Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics

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today. This disregard was rooted in racism, manifesting itself in various institutional policies, regulations, and laws designed to exclude Mexicans—impacting generations within Mexican American families by denying certain opportunities afforded by U.S. citizenship despite legally residing within U.S. borders. The Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s played an important role in challenging this exclusion (Rosales 1999, pp. 34–35). It called for recognition of Mexican Americans as full citizens, as well as the promotion of bilingual education, an end to police brutality, and more representation in politics (Rosales 1999, p. 80). Despite the gains made by the Chicano Movement, however, Mexican Americans still often face discrimination and political exclusion today (Guillermo 2017). This history matters in the context of Latino politics because it highlights the long-standing exclusion of Latino Americans from the United States' political system, stemming from Mexican-American relations, and the struggle for representation and inclusion, which continues to this day.

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Latinos (53.7%) ended up voting that year. This increased mobilization in 2016 and 2020 has been explained by various studies as a result of Donald Trumps' xenophobic attitude and targets toward the Latino population. His anti-immigration rhetoric emotionally angered Latinos, which created a pan-ethnic solidarity movement amongst them, driving them to the polls to vote against Trump during both elections. However, expectations about ethnic solidarity notwithstanding, Latino support for Donald Trump in fact grew between the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. Latinos showed considerably more variance in voting behavior than what would be expected given accounts focused mainly on their ethnic solidarity. A 2024 study proposes a counterintuitive explanation for this trend: due to the activation of dormant political dispositions, it is the very anti-immigration attitudes characterizing Trump that account for his ascendence among Latino voters. In other words, Latinos voting for Trump did so because of his anti-immigration positions and not despite those positions.

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approximately one-third of Hispanics hold a neutral stance towards the legalization of same-sex marriage. On the other hand, only 37% of Hispanic/Latino respondents expressed support for same-sex marriage, viewing it as a positive force for society. Further analyzing party ideology, Hispanic Democrats and Democratic-leaning voters are more supportive of same-sex marriage compared to Latino Republicans and the Republican-leaning voting population, with 46% of Democratic Latinos in support and less than half of Republicans, 21% saying they are supportive of same-sex marriage. Following this ideology, the statistics are flipped when viewing opposition towards same-sex marriage with almost half of Hispanic Republicans (41%) being more likely than Hispanic Democrats (20%) to hold a negative view and be opposed to same-sex marriage. Shifting the focus to the matter of transgender rights and promoting their social acceptance, a similar pattern is displayed.

679:(2017), de la Garza & DeSipio (2019), and Montejano (1987). Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, individuals of Mexican American descent residing in the Southwest and Puerto Ricans from the 1880s to the 1950s were often referred to using various terms. Today, the label "Hispanic" has been applied in retrospect to describe these groups, though this usage represents a modern interpretation of historical events. However, recognizing that they faced similar types of political exclusion and neglect that set them apart from other immigrant and native populations during this time is both accurate and important in understanding shared experiences. Three historical circumstances and geographic realities can be highlighted, as they conflict somewhat with common understandings of the Hispanic communities' political past. This gap between popular and scholarly understandings explains Congress's 1975 extension of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) to Latinos in 1975. 1232:, Lilliana Mason, and S. Nechama Horwitz, explains why Latinos have historically preferred the Democratic Party over the Republican Party. They find that those who identify strongly with their Hispanic identity and believe that their ethnic group is discriminated against, end up strongly supporting the Democratic Party. This was observed heavily in the 2012 election when the Republican Party expressed an anti-Latino and anti-immigration attitude, which in turn motivated Latinos to support the party in opposition: the Democrats. The study also showed that Mexicans, Central Americans and Dominicans are more likely than Cubans to support the Democratic Party. An additional explanation for Latinos' support toward the Democratic Party is provided by Political Scientist, Angel Saavedra Cisneros, who argues that Latinos are Democratic because they are most interested on economic and 671: 1436:

Additionally, one in five people reported interacting with a campaign on social media; 6% had donated to a campaign before; and one in ten had sent an email to their elected representatives. The percentage of Latinos whom find it important to donate money to campaign issues, work together on community problems, and to attend protests on salient issues, is higher than those for their white counterparts. Social media has also been used prevalently as a political tool for Latinos, especially Latino youth. Over 1/3 of the respondents to the CMPS survey use social media to discuss politics. Between the political interest and political participation variables there was a statistically significant correlation. In other words, individuals who were interested in politics were more involved in politics than people who were less interested.

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in politics. In comparison, 63% of Hispanic/Latino Republicans and Republic-leaning individuals said they would want Trump to remain a national political figure, including about four in ten (41%) Hispanic/Latino Republicans who said he should run for president in 2024. Among Latino registered voters, looking at their religious affiliations, Hispanic/Latino evangelicals are more in support of Trump's re election (43%) compared to Hispanic and Latino Catholics that are 22% more likely to say Trump should remain a national political figure. This is a bigger population compared to Hispanic and Latinos with no religious affiliation that are 18% more likely to say Trump should remain a national political figure, and a quarter of Latino/Hispanic evangelical registered voters say Trump should run for president in 2024.

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registered voters. When looking at Hispanic/Latino Democrats they hold largely positive views of Biden with nearly two-thirds of Hispanic Democrats and Democratic leaning individuals (65%) approving of Biden's presidency, and substantial minority (34%) disapproving. By contrast, nearly all Hispanic Republicans and Republican leaners (92%) disapprove of Biden. Among Latino registered voters, only 29% of evangelical Christians approve of Biden's job performance, while a greater share of Latino Catholics (53%) and those with no religious affiliation (44%) say the same. A greater share of Hispanic voters who say being Hispanic is important to how they think of themselves approve of Biden's job performance than do Hispanics who say being Hispanic is less critical to their identity (52% vs. 37%)

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individuals support this view, in comparison to Hispanic/Latino Republicans and Republican-leaning individuals who less than half (39%) support abortion policies. To compare these statistics with the U.S. adult population, overall 62% of adults in the United States believe that abortion should be legal or at least some cases. Analyzing these numbers, its imperative to detail that 84% of all U.S. Democratic and Democratic-leaning voters are supportive of the legality of abortion, making this number higher than the percentage of Hispanic Democrats and Democratic-leaning voters who are supportive. On the other hand, about 60% of Republicans and Republican-leaning individuals, including Hispanic Republicans, believe that abortion should be illegal in all or most cases.

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affirming their legitimacy. Spanish-language media stands out as an indispensable tool for Latinos due to disparities in language and access to news sources. Thus, it serves as a powerful means of catalyzing political involvement among the Latino Community. Ethnicity is another factor that shapes Latino political behavior. Co-ethnic voting among Latinos is driven by shared identity, cultural and linguistic connections, and a belief in the candidate's ability to represent the community's needs. At the same time, non-Latino voters may react negatively to Latino candidates due to biases and stereotypes. This underscores the need for candidates to develop campaign strategies and messages that resonate with diverse ethnic and racial groups.

1384: 804:, the Latino voting block increased by 183%. According to the National Research Council (US) Panel on Hispanics and the United States, Latino officeholders increased in the 6 states (Arizona, California, Florida, New Mexico, New York, and Texas) with the largest Latino population. In 1973, there were only 1,280 Latino officeholders across these 6 states, by 2003, there were 4,130. John A. Garcia, a political science researcher at the University of Michigan, explains that this increase in political representation is due to the fact that the VRA of 1975, helped create an comfortable environment for Hispanics and Latinos to run for office positions in the Southwestern part of the United States. 1421:

to view socialism more unfavorably, with 72% having negative perceptions. A notable percentage of individuals aged 65% and above, as well as those between the ages of 50% to 64%, hold unfavorable views toward socialism. Likewise, Latinos aged 30% to 49% exhibit comparable tendencies in their perceptions of socialism. The Pew Research Center also discovered that Hispanics who place significant value on their Hispanic identity have varying opinions on socialism, with 47% holding favorable views and 48% expressing negative perspectives. However, those who consider their Hispanic identity less important tend to have a more negative view of socialism, with 62% expressing disapproval.

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reality (Guillermo 2017). Similarly, Puerto Ricans faced periods of political exclusion and neglect due to New York City machine politics' decline since the mid-20th century resulting in limited representation at different levels of government. The government's pursuit for economic gain has driven it to marginalize access points for certain groups seeking those same economic gains (Chavez 2011). Systemic discrimination can be seen through voting patterns between Latino/black populations which still existed as late as 2020, highlighting an issue which must be addressed if the United States aims to decrease voter suppression tactics targeting minority groups.

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with the highest Hispanic or Latino populations were; Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Texas. According to the Brookings Institution, Latinos will become the nation's largest minority by 2045 and the deciding population in future elections. With the help of laws and court case wins, Latinos have been able to receive the help needed to participate in American Politics. According to data provided by The Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey (CMPS), 72% of Latinos believe that it is very/somewhat important to get their voice heard by voting. They have traditionally been a key

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bear arms. This can be compared to Hispanic Republicans and Republican-leaning voters, with nearly half (45%) supporting gun control over the right to own guns. In comparison, overall, a little over half the U.S. adult population (52%) believes that controlling gun ownership should be the priority. The number significantly decreases with Republican Adults overall, with only 18% supporting stricter gun laws rather than the right to own guns. However, among Democratic and Democratic-leaning voters, both the majority of Democratic Hispanics (85%) and Democratic U.S. adults overall (81%) prioritize controlling gun ownership.

780:, extended the VRA Act of 1965, to protect language minorities. Specifically, Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act was added to the act, which required certain states (those that have had discriminatory voting practices) to provide language assistance and translated voting materials (e.g., registration forms, ballots, instructions) to language minority groups, during elections. The language minority groups that were included under the provision were those that spoke Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, or Spanish. Additionally, these states would need the federal governments permission to change their voting laws. 2113: 2145: 2337: 1403:

Hispanic/Latino adults have a negative opinion of socialism, while more than less than 41% hold a positive view. When examining feelings towards Capitalism, a majority of Hispanics have a favorable opinion of capitalism, with 54% holding a positive view compared to 41% holding a negative opinion. Intertwining party ideology, Hispanic individuals who identify as Republicans or lean towards the Republican party tend to favor capitalism, with 68% holding positive opinions. This percentage is higher than that among Hispanic Democrats and Democratic-leaning individuals, which stands at 50%.

2081: 788: 1325: 2369: 2305: 2241: 718:, etc. without proper documentation. Thus, it is essential to understand the barriers related to Latino civic engagement including: English proficiency, wage oppression, educational disparities, etc. Acknowledging the poor civic networks among Hispanics in the history of Latino and Hispanic politics is crucial to extend equitable opportunities, reduce poverty rates, and increase the number of electorates across all communities regardless of immigration status, income, wage gaps, race, educational attainment, etc. 2273: 2465: 2177: 2401: 2049: 2017: 961:. After being indicted, Partida argued that he was unfairly convicted because Mexican-Americans were not represented in the jury. At the time, 79.2% of Hidalgos population had Mexican American surnames, but in Partidas' grand jury, only 40% were Mexican American. Texas argued that this was not evidence of discrimination, since Hidalgo county was run by a majority of Mexican Americans, at the time. The court found no evidence of discrimination, but Partida appealed this decision and the 2209: 1647: 2433: 1310:, tried to find explanations for this phenomenon. He found that men experience downward mobility once they migrate to the United States, whereas women have upward mobility. Therefore, men try to hold on to their conservative values, to validate themselves and women try to become more independent. Other studies have tried to explain this political gender gap as a result of moving from a traditional Latin American country to the egalitarian country of the United States. 1569:(NAHJ), Univision provides the Latino community resources such as for finding a doctor, a school for their children, or a job. Since 2007, they have also initiated efforts to politically mobilize the Latino community. In 2007, the network made history by hosting and broadcasting the first presidential debates in Spanish. In the 2008 primary elections, Univision released a "Ve y Vota en las Primarias" ("Get Out and Vote in the Primaries) 30-second ad to its viewers. 1341:, and politician, Rafael Mozo, have tried to explain why Cubans do not vote for the Democratic Party. They find that Cubans support the Republican Party out of fear that Democrats will turn the United States into a communist country . Other studies have argued that Cubans do not vote for Democrats because they do not experience immigration related issues, since they are able to apply for permanent residency, a year after arriving to the United States, through the 1010: 4474: 1954: 1245: 545: 894:(D-NY) introduced the Voting Rights Language Assistance Act, to extend the bill for 15 years, instead of having to renew it every 7 years. Supporters for the bill argued that language assistance was necessary for newly naturalized citizens to be civically engaged, while opponents argued that the provision was costly, even suggesting removing it completely. After the political battle, the legislation was signed and passed by President 1583: 1555: 706:

participate electorally. Therefore, when third parties started gaining momentum among Hispanics, Hispanics/ Latinos couldn't capitalize on it due to their lack of resources. These long lasting results are reflected in Latino politics today; Latino intersectionality varies greatly particularly economically as many immigrants are unable to access public funds such as welfare,

982:. LULAC argued that the 2003 redistricting plan, which was controlled by Republicans, diluted Latinos' and African Americans' voting power, violating the Voting Rights Act of 1975. The court's decision favored Perry, which helped the Republican party win five congressional seats in Texas and ultimately gain control of Congress that following midterm election. 835: 594: 1357:, found that most conservative Latinos are not citizens, therefore they cannot vote and express their support to the Republican party through elections. Therefore, citizenship needs to be considered when interviewing Latinos about their political opinions, as this can be misleading information in upcoming elections. 751:. The act made it illegal for states, mostly Southern states, to keep discriminatory voting practices in place. This included literacy tests and polling taxes. The law primarily impacted African Americans as they were visibly disenfranchised from voting, but the act also helped remove barriers for Latino voters. 1482:

The absence of resources available to Latino candidates, compared to their non-Latino competitors, is a significant impediment in filling the gap of Latinos in politics. This shortage affects the potential for Latino hopefuls to run successful campaigns and compete with other contenders. Furthermore,

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In "Translating into Votes: The Electoral Impacts of Spanish-Language Ballots" by Daniel J. Hopkins, it was found that the VRA of 1975 significantly increased Latino voter participation in California. The provision eased Spanish speakers anxiousness at the polls and helped them vote down the ballot.

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and Educational Fund, Texas laws prohibited Tejanos ( Texas residents that descended from Mexico), from speaking Spanish, organizing political demonstrations/protests or even from serving as election judges as early as 1845. By the 1900s poll taxes, and white primaries (only white people were allowed

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A great majority of Hispanic/Latino registered voters (73%) said they would not like to see Trump remain a national political figure. Out of these Hispanics/Latinos, Hispanic/Latino Democrats and Democratic-leaning were extremely opposed to Trump's re-election with 94% opposing Trump's participation

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Analyzing the Pew Research Center data on the midterm elections, slightly less than half of Latino/Hispanic registered voters (45%) said they approved of how Biden has been handling his job as president. However, Biden's approval rating varied somewhat across demographic subgroups of Hispanic/Latino

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An August 2022 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found that slightly more than half of Latino registered voters (53%) said they would vote for or were leaning towards the Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in their congressional district. This can be compared to the

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campaign. Ken Oliver-Mendez, a director of an organization that tracks liberal bias, also shared that Univision broadcasts liberal leaning news as Republicans are not covered fairly within the platform. In the 2020 presidential election, Donald Trumps campaign called Univision, "Leftist propaganda".

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Despite these issues, some institutional factors can help increase Latino representation. For example, legislative term limits can give more people a chance to run for office, thereby enhancing diversity in government representation. Furthermore, rising Latino-led interest groups have helped Latinos

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Looking at support in the Latino community for LGBTQ rights, the topic of sex-same marriage is often a popular voting issue. according to a study by the Pew Research Center, While Identifying individuals who believing same sex marriage to neither be harmful or beneficial to society, the survey found

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and Ramon Michael Alvarez, newly naturalized Latinos are independent, but as they become socialized into American politics, they begin to lean toward a political party. Historically, Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans attach themselves to the Democratic Party where as Cuban and Venezuelan Americans

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that 11% of Jackson County's population was over the age of 21 and had Spanish surnames, however in the last 25 years, no person with a Latin American name, had served on a jury. Because no Latino was chosen to serve on a jury among the 6,000 slots available in the last 25 years' worth of cases, the

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due to their increasing population. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, 62.1 million Latinos live in the United States, representing 18.9% of the total U.S. population. This is a 23% increase since 2010. This racial/ethnic group is the second largest after non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. In 2020, the states

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Latinos are an increasingly important demographic in American politics, yet they still face significant barriers to engagement and representation. Understanding the complex factors that shape Latino political behavior and mobilization is essential in understanding Latino representation in politics.

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Latino candidates are often met with hesitation due to their lack of name recognition; without a notable record in public service, it's difficult for Latinos to win the trust and financial support of voters. This obstacle has been further complicated by the Trump Administration's strict immigration

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The views on socialism among different groups vary. Young Americans, including Latinos aged 18 to 29, have almost an equal split between positive and negative opinions, with 46% holding positive views and 50% holding negative impressions. However, Hispanic Republicans and Republican supporters tend

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Latinos' views on socialism and capitalism have become a recently popular issue due to the vast amount of current immigrants from countries with socialist or communist governments either favoring or fearing socialist policies. According to a study by The Pew Research Center, nearly over half 53% of

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in the 2004, presidential election. This was the largest percentage of votes (40%) that the Republican party has ever received from Latinos during a presidential election. Other academics have just argued that Latinos liked George W. Bush as a candidate, rather than his party's ideological stances.

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According to the Pew Research Center, 77% of Latinos are Christian. A lot of Republicans, claim that Latinos' religiosity should make them support Republicans' conservative policy stances. Academics have tried to understand whether this is true. In a 2000 study, Political Scientist's, Sean M.Bolks,

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The Pew Research Center study also found a strong connection between Hispanic identity and how Hispanic registered voters would vote. Most Hispanics who said being Hispanic/Latino was extremely or very important to how they think of themselves (60%) would vote for the Democratic candidate in their

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Spanish-language media can bolster Latino political engagement and provide a much-needed space to communicate their immigrant identity. It is an effectual tool in influencing, validating, and amplifying the voices of Latinos. It is imperative to amplify the political force of Latino communities by

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Multiple demographic hurdles, including language obstacles and voter registration impediments, often render Latinos underrepresented in the political process. Moreover, district lines are frequently drawn to favor non-Latino populations which only further curtails Latino engagement with candidates

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Mexican Americans became part of the United States society with treaty-based assurances of land and repatriation rights, but these guarantees were quickly disregarded, leading to the dispossession of thousands of acres of land and political exclusion that continues to affect the Hispanic community

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During the 2016 presidential election, Univision carried out a voter registration campaign (#VotaConmigo) to increase Latino voter participation. In February 2016, Univision announced its attempts to register over 3 million new Latino voters, based on the number of Latinos that became eligible to

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In the 2020 presidential election, Latino turnout surpassed past voting records. The Pew Research Center found that 54% of registered Latino voters were motivated to vote in the election that year. By comparison, 69% of all U.S. registered voters said they were motivated to vote. Half of eligible

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The majority of Hispanics and Latinos (73%) believe that controlling gun ownership should be prioritized over Americans' rights to own guns. This opinion is even more popular among Hispanic Democrats and Democratic-leaning Hispanic voters with 85% prioritizing gun control over the right to

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According to legal scholars, this court case recognized Latinos as a separate race/ethnicity from the binary races (Anglo and African Americans). The case proved that Latinos are not White nor African American, they are a part of their own distinct group. This played an important role in identity

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Texas was one of the states that had to abide by Section 203 of the VRA of 1975, due to its history of discriminatory voting practices. According to the Department of Justice, since 1982, Texas has had the highest number of voter change objections. Additionally, there were 54 instances when Texas

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Researchers have tried to determine whether church attendance increases Latinos participation in American Politics. In study conducted by researchers, Sarah Allen Gershon, Adrian D. Pantoja and J.Benjamin Taylor, they found that church attendance does correlate to civic engagement, however other

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A study by Professor Maria E. Len-Ríos of the University of Georgia suggests that Latinos’ level of political interest is positively associated with their level of engagement. Len-Ríos collected data from a national survey of 434 Latinos, 26.8% of whom said that they were interested in politics.

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When looking at religious affiliation, A majority of Hispanic Catholics (59%) and those labeled as religiously unaffiliated (60%) (described themselves as atheists, agnostics, or “nothing in particular”) said they would vote for the Democratic candidate for the U.S. House in their congressional

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Southwest machine politics provided some representation for Mexican Americans in office (Montejano, 1987). However, there was a false assumption that black/Latino needs were similar in 1975, ignoring the disproportionate violence faced by African Americans rather than Latinos—a rarely discussed

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Contemporary Hispanic politics has roots in the 19th century when the American empire expanded to include Latin American and Caribbean populations. State efforts to incorporate and exclude Latino populations also played a role in shaping current Hispanic politics, as noted by scholars Guillermo

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The paucity of Latinos in the political process is a consequence not only of social barriers, but also of structural impediments that hinder access to education, wealth and resources. Native individuals are traditionally underrepresented in higher learning establishments which results in their

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In an additional study conducted by Political Scientists, Melissa Marschall and Amanda Rutherford, it was found that Section 203 led to increased Latino representation in political offices, and Latino voter participation. However, the authors found that federal oversight alongside Section 203,

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During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Latino civic networks were poorer than Black communities' civic networks because only some Latino elites had access to electoral or partisan opportunities—mainly those who held offices in Texas and New Mexico—while Black individuals weren't allowed to

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When looking specifically at Hispanic Democrats and those who lean towards the Democratic party, it is evident that there is a split in opinions regarding socialism. Approximately half, or 50%, hold a favorable view, whereas the other half, or 48%, hold an unfavorable view. However, Hispanic

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In 2021, 19 states, including Florida, Arizona and Texas enacted 34 restrictive voting laws which negatively impacted Latino voters. For example, Texas State Legislature SB 1, makes it difficult for Spanish speakers to cast their vote, since they wont be able to receive language assistance.

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Ultimately, socioeconomic and political environments can impede Latinos from obtaining political representation. Redistricting, the primary system, poverty levels amongst Latino communities, educational qualifications of voters, and voter turnout all contribute to this underrepresentation.

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Hispanics will most likely favor abortion rights in most scenarios. The Pew Research Center survey shares that over half (57%) of the Hispanic and Latino population, to some extent, support the legalization of abortion. A majority of 69% of Hispanic/Latino Democrats and Democratic-leaning

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Under the Voting Rights Act of 1975, 11 states with voter discrimination history (Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia), were required to seek approval from the Department of Justice (a process called

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Supermajority support for Democratic presidential candidates is a pattern among Latino voters. In a 2021 Gallup poll, 56% of Latinos identified with the Democratic party, and 26% said they were Republicans. This Democratic support has been consistent throughout presidential elections.

768:, created the organization after realizing that language barriers remained for Latinos even after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed. Many Latino voters, including Puerto Ricans, were unable to cast their vote between the time the VRA of 1965 was passed and its revision in 1975. 1478:

Given the dearth of Latino legislators, it is imperative to examine the impediments that obstruct the proper representation of Latinos in politics. Numerous of these are structural and demographic hindrances that prevent Latinos from getting equitable representation in government.

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DeSipio L. Latino Civic and Political Participation. In: National Research Council (US) Panel on Hispanics in the United States; Tienda M, Mitchell F, editors. Hispanics and the Future of America. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006. 11. Available from:

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Leonie Huddy, Lilliana Mason, and S. Nechama Horwitz. "Political Identity Convergence: On Being Latino, Becoming a Democrat, and Getting Active." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (2016): 205–28.

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States need to provide language assistance if more than 5% of the voting age is not proficient in English or more than 10,000 voting-age citizens are not proficient in English and the citizens that are limited English proficient have less than a 5th-grade education.

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factors such as generational status, economic status and employment can influence this. Given that younger generations of Latinos attend church at a lesser rate than older generations, demographic factors will determine whether they are politically engaged or not.

1595:, "As a media company, we have the ability to educate and tell people whats happening on air and off air...We have the voice." Following their campaign announcement, the television network broadcast commercials, encouraging people to call the citizenship hotline, 1546:, tried to find whether general Spanish language television networks increase Latino voter turnout. Their results were significant, indicating that the presence of Spanish language television networks like Univision, can increase civic engagement among Latinos. 1607:, a morning segment, hosted a Facebook Live, talking about his U.S. citizenship process. That day, NALEO received 20,000 calls, surpassing the other days' average of 100 calls. Univision ended up registering over 200,000 new Latinos to vote in 2016. 1030:(VRAA) was proposed to restore the "preclearance" aspect of the Voting Rights Act of 1975. The Department of Justice would decide whether a voting law violates voters' rights. If so, states will be covered by preclearance for the following 10 years. 936:

court stated it was a form of discrimination, whether it was or wasn't a conscious decision by Texas. This case has been marked by many legal scholars as the first supreme courts decision to explicitly acknowledge discrimination against Latinos.

1270:, in 2010 said, "I don’t know how anyone of Hispanic heritage who could be a Republican. Do I need to say more?". Angel Saavedra Cisneros, a Political Scientist, published a book called, "Latino Republicans", to determine whether this is true. 1499:

have a stronger political voice and advocate for their communities' policies. Additionally, there has been an increase in Latino-based organizations that help build the skills necessary to run for office and provide resources to those who do.

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inability to be competitive candidates as they lack educational backgrounds. Additionally, continued economic disparities experienced by Latino communities make it difficult for them to fundraise or build assistance necessary for campaigning.

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former chief strategist for Univision, stated that the network is making it a priority to help inform and motivate Latinos about the political process. The television network has continued on these efforts from national to local elections.

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Since 1984, the majority of Latinos have supported and identified with the Democratic Party. In every election since 1984, over 57% of Latinos have voted for Democratic presidential candidates. A study conducted by Political Scientists,

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local congressional district. Meanwhile, those who said being Hispanic is less important to their identity were more evenly split between voting for the Democratic and Republican candidates in their district's House race (45% vs. 38%).

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EARLE, REBECCA (February 2014). "Jorge J. E. Gracia (ed.), Forging People: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality in Hispanic American and Latino/a Thought (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011), pp. xix+349, $ 30.00, pb".

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Sergio I. Garcia-Rios, and Matt A. Barreto. "Politicized Immigrant Identity, Spanish-Language Media, and Political Mobilization in 2012." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (2016): 78–96.

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Gershon, Sarah Allen, Adrian D. Pantoja, and J. Benjamin Taylor. "God in the Barrio?: The Determinants of Religiosity and Civic Engagement among Latinos in the United States." Politics and Religion 9, no. 1 (2016): 84–110.

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Rodolfo O. de la Garza; Louis DeSipio, "Save the Baby, Change the Bathwater, and Scrub the Tub: Latino Electoral Participation after Seventeen Years of Voting Rights Act Coverage ," Texas Law Review 71, no. 7 (June 1993):

1283:, J.L. Polinard, and Robert D. Wrinkle, discovered that Latinos are opposed to abortions, like Republicans. Political scientist, Marisa A. Abrajano, found that these conservative positions is what drew Latinos to vote for 1332:

Historically, Cubans are one of the few Latino national origin groups that have consistently been strong supporters of the Republican party. In the 2016 presidential election, over half of the Cuban population, voted for

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associate themselves with the Republican party. Studies have tried to explain why differences in political ideology exist within the Latino population, as national origin, gender, or even religion can create differences.

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Marschall, Melissa J., and Amanda Rutherford. "Voting Rights for Whom? Examining the Effects of the Voting Rights Act on Latino Political Incorporation." American Journal of Political Science 60, no. 3 (2016): 590–606.

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The first Brazilian-American elected to Congress, Santos was a part of the first congressional race in which between two LGBTQ+ candidates competed against each other. He was expelled from Congress on December 1, 2023.

1851:(D-NY 13th District): Took office in 2019 at age 29 as the youngest woman ever to serve in the United States Congress, among the first female members of the Democratic Socialists of America elected to serve in Congress. 1923:

28% of Latino/Hispanic voters who said they would vote for the Republican candidate. About one-in-five Latino voters (18%) said they would vote for another candidate or are still determining whom they would vote for.

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reversed the original courts' decision. The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court was unable to rule out the possibility that Mexican Americans were being discriminated against even if they were the majority in Hidalgo County.

3498:"Jones, Judge Marvin, (died 4 March 1976), Senior Judge, United States Court of Claims, since 1964, serving under assignment of Chief Justice of Supreme Court on US Courts of Appeal throughout the United States", 1775: 1679: 4758: 4394:

Gutierrez, Angela, Angela X. Ocampo, Matt A. Barreto, and Gary Segura. "Somos Más: How Racial Threat and Anger Mobilized Latino Voters in the Trump Era." Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 4 (2019): 960–75.

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Portes, Alejandro, and Rafael Mozo. "The Political Adaptation Process of Cubans and Other Ethnic Minorities in the United States: A Preliminary Analysis." International Migration Review 19, no. 1 (1985): 35.

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A Washington Post op-ed, by Callum Brochers, argued that Univision's campaigns are designed to help the Democratic party, not to help Latinos become politically involved. As evidence, Callum, revealed that

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By 1966, after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed, voting discriminatory practices were eliminated under the law. However, the Latino community still faced language barriers to vote. As a result, the

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to participate in primaries), prohibited Mexican Americans from voting. It took several laws and court cases to remove voting barriers like this that prohibited Latinos from participating in U.S. politics.

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changed its discriminatory voting law proposals after they knew they would get rejected by the Department of Justice. Section 203, stopped states like Texas from continuing their voter disenfranchisement.

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Gutierrez, Angela, Angela X. Ocampo, Matt A. Barreto, and Gary Segura. 2019. "Somos Más: How Racial Threat and Anger Mobilized Latino Voters in the Trump Era." Political Research Quarterly 72(4): 960–75.

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Ocampo, Angela X., Sergio I. Garcia-Rios, and Angela E. Gutierrez. "Háblame De TÍ: Latino Mobilization, Group Dynamics and Issue Prioritization in the 2020 Election." The Forum 18, no. 4 (2021): 531–58.

1535:, and Pilar Marero, made frequent announcements to the Latino community, reporting the immigration issues that were at stake if they didn't vote. In culmination, these factors motivated Latinos to vote. 2528: 1596: 1258:

In recent years, multiple news outlets have published stories, that Latinos are shifting toward the Republican party given that they have usually outspent Democrats on trying to gain Latino Support.

274: 184: 4843:

Borchers, Callum. "Let's be clear: Univision's 3 million Latino voter registration drive helps Democrats." Washington Post, February 23, 2016. Gale Academic OneFile (accessed February 12, 2023).

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Additionally voters will be required to have a monthly citizenship check, 24 hour voting drive thrus are banned. Republicans have argued that this bill is necessary in order to stop voter fraud.

4748:

de Lafuente, Della. "Poll vaulting: Univision, ImpreMedia try to get out the Latino vote in crucial election." Brandweek, January 14, 2008, S4. Gale Academic OneFile (accessed February 12, 2023)

1769: 1673: 5217: 4118:

Gonzalez Juenke, Eric. "Viable Republicans or Fool's Gold? the Consequences of Confusing Latino Respondents with Latino Voters." Politics, Groups, and Identities 4, no. 4 (2015): 598–617.

4783: 929:. Hernandez argued that the state had incorrectly indicted him, given that most of the jurors were white when Jackson county had a moderate-sized Hispanic population. The court found in 4232: 4683:

Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Joel Waldfogel. "Media Markets and Localism: Does Local News En Español Boost Hispanic Voter Turnout?" American Economic Review. Accessed February 12, 2023.

4308: 1984:(D-AZ), commented, "Invest in Latino voters. Talk to Latino voters early and recruit Latinos and Latinas to run and not just in majority Latino districts", after the midterm outcomes. 575: 674:

The League of United Latin American Citizens, one of the oldest and largest Latino organizations in the United States, urges immigrants in the community to vote, in Des Moines, Iowa.

1527:. Since immigration was a main debate topic during election season, Latinos were reminded of their immigrant identity even as U.S. citizens. Spanish news media influencers, such as 1495:

and understanding of critical matters. Consequently, immigration status can be a roadblock for many Latinos who just want to have their voice heard through voting at election time.

279: 1507:

Most Latinos obtain their news from Spanish language television networks. Given this, many academics have attempted to analyze the relationship between media and Latino politics.

4067:

Krogstad, Jens Manuel, and Antonio Flores. "Unlike Other Latinos, about Half of Cuban Voters in Florida Backed Trump." Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center, August 27, 2020.

1253: 3828:

Alvarez, R. Michael, and Lisa García Bedolla. "The Foundations of Latino Voter Partisanship: Evidence from the 2000 Election." The Journal of Politics 65, no. 1 (2003): 31–49.

5242: 1306:, found that Latino men tend to hold on to their conservative values when they migrate, whereas Latinas become ideologically liberal as generations pass. In 1988, researcher, 909:

Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, Cesar E. Chavez, Barbara Jordan, William Velazquez and Dr. Hector Garcia Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act

264: 2644: 808:

ensured that adequately trained bilingual poll workers were present and that voting materials were translated. Without federal monitoring, Section 203 is not as effective.

3868:

Subervi-Vélez, Federico. The Mass Media and Latino Politics: Studies of U.S. Media Content, Campaign Strategies and Survey Research, 1984–2004. New York: Routledge, 2008.

3452:

Nina Perales; Luis Figueroa; Criselda G. Rivas, "Voting Rights in Texas: 1982-2006," Southern California Review of Law and Social Justice 17, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 713-760

1980:, 14 Latino candidates were elected to join the 34 incumbents, indicating that the 118th Congress class will be 11% Latino (34 Democrats, 11 Republicans). Representative 5144: 2806: 1464: 975: 2779: 4629: 3914:

Bolks, Sean, Diana Evans, Jerry L. Polinard, and Robert Wrinkle. "Core Beliefs and Abortion Attitudes: A Look at Latinos." Social Science Quarterly 81 (2000): 253–259.

3680: 4882: 2585: 1214:

When Latinos first immigrate to the United States they do not immediately align themselves with a political party or ideology. According to Political Scientists,

761: 5384: 3429:

Hopkins, Daniel J. "Translating into Votes: The Electoral Impacts of Spanish-Language Ballots." American Journal of Political Science 55, no. 4 (2011): 814–30.

1976:

The 2023 class of incoming Congress members is historic for the Latino community. This is the largest cohort of Latinos to be sworn into Congress. According to

5349: 1566: 726:

Before Latinos were allowed to vote, they faced a lot of voting discriminatory practices, especially in the Southwest region of the United States. After the

4068: 4037:

Bejarano, Christina E., Sylvia Manzano, and Celeste Montoya. 2011. "Tracking the Latino Gender Gap: Gender Attitudes across Sex, Borders, and Generations."

1523:

and other Spanish language news outlets, created a pan ethnic identity amongst Latinos, which motivated them to vote in a historically large number in the

3544: 1718: 908: 801: 568: 3948:

Abrajano, Marisa A., R. Michael Alvarez, and Jonathan Nagler. 2008. "The Hispanic Vote in the 2004 Presidential Election: Insecurity and Moral Concerns."

4054:

Boswell, Thomas D. "Racial and Ethnic Segregation Patterns in Metropolitan Miami, Florida, 1980-1990." Southeastern Geographer 33, no. 1 (1993): 82–109.

1659:

Understanding the factors that shape Latino political behavior and mobilization is essential for building a more inclusive and representative democracy.

299: 5044: 3462: 1565:

is the nation's largest Spanish language television network. According to Della de Lafuente, Emmy award-winning journalist and former president of the

4959: 3965:

de la Garza, Rodolfo O., and Jeronimo Cortina. "Are Latinos Republicans but Just Don’t Know It?" American Politics Research 35, no. 2 (2007): 202–23.

2860: 2042:

Maxwell was elected at 25 years old, making him the first member of Gen-Z to be elected into Congress as well as the first Afro-Cuban to be sworn in.

1870: 904:

When the Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992 was a year away from expiring, a new special provision was added and passed. It was called the

711: 334: 3366: 2563: 1756: 1708: 1449: 1445: 259: 730:, many Southern states adopted discriminatory voting practices against African Americans, but also for anyone that was non-white. According to the 662:. Since the Latino population is large and diverse, a lot of political differences exist between gender, national origin, and generational groups. 5068: 2669: 5168: 5379: 5093: 1779: 561: 3631: 3183: 2057: 1927:

district. In comparison, when looking at Hispanic evangelical Christians, more said they would vote Republican than Democratic (50% vs. 32%)

523: 404: 294: 224: 5118: 1383: 3572: 2533: 1866: 812:

However other studies, have argued that language assistance is less of an indicator for voter turnout compared to age and education level.

604: 549: 426: 5292: 1620:, Univisions' chairman, has consistently donated money to the Democratic party. In the 2016 election, Haim Saban donated $ 2.5 million to 615: 1353:

Other studies have tried to fully disprove that Latinos are becoming Republican. Eric Gonzalez Juenke, a Political Science researcher at

3719: 962: 498: 493: 488: 3595:

Vincent Marinaccio, "Protecting Voters' Rights: The Aftermath of Shelby v Holder," Whittier Law Review 35, no. 3 (Spring 2014): 531-558

1907:(D-NY 15th District): first openly gay Afro Latino elected to Congress, one of the first two openly gay Black men elected to Congress. 3978:

Wilson, Catherine E. The Politics of Latino Faith: Religion, Identity, and Urban Community. New York: New York University Press, 2008.

2298:

Vasquez was the first in his family to be born in the United States, which motivated him to pursue politics and advocate for Latinos.

3694: 2362:

Juan Ciscomani was the first in his family to graduate from college, attending Pima Community College and the University of Arizona.

4858: 4580: 3133: 3094: 2976: 2940: 2590: 2513: 2426:

D'Esposito is the first Republican to publicly support George Santos' resignation after he gave out false biographical information.

1832: 633: 254: 3855:

Saavedra Cisneros, Angel. "Correction to: Latino Identity and Political Attitudes." Latino Identity and Political Attitudes, 2019.

2833: 1302:

Latino men have historically voted more Republican than Latinas since the late 1980s. Christina Bejarano, a Political Scientist at

4004:

Bejarano, Christina E. "Latino Gender and Generation Gaps in Political Ideology." Politics & Gender 10, no. 01 (2014): 62–88.

1288:

Some Political scientist, like, Catherine E. Wilson, argue the opposite, that churches push Latinos towards the Democratic party.

3402:

Garcia, John A. "The Voting Rights Act and Hispanic Political Representation in the Southwest." Publius 16, no. 4 (1986): 49–66.

2518: 1752: 1591:

vote since the last presidential election in 2012. Jessica Herrera-Flanigan, Univision's executive Vice President, stated to the

1233: 659: 655: 4986: 2112: 4357: 4332: 5316: 5267: 1483:

gerrymandering and redistricting often weaken Latino votes—granting them less representation than they are entitled to have.

2336: 5012: 2736: 2144: 3656: 2538: 2508: 1901:(D-CA 38th District): first woman of color ever to be elected to a leadership position in the history of the U.S. Congress 1059: 991:"preclearance") if they wanted to amend a policy. However, in 2013, this "preclearance" requirement was taken away in the 344: 249: 37: 4069:

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/15/unlike-other-latinos-about-half-of-cuban-voters-in-florida-backed-trump/

3804: 3283: 1971: 1786: 1027: 945:

politics for the future. Since the court cases decision, court administrators are required to pull jurors from across a

244: 194: 3488:

Kevin R. Johnson, "Hernandez v. Texas: Legacies of Justice and Injustice," Chicano-Latino Law Review 25 (2005): 153-200

5268:"Monica De La Cruz is the first Republican to represent Texas' 15th Congressional District. What will she do with it?" 3925: 3764: 2080: 1816: 289: 284: 2761: 1412:

Republicans and Republican supporters tend to view socialism more unfavorably, with 72% having negative perceptions.

1303: 4844: 4643: 2693: 2602: 1524: 179: 1528: 1354: 744: 4419:"More Latino Voters Support Trump in 2020 than 2016, But Young Americans Favor Biden, Early CNN Exit Polls Show" 1604: 1324: 2607: 2580: 1848: 199: 4815: 2891:

Ibarra, Guillermo, ed. (2017-09-21). "Americanism and Anti-Americanism of Mexican Immigrants in Los Angeles".

2368: 2304: 787: 2523: 2234:

At age 25, Casar became the youngest Council Member in Austins history, before being elected into Congress.

1586:

Univision's voter registration campaign "Destiny 2016, the Latino vote" during the 2016 presidential election

1042:

Subdivisions in noncovered states have committed at least three voting rights violations in the past 25 years

2240: 2089: 1836: 1789:(D-NY 19th District): first person of Latin American descent to be elected to Congress from Upstate New York 993: 134: 4759:"Kochava Partners with Univision for Its "Vota Conmigo" Campaign, Designed to Encourage Voter Registration" 4445:"Solidarity in question: activation of dormant political dispositions and Latino support for Trump in 2020" 3987:

Welch, Susan, and Lee Sigelman. 1992. "A Gender Gap Among Hispanics? A Comparison With Blacks and Anglos."

2272: 4095: 2464: 2176: 1862: 1854: 1690: 1532: 1215: 528: 466: 461: 189: 4418: 4309:"Latino voters' interest in presidential race is mixed, and about half are 'extremely motivated' to vote" 3606: 2503: 2400: 2048: 2016: 1621: 958: 926: 731: 608:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

79: 4722: 2409: 4266: 3245:"A Latino on the Ballot: Explaining Coethnic Voting Among Latinos and the Response of White Americans" 2865: 2838: 1876: 1728: 1683: 1539: 1342: 1307: 1047: 765: 399: 154: 139: 124: 119: 114: 99: 94: 17: 3339: 2630: 2208: 1646: 4697: 4267:"The politics of Latino publics: Immigration reform, political participation and intention to vote" 2568: 2313: 1592: 1039:

Their local governments have committed at least 10 voting right violations within the past 25 years

416: 394: 304: 149: 89: 74: 64: 54: 4561:"Black Like Who? Afro-Caribbean Immigrants, African Americans, and the Politics of Group Identity" 4233:"Most Latinos Say Democrats Care About Them and Work Hard for Their Vote, Far Fewer Say So of GOP" 3891: 1582: 791:

First page of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon Johnson

764:

was started in 1974, becoming the first and largest non-partisan organization in the U.S. Founder

4940: 4623: 4020:

Jones-Correa, Michael. 1998. "Different Paths: Gender, Immigration and Political Participation."

3307: 3139: 3052: 2946: 2811: 2784: 1892: 1858: 931: 727: 129: 104: 59: 1910: 891: 2394:

De La Cruz is the first Republican to represent Texas' 15th Congressional district since 1903.

5324: 5020: 4932: 4791: 4784:"Univision draws 100,000 to voter registration drives in move to increase its political clout" 4611: 4576: 4542: 4462: 4286: 3674: 3264: 3243:

McConnaughy, Corrine M.; White, Ismail K.; Leal, David L.; Casellas, Jason P. (October 2010).

3216: 3179: 3129: 3090: 3044: 2972: 2936: 2904: 2441: 2432: 2377: 1792: 1600: 895: 748: 384: 329: 144: 109: 69: 4684: 3877:

Saavedra Cisneros, Angel. "Latino Republicans." Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets, 2018.

4922: 4911:"Politicized Immigrant Identity, Spanish-Language Media, and Political Mobilization in 2012" 4568: 4534: 4452: 4278: 3503: 3256: 3208: 3171: 3121: 3082: 3036: 3000: 2928: 2900: 2330:

DeRemer was the first Republican woman to represent Oregon in the House of Representatives.

1953: 1798: 1714: 1338: 1244: 646: 374: 369: 219: 3507: 1009: 5218:"Oregon's first Republican congresswoman describes speaker fight, working on Capitol Hill" 4478: 4473: 2548: 1629:

However, Univision has continuously stated that it is a non-partisan, television network.

1625: 1516: 1319: 389: 84: 3573:"Latino Communities on the Front Lines of Voter Suppression | Brennan Center for Justice" 2807:"Latino Voters Are Key to 2024, and They're Not Always Buying What Democrats Are Selling" 5145:"Greg Casar Enters the National Spotlight, and Brings His Grassroots Coalition With Him" 4477: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 3607:"Gov. Greg Abbott signs Texas voting bill into law, overcoming Democratic quorum breaks" 2170:

Salinas, alongside Deremer is one of the first Latinas to represent Oregon in Congress.

1795:, (D-NY 13th District): first formerly undocumented immigrant to ever serve in Congress. 5350:"First congressional race between two gay nominees marks progress for LGBTQ candidates" 2345: 2185: 2153: 1904: 1808: 1748: 1543: 1284: 1266:, "Latinos are Republican, they just dont know it yet". Whereas former Senate Democrat 349: 2074:

Garcia is the first openly LGBTQ+ immigrant ( from Peru) to be elected into Congress

5373: 5243:"1st Republican joins southern Arizona congressional race to succeed Ann Kirkpatrick" 3143: 3056: 2950: 2473: 2121: 2025: 1981: 1977: 1913:(D-NY 7th District): first Puerto Rican woman to serve in the United States Congress. 1898: 1263: 650: 471: 379: 339: 4944: 2720:

Garcia, John A.; Gabriel Ramon Sanchez. "Chapter 6 Latino Political Participation".

2106:

Perez is the first Latina Democrat to be sworn into Congress from Washington state.

2281: 2249: 1828: 1734: 1724: 1554: 1334: 1229: 860: 4560: 3657:"Senate Democrats suffer defeat on voting rights after vote to change rules fails" 3545:"Democrats push to regulate voting rules in 11 states under new Voting Rights Act" 957:

In 1977, Rodrigo Partida was convicted of burglary and with the intent to rape in

4845:

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A444047060/AONE?sid=googleScholar&xid=dba00040

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constituency, but more recently have begun to split between the Democratic and

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Luna is the first Mexican-American woman to be elected to Congress in Florida.

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After Section 203 was set to expire, it was renewed again for seven more years

456: 446: 5328: 5024: 4936: 4795: 4546: 4466: 4290: 3992: 3268: 3220: 3212: 3199:

Hanratty, Dennis M. (1988). "Church-State Relations in Mexico in the 1980s".

3048: 2780:"How Immigration Politics Drives Some Hispanic Voters to the G.O.P. in Texas" 4927: 4910: 4493: 4042: 4005: 3953: 2992: 1884: 1845:(R-VA 2nd District): first Latino man elected to Congress from West Virginia 1820: 1812: 1562: 1520: 849: 476: 411: 5013:"Maxwell Frost, First Gen Z Congressman, Gets His Bearings on Capitol Hill" 4607:

Turnout, Status, and Identity Mobilizing Latinos to Vote with Group Appeals

3966: 3004: 2993:"Citizenship Revoked and the Realities of Displacement during World War II" 1013:

John Lewis Advancement Act was named after civil rights activist John Lewis

949:. As a result, diversity in juries has increased, including Latino jurors. 4671: 3843: 2932: 1857:(D-CA 25th District): first Latino to receive three graduate degrees from 1050:. It was proposed a second time on January 19, 2022, but it failed again. 4523:"The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation" 2543: 1700: 845: 715: 421: 5094:"Oregon makes history with its first Hispanics to Congress: Two Latinas" 5069:"Illinois elects its first Latina congresswoman, Democrat Delia Ramirez" 4383: 4055: 3520: 1515:

In a study conducted by Political Scientists, Sergio I. Garcia-Rios and

4396: 3430: 3417: 2861:"Minorities are finding a new political home with the Republican Party" 1487:

policies, discouraging many immigrants from participating in politics.

925:

In 1954, Pete Hernandez was charged with the murder of Joe Espinosa in

451: 4605: 3403: 2645:"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country" 1248:

Donald Trump 2016 presidential rally, with "Latinos for Trump" posters

5119:"Colorado elects its first Latina member of Congress, Yadira Caraveo" 2715: 2713: 1694: 483: 3165: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2625: 2623: 2558: 3175: 3086: 4082: 4025: 2463: 2431: 2399: 2367: 2335: 2303: 2271: 2239: 2207: 2175: 2143: 2111: 2079: 2047: 2015: 1952: 1704: 1645: 1553: 1382: 1323: 1243: 1060:

Politics of the United States § Hispanic and Latino Americans

669: 309: 269: 3805:"Chart: How U.S. Latinos Voted in the 2020 Presidential Election" 3160: 3158: 5169:"Rep. Rob Menendez Jr.: "I never saw myself" running for office" 4358:"Over half of eligible Latinos voted in 2020 — a historic first" 4333:"Over half of eligible Latinos voted in 2020 — a historic first" 1888: 946: 707: 5193: 4915:

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

2138:

Ramirez is the first Latina to represent Illinois in Congress.

1801:(D-AZ 7th District): dean of Arizona's Congressional Delegation 1703:(R-TX), first Latino American to serve as a U.S. senator from 2740: 2670:"The US will become 'minority white' in 2045, Census projects" 2529:

National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials

1693:(D-NV), first Latina elected to serve as a U.S. Senator from 1597:

National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials

974:

In 2006, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

828: 587: 5293:"First sitting House Republican calls on Santos to step down" 2722:

Latino Politics in America: Community, Culture, and Interests

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Rob Menendez is the son of New Jersey Senator, Bob Menendez.

1650:

The Univision parade float in Boston's 2016 Dominican Parade.

4987:"A class of newly elected Latinos in Congress sets a record" 4567:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 170–202, 2006-04-24, 2923:

de la Garza, Rodolfo O.; DeSipio, Louis, eds. (2019-04-09).

4565:

Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and the Politics of Incorporation

1879:(R-FL 27th District): former journalist, recipient of five 1770:

Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress

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Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress

605:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

4816:"Univision Drives Over 200,000 Latino Voter Registrations" 4685:

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257%2Faer.99.5.2120

1624:, a super Political Action Committee(PAC), that supported 649:

have received a growing share of the national vote in the

5045:"Garcia to become first openly gay immigrant in Congress" 3340:"A Brief History of Latino Voting Rights Since the 1960s" 3120:, Stanford University Press, pp. 23–47, 2020-12-31, 3108: 3106: 3896:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

4904: 4902: 4859:"Trump campaign says Univision is 'Leftist propaganda'" 1737:(D-CA), first Mexican American and Latino senator from 856: 611: 4096:"Cuban Migration is Changing, the U.S. Must Take Note" 2834:"Hispanics are abandoning Biden in droves. Here's why" 1815:, Rep. Mast lost both of his legs while serving as an 2969:

Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986

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Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States

3567: 3565: 953:

Claudio Castaneda, Sheriff v. Rodrigo Partida (1977)

3695:"The Latino vote in the 2016 presidential election" 3632:"John Lewis Voting Rights Act Fails To Pass Senate" 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2202:Caraveo, is Colorados first Latina representative. 1957:

Latinos for Trump signs at day four of the 2016 RNC

3655:Barrett, Clare Foran,Ali Zaslav,Ted (2022-01-19). 2694:"Latinos Prove Decisive In Critical 2022 Midterms" 1425:Political interest and participation among Latinos 1069:Latino vote in presidential elections (1980-2020) 2962: 2960: 1782:, 31 Latino Democrats and 10 Latino Republicans. 1465:Catholic Church and politics in the United States 1046:On November 3, 2021, the VRAA failed to pass the 747:was signed into law by the 36th U. S. President, 4981: 4979: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 3720:"Hispanic Americans' Party ID: Updated Analysis" 2564:League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) 1028:John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2021 1018:John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2021 890:After Section 203 was set to expire again, Rep. 4909:Sergio I. Garcia-Rios; Matt A. Barreto (2016). 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 2999:, University of Arizona Press, pp. 66–78, 1686:, 4 Latino Democrats and 2 Latino Republicans. 4744: 4742: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 3879:https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199913701-0131 3799: 3797: 762:Southwest Voter Registration Education Project 692:Limited representation and political exclusion 4120:https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2015.1050419 3930:Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project 3830:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00002 3769:Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3699:Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project 3361: 3359: 3021: 3019: 2586:2006 United States Immigration Reform Protest 569: 8: 4628:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4443:Sommer, Udi; Franco, Idan (5 January 2024). 3857:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33969-6_10 3679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3392:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19906/ 1567:National Association of Hispanic Journalists 4960:"Meet the new class of Latinos in Congress" 4839: 4837: 4835: 4665: 4663: 4302: 4300: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 1719:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 1558:Univision, Spanish television network, logo 1236:, in which the party positively addresses. 1034:States would be covered by preclearance if: 4644:"Hispanic and Black News Media Fact Sheet" 3993:https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299204500113 3484: 3482: 576: 562: 28: 4926: 4494:https://doi.org/10.1017/s175504831600002x 4456: 4307:Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Lopez, Mark Hugo. 4043:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X11000341 4006:https://doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x13000548 3954:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080365 634:Learn how and when to remove this message 4648:Pew Research Center's Journalism Project 4237:Pew Research Center Race & Ethnicity 4016: 4014: 3967:https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x06294885 3284:"Latino Voter Suppression: A Brief Look" 2762:The 5 key groups fueling Youngkin’s rise 1986: 1581: 1450:2020 United States presidential election 1446:2016 United States presidential election 1067: 1008: 786: 550:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal 4672:https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.05 3844:https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.11 3502:, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, 2905:10.5406/illinois/9780252040832.003.0030 2619: 36: 4621: 3672: 1780:United States House of Representatives 1727:(D-NJ), sixth Latino to serve in the 1550:Univision voter registration campaigns 5143:Sanders, Austin (December 30, 2022). 4599: 4597: 4384:https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2020-2110 4056:https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.1993.0005 3367:"Section 203 Language Determinations" 1717:(D-NM), first Latino Chairman of the 427:Indigenous languages of Latin America 18:Hispanic and Latino American politics 7: 5385:Hispanic and Latino American society 4397:http://www.jstor.org/stable/45223014 3926:"Latino Voters in the 2012 Election" 3765:"Latino Voters in the 2012 Election" 3508:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u156216 3431:http://www.jstor.org/stable/23025122 3418:http://www.jstor.org/stable/24877483 2760:Shepard, Steven (October 30, 2021). 2735:Munoz Jr, Carlos (2 November 2000). 2631:"Profile: Hispanic/Latino Americans" 2534:National Institute for Latino Policy 1867:John F. Kennedy School of Government 683:Disregarding Mexican American rights 3404:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3330158 3170:. University of Texas Press. 1997. 2805:Cadava, Geraldo (18 January 2022). 1633:Spanish-language media and politics 1459:Church role in political engagement 1440:2016 and 2020 presidential election 499:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 494:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 489:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 4721:Villafañe, Veronica (2015-03-26). 4521:CASELLAS, JASON P. (August 2009). 4022:The International Migration Review 1538:In another study, Swiss academic, 25: 5317:"The making of Anna Paulina Luna" 4449:European Political Science Review 4265:Len-Ríos, María E. (2017-03-01). 3077:Rosales, F. Arturo (1999-12-31). 3029:Journal of Latin American Studies 2859:McDaniel, Ronna (29 April 2022). 2778:Medina, Jennifer (1 March 2022). 2514:Congressional Hispanic Conference 1918:2022 midterm election preferences 1833:Defense Meritorious Service Medal 1262:, an advertising executive, told 255:Congressional Hispanic Conference 4857:Moreno, J. Edward (2020-07-08). 4472: 3114:"1. The Latino Threat Narrative" 2591:March 2006 LAUSD Student Walkout 2519:Hispanic Democratic Organization 1753:Florida House of Representatives 833: 592: 543: 519:Communities with Latino majority 4083:https://doi.org/10.2307/2545655 4026:https://doi.org/10.2307/2547186 3924:Lopez, Mark Hugo (2012-11-07). 3763:Lopez, Mark Hugo (2012-11-07). 3463:"Jackson County, TX | Data USA" 2967:Montejano, David (1987-12-31). 2668:Frey, William H. (2018-03-14). 1871:Harvard School of Public Health 4723:"Della de Lafuente dies at 51" 2498:Latino political organizations 2468:George Anthony Devolder Santos 978:against former Texas governor 848:format but may read better as 776:In 1975, 38th U.S. president, 732:Mexican American Legal Defense 1: 5380:Politics of the United States 5291:Mueller, Julia (2023-01-11). 5194:"Gabe Vasquez for Congress -" 5011:Lai, Stephanie (2022-12-06). 4958:Paz, Christian (2022-12-03). 4527:Legislative Studies Quarterly 3521:"LULAC Gets Its Day In Court" 3282:Coker, kathryn (2020-10-29). 2832:Concha, Joe (17 April 2022). 2768:. Retrieved November 5, 2021. 2539:Tomas Rivera Policy Institute 2509:Congressional Hispanic Caucus 250:Congressional Hispanic Caucus 5266:Choi, Matthew (2022-11-15). 4573:10.1017/cbo9780511606694.007 4283:10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.11.003 2893:University of Illinois Press 1972:2022 United States elections 1599:(NALEO). In the next month, 1343:Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 245:Association of Hispanic Arts 4231:Nadeem, Reem (2022-09-29). 3989:Western Political Quarterly 3892:"Religious Landscape Study" 1817:explosive ordnance disposal 1757:2016 Presidential candidate 1709:2016 Presidential candidate 1388:Washington DC- Latino Pride 1054:Presidential voting pattern 800:Since the enactment of the 290:National Hispanic Institute 285:National Council of La Raza 5401: 4539:10.3162/036298009788897781 3308:"Voting Rights Act (1965)" 2603:List of Latino Republicans 1969: 1767: 1671: 1663:Current Latino politicians 1578:2016 presidential election 1525:2012 presidential election 1462: 1443: 1428: 1416:Age and views on socialism 1317: 1295: 1251: 1057: 4458:10.1017/S1755773923000371 3791:received 14% of the vote. 3605:Ura, Alexa (2021-09-07). 3261:10.1017/s0022381610000629 3167:LBJ and Mexican Americans 3126:10.1515/9780804786188-003 3041:10.1017/s0022216x13001636 1503:Media and Latino politics 1355:Michigan State University 1274:Religion and conservatism 921:Hernandez v. Texas (1954) 772:Voting Rights Act of 1975 745:Voting Rights Act of 1965 739:Voting Rights Act of 1965 3213:10.5840/thought198863318 2925:From Rhetoric to Reality 2608:List of Latino Democrats 2581:A Day Without Immigrants 1935:Views of Biden and Trump 1849:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez 1542:and American economist, 1407:Split views on Socialism 1349:Alternative perspectives 1304:Texas Woman's University 963:Fifth U.S. Circuit Court 225:Latino American politics 5149:www.austinchronicle.com 4928:10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.05 4271:Public Relations Review 3950:The Journal of Politics 3288:Richmond Public Library 3249:The Journal of Politics 2524:Hispanic Leadership PAC 2084:Marie Gluesenkamp Perez 1883:for several reports on 1839:for actions in service. 1837:Army Commendation Medal 1398:Socialism vs capitalism 1370:Gun rights and policies 1314:Cubans and conservatism 1292:Gender and conservatism 994:Shelby County v. Holder 986:Shelby v. Holder (2013) 857:converting this section 135:Stateside Puerto Ricans 4883:"[node:Title]" 3787:Independent candidate 3005:10.2307/j.ctt183p99h.8 2737:"The Latino challenge" 2469: 2437: 2405: 2373: 2341: 2309: 2277: 2245: 2213: 2181: 2149: 2117: 2116:Delia Catalina Ramirez 2085: 2053: 2021: 1958: 1863:Harvard Medical School 1807:(R-FL 21st District): 1776:Latino Representatives 1691:Catherine Cortez Masto 1651: 1587: 1559: 1474:Lack of representation 1390: 1329: 1328:Cubans for Trump rally 1249: 1126:George H.W. Bush, 25% 1115:George H.W. Bush, 30% 1014: 792: 675: 614:by rewriting it in an 48:National origin groups 4604:A., Valenzuela, Ali. 4039:Politics & Gender 3577:www.brennancenter.org 2933:10.4324/9780429041402 2504:Chicanos Por La Causa 2467: 2435: 2403: 2371: 2339: 2307: 2275: 2243: 2211: 2179: 2147: 2115: 2083: 2051: 2019: 1966:2022 midterm election 1956: 1823:in 2010. Awarded the 1751:to be speaker of the 1649: 1622:Priorities USA Action 1585: 1557: 1429:Further information: 1386: 1327: 1247: 1189:Hillary Clinton, 65% 1112:Michael Dukakis, 69% 1082:Republican candidate 1079:Democratic candidate 1026:(2013) decision, the 1012: 970:LULAC v. Perry (2006) 959:Hidalgo County, Texas 927:Jackson County, Texas 790: 673: 405:United States Spanish 173:Americans by ancestry 80:Costa Rican Americans 5247:The Arizona Republic 2971:. Univ of TX + ORM. 1877:Maria Elvira Salazar 1729:United States Senate 1684:United States Senate 1540:Felix Oberholzer-Gee 1519:, it was found that 1159:George W. Bush, 40% 1148:George W. Bush, 35% 1101:Walter Mondale, 61% 766:William C. Velasquez 190:Isleños of Louisiana 155:Venezuelan Americans 140:Salvadoran Americans 125:Paraguayan Americans 120:Panamanian Americans 115:Nicaraguan Americans 100:Guatemalan Americans 95:Ecuadorian Americans 5198:gabeforcongress.com 4313:Pew Research Center 3630:Reimann, Nicholas. 3549:Washington Examiner 2997:Uprooting Community 2569:Latino Victory Fund 2314:Lori Chavez DeRemer 2308:Lori Chavez DeRemer 1988: 1533:Maria Elena Salinas 1216:Lisa Garcia Bedolla 1104:Ronald Reagan, 37% 1093:Ronald Reagan, 35% 1070: 1022:In reaction to the 916:Notable court cases 898:on August 26, 1992. 701:Poor civic networks 213:Political movements 150:Uruguayan Americans 90:Dominican Americans 75:Colombian Americans 65:Brazilian Americans 55:Argentine Americans 32:Part of a series on 5348:Kuchar, Savannah. 5125:. 13 November 2022 5100:. 15 November 2022 5017:The New York Times 4993:. 18 November 2022 2812:The New York Times 2785:The New York Times 2470: 2438: 2410:Anthony D'Esposito 2406: 2404:Anthony D'Esposito 2374: 2342: 2310: 2278: 2246: 2214: 2182: 2150: 2118: 2086: 2054: 2022: 1987: 1959: 1893:Dominican Republic 1859:Harvard University 1819:technician in the 1652: 1588: 1560: 1391: 1330: 1250: 1240:Republican support 1223:Democratic support 1210:Political ideology 1203:Donald Trump, 32% 1192:Donald Trump, 29% 1178:Barack Obama, 71% 1167:Barack Obama, 67% 1134:Bill Clinton, 72% 1123:Bill Clinton, 61% 1090:Jimmy Carter, 56% 1068: 1015: 932:Hernandez v. Texas 859:, if appropriate. 793: 676: 616:encyclopedic style 603:is written like a 130:Peruvian Americans 105:Honduran Americans 60:Bolivian Americans 5272:The Texas Tribune 5075:. 9 November 2022 4763:TelevisaUnivision 4425:. 4 November 2022 3811:. 5 November 2020 3611:The Texas Tribune 3312:National Archives 3185:978-0-292-76277-0 3118:The Latino Threat 2495: 2494: 2442:Anna Paulina Luna 2436:Anna Paulina Luna 2378:Monica De La Cruz 2372:Monica De La Cruz 1793:Adriano Espaillat 1605:Despierta America 1207: 1206: 1181:Mitt Romney, 27% 1170:John McCain, 31% 896:George H. W. Bush 878: 877: 644: 643: 636: 586: 585: 145:Spanish Americans 110:Mexican Americans 70:Chilean Americans 16:(Redirected from 5392: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175:. 9 January 2023 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4930: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4820:Mobile Messaging 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4619: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4518: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4460: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4262: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4228: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4046: 4035: 4029: 4024:32 (2): 326–49. 4018: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3991:45 (1): 181–99. 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3963: 3957: 3952:70 (2): 368–82. 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3801: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3760: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3255:(4): 1199–1211. 3240: 3225: 3224: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3074: 3061: 3060: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3011: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2920: 2909: 2908: 2888: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2775: 2769: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2575:Notable protests 2250:Rob Menendez Jr. 2244:Rob Menendez Jr. 1989: 1339:Alejandro Portes 1234:migration issues 1156:John Kerry, 58% 1071: 1024:Shelby v. Holder 873: 870: 864: 855:You can help by 837: 836: 829: 816:Impacts in Texas 749:Lyndon B.Johnson 722:Legal background 660:Republican Party 656:Democratic Party 647:Latino Americans 639: 632: 628: 625: 619: 596: 595: 588: 578: 571: 564: 548: 547: 546: 524:Latino Americans 220:Chicano Movement 40:Latino Americans 29: 21: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5358: 5356: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5333: 5331: 5321:Washington Post 5315: 5314: 5310: 5301: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5200: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5027: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4908: 4907: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4887:www.csrwire.com 4881: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4822: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4788:Washington Post 4782: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4706: 4704: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4620: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4520: 4519: 4500: 4490: 4486: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4389: 4380: 4376: 4367: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4264: 4263: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4126: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4041:7 (4): 521–49. 4036: 4032: 4019: 4012: 4003: 3999: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3960: 3947: 3943: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3338: 3337: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3242: 3241: 3228: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3146: 3136: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3076: 3075: 3064: 3025: 3024: 3017: 3009: 3007: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2943: 2922: 2921: 2912: 2890: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2599: 2577: 2559:Mi Familia Vota 2549:United We Dream 2500: 2282:Gabriel Vasquez 2276:Gabriel Vasquez 1974: 1968: 1951: 1942: 1937: 1920: 1911:Nydia Velázquez 1787:Antonio Delgado 1772: 1766: 1764:Representatives 1680:Latino Senators 1676: 1670: 1665: 1644: 1635: 1626:Hilary Clintons 1613: 1593:Washington Post 1580: 1552: 1517:Matt A. Barreto 1513: 1505: 1476: 1467: 1461: 1452: 1442: 1433: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1351: 1337:. Sociologist, 1322: 1320:Cuban Americans 1316: 1300: 1294: 1276: 1256: 1242: 1225: 1212: 1200:Joe Biden, 66% 1062: 1056: 1020: 1003: 988: 976:filed a lawsuit 972: 955: 942: 923: 918: 892:Jose E. Serrano 874: 868: 865: 854: 838: 834: 827: 818: 798: 774: 757: 741: 724: 703: 694: 685: 668: 640: 629: 623: 620: 612:help improve it 609: 597: 593: 582: 544: 542: 535: 534: 533: 513: 505: 504: 503: 441: 433: 432: 431: 364: 356: 355: 354: 324: 316: 315: 314: 239: 231: 230: 229: 214: 206: 205: 204: 175: 169: 161: 160: 159: 85:Cuban Americans 49: 39: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5340: 5308: 5283: 5258: 5241:Latch, Lacey. 5233: 5209: 5185: 5160: 5135: 5110: 5085: 5060: 5036: 5003: 4975: 4950: 4898: 4874: 4849: 4831: 4807: 4775: 4750: 4738: 4713: 4689: 4676: 4659: 4635: 4593: 4581: 4552: 4533:(3): 399–426. 4498: 4484: 4435: 4410: 4401: 4387: 4374: 4349: 4324: 4296: 4277:(1): 249–257. 4248: 4124: 4111: 4087: 4073: 4060: 4047: 4030: 4010: 3997: 3980: 3971: 3958: 3941: 3916: 3907: 3883: 3870: 3861: 3848: 3834: 3821: 3793: 3780: 3736: 3711: 3686: 3647: 3622: 3597: 3588: 3561: 3536: 3512: 3490: 3478: 3454: 3445: 3435: 3422: 3408: 3395: 3382: 3355: 3324: 3299: 3274: 3226: 3207:(3): 207–223. 3191: 3184: 3176:10.7560/765771 3154: 3134: 3102: 3095: 3087:10.7560/770942 3062: 3035:(1): 191–192. 3015: 2984: 2977: 2956: 2941: 2910: 2878: 2851: 2824: 2797: 2770: 2753: 2727: 2709: 2685: 2660: 2636: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2346:Juan Ciscomani 2343: 2340:Juan Ciscomani 2332: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2186:Yadira Caraveo 2183: 2180:Yadira Caraveo 2172: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2154:Andrea Salinas 2151: 2148:Andrea Salinas 2140: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1967: 1964: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1905:Ritchie Torres 1902: 1896: 1874: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1809:Staff Sergeant 1802: 1796: 1790: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1749:Cuban American 1747:(R-FL), first 1742: 1732: 1722: 1712: 1698: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1612: 1609: 1601:William Valdes 1579: 1576: 1551: 1548: 1544:Joel Waldfogel 1512: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1475: 1472: 1460: 1457: 1441: 1438: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1315: 1312: 1293: 1290: 1285:George W. Bush 1275: 1272: 1241: 1238: 1224: 1221: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1137:Bob Dole, 21% 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1055: 1052: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1019: 1016: 1002: 999: 987: 984: 971: 968: 954: 951: 941: 938: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 912: 899: 885: 876: 875: 841: 839: 832: 826: 823: 817: 814: 797: 794: 773: 770: 756: 753: 740: 737: 723: 720: 702: 699: 693: 690: 684: 681: 667: 664: 642: 641: 600: 598: 591: 584: 583: 581: 580: 573: 566: 558: 555: 554: 553: 552: 537: 536: 532: 531: 526: 521: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 480: 479: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 372: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 326: 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2671: 2664: 2661: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2474:George Santos 2472: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2455:2023–Present 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2423:2023–Present 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2391:2023–Present 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2359:2023–Present 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2327:2023–Present 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2295:2023–Present 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2263:2023–Present 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2231:2023–Present 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199:2023–Present 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2167:2023–Present 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2135:2023–Present 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2122:Delia Ramirez 2120: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2103:2023–Present 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2071:2023–Present 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2058:Robert Garcia 2056: 2052:Robert Garcia 2050: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2039:2023–Present 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2026:Maxwell Frost 2024: 2020:Maxwell Frost 2018: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1982:Ruben Gallego 1979: 1973: 1965: 1963: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899:Linda Sanchez 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799:Raúl Grijalva 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1774:There are 41 1771: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1715:Ben Ray Luján 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1641: 1639: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1424: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1406: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1326: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1264:Ronald Reagan 1261: 1255: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1145:Al Gore, 62% 1144: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1011: 1007: 1000: 998: 996: 995: 985: 983: 981: 977: 969: 967: 964: 960: 952: 950: 948: 939: 937: 934: 933: 928: 920: 915: 910: 907: 903: 900: 897: 893: 889: 886: 883: 880: 879: 872: 863:is available. 862: 858: 852: 851: 847: 842:This section 840: 831: 830: 824: 822: 815: 813: 809: 805: 803: 795: 789: 785: 781: 779: 771: 769: 767: 763: 754: 752: 750: 746: 738: 736: 733: 729: 721: 719: 717: 713: 709: 700: 698: 691: 689: 682: 680: 672: 665: 663: 661: 657: 652: 651:United States 648: 638: 635: 627: 617: 613: 607: 606: 601:This article 599: 590: 589: 579: 574: 572: 567: 565: 560: 559: 557: 556: 551: 541: 540: 539: 538: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 509: 508: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 478: 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