When
4157:Meitei associate official language movement
991:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â2.
16:Mixing of Hindi and English spoken in India
3921:
3284:
3194:
3180:
3172:
1824:
1810:
1802:
914:. Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. p. 175.
421:. The first novel written in this format,
1848:Cameroon Pidgin+French+English
1632:. Diss. SOAS, University of London, 2012.
1387:
302:
279:. An example of this is the widely used
1270:Agnihotri, Ramakant (18 October 2009).
502:
366:(MT) and speech-to-speech translation.
1218:
897:
1461:Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011).
1347:Das, Amitava; GambÀck, Björn (2015).
732:Low Resource Social Media Text Mining
671:
669:
508:
506:
291:"leg" (from PIE root *ped- "foot") +
7:
1488:Ganesan Ram, Sharmila (7 May 2017).
1644:"The Story of India's Many Scripts"
1274:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 212.
962:Mukherjee, Alok (18 October 2009).
910:Mukherjee, Alok (18 October 2009).
513:Baldauf, Scott (23 November 2004).
136:, it does not refer exclusively to
4162:Meitei classical language movement
1877:Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic
1763:. Penguin Global. pp. 37â52.
1516:Vineeta Chand (11 February 2016).
1295:Mishra, B. K. (22 December 2014).
1198:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00175.x
826:Coleman, Julie (10 January 2014).
728:"Low Resource Machine Translation"
676:Coughlan, Sean (8 November 2006).
608:Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985).
82:, Hinglish colloquially refers to
14:
4167:Meitei linguistic purism movement
3013:Gallo-Italic languages
2826:Gallo-Italic languages
2425:American Sign Language
1867:English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil
1860:Italian+Spanish+French+Arab
287:, literally "leg clothing," from
2727:Malay trade and creole languages
1321:Shukla, Ashutosh (31 May 2018).
456:
442:
189:Hindustani has an approximately
164:, the portmanteaus Hinglish and
2866:Southeast Asian languages
2223:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
1883:Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan
1703:"Hinglish gains respectability"
1518:"The rise and rise of Hinglish"
987:Crystal, David (1 March 1997).
548:"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head"
2833:HunsrĂŒckisch German
2181:English-based creole languages
1231:Sailaja, P. (1 October 2011).
1:
1889:Chinese+Tagalog+English
1180:Bhatia, Tej K. (March 1987).
846:(derived from the slang term
589:Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009).
4228:Central Indo-Aryan languages
3003:Italian languages
2837:(when Portuguese-influenced)
2830:(when Portuguese-influenced)
2549:Romance languages
2543:Iranian languages
2537:Aramaic languages
2476:(when Portuguese-influenced)
1854:Bengali+Persian+Arabic
989:English as a Global Language
396:, a British linguist at the
2731:English+Chinese+Tamil
2531:Arabic languages
1581:(in Hindi). 5 December 2014
740:10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5
360:natural language processing
94:instead of the traditional
4256:
4233:Macaronic forms of English
3238:list by number of speakers
2840:Bantu languages
2755:Sri Lankan Malay
830:. Routledge. p. 130.
373:
252:In the late 19th century,
132:is based on the prefix of
21:Devanagari transliteration
18:
2248:English+Malay+Tamil
1007:"Not the Queen's English"
519:Christian Science Monitor
2551:Judaeo-Romance languages
2545:Judaeo-Iranian languages
2435:Philippine Sign Language
1642:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh.
1535:MHAISKAR, RAHUL (2015).
267:(Spanish + English) and
254:Bharatendu Harishchandra
86:â Hindustani written in
19:Not to be confused with
3672:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
3204:languages of South Asia
2958:Norwegian+Swedish
2952:Norwegian+Spanish
2946:Norwegian+Russian
2808:Italian languages
2539:Judeo-Aramaic languages
2439:Malaysian Sign Language
2270:Mongolian+Tibetan
1467:. Penguin Books India.
870:'Malayalam + English',
678:"It's Hinglish, innit?"
402:native English speakers
261:'South Asian' languages
2846:
2533:Judeo-Arabic languages
2427:Bolivian Sign Language
2244:Chinese Pidgin English
1669:"Hinglish is official"
882:'Tamil + English' and
862:'Gujarati + English',
789:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
376:Hindustani orthography
354:Computational analysis
320:
307:A poster for the 1943
148:as well, and also by "
113:(recorded from 1972),
3070:Chinese+English
2964:Swedish+English
2753:Sinhalese+Tamil
2294:Inter-topolects
2258:English+Tagalog
1936:Chinese+Tagalog
1413:Lingua et Linguistica
874:'Marathi + English',
866:'Kannada + English',
306:
295:"clothing, garment."
180:History and evolution
140:, but is used in the
138:Modern Standard Hindi
2940:Danish+English
2810:Macaronic Portuguese
2765:North Moluccan Malay
2656:Macaronic Portuguese
2322:Malay+Javanese
2051:Manglish (Malayalam)
1600:Bhateja, Shivalika.
1024:Braj Kachru (1986).
964:This Gift of English
935:Braj Kachru (1986).
912:This Gift of English
626:10.1075/itl.70.02sin
390:South Asian diaspora
146:Indo-Aryan languages
63:. In the context of
4187:Pure Tamil movement
3743:Southern Nicobarese
2822:Dekasegi Portuguese
2804:Porglish/Portuglish
2699:Dekasegi Portuguese
1675:. 14 October 2011.
1579:Times of India Blog
1389:10.3115/v1/W14-3914
571:Salwathura, A. N. "
552:read.dukeupress.edu
423:All We Need Is Love
398:University of Wales
388:and members of the
364:machine translation
191:ten-century history
150:British South Asian
142:Indian subcontinent
45:Hindustani language
4097:Prestige language-
3733:Central Nicobarese
3108:Canadian Ukrainian
2983:Portuñol/Portunhol
2816:Bengali Portuguese
2798:Portuñol/Portunhol
2431:Thai Sign Language
2406:Gallo-Italic
2221:Jordanian+Bengali
1673:The Times of India
1606:The Times of India
1495:The Times of India
1447:The New York Times
1327:The Times of India
1301:The Times of India
1249:10.1093/elt/ccr047
1161:. 18 November 2021
1135:. 19 November 2021
1133:The Times of India
1082:www.etymonline.com
805:The Times of India
781:English World-wide
418:The Times of India
362:applications like
321:
239:East India Company
78:In the context of
4205:
4204:
4119:Perso-Arabization
4092:
4091:
3913:
3912:
3169:
3168:
3027:Frespañol/Fragnol
2917:Solombala English
2852:Gira da Tabatinga
2779:Makassarese
2516:Cappadocian Greek
2390:Meridional French
2378:Frespañol/Fragnol
2318:Tangwang language
2096:Singaporean
2086:Solombala English
1770:978-81-8475-408-7
1734:. 5 December 2011
1474:978-0-14-341639-5
1440:Shanker, Sadhna.
1426:978-1-84799-129-4
837:978-1-317-93476-9
807:. 2 February 2015
749:978-981-16-5624-8
682:BBC News Magazine
647:Daniyal, Shoaib.
170:code-mixed tongue
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4192:Sanskrit revival
4182:Punjabi Movement
4147:Bengali movement
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3100:Belarusian
2981:Portuguese
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3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:Scots Yiddish
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3139:English
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3118:Russian
3117:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3106:English
3105:
3103:
3102:West Polesian
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:Visayan
3082:
3079:
3076:English
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3031:Guarani
3030:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:English
2992:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2921:Chinese
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:English
2910:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:Bengali
2813:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:English
2801:
2799:
2796:Spanish
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:Ternate
2758:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2741:Chinese
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:Chinese
2708:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:Bonin English
2690:
2686:
2683:English
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2668:Judeo-Italian
2665:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:Spanish
2643:
2641:
2638:English
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2623:Judeo-Marathi
2620:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:English
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:Spanish
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:Turkish
2513:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2502:English
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:Yiddish
2484:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:English
2465:
2463:
2460:Spanish
2459:
2457:
2454:Russian
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2394:English
2393:
2391:
2388:Occitan
2387:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2376:Spanish
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:English
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2310:Hmongic
2309:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2282:Russian
2281:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2264:Tibetan
2263:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2238:English
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2203:English
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:Yiddish
2166:
2164:
2161:Visayan
2160:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2143:Turkish
2142:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:Tagalog
2117:
2115:
2112:Swedish
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:Spanish
2101:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2080:Russian
2079:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:Namibia
2060:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:Maltese
2042:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2031:Kannada
2030:
2028:
2027:Bonin English
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:Italian
2010:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1954:Finnish
1953:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1930:Chinese
1929:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:Bengali
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
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1870:
1866:
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1815:
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1804:
1796:
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1786:
1780:
1776:
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1766:
1762:
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1708:
1704:
1697:
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1678:
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1649:
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1631:
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1622:
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1607:
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1596:
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1567:
1562:
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1528:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1497:
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1457:
1454:
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1436:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
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1370:
1367:
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1343:
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1328:
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1314:
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1298:
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1288:
1283:
1281:9780230220393
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1221:, p. 39.
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1109:. 4 June 2022
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1058:
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1047:
1044:
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1037:9780252061721
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
990:
983:
980:
975:
969:
965:
958:
955:
950:
948:9780252061721
944:
940:
939:
931:
928:
923:
917:
913:
906:
903:
900:, p. 37.
899:
894:
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
833:
829:
822:
819:
806:
802:
796:
793:
790:
786:
783:, 39(1): 25.
782:
776:
774:
770:
759:
755:
751:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
720:
716:
704:
698:
695:
683:
679:
672:
670:
666:
654:
650:
643:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
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611:
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601:
596:
592:
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582:
578:
574:
568:
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553:
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528:
524:
520:
516:
509:
507:
503:
496:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
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479:Hobson-Jobson
476:
474:
471:
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459:
454:
451:
440:
435:
433:
431:
426:
424:
420:
419:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
394:David Crystal
391:
387:
386:South Indians
383:
377:
369:
367:
365:
361:
353:
351:
348:
346:
341:
339:
335:
329:
327:
318:
314:
310:
305:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
250:
246:
242:
240:
232:
230:
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224:
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216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:
56:
55:
51:of the words
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4111:
3804:Sino-Tibetan
3467:
3433:Chittagonian
3279:Contemporary
3211:Languages of
3159:German
3112:Polish
3025:French
2987:German
2932:Scandinavian
2883:German
2860:Hebrew
2761:Manado Malay
2703:French
2666:Hebrew
2609:Slavic
2555:German
2508:Hebrew
2479:Hebrew
2400:Hebrew
2276:Uyghur
2131:Telugu
2067:Polish
2037:Korean
1989:
1978:Hebrew
1966:German
1960:French
1942:Danish
1912:Arabic
1850:Camfranglais
1759:
1736:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:
1637:
1626:
1621:
1611:24 September
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1595:
1585:24 September
1583:. Retrieved
1578:
1569:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1521:
1511:
1501:24 September
1499:. Retrieved
1493:
1483:
1463:
1456:
1445:
1435:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1379:
1369:
1352:
1342:
1332:24 September
1330:. Retrieved
1326:
1316:
1306:24 September
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1214:
1192:(1): 33â48.
1189:
1185:
1175:
1165:24 September
1163:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1139:24 September
1137:. Retrieved
1132:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1062:25 September
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1026:
1019:
1010:
1003:Power, Carla
997:
988:
982:
963:
957:
937:
930:
911:
905:
893:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
841:
827:
821:
809:. Retrieved
804:
795:
780:
763:24 September
761:, retrieved
731:
706:. Retrieved
697:
687:24 September
685:. Retrieved
681:
658:24 September
656:. Retrieved
652:
642:
620:(1): 33â60.
617:
613:
603:
597:(50): 16â17.
594:
584:
576:
567:
555:. Retrieved
551:
542:
532:24 September
530:. Retrieved
518:
477:
450:India portal
430:Sanskritised
427:
422:
416:
406:
379:
357:
349:
342:
330:
322:
292:
288:
284:
258:
251:
247:
243:
236:
233:Colonial era
188:
133:
129:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
104:
92:Roman script
83:
77:
58:
52:
32:
31:
29:
4152:Hela Havula
3862:Nepal Bhasa
3368:Bangladeshi
3218:Afghanistan
3161:Lachoudisch
3153:Scots
2773:Dutch
2621:Indic
2615:Greek
2599:Tatar
2510:Judeo-Greek
2487:Lachoudisch
2417:French Sign
2349:Malay
2316:Santa
2215:Greek
2211:Juba Arabic
2125:Tamil
2077:/Portuglish
2045:Maltenglish
2005:Irish
1988:Hindi
1972:Greek
1948:Dutch
1924:Czech
1738:14 November
1712:14 November
1686:14 November
1653:14 November
1630:, 1900-1947
1547:: 195â202.
1237:ELT Journal
1219:Bhatia 2012
898:Bhatia 2012
345:endocentric
338:code-mixing
144:with other
121:(1993) and
49:portmanteau
4212:Categories
4060:Old Italic
4000:Devanagari
3925:Historical
3794:Portuguese
3611:Burushaski
3530:Rajasthani
3453:Hindustani
3400:Indo-Aryan
3388:Sri Lankan
3223:Bangladesh
2948:Russenorsk
2907:Russenorsk
2790:Portuguese
2705:Franponais
2689:Wasei-eigo
2384:Franponais
2306:E language
2177:See also:
2149:Urdu
2137:Thai
2023:Wasei-eigo
2007:BĂ©arlachas
1779:1132330043
1087:19 January
708:26 January
557:29 October
497:References
413:Devanagari
374:See also:
326:Google Pay
223:Hindustani
207:ApabhraáčĆa
185:Background
162:Hindustani
96:Devanagari
4100:influence
4020:Malayalam
3982:Shahmukhi
3949:Kharosthi
3934:(Abugida)
3867:Sikkimese
3720:Nicobaric
3383:Pakistani
3330:Malayalam
3312:Dravidian
3281:languages
3270:Sri Lanka
3248:classical
3243:scheduled
3149:Yeshivish
3094:Ukrainian
3072:Hokaglish
3039:Norspañol
3005:Cocoliche
2995:Spanglish
2966:Swenglish
2954:Norspañol
2934:languages
2901:Trasianka
2646:Cocoliche
2640:Itanglese
2583:Yeshivish
2504:Greeklish
2468:Denglisch
2402:Zarphatic
2396:Franglais
2304:Tai
2260:Hokaglish
2240:Chinglish
2173:Yeshivish
2114:Swenglish
2104:Spanglish
2013:Itanglese
1984:Yeshivish
1974:Greeklish
1968:Denglisch
1962:Franglais
1938:Hokaglish
1932:Chinglish
1926:Czenglish
1891:Hokaglish
1842:languages
1840:Multiple
1732:Firstpost
1681:0971-8257
1553:0045-9801
1361:1965-0906
1257:0951-0893
1206:0883-2919
1113:23 August
1057:Scroll.in
758:244313560
653:Scroll.in
634:0019-0829
527:0882-7729
319:: qismat)
317:Hunterian
309:Bollywood
265:Spanglish
174:sociolect
105:The word
37:macaronic
4218:Hinglish
4140:Activism
4112:Hinglish
4015:Gurmukhi
4010:Gujarati
3977:Nastaliq
3872:Tenyidie
3827:Dzongkha
3644:Lyngngam
3603:Isolates
3540:Sanskrit
3535:Rangpuri
3505:Maithili
3480:Kashmiri
3468:Hinglish
3448:Gujarati
3418:Bhojpuri
3413:Assamese
3378:Nepalese
3355:Germanic
3297:Aka-Jeru
3265:Pakistan
3255:Maldives
3145:Yinglish
3124:Balachka
3048:Tahitian
3021:Castrapo
3009:Lunfardo
2942:Danglish
2913:Runglish
2895:Balachka
2737:Manglish
2733:Singlish
2711:Kyowa-go
2677:Japanese
2650:Lunfardo
2605:Krymchak
2579:Yinglish
2419:Language
2345:Dunglish
2290:Kyowa-go
2254:Manglish
2250:Singlish
2205:Arablish
2169:Yinglish
2145:Turklish
2139:Tinglish
2133:Tenglish
2127:Tanglish
2098:Singlish
2092:Siculish
2082:Runglish
2075:Porglish
2057:Manglish
2039:Konglish
2033:Kanglish
2001:Hunglish
1990:Hinglish
1956:Finglish
1950:Dunglish
1944:Danglish
1920:Banglish
1914:Arablish
1873:Manglish
1869:Singlish
1856:Dobhashi
1561:26264736
1398:15066638
1011:Newsweek
880:Tanglish
868:Manglish
864:Kanglish
856:Gunglish
852:Benglish
844:Bonglish
436:See also
285:paejamah
195:Sanskrit
130:Hinglish
125:(2013).
119:Henglish
117:(1985),
115:Hindlish
107:Hinglish
100:Nastaliq
43:and the
33:Hinglish
4040:Sinhala
4035:Ranjana
4025:Kannada
4005:Bengali
3992:Brahmic
3918:Scripts
3900:Turkmen
3882:Tripuri
3877:Tibetan
3842:Ladakhi
3781:Romance
3748:Teressa
3705:Santali
3700:Mundari
3621:Kusunda
3578:Balochi
3570:Iranian
3560:Sylheti
3555:Sinhala
3545:Saraiki
3525:Punjabi
3510:Marathi
3490:Kumaoni
3485:Konkani
3438:Dhivehi
3423:Bengali
3363:English
3325:Kannada
3147:,
3143:,
3141:Heblish
3133:Yiddish
3122:,
3120:Surzhyk
3085:Bisalog
3080:/Englog
3078:Taglish
3064:Tagalog
3015:Chipilo
3007:,
2999:Llanito
2997:,
2975:Spanish
2923:Kyakhta
2915:,
2893:,
2891:Surzhyk
2877:Russian
2856:Kalunga
2847:cupĂłpia
2835:Hunsrik
2763:,
2691:,
2687:,
2685:Engrish
2648:,
2632:Italian
2617:Yevanic
2611:Knaanic
2603:,
2581:,
2577:,
2575:Heblish
2567:Haketia
2565:,
2557:Yiddish
2481:Yiddish
2474:Hunsrik
2361:Javindo
2353:,
2326:,
2298:,
2296:Linghua
2284:Kyakhta
2242:,
2232:Chinese
2171:,
2163:Bislish
2122:/Englog
2120:Taglish
2108:Llanito
2106:,
2084:,
2069:Poglish
2063:Namlish
2025:,
2021:,
2019:Engrish
1982:,
1980:Heblish
1906:English
1879:Yiddish
1107:HT Tech
876:Tamlish
872:Marlish
860:Gujlish
811:29 July
409:YouTube
281:English
273:Persian
269:Taglish
211:Persian
199:Prakrit
123:Hinlish
111:Hindish
60:English
41:English
35:is the
4084:Thaana
4050:Telugu
3959:Arabic
3932:Brahmi
3892:Turkic
3852:Meitei
3837:Hajong
3789:French
3771:Jarawa
3738:Chaura
3631:Khasic
3616:Nihali
3588:Pashto
3550:Sindhi
3515:Nepali
3495:Magahi
3475:Hindko
3428:Chakma
3408:Angika
3373:Indian
3340:Telugu
3320:Brahui
3302:Aka-Bo
3228:Bhutan
3202:Major
3033:JoparĂĄ
2960:Svorsk
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