1411:
testimony as a whole? (3) If not, in what details did he accurately report the primary testimony? Satisfactory answers to the second and third questions may provide the historian with the whole or the gist of the primary testimony upon which the secondary witness may be his only means of knowledge. In such cases the secondary source is the historian's 'original' source, in the sense of being the 'origin' of his knowledge. Insofar as this 'original' source is an accurate report of primary testimony, he tests its credibility as he would that of the primary testimony itself." Gottschalk adds, "Thus hearsay evidence would not be discarded by the historian, as it would be by a law court merely because it is hearsay."
522:
1394:, it may be doubted without further corroboration that that proconsul really built the road, but would be harder to doubt that the road was built during the principate of Augustus. If an advertisement informs readers that 'A and B Coffee may be bought at any reliable grocer's at the unusual price of fifty cents a pound,' all the inferences of the advertisement may well be doubted without corroboration except that there is a brand of coffee on the market called 'A and B Coffee.'"
5019:
74:
6716:
5732:
457:
38:
1891:
When historians write the history of these subjects, they must choose an interpretation of the subject to guide them. For instance, in deciding what Art is, historians can choose between "configurationist theories, theories of aesthetic contemplation and response .. ., theories of art as expression, theories emphasizing traditional artistic aims and standards, and communication theories.
6726:
444:
4488:
1529:
than any other incompatible hypothesis about the same subject; that is, it must be implied to some degree by a greater variety of accepted truths than any other, and be implied more strongly than any other; and its probable negation must be implied by fewer beliefs, and implied less strongly than any
1060:
Though historians agree in very general and basic principles, in practice "specific canons of historical proof are neither widely observed nor generally agreed upon" among professional historians. Some scholars of history have observed that there are no particular standards for historical fields such
1890:
W. B. Gallie argued that some concepts in history are "essentially contested," namely "religion," "art," "science," "democracy," and "social justice." These are concepts for which "there is no one use of any of them which can be set up as its generally accepted and therefore correct or standard use.
1713:
McCullagh says that an argument from analogy, if sound, is either a "covert statistical syllogism" or better expressed as an argument to the best explanation. It is a statistical syllogism when it is "established by a sufficient number and variety of instances of the generalization"; otherwise, the
1410:
says that a historian may sometimes use hearsay evidence when no primary texts are available. He writes, "In cases where he uses secondary witnesses...he asks: (1) On whose primary testimony does the secondary witness base his statements? (2) Did the secondary witness accurately report the primary
1197:
Subsequent descriptions of historical method, outlined below, have attempted to overcome the credulity built into the first step formulated by the nineteenth century historiographers by stating principles not merely by which different reports can be harmonized but instead by which a statement found
1142:
sets down the general rule, "for each particular of a document the process of establishing credibility should be separately undertaken regardless of the general credibility of the author". An author's trustworthiness in the main may establish a background probability for the consideration of each
1355:
Are there additional clues to intended veracity? Was he indifferent on the subject reported, thus probably not intending distortion? Did he make statements damaging to himself, thus probably not seeking to distort? Did he give incidental or casual information, almost certainly not intended to
1273:
Historians sometimes have to deal with deciding what is genuine and what is not in a source. For such circumstances, there are external and internal "criteria of authenticity" that are applicable. These are technical tools for evaluating sources and separating 'genuine' sources or content from
1277:
External criteria involve issues relating to establishing authorship of a source or range of sources. It involves things like if an author wrote something themselves, if other sources attribute authorship to the source, agreement of independent manuscript copies on the content of a source.
3782:
1281:
Internal criteria involve formalities, style, and language for an author; if a source varies from the environment it was produced, inconsistencies of time or chronology, textual transmission of a source, interpolations in a source, insertions or deletions in a source.
5868:
1037:
may all be drawn on, and the historian's skill lies in identifying these sources, evaluating their relative authority, and combining their testimony appropriately in order to construct an accurate and reliable picture of past events and environments.
5223:
1305:
the thing he reports? Were his senses equal to the observation? Was his physical location suitable to sight, hearing, touch? Did he have the proper social ability to observe: did he understand the language, have other expertise required (e.g.,
3828:
3816:
1061:
as religion, art, science, democracy, and social justice as these are by their nature 'essentially contested' fields, such that they require diverse tools particular to each field beforehand in order to interpret topics from those fields.
1134:
R. J. Shafer on external criticism: "It sometimes is said that its function is negative, merely saving us from using false evidence; whereas internal criticism has the positive function of telling us how to use authenticated evidence."
1429:
The tradition should be supported by an unbroken series of witnesses, reaching from the immediate and first reporter of the fact to the living mediate witness from whom we take it up, or to the one who was the first to commit it to
5374:
1547:
It must exceed other incompatible hypotheses about the same subject by so much, in characteristics 2 to 6, that there is little chance of an incompatible hypothesis, after further investigation, soon exceeding it in these
5414:
1186:
Eyewitnesses are, in general, to be preferred especially in circumstances where the ordinary observer could have accurately reported what transpired and, more specifically, when they deal with facts known by most
1552:
McCullagh sums up, "if the scope and strength of an explanation are very great, so that it explains a large number and variety of facts, many more than any competing explanation, then it is likely to be true".
3804:
1544:
than any other incompatible hypothesis about the same subject; that is, when conjoined with accepted truths it must imply fewer observation statements and other statements which are believed to be false.
6064:
3569:
5333:
1537:
than any other incompatible hypothesis about the same subject; that is, it must include fewer new suppositions about the past which are not already implied to some extent by existing beliefs.
1504:
The statement, together with other statements already held to be true, must imply yet other statements describing present, observable data. (We will henceforth call the first statement 'the
6292:
6059:
5477:
4590:
1298:
Is the real meaning of the statement different from its literal meaning? Are words used in senses not employed today? Is the statement meant to be ironic (i.e., mean other than it says)?
1180:
The source whose account can be confirmed by reference to outside authorities in some of its parts can be trusted in its entirety if it is impossible similarly to confirm the entire text.
4115:
6274:
6069:
4033:
4016:
1341:
did he report in relation to his observation? Soon? Much later? Fifty years is much later as most eyewitnesses are dead and those who remain may have forgotten relevant material.
4218:
6566:
4500:
665:
6044:
5571:
5058:
4568:
1183:
When two sources disagree on a particular point, the historian will prefer the source with most "authority"—that is the source created by the expert or by the eyewitness.
6560:
4848:
928:
6572:
6049:
5706:
6204:
5885:
5620:
2841:
1131:; and, together, external criticism. The sixth and final inquiry about a source is called internal criticism. Together, this inquiry is known as source criticism.
6099:
5683:
5595:
3903:
1232:
The closer a source is to the event which it purports to describe, the more one can trust it to give an accurate historical description of what actually happened.
1419:
Gilbert
Garraghan (1946) maintains that oral tradition may be accepted if it satisfies either two "broad conditions" or six "particular conditions", as follows:
6422:
6194:
6054:
5841:
5338:
1459:
Critical-minded persons who would surely have challenged the tradition – had they considered it false – must have made no such challenge.
1456:
The critical spirit must have been sufficiently developed while the tradition lasted, and the necessary means of critical investigation must have been at hand.
5259:
3864:
1840:
Historians are likely to agree in principle, but not in practice. Specific canons of historical proof are neither widely observed nor generally agreed upon.
6181:
5456:
5158:
4083:
5627:
6366:
6034:
5988:
4176:
3627:
997:
488:
4924:
1522:
than any other incompatible hypothesis about the same subject; that is, it must make the observation statements it implies more probable than any other.
5983:
5978:
5673:
6696:
5283:
4982:
3485:
2355:
1173:
However, majority does not rule; even if most sources relate events in one way, that version will not prevail unless it passes the test of critical
5942:
5905:
5419:
5912:
5254:
5068:
4992:
4580:
3681:
1193:
When two sources disagree and there is no other means of evaluation, then historians take the source which seems to accord best with common sense.
955:
6336:
5880:
5513:
5495:
5100:
4388:
3691:
2674:
938:
625:
5446:
1978:
Howell, Martha & Prevenier, Walter(2001). From
Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1927:
Howell, Martha & Prevenier, Walter(2001). From
Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1264:
If it can be demonstrated that the witness or source has no direct interest in creating bias then the credibility of the message is increased.
6532:
6371:
5782:
4841:
6517:
6361:
6129:
5668:
5637:
5107:
4754:
4690:
4668:
4349:
3592:
2872:
5293:
4609:
5647:
5425:
5303:
5083:
4929:
4764:
4213:
3966:
3696:
3646:
2388:
4455:
1492:
Once individual pieces of information have been assessed in context, hypotheses can be formed and established by historical reasoning.
6527:
5602:
5364:
4727:
4509:
4048:
417:
5875:
6209:
5112:
5078:
5063:
4058:
3898:
3893:
3881:
3606:
3344:
2295:
2273:
2258:
2240:
2223:
1983:
1932:
1833:
5218:
5537:
1515:
than any other incompatible hypothesis about the same subject; that is, it must imply a greater variety of observation statements.
6437:
6109:
5735:
5451:
5127:
5090:
4963:
4834:
3664:
3659:
3318:
1444:
The tradition must report a public event of importance, such as would necessarily be known directly to a great number of persons.
5194:
2308:
6151:
6022:
6010:
5998:
5966:
5856:
5824:
5812:
5434:
5176:
5009:
4700:
3522:
3052:
2670:
1619:
1335:
to report, was he biased? Did he have proper time for reporting? Proper place for reporting? Adequate recording instruments?
933:
4521:
6331:
6323:
6286:
6268:
6089:
5777:
5632:
5580:
5553:
5315:
4912:
4710:
4376:
4088:
4043:
4028:
3770:
3552:
990:
481:
306:
5014:
4483:
6395:
6318:
6124:
5937:
5151:
4917:
4038:
3961:
2610:
1750:
1468:
More recent evidence concerning the potential reliability or unreliability of oral tradition has come out of fieldwork in
1229:
Any given source may be forged or corrupted. Strong indications of the originality of the source increase its reliability.
960:
613:
3620:
3601:
1378:
adds an additional consideration: "Even when the fact in question may not be well-known, certain kinds of statements are
6618:
6480:
6432:
6297:
5927:
5895:
5807:
5384:
4536:
4296:
4206:
3596:
2427:
2348:
2317:
1648:
918:
5819:
5359:
4769:
6689:
6522:
6388:
6280:
6258:
5461:
5429:
5379:
5002:
4531:
4407:
4401:
4382:
4149:
3799:
3587:
3299:
2846:
422:
412:
5863:
3416:
1465:
Other methods of verifying oral tradition may exist, such as comparison with the evidence of archaeological remains.
5532:
4585:
3777:
6609:
6486:
6463:
6348:
6189:
6161:
6017:
5993:
5961:
5851:
5797:
5610:
5343:
5117:
4774:
4705:
4360:
4159:
3304:
3138:
3128:
291:
276:
6005:
5900:
3495:
6729:
6634:
6544:
5890:
5166:
5038:
4604:
4242:
4201:
3723:
3094:
2746:
1607:
In thousands of cases, the letters V.S.L.M. appearing at the end of a Latin inscription on a tombstone stand for
983:
945:
732:
474:
321:
89:
6629:
5409:
5389:
5095:
4946:
4880:
4715:
4290:
3910:
3760:
3654:
3547:
3504:
3295:
2992:
2121:
2091:
1775:
326:
311:
301:
6246:
3765:
3104:
3915:
3099:
1726:. Analogy, therefore, is uncontroversial only when used to suggest hypotheses, not as a conclusive argument.
6751:
6719:
6119:
5561:
5244:
4798:
4737:
4663:
4526:
4307:
4225:
4063:
4011:
3876:
3871:
3849:
3823:
3811:
3791:
3615:
3425:
3421:
3238:
3111:
3074:
3057:
2877:
2341:
1765:
1155:
900:
427:
4997:
4132:
6427:
6405:
6400:
5323:
5172:
4678:
4343:
4182:
4105:
4075:
3939:
3886:
3703:
3579:
3474:
3314:
3309:
3167:
3133:
3121:
3116:
3079:
3029:
2887:
2867:
2553:
2498:
1450:
During that definite period it must have gone without protest, even from persons interested in denying it.
775:
722:
407:
296:
212:
5288:
5187:
5137:
5132:
6577:
6468:
6448:
6313:
6263:
6156:
6146:
5831:
5802:
5711:
5487:
4722:
4355:
4277:
4154:
3557:
3490:
3274:
3228:
3223:
3172:
2836:
2817:
2633:
2528:
1780:
1500:
C. Behan McCullagh (1984) lays down seven conditions for a successful argument to the best explanation:
1433:
There should be several parallel and independent series of witnesses testifying to the fact in question.
1042:
950:
923:
829:
660:
600:
266:
6251:
5182:
4230:
3260:
1190:
If two independently created sources agree on a matter, the reliability of each is measurably enhanced.
6756:
6664:
6141:
5482:
5234:
5199:
5028:
4744:
4628:
4558:
4554:
4450:
4394:
4127:
4003:
3974:
3745:
3407:
3381:
3328:
3265:
3162:
3089:
2934:
2899:
2853:
2821:
2699:
2413:
1760:
1291:
888:
630:
588:
281:
271:
242:
234:
186:
4633:
4495:
6458:
5922:
5526:
4900:
4640:
4618:
4325:
4021:
3233:
3145:
2904:
2538:
2503:
2406:
2228:
1805:
1632:
1407:
1375:
1139:
578:
238:
206:
99:
5932:
2116:
1614:
From all appearances the letters V.S.L.M. are on this tombstone at the end of a Latin inscription.
521:
53:
400 BC) dubbed the "father of scientific history" (a copy of a copy of 4th
Century BCE Greek work)
6684:
6679:
6624:
6614:
6497:
6410:
6241:
5917:
5566:
5249:
5043:
5033:
4514:
4335:
4093:
4053:
3669:
3412:
3368:
3323:
2892:
2813:
2384:
1881:
856:
780:
593:
340:
134:
94:
31:
3954:
2946:
6502:
6356:
6104:
5401:
4412:
4251:
4187:
3676:
3435:
3374:
3333:
3150:
3035:
2882:
2859:
2803:
2711:
2444:
2291:
2269:
2254:
2236:
2219:
1979:
1928:
1873:
1829:
1795:
1745:
1215:
1159:
1075:
Source criticism (or information evaluation) is the process of evaluating the qualities of an
1022:
973:
881:
866:
807:
742:
727:
543:
538:
505:
400:
286:
261:
216:
160:
4460:
4282:
1352:
did he report? Would that audience be likely to require or suggest distortion to the author?
6669:
6376:
6199:
6175:
6136:
5787:
5716:
4873:
4445:
4263:
4122:
4110:
3991:
3402:
3362:
3357:
3182:
3069:
3004:
2831:
2826:
2808:
2666:
2467:
2420:
2112:
1865:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1755:
1174:
1124:
1070:
844:
812:
802:
770:
583:
548:
461:
316:
224:
220:
168:
155:
1082:
Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean
Delanglez (1946) divide source criticism into six inquiries:
6381:
6094:
5701:
5369:
5275:
5204:
4951:
4936:
4315:
4137:
3922:
3686:
3512:
3157:
2472:
2321:
2108:
1128:
1026:
851:
790:
707:
702:
697:
692:
531:
387:
198:
172:
4195:
1382:
to such a degree that error or falsehood seems unlikely. If an ancient inscription on a
4645:
3253:
2327:
1447:
The tradition must have been generally believed, at least for a definite period of time.
1406:", people who were not present on the scene but heard of the events from someone else.
1368:
Remember that some types of information are easier to observe and report on than others.
6166:
5973:
5585:
5213:
5209:
4860:
4478:
4435:
4417:
4257:
4098:
3728:
3562:
3350:
3338:
3024:
2909:
2585:
2570:
2560:
2462:
2364:
2100:
1770:
1473:
1254:
sources contain the same message, the credibility of the message is strongly increased.
1244:
1223:
1151:
1079:, such as its validity, reliability, and relevance to the subject under investigation.
1054:
876:
819:
717:
670:
650:
620:
448:
230:
164:
145:
1053:. The study of historical method and of different ways of writing history is known as
1049:, and the possibility, of a sound historical method is raised within the sub-field of
73:
30:"Scientific history" redirects here. For the study of the development of science, see
6745:
6555:
6507:
5949:
5575:
3738:
3062:
3043:
2987:
2941:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2773:
2768:
2645:
2638:
2246:
1315:
871:
861:
382:
150:
3985:
1198:
in a source may be considered to be unreliable or reliable as it stands on its own.
37:
4673:
4320:
4142:
3841:
3290:
3248:
3177:
2914:
2799:
2753:
2741:
2684:
2650:
1362:
1050:
712:
1484:
Historians do allow for the use of anonymous texts to establish historical facts.
1226:
such as a statement or a letter. Relics are more credible sources than narratives.
1714:
argument may be invalid because properties 1 through n are unrelated to property
17:
6674:
6453:
4956:
4941:
4623:
4598:
4574:
3944:
3932:
3854:
3430:
3243:
3047:
2783:
2731:
2706:
2689:
2628:
2082:
1740:
1735:
1469:
1383:
1219:
1207:
1076:
1034:
839:
785:
685:
640:
377:
130:
116:
6512:
6415:
5519:
5328:
5162:
4732:
3394:
2982:
2736:
2694:
2680:
2548:
2533:
2096:
1505:
1167:
1143:
statement, but each piece of evidence extracted must be weighed individually.
893:
797:
765:
737:
655:
645:
635:
352:
202:
193:
126:
121:
42:
2314:
1877:
5792:
5439:
4905:
4563:
4440:
4270:
3753:
3084:
2763:
2758:
2721:
2716:
2580:
2523:
2508:
2377:
2281:
The information-literate historian: a guide to research for history students
1869:
1628:
1508:', and the statements describing observable data, 'observation statements'.)
1387:
1014:
834:
347:
1261:. Tendencies should be minimized or supplemented with opposite motivations.
6114:
5836:
4857:
2778:
2726:
1391:
1311:
1206:
The following core principles of source criticism were formulated by two
1030:
760:
558:
553:
513:
357:
1162:(1898) proposed a seven-step procedure for source criticism in history:
6475:
5956:
5846:
2565:
2543:
2493:
2397:
1944:
Thurén, Torsten. (1997). Källkritik. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
1885:
1853:
1403:
1240:
1236:
1018:
372:
362:
65:
1585:
Therefore, (relative to these premises) it is probable (to the degree
1257:
The tendency of a source is its motivation for providing some kind of
2998:
2575:
2488:
1046:
1722: + 1 is the best explanation of properties 1 through
3633:
3530:
2513:
36:
2333:
2119:, "Informed Controlled Oral Tradition and the Synoptic Gospels",
1854:"Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation"
2518:
1631:
in probabilistic form, making use of a generalization formed by
1361:
Do his statements seem inherently improbable: e.g., contrary to
1258:
367:
6653:
6598:
6230:
5757:
4830:
4819:
3462:
3205:
2969:
2608:
2442:
2337:
1138:
Noting that few documents are accepted as completely reliable,
1307:
1210:
historians, Olden-Jørgensen (1998) and Thurén
Torsten (1997):
2251:
From
Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods
1826:
Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of
Historical Thought
1453:
The tradition must be one of relatively limited duration.
1561:
McCullagh (1984) states this form of argument as follows:
1290:
R. J. Shafer (1974) offers this checklist for evaluating
1402:
Garraghan (1946) says that most information comes from "
6275:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
1089:
was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?
6567:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
1617:
Therefore, these letters on this tombstone stand for
5415:
Awareness in Nazi
Germany and German-occupied Europe
2233:
Understanding
History: A Primer of Historical Method
1013:
is the collection of techniques and guidelines that
6543:
6347:
6306:
6082:
6033:
5768:
5694:
5658:
5552:
5506:
5470:
5400:
5352:
5314:
5274:
5233:
5150:
4981:
4972:
4891:
4791:
4753:
4689:
4656:
4547:
4471:
4428:
4369:
4334:
4306:
4241:
4168:
4074:
4002:
3716:
3645:
3578:
3540:
3473:
3391:
3283:
3216:
3015:
2792:
2659:
2621:
2481:
2455:
1314:); was he not being intimidated by his wife or the
5375:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
2087:De la tradition orale. Essai de méthode historique
2842:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
2268:, Cambridge University Press: New York (1984).
1635:from numerous examples (as the first premise).
1371:Are there inner contradictions in the document?
6423:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
6293:Western European colonialism and colonization
4842:
2349:
2218:, Fordham University Press: New York (1946).
1643:The structure of the argument is as follows:
991:
482:
8:
2253:, Cornell University Press: Ithaca (2001).
1202:Core principles for determining reliability
6650:
6595:
6303:
6227:
6030:
5765:
5754:
5349:
5230:
4978:
4849:
4835:
4827:
4816:
4750:
3999:
3575:
3470:
3459:
3388:
3213:
3202:
3012:
2966:
2618:
2605:
2452:
2439:
2356:
2342:
2334:
1828:. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 62.
998:
984:
520:
500:
489:
475:
72:
56:
5478:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1324:did the author report?, and what was his
1166:If the sources all agree about an event,
6697:Historical geographic information system
2008:Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez
1995:Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez
1953:Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez
1902:Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez
929:Library and information science software
1957:p. 174, "Criteria of Authenticity" 1946
1816:
512:
64:
6337:English historical school of economics
4389:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
1542:disconfirmed by fewer accepted beliefs
924:Geographic information system software
6533:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
6372:Historical reliability of the Gospels
2290:, The Dorsey Press: Illinois (1974).
7:
6725:
4350:More Irish than the Irish themselves
2235:, Alfred A. Knopf: New York (1950).
1565:There is probability (of the degree
1147:Procedures for contradictory sources
5420:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
2283:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1390:built that road while Augustus was
1365:, or in conflict with what we know?
6433:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
4377:Fourth Italian War of Independence
2266:Justifying Historical Descriptions
2200:Justifying Historical Descriptions
2188:Justifying Historical Descriptions
2176:Justifying Historical Descriptions
2164:Justifying Historical Descriptions
2152:Justifying Historical Descriptions
25:
2309:Introduction to Historical Method
2125:, 34–54. Compare Walter J. Ong,
1658: . . .
6724:
6715:
6714:
5731:
5730:
5572:Palestinian expulsion and flight
4084:5000-year civilization assertion
3660:Nadir of American race relations
1718: + 1, unless property
1496:Argument to the best explanation
1439:Particular conditions formulated
456:
455:
442:
6561:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
5435:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
5370:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
5177:Causes of the Armenian genocide
3486:Pyramid construction techniques
3053:Comparative historical research
2671:Library and information science
1824:Fischer, David Hackett (1970).
1572:) that whatever is an A is a B.
1488:Synthesis: historical reasoning
1105:From what pre-existing material
1095:was it produced (localization)?
6573:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6523:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
6332:Historical school of economics
6269:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
5707:Gunpowder and gun transmission
5581:Zionism as settler colonialism
4586:Limpieza de sangre controversy
3553:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
1603:McCullagh gives this example:
1575:It is probable (to the degree
1243:, which is more reliable than
1170:can consider the event proven.
1119:of its contents (credibility)?
1:
6382:Opposition to Papal supremacy
3570:Indigenous population history
1751:Auxiliary sciences of history
1680:Another thing has properties
1647:One thing (object, event, or
1101:was it produced (authorship)?
50:
46:
27:Techniques used by historians
6298:Desacralization of knowledge
4569:Carlism in the Francoist era
4537:Holodomor in modern politics
2288:A Guide to Historical Method
2216:A Guide to Historical Method
2140:A Guide to Historical Method
2070:A Guide to Historical Method
2046:A Guide to Historical Method
2022:A Guide to Historical Method
2010:A Guide to Historical Method
1997:A Guide to Historical Method
1967:A Guide to Historical Method
1955:A Guide to Historical Method
1916:A Guide to Historical Method
1904:A Guide to Historical Method
1852:McCullagh, C. Behan (2000).
1520:of greater explanatory power
1380:both incidental and probable
1123:The first four are known as
1117:What is the evidential value
1113:was it produced (integrity)?
6690:Historiographic metafiction
6600:Organizations, publications
6389:Proto-orthodox Christianity
5339:German resistance to Nazism
5195:Persian famine of 1917–1919
4605:Islamic revolution of Spain
4532:Holodomor genocide question
4408:Revisionism of Risorgimento
4402:Rerum italicarum scriptores
4383:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
4150:Self-Strengthening Movement
3300:decolonization of knowledge
1699:So the latter has property
1687: . . .
1274:forgeries or manipulation.
1107:was it produced (analysis)?
6773:
6487:Wissenschaft des Judentums
6464:Criticism of Protestantism
5344:Nazi foreign policy debate
4775:Second colonial occupation
4522:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
4160:Tibetan sovereignty debate
3704:Progressive-era historians
3139:Nationalization of history
3090:Historical-critical method
1620:Votum Solvit Libens Merito
1609:Votum Solvit Libens Merito
1511:The hypothesis must be of
1301:How well could the author
1068:
1033:such as that derived from
1017:use to research and write
41:A sculpted bust depicting
29:
6709:
6660:
6649:
6605:
6594:
6237:
6226:
5764:
5753:
5725:
5492:Second Sino-Japanese War
4867:
4826:
4815:
4297:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
3469:
3458:
3212:
3201:
2978:
2965:
2617:
2604:
2451:
2438:
2371:
2328:Federal Rules of Evidence
2115:in the 13th century, and
2092:Oral Tradition as History
2024:, pp. 157–158, 1974
1513:greater explanatory scope
1245:hearsay at further remove
951:Qualitative data analysis
6247:Crisis of historiography
5410:Auschwitz bombing debate
5096:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4947:Late Bronze Age collapse
4881:List of military museums
4484:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
4456:Polish People's Republic
4291:Sybel-Ficker controversy
3655:African-American history
3628:Colonial Spanish America
3417:Second Thirty Years' War
2279:Presnell, J. L. (2019).
2202:, p. v85, 1984
2122:Asia Journal of Theology
1776:List of history journals
1386:tells us that a certain
1269:Criteria of Authenticity
1241:testimony at second hand
5360:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
5219:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
4770:Porter–MacKenzie debate
4527:Causes of the Holodomor
4064:Problem of two emperors
4012:Catilinarian conspiracy
3239:Historical significance
3100:Indiscipline of history
3075:Historical anthropology
1870:10.1111/0018-2656.00112
1766:Historical significance
1533:The hypothesis must be
1525:The hypothesis must be
1518:The hypothesis must be
1424:Broad conditions stated
6454:Protestant Reformation
6428:Second Vatican Council
6406:Succession to Muhammad
6401:Criticism of the Quran
6152:Religious perspectives
5886:Klemens von Metternich
5483:"Battle for Australia"
5365:Soviet offensive plans
5334:Broad vs. narrow front
5173:Late Ottoman genocides
4106:Century of humiliation
3887:Goguryeo controversies
3865:2,500-year celebration
3523:Double genocide theory
3310:Historical negationism
3134:Ancestral civilisation
3122:Historical materialism
3080:Historical determinism
3030:History of mentalities
2249:and Walter Prevenier,
2214:Gilbert J. Garraghan,
2072:, 261–262, 1946)
1344:What was the author's
1239:is more reliable than
1045:, the question of the
830:Inferential statistics
776:Descriptive statistics
723:Human subject research
213:Post-classical history
54:
6578:Torsion mangonel myth
6481:Modern Jewish history
6476:Jesuit historiography
6469:Protestant work ethic
6449:Hesychast controversy
6314:Industrial Revolution
6264:Library of Alexandria
6182:The Lord of the Rings
5832:Constantine the Great
5712:Torsion mangonel myth
5644:Sri Lankan Civil War
4723:Storm over the gentry
4624:Colonies or Provinces
4155:Sprouts of capitalism
3229:Historic preservation
3224:Change and continuity
2315:Philosophy of History
2058:Understanding History
2034:Understanding History
1781:Philosophy of history
1639:Argument from analogy
1557:Statistical inference
1214:Human sources may be
1111:In what original form
1043:philosophy of history
614:Philosophical schools
40:
6665:Commemorative plaque
5881:Juan Manuel de Rosas
5329:"Blitzkrieg" concept
5200:Powder keg of Europe
5075:Franco-Prussian War
4745:Winter of Discontent
4728:Suffragette Campaign
4395:Italiani brava gente
4361:Revolutionary period
4183:Frankish Interregnum
4116:"Chineseness" debate
4049:Byzantine succession
4034:Fall of Western Rome
3975:Executed Renaissance
3464:By country or region
3408:Age of Enlightenment
3382:Vaticinium ex eventu
3329:Modernisation theory
3163:Quantitative history
2539:Historical documents
2330:in United States law
2264:C. Behan McCullagh,
2127:Orality and Literacy
2089:, in translation as
1761:Historical criticism
1582:) that this is an A.
1292:eyewitness testimony
939:Reference management
889:Scientific modelling
631:Critical rationalism
243:contemporary history
235:early modern history
6494:Schools of thought
6459:Proto-Protestantism
6328:School of Thoughts
6210:William Shakespeare
6195:Robert Falcon Scott
6100:Friedrich Nietzsche
5938:Cult of personality
5923:Neville Chamberlain
5783:Alexander the Great
5665:Russo-Georgian War
5638:Sovereignty dispute
5617:Iranian Revolution
5447:"Polish death camp"
5424:In relation to the
5133:Myth of English aid
5124:War of the Pacific
4901:Albigensian Crusade
4326:Indigenous Aryanism
4022:Constantinian shift
3558:Residential schools
3315:Historian's fallacy
3234:Historic recurrence
2732:Numismatics (Money)
2504:Archaeological site
2428:theories of history
2105:The Singer of Tales
1806:Unwitting testimony
1599:) that this is a B.
1348:in reporting? For
1286:Eyewitness evidence
919:Argument technology
239:late modern history
207:classical antiquity
60:Part of a series on
6685:Historical realism
6680:Historical fiction
6625:History institutes
6615:Historical society
6610:Heritage registers
6498:Biblical criticism
6411:Islamic golden age
6362:Early Christianity
6242:Bears in antiquity
6130:Medieval Christian
5928:Pedro II of Brazil
5876:José de San Martín
5680:Syrian revolution
5592:Malayan Emergency
5567:1948 Palestine war
5300:Spanish Civil War
5250:War guilt question
5059:American Civil War
5039:Invasion of Russia
5015:New Russian School
4799:Colonial Australia
4515:October Revolution
4278:Strukturgeschichte
4214:Location of Alésia
4133:Hua–Yi distinction
4054:Moscow, third Rome
3670:Reconstruction era
3491:Black Egypt Thesis
3413:European Civil War
3369:Translatio imperii
3324:Invented tradition
2445:Historical sources
2320:2005-09-05 at the
2111:, such as that by
1858:History and Theory
1404:indirect witnesses
1398:Indirect witnesses
1077:information source
913:Tools and software
857:Secondary research
781:Discourse analysis
449:History portal
135:Gregorian calendar
55:
32:History of science
6739:
6738:
6705:
6704:
6645:
6644:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6503:Catholic theology
6357:Avestan geography
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6205:Søren Kierkegaard
6078:
6077:
5989:Warren G. Harding
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5548:
5547:
5426:Armenian genocide
5289:Polish–Soviet War
5284:Burning of Smyrna
5270:
5269:
5260:Reichstag inquiry
5183:Patriotic consent
5054:
5053:
5029:War in the Vendée
4993:French Revolution
4975:century conflicts
4964:Peloponnesian War
4925:Eighty Years' War
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4716:Westminster Stone
4413:Southern question
4252:Alltagsgeschichte
4202:Legendary Saracen
3904:Early settlements
3712:
3711:
3692:Political history
3677:Consensus history
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3436:Continuity thesis
3375:Translatio studii
3261:Theory of history
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3151:Subaltern Studies
3036:Nouvelle histoire
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2873:Medieval churches
2860:Geistesgeschichte
2804:Paleoanthropology
2712:Encyclopaedistics
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2468:Secondary sources
2107:. Note also the
1796:Scientific method
1746:Archival research
1651:) has properties
1480:Anonymous sources
1023:Secondary sources
1011:Historical method
1008:
1007:
974:Philosophy portal
882:Systematic review
867:Literature review
825:Historical method
808:Social experiment
743:Scientific method
728:Narrative inquiry
579:Interdisciplinary
573:Research strategy
544:Research question
539:Research proposal
499:
498:
217:Early Middle Ages
161:Historical source
141:Historical method
79:Study of the past
18:Historical Method
16:(Redirected from
6764:
6728:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6670:Documentary film
6651:
6630:History journals
6596:
6569:
6441:
6377:Primacy of Peter
6324:Great Depression
6304:
6277:
6255:
6228:
6176:J. R. R. Tolkien
6031:
6026:
6014:
6002:
5984:Ulysses S. Grant
5979:Thomas Jefferson
5970:
5946:
5909:
5872:
5860:
5828:
5816:
5808:Chiang Ching-kuo
5798:Cato the Younger
5788:Amin al-Husseini
5766:
5755:
5734:
5733:
5717:War and genocide
5541:
5527:Résistancialisme
5514:Battle of France
5496:Nanjing Massacre
5350:
5231:
5227:
5191:
5141:
5023:
5006:
4979:
4906:Catharism debate
4892:pre-18th century
4874:Military history
4851:
4844:
4837:
4828:
4821:By war, conflict
4817:
4765:Cambridge School
4751:
4649:
4637:
4613:
4594:
4504:
4492:
4464:
4286:
4264:Historikerstreit
4234:
4222:
4210:
4191:
4177:Cordon sanitaire
4123:New Qing History
4111:Conquest dynasty
4102:
4017:Christianization
4000:
3919:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3786:
3774:
3766:Byzantine Empire
3621:Iquicha Royalism
3610:
3576:
3499:
3471:
3460:
3403:Age of Discovery
3392:Periodization of
3389:
3363:Transhistoricity
3358:Thirty-year rule
3269:
3257:
3214:
3203:
3183:Great Man theory
3146:People's history
3108:
3013:
3005:Three-age system
2967:
2667:Archival science
2619:
2606:
2473:Tertiary sources
2453:
2440:
2389:by area of study
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2229:Louis Gottschalk
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2113:Snorri Sturlason
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2012:p. 177-184, 1946
2006:
2000:
1999:p. 174-177, 1946
1993:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1969:, p. 25-26, 1974
1964:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1821:
1801:Source criticism
1791:Scholarly method
1786:Recorded history
1756:Chinese whispers
1649:state of affairs
1376:Louis Gottschalk
1175:textual analysis
1140:Louis Gottschalk
1125:higher criticism
1071:Source criticism
1065:Source criticism
1000:
993:
986:
946:Science software
845:Cultural mapping
813:Quasi-experiment
803:Field experiment
771:Content analysis
666:Critical realism
584:Multimethodology
524:
501:
491:
484:
477:
464:
459:
458:
451:
447:
446:
445:
225:Late Middle Ages
221:High Middle Ages
156:Recorded history
76:
57:
52:
48:
21:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6701:
6656:
6641:
6601:
6582:
6565:
6548:
6539:
6435:
6343:
6319:Great Recession
6302:
6273:
6249:
6233:
6214:
6105:H. P. Lovecraft
6074:
6036:
6029:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5964:
5940:
5913:Muammar Gaddafi
5903:
5891:Leonid Brezhnev
5866:
5854:
5837:Gregory Palamas
5822:
5820:Chiang Kai Shek
5810:
5770:
5760:
5741:
5740:
5721:
5702:Conflict thesis
5690:
5654:
5544:
5535:
5502:
5466:
5396:
5348:
5310:
5276:Interwar period
5266:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5205:Schlieffen Plan
5185:
5146:
5135:
5050:
5017:
5000:
4985:
4974:
4968:
4952:Dorian invasion
4937:Fall of Babylon
4893:
4887:
4886:
4863:
4855:
4822:
4803:
4779:
4756:
4749:
4711:Kingdom of Alba
4692:
4685:
4652:
4643:
4631:
4629:Spanish decline
4607:
4588:
4543:
4498:
4486:
4467:
4458:
4424:
4365:
4330:
4316:Greater Magadha
4302:
4280:
4237:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4185:
4164:
4138:Four Barbarians
4096:
4070:
3998:
3955:Götaland theory
3923:Lusotropicalism
3913:
3894:North Macedonia
3826:
3814:
3802:
3780:
3768:
3708:
3687:Frontier thesis
3682:Cyclical theory
3665:Neoabolitionism
3641:
3604:
3574:
3536:
3513:Greater Morocco
3493:
3465:
3442:
3393:
3387:
3279:
3263:
3251:
3208:
3189:
3102:
3017:
3011:
2993:Historical eras
2974:
2953:
2788:
2685:Writing systems
2655:
2613:
2611:Fields of study
2592:
2586:Service records
2571:Religious texts
2477:
2463:Primary sources
2447:
2434:
2433:
2367:
2362:
2322:Wayback Machine
2311:by Marc Comtois
2305:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2109:Icelandic sagas
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1732:
1708:
1695:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1657:
1641:
1598:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1559:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1417:
1400:
1288:
1271:
1250:If a number of
1204:
1187:contemporaries.
1149:
1129:lower criticism
1073:
1067:
1027:primary sources
1004:
968:
967:
914:
906:
905:
852:Phenomenography
791:Autoethnography
756:
748:
747:
708:Grounded theory
703:Critical theory
698:Art methodology
693:Action research
688:
678:
677:
616:
606:
605:
574:
566:
565:
534:
532:Research design
495:
454:
443:
441:
440:
433:
432:
403:
393:
392:
388:A. J. P. Taylor
343:
332:
331:
307:Pacific Islands
277:Central America
257:
249:
248:
199:Ancient history
189:
179:
178:
112:
104:
81:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6770:
6768:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6752:Historiography
6744:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6627:
6622:
6612:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6374:
6369:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6283:
6278:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6149:
6144:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6095:Charles Darwin
6092:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6065:United Kingdom
6062:
6057:
6055:Modern Germany
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6028:
6027:
6015:
6003:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5974:Thomas Aquinas
5971:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5844:
5842:Horatio Nelson
5839:
5834:
5829:
5817:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5674:Responsibility
5671:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5586:New Historians
5583:
5578:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5452:Responsibility
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5228:
5216:
5210:Spirit of 1914
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5180:
5170:
5167:Fischer thesis
5156:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5130:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5108:Paraguayan War
5105:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5034:Napoleonic era
5031:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5012:
5007:
4998:Pre-revolution
4989:
4987:
4983:Coalition Wars
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:historiography
4856:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4679:Decline thesis
4676:
4669:Ottoman Empire
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4595:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4496:Skeptic School
4481:
4479:Anti-Normanism
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4436:Golden Liberty
4432:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4418:Neo-Bourbonism
4410:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4258:Borussian myth
4255:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4192:
4180:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4008:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:Dealbanisation
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3593:May Revolution
3584:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3563:Staples thesis
3560:
3555:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3395:modern history
3386:
3385:
3378:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3339:Paradigm shift
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:Annales school
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2888:Constitutional
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Postage stamps
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Oral tradition
2558:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:Historiography
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2324:by Paul Newall
2312:
2304:
2303:External links
2301:
2300:
2299:
2286:R. J. Shafer,
2284:
2277:
2262:
2244:
2226:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2131:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2048:, p. 292, 1946
2038:
2026:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1971:
1959:
1946:
1937:
1920:
1918:, p. 118, 1974
1908:
1895:
1844:
1834:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Historiography
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1637:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1527:more plausible
1523:
1516:
1509:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:Eastern Europe
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1416:
1415:Oral tradition
1413:
1399:
1396:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1331:Regarding his
1319:
1299:
1287:
1284:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1148:
1145:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1069:Main article:
1066:
1063:
1055:historiography
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
995:
988:
980:
977:
976:
970:
969:
966:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
943:
942:
941:
936:
926:
921:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
898:
897:
896:
886:
885:
884:
879:
877:Scoping review
874:
869:
864:
854:
849:
848:
847:
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:Field research
817:
816:
815:
810:
805:
795:
794:
793:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
718:Historiography
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
671:Subtle realism
668:
658:
653:
651:Postpositivism
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
626:Constructivism
623:
621:Antipositivism
617:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
597:
596:
586:
581:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
556:
546:
541:
535:
530:
529:
526:
525:
517:
516:
510:
509:
497:
496:
494:
493:
486:
479:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
452:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
418:Post-classical
415:
410:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
344:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
322:Southeast Asia
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
231:Modern history
228:
210:
196:
190:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
158:
153:
148:
146:Historiography
143:
138:
124:
119:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
103:
102:
97:
92:
86:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6769:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6731:
6723:
6721:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6652:
6648:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6597:
6593:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:Merton thesis
6554:
6553:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6508:Panbabylonism
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6439:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6229:
6225:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6070:United States
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6024:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5950:Bolivarianism
5948:
5944:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5933:Simon Bolivar
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5864:Joseph Stalin
5862:
5858:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5752:
5737:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:Post-Cold War
5657:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5633:Falklands War
5631:
5629:
5628:Iran–Iraq War
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5576:Ongoing Nakba
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5539:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:Western Front
5505:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5488:Bengal famine
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5402:The Holocaust
5399:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:Eastern Front
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5084:Paris Commune
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:Turning point
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:18th and 19th
4971:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4918:Islamic views
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4814:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4641:Ser de España
4639:
4635:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Ottoman claim
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Prosopography
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3992:Trưng sisters
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3739:Habsburg myth
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3647:United States
3644:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3580:Latin America
3577:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Transnational
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:Decoloniality
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:Historiometry
3042:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:Periodization
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Sigillography
2772:
2770:
2769:Prosopography
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Local history
2644:
2640:
2639:Human history
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:World history
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2296:0-534-10825-3
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:0-521-31830-0
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:0-8014-8560-6
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:Martha Howell
2245:
2242:
2241:0-394-30215-X
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:0-8371-7132-6
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2190:, p. 47, 1984
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2166:, p. 26, 1984
2165:
2160:
2157:
2154:, p. 19, 1984
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:, as well as
2094:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:0-8014-8560-6
1981:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:0-8014-8560-6
1930:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:9780061315459
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1592: ×
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:secret police
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:; the fifth,
1126:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:and material
1028:
1024:
1021:of the past.
1020:
1016:
1012:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
987:
982:
981:
979:
978:
975:
972:
971:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
940:
937:
935:
934:Bibliometrics
932:
931:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
910:
909:
902:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:Meta-analysis
870:
868:
865:
863:
862:Bibliometrics
860:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
752:
751:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
733:Phenomenology
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
682:
681:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
615:
610:
609:
602:
599:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
570:
569:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
533:
528:
527:
523:
519:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
473:
472:
470:
469:
463:
453:
450:
439:
438:
437:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
397:
396:
389:
386:
384:
383:Edward Gibbon
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
328:
327:The Caribbean
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:South America
310:
308:
305:
303:
302:North America
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
253:
252:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
188:
183:
182:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:Periodization
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
108:
107:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
84:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
59:
58:
44:
39:
33:
19:
6485:
6287:The Simpsons
6285:
6232:Other topics
6180:
6157:Christianity
6147:Resurrection
5778:Adolf Hitler
5607:Six-Day War
5603:Algerian War
5574: /
5533:Vichy France
5525:
5518:
5428: /
5316:World War II
5212: /
4879:
4872:
4674:Ghaza thesis
4597:
4573:
4559:White legend
4557: /
4555:Black legend
4510:Soviet Union
4400:
4393:
4381:
4344:Great Famine
4321:Indocentrism
4295:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4250:
4196:Grand Siècle
4194:
4175:
4143:Sinocentrism
4004:Ancient Rome
3984:
3842:Aryan Kartli
3840:
3632:
3595: /
3529:
3426:19th century
3424: /
3415: /
3380:
3373:
3372: /
3367:
3343:
3317: /
3291:Black legend
3249:Historiology
3046: /
3034:
2997:
2971:
2935:Quantitative
2858:
2854:Intellectual
2820: /
2816: /
2802: /
2800:Anthropology
2754:Phaleristics
2747:preservation
2742:Oral history
2683: /
2669: /
2651:Microhistory
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2396:
2387: /
2383:
2376:
2287:
2280:
2265:
2250:
2232:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2142:, 169, 1950)
2139:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2117:K. E. Bailey
2104:
2099:'s study of
2090:
2086:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1906:p. 168, 1946
1903:
1898:
1889:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1839:
1825:
1819:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1642:
1626:
1618:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1467:
1464:
1438:
1423:
1418:
1401:
1379:
1374:
1363:human nature
1349:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1302:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1251:
1247:, and so on.
1208:Scandinavian
1205:
1196:
1150:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1059:
1051:epistemology
1040:
1010:
1009:
824:
713:Hermeneutics
601:Quantitative
140:
111:Key concepts
78:
6757:Methodology
6675:Hagiography
6436: [
6396:Early Islam
6250: [
6142:Historicity
6120:Historicity
6110:Jane Austen
6090:The Beatles
6060:Netherlands
6021: [
6018:Zhuge Liang
6009: [
5997: [
5994:Yuan Shikai
5965: [
5962:Sun Yat Tse
5941: [
5904: [
5867: [
5855: [
5852:Jiang Zemin
5823: [
5811: [
5803:Che Guevara
5536: [
5471:Pacific War
5255:Article 231
5245:Reparations
5222: [
5186: [
5163:Color books
5152:World War I
5136: [
5113:War of 1812
5018: [
5001: [
4986:(1792–1815)
4957:Sea Peoples
4942:Gallic Wars
4644: [
4632: [
4619:Revisionist
4608: [
4599:Reconquista
4589: [
4581:Inquisition
4575:Convivencia
4499: [
4487: [
4459: [
4356:Revisionism
4281: [
4229: [
4217: [
4205: [
4186: [
4128:Golden ages
4097: [
4094:Wunu School
4089:Archaeology
3962:Switzerland
3945:Kosovo Myth
3933:Great Union
3914: [
3899:Philippines
3882:Nationalist
3855:Ages of Man
3827: [
3815: [
3803: [
3781: [
3769: [
3605: [
3602:Revisionist
3494: [
3431:Renaissance
3296:Coloniality
3264: [
3252: [
3244:Historicity
3168:Revisionist
3158:Pop history
3129:Nationalist
3103: [
3048:Cliometrics
3016:Approaches,
2972:Methodology
2868:Linguistics
2818:Environment
2784:Vexillology
2707:Diplomatics
2690:Chorography
2629:Big History
2581:War diaries
2554:Illuminated
2549:Manuscripts
2534:Hieroglyphs
2414:historicity
2138:Gottschalk,
1741:Archaeology
1736:Antiquarian
1540:It must be
1535:less ad hoc
1470:West Africa
1252:independent
1220:fingerprint
1154:(1889) and
1035:archaeology
786:Ethnography
686:Methodology
641:Fallibilism
589:Qualitative
559:Referencing
408:Prehistoric
378:Ibn Khaldun
297:New Zealand
292:Middle East
131:anno Domini
6746:Categories
6730:Multimedia
6549:Technology
6513:Urreligion
6416:Kharijites
6367:Background
6035:Historical
6006:Zhou Enlai
5901:Mao Zedong
5896:Louis Riel
5669:Background
5520:Guilty Men
5462:Uniqueness
5385:Background
5380:Winter War
5304:Background
5237:Versailles
5091:Great Game
4738:Ricardians
4733:Tudor myth
4451:Partitions
4044:Succession
3334:Narratives
3319:Presentism
3275:Philosophy
3095:Humanistic
2983:Case study
2915:Indigenous
2893:Diplomatic
2837:Capitalism
2737:Onomastics
2695:Chronology
2524:Facsimiles
2509:Chronicles
2407:historians
2378:Historians
2209:References
2178:, 48, 1984
2097:A. B. Lord
2083:J. Vansina
1986:. p. 56-59
1627:This is a
1506:hypothesis
1408:Gottschalk
1328:to do so?
1237:eyewitness
1224:narratives
1218:such as a
1168:historians
1015:historians
961:Statistics
956:Simulation
894:Simulation
835:Interviews
798:Experiment
766:Case study
738:Pragmatism
656:Pragmatism
646:Positivism
636:Empiricism
353:Thucydides
341:historians
317:South Asia
267:Antarctica
203:Bronze Age
194:Prehistory
127:Common Era
122:Chronology
117:Archeology
43:Thucydides
6518:Perennial
6307:Economics
6259:Feudalism
6045:Australia
5793:Aurangzeb
5769:Political
5759:By person
5440:Pius Wars
5235:Treaty of
4894:conflicts
4701:Poor Laws
4564:Hispanism
4441:Sarmatism
4271:Sonderweg
4029:Expansion
3754:Litvinism
3588:Argentina
3422:Long 18th
3305:Dark Ages
3085:Historism
2883:Political
2822:Geography
2759:Philology
2722:Genealogy
2717:Epigraphy
2660:By source
2499:Artifacts
2103:bards in
1878:0018-2656
1864:(1): 47.
1812:Footnotes
1633:induction
1629:syllogism
1548:respects.
1388:proconsul
1346:intention
1160:Seignobos
1019:histories
594:Art-based
401:Timelines
348:Herodotus
282:East Asia
272:Australia
256:By region
169:secondary
6720:Category
6635:template
6349:Religion
6200:Socrates
6115:Muhammed
6037:rankings
5918:Napoleon
5736:Category
5554:Cold War
5457:Slovakia
5044:Waterloo
4913:Crusades
4858:Military
4706:Scotland
4664:Kemalist
3986:Nam tiến
3981:Vietnam
3971:Ukraine
3929:Romania
3911:Portugal
3837:Georgia
3812:Medieval
3761:Bulgaria
3750:Belarus
3735:Austria
3541:Americas
3509:Morocco
3505:Ethiopia
3284:Specific
3207:Concepts
3112:Leninist
3070:Feminist
3058:Critical
2905:Feminism
2878:Military
2832:Business
2827:Economic
2809:Cultural
2793:By topic
2779:Toponymy
2727:Heraldry
2675:template
2622:By scale
2544:Logbooks
2529:Features
2494:Archives
2318:Archived
2060:, 165-66
2036:, p. 163
1730:See also
1430:writing.
1392:princeps
1356:mislead?
1312:military
1156:Langlois
1152:Bernheim
1031:evidence
761:Analysis
554:Argument
514:Research
506:a series
504:Part of
462:Category
358:Xenophon
339:Notable
173:tertiary
100:Glossary
6655:Related
6545:Science
6190:Madonna
6162:Judaism
6125:Judaism
5957:Saladin
5847:Hypatia
5771:leaders
5695:Related
5648:Origins
5611:Origins
5562:Origins
5118:Origins
5064:Origins
4930:Origins
4792:Oceania
4755:British
4693:Kingdom
4336:Ireland
4243:Germany
3951:Sweden
3824:New Age
3800:Ancient
3796:Europe
3792:Croatia
3724:Albania
3717:Eurasia
3519:Rwanda
3217:General
3117:Marxist
3018:schools
2847:Thought
2814:Ecology
2576:Scrolls
2514:Codices
2482:Sources
2421:history
2398:History
1886:2677997
1333:ability
1326:ability
1303:observe
1099:By whom
1041:In the
840:Mapping
755:Methods
661:Realism
549:Writing
413:Ancient
373:Tacitus
363:Sallust
187:Periods
165:primary
95:Outline
66:History
6281:Salons
6083:Others
6050:Canada
5684:Causes
5621:Causes
5596:Causes
5390:Spirit
5324:Causes
5294:Causes
5159:Causes
5128:Causes
5101:Causes
5079:Causes
5010:Causes
4757:Empire
4691:United
4657:Turkey
4472:Russia
4446:Deluge
4429:Poland
4169:France
3967:Taiwan
3940:Serbia
3746:Balhae
3597:Causes
3548:Canada
3482:Egypt
3475:Africa
2999:Tarikh
2920:Labour
2910:Gender
2900:Social
2700:dating
2566:Papyri
2489:Annals
2294:
2272:
2257:
2239:
2222:
2101:Slavic
1982:
1931:
1884:
1876:
1832:
1530:other.
1216:relics
1158:&
1047:nature
901:Survey
460:
428:Future
423:Modern
287:Europe
262:Africa
6528:Roman
6440:]
6254:]
6167:Islam
6137:Jesus
6025:]
6013:]
6001:]
5969:]
5945:]
5908:]
5871:]
5859:]
5827:]
5815:]
5540:]
5430:Nakba
5226:]
5190:]
5140:]
5022:]
5005:]
4648:]
4636:]
4612:]
4593:]
4548:Spain
4503:]
4491:]
4463:]
4370:Italy
4308:India
4285:]
4233:]
4221:]
4209:]
4190:]
4101:]
4076:China
3918:]
3877:Korea
3872:Japan
3861:Iran
3850:Greek
3831:]
3819:]
3807:]
3785:]
3778:Early
3773:]
3634:Casta
3609:]
3531:Maafa
3498:]
3268:]
3256:]
3107:]
2947:Women
2942:Urban
2930:Rural
2925:LGBTQ
2681:Books
2519:Deeds
2456:Types
1882:JSTOR
1222:; or
1093:Where
1057:.
90:Index
6619:list
5214:1917
4226:Lyon
3697:Eras
3616:Peru
3351:list
3298:and
3178:Whig
2385:list
2292:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2081:See
1980:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1874:ISSN
1830:ISBN
1667:and
1472:and
1384:road
1350:whom
1339:When
1259:bias
1087:When
368:Livy
49:460-
3345:Pax
1866:doi
1707:+ 1
1675:+ 1
1322:How
1308:law
1235:An
6748::
6438:it
6252:pt
6023:zh
6011:zh
5999:zh
5967:zh
5943:es
5906:zh
5869:ru
5857:zh
5825:zh
5813:zh
5538:fr
5224:ru
5188:fr
5165:/
5138:es
5020:ru
5003:fr
4646:es
4634:es
4610:es
4591:es
4501:ru
4489:ru
4461:pl
4283:de
4231:fr
4219:fr
4207:fr
4188:fr
4099:zh
3916:pt
3829:ru
3817:ru
3805:ru
3783:ru
3771:de
3607:es
3496:es
3266:de
3254:es
3105:pt
2231:,
2085:,
1888:.
1880:.
1872:.
1862:39
1860:.
1856:.
1838:.
1476:.
1441:.
1426:.
1310:,
1294::
1025:,
508:on
241:,
237:,
223:,
219:,
205:,
171:,
167:,
133:,
51:c.
47:c.
6621:)
6617:(
6547:/
5179:)
5175:(
5169:)
5161:(
4850:e
4843:t
4836:v
4352:"
4348:"
2677:)
2673:(
2357:e
2350:t
2343:v
2298:.
2276:.
2261:.
2243:.
2129:.
1935:.
1868::
1724:n
1720:n
1716:n
1709:.
1705:n
1701:p
1696:.
1693:n
1689:p
1685:1
1682:p
1677:.
1673:n
1669:p
1664:n
1660:p
1656:1
1653:p
1623:.
1611:.
1597:2
1594:p
1590:1
1587:p
1580:2
1577:p
1570:1
1567:p
1318:?
1177:.
999:e
992:t
985:v
490:e
483:t
476:v
245:)
233:(
227:)
215:(
209:)
201:(
175:)
163:(
137:)
129:(
45:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
