564:
return of leased property to its original owners, etc.) were never applied all throughout the Second Temple period, but the
Jubilee was being used during the period of the Second Temple in order to fix and sanctify thereby the Sabbatical year. A Sabbatical year could not be fixed without the year of the Jubilee, since the Jubilee serves to break-off the 7 x 7-year cycle, before resuming its count once again in the 51st year. While the 49th year is also a Sabbatical year, the fiftieth year is not the 1st year in a new seven-year cycle, but rather is the Jubilee. Its number is not incorporated into the seven-year cycle. Rather, the new seven-year cycle begins afresh in the 51st year, and in this manner is the cycle repeated. After the Temple's destruction, the people began a new practice to number each seventh year as a Sabbatical year, without the necessity of adding a fiftieth year.
373:: "God spoke to Moses at Mount Sinai, telling him to speak to the Israelites and say to them: When you come to the land that I am giving you, the land must be given a rest period, a sabbath to God. For six years you may plant your fields, prune your vineyards, and harvest your crops, but the seventh year is a sabbath of sabbaths for the land. It is God's sabbath during which you may not plant your fields, nor prune your vineyards. Do not harvest crops that grow on their own and do not gather the grapes on your unpruned vines, since it is a year of rest for the land. the land is resting may be eaten by you, by your male and female slaves, and by the employees and resident hands who live with you. All the crops shall be eaten by the domestic and wild animals that are in your land." (Leviticus 25:1โ7)
389:"Moses then gave them the following commandment: 'At the end of each seven years, at a fixed time on the festival of Sukkoth, after the year of release, when all Israel comes to present themselves before God your Lord, in the place that He will choose, you must read this Torah before all Israel, so that they will be able to hear it. 'You must gather together the people, the men, women, children and proselytes from your settlements, and let them hear it. They will thus learn to be in awe of God your Lord, carefully keeping all the words of this Torah. Their children, who do not know, will listen and learn to be in awe of God your Lord, as long as you live in the land which you are crossing the Jordan to occupy'." (Deuteronomy 31:10โ13)
203:
1883:(ch. 24) mentioned a Jubilee in Josiah's 18th year, 623/622 BCE. With the proper assumption of a 49-year cycle for the Jubilee, the Jubilee would be identical to the seventh Sabbatical year, so that the Jubilee and Sabbatical cycles would never be out of synchronization. 623/622 BCE would therefore also have been a Sabbatical year. In Sabbatical years, the Mosaic code specified that the Law was to be read to all the people (Deuteronomy 31:10-11). Although this commandment, like so many others, was probably neglected throughout most of Israel's history, it was observed in Josiah's 18th year (2 Kings 23:1,2).
3325:, held a different opinion to that of Maimonides concerning grain and legumes which grew of themselves in the Seventh Year. R. Nathan permitted to eat the aftergrowths of legumes (pulse) and grain, since, according to him, there was an abundance of provisions all year-round, both in grain and in pulse; when one harvest ended, the other harvest began, and there was never any need to gather-in the aftergrowths of these plantings because of a want or shortage of food, excepting only vegetables. Even so, aftergrowths of grain could only be collected in an irregular fashion and without the aid of a sickle. (
1200:
135:
1864:
dealing with a
Sabbatical year followed by a year of Jubilee. The proper understanding of the passage is that the harvest of the first year had been destroyed by the Assyrians, and the defeat of the Assyrian army came too late in the year to allow sowing that year. The destruction of the Assyrian host came the night after the giving of the prophecy (2 Kgs 19:35), so the reason that sowing and reaping were forbidden for the next year must have been because that year, the second year of the prophecy, was going to be a Sabbatical year.
2188:. 12.9.5/378, 1 Maccabees 6:53), dated by Zuckermann to 163/162 BCE. However, he also remarked on the difficulties presented to this figure by the text in 1 Maccabees, which would seem to date the siege one year later, and so he decided to leave it out of consideration. The final text considered by Zuckermann was a passage in the Seder Olam that relates the destruction of the Second Temple to a Sabbatical year, an event that is known from secular history to have happened in the summer of 70 CE. Zuckermann interpreted the
2029:, in relating that Ezekiel's vision was at the beginning of a Jubilee, does not cite the part of Ezekiel 40:1 that says it was Rosh Hashanah and the tenth of the month, indicating that the fact that a Jubilee was commencing was based on historical remembrance, not on just the textual argument regarding Rosh Hashanah being on the tenth of the month. Ezekiel also says it was 14 years after the city fell; 14 years before 574/573 BCE was 588/587 BCE, in agreement with "the 25th year of our captivity".
1081:, grains, fruits, legumes and vegetables are permitted to be eaten in the Seventh Year, yet must they be harvested in an irregular fashion, and only as much as a person might need for their sustenance, without the necessity of hoarding the fruits in granaries and storehouses. It is not permitted to make merchandise of Seventh Year produce. These restrictions are implied by the biblical verse, "You are not to reap the aftergrowth of your harvest, nor gather the grapes of your untended vines" (
2479:
the 14th century CE, when an editor of one of the writings of the
Samaritans wrote that he finished his work in the sixty-first Jubilee cycle since the entry into Canaan, in the fourth year of the fifth Sabbatical of that cycle. These cases of usage of the Jubilee/Sabbatical cycles make no provision for the possibility of the Sabbatical cycles being out of phase with the Jubilee cycles, which is additional evidence that the Jubilee was contemporaneous with the seventh Sabbatical year.
36:
1107:) of grain, legumes and those vegetables which are usually planted by mankind, in order to put an end to their deception. Other rabbinic authorities prohibit only the aftergrowths of vegetables, but permit the aftergrowths of legumes and grain. They permitted, however, to pick the fruits of trees that grow of themselves during the Seventh Year, for one's immediate needs, and to gather such vegetables and herbs that are not normally planted by humans, such as wild rue (
1806:
kings of Israel (1 Kings 22:51, 2 Kings 3:1) are measured from the start of the sole reign, it would be reasonable to determine
Jehoshaphat's third year in the same way. In Thiele's system, this would be 867/866. However, Thiele's years for the first few kings of Judah has come under criticism as being one year too late, because of problems that appear in the reign of Ahaziah and Athaliah that Thiele never solved. Therefore, in 2003, an article by
395:: Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel: I made a covenant with your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage, saying: "At the end of seven years ye shall let go every man his brother that is a Hebrew, that hath been sold unto thee, and hath served thee six years, thou shalt let him go free from thee"; but your fathers hearkened not unto Me, neither inclined their ear." (Jeremiah 34:13โ14)
1993:(the biblical Evil-Merodach) began to reign in October 562 BCE, and 2 Kings 25:27 says that it was in the twelfth month of this accession year (Adar, 561 BCE) and in Jehoiachin's 37th year of captivity that Jehoiachin was released from prison. By Judean reckoning, Jehoiachin's 37th year would then be 562/561 BCE. His 25th year, the year in which Ezekiel saw his vision, is therefore determined as 574/573 BCE, i.e. the year that began in
827:. Civil courts do not enforce the rules. A debt would be transferred to a religious court for a document of prosbul only if both parties voluntarily agreed to do so. Many non-religious Israeli Jews do not observe these rules, although some non-religious farmers participate in the symbolic sale of land to non-Jews to permit their produce to be considered kosher and sellable to Orthodox Jews who permit the leniency. Despite this, during
377:" I will scatter you among the nations, and keep the sword drawn against you. Your land will remain desolate, and your cities in ruins. Then, as long as the land is desolate and you are in your enemies' land, the land will enjoy its sabbaths. The land will rest and enjoy its sabbatical years. Thus, as long as it is desolate, will enjoy the sabbatical rest that you would not give it when you lived there." (Leviticus 26:33-35)
2209:. All of this would seem to be strong evidence in favor of Zuckermann's scheme. Nevertheless, some problems have been recognized, beyond just the question of the siege of Beth-zur, which was one year too late for Zuckermann's calendar. A consistent problem has been the ambiguity alleged in some of the passages, notably of Josephus, where it has been questioned, for example, when Josephus started the regnal years of
1839:
before
Ezekiel's Jubilee. Assuming a 49-year cycle, the nearest Jubilee would have been in 721 BC, inconsistent with attempts to place a Jubilee after the Sabbatical year at this time. If a 50-year Jubilee cycle is assumed, the nearest Jubilee would be 724/723, and then assuming that a Sabbatical cycle began in the year following a Jubilee, neither 701/700 nor 700/699 would be a Sabbatical year.
944:, as to whether produce grown on land in Israel which is owned by non-Jews also has sanctity. According to Karo, such produce has no sanctity and may be used and/or discarded in the same way as any produce grown outside of Israel. According to di Trani, the fact that this produce was grown in Israel, even by non-Jews, gives it sanctity, and it must be treated in the special ways detailed above.
375:"And if ye shall say: 'What shall we eat the seventh year? behold, we may not sow, nor gather in our increase'; then I will command My blessing upon you in the sixth year, and it shall bring forth produce for the three years. And ye shall sow the eighth year, and eat of the produce, the old store; until the ninth year, until her produce come in, ye shall eat the old store." (Leviticus 25:20โ22)
407:: "... And them that had escaped from the sword carried he away to Babylon; and they were servants to him and his sons until the reign of the kingdom of Persia; to fulfil the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had been paid her sabbaths; for as long as she lay desolate she kept sabbath, to fulfil threescore and ten years. (2 Chronicles 36:20โ21)
689:
1684:, however, ordered the Chief Rabbinate to rescind its ruling and to devise a single national ruling. The Israel Supreme Court opined that divergent local rulings would be harmful to farmers and trade and could implicate competition. The issue of secular courts ordering the rabbinate to rule in particular ways on religious matters aroused a debate within the
1895:'s release of slaves, described in Jeremiah 34:8-10, would likely have been done at the start of a Sabbatical year. Although the original Mosaic legislation stated that an indentured servant's term of service was to end six years after the service started (Deuteronomy 15:12), later practice was to associate the Sabbatical year, called a year of release (
1232:(lit. "sale permit"). Rabbi Kook explained in a lengthy responsum that the ideal is not to rely on the leniency of heter mechira, but rather to observe shmita according to all opinions. He noted that he himself did not rely on the leniency, it was intended only in a limited time of great need, for those unable to observe the shmita without the leniency.
4123:...When Robert North discounts Josephus by saying that the historical year 'exhibits internal inconsistencies which invalidate their use for chronology', we do not agree. In fact, North goes on to even stronger language: 'It should be abundantly clear that the sabbath year dates of Josephus are either palpably incommensurate, or else insolubly obscure'.
2141:"it is necessary to assume the commencement of a new starting-point, since the laws of Sabbatical years and Jubilees fell into disuse during the Babylonian captivity, when a foreign nation held possession of the land of Canaan ... We therefore cannot agree with chronologists who assume an unbroken continuity of septennial Sabbaths and Jubilees." The
413:: (Isaiah speaking) "... And this is the sign for you: This year you shall eat what grows of itself, and the next year what springs from that, and in the third year, sow and reap and plant vineyards and eat their fruit. And the survivors of the House of Judah that have escaped shall regenerate its stock below and produce boughs above." (
367:: "You may plant your land for six years and gather its crops. But during the seventh year, you must leave it alone and withdraw from it. The needy among you will then be able to eat just as you do, and whatever is left over can be eaten by wild animals. This also applies to your vineyard and your olive grove." (Exodus 23:10โ11)
269:(Jewish law). Other cultivation techniques (such as watering, fertilizing, weeding, spraying, trimming and mowing) may be performed as a preventive measure only, not to improve the growth of trees or other plants. Additionally, any fruits or herbs which grow of their own accord and where no watch is kept over them are deemed
1364:) can only be stored as long as plants of the same species (e.g. plants sprouting by themselves) are available to animals in the fields. Once a species is no longer available in the land, halakha requires that it be removed, made ownerless, and made available to anyone who wishes to take it through a procedure called
2001:, which occurred shortly after Josiah was slain in his 31st year (2 Kings 22:3, 23:29). This is 49 years before Ezekiel's Jubilee, providing evidence that the Jubilee cycle was 49 years, not 50 years as is accepted by many interpreters, but which has been challenged by recent work such as the study of
2237:
that were not available to
Zuckermann. The arguments of Wacholder and others to support the calendar one year later than that of Zuckermann are rather technical and will not be presented here, except for two items to which Zuckermann, Wacholder, and other scholars have given great weight: 1) the date
1838:
If 574/573 marked a
Jubilee, and if the Sabbatical cycles were in phase with the Jubilees, then 700/699 BCE, the year often mentioned as a possible Sabbatical year because of the land lying fallow during that year (Isaiah 37:30, 2 Kings 19:29), was also a Sabbatical, 126 years or 18 Sabbatical cycles
1253:
In contemporary religious circles these rabbinic leniencies have received wide but not universal acceptance. In Israel, the Chief
Rabbinate obtains permission from all farmers who wish to have their land sold. The land is then legally sold to a non-Jew for a large sum of money. The payment is made by
480:) that was permitted to be eaten in a Sabbath year in Leviticus 25:6, then there is a ready explanation why there was no harvest: the second year, i.e. the year starting in the fall of 700 BCE, was a Sabbath year, after which normal sowing and reaping resumed in the third year, as stated in the text.
3069:
C. F. Keil and
Delitzsch F., Commentary on the Old Testament, 10 vols.; (Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1996), paragraph 1771. Lev 25:6 ASV: "6 And the sabbath of the land shall be for food for you; for thee, and for thy servant and for thy maid, and for thy hired servant and for thy stranger, who
2478:
40a,b) records that in the time of the judges, legal events such as contracts or criminal cases were dated according to the
Jubilee cycle, the Sabbatical cycle within the Jubilee cycle, and the year within the Sabbatical cycle. The Samaritan community apparently used this method of dating as late as
1863:
is forbidden during a Sabbatical year. Whatever the exact meaning is for this word, its use in Isaiah's prophecy and its prohibition in Lev 25:5 means that the first year of the Isaiah and Second Kings passages could not have been a Sabbatical year. This rules out the possibility that the passage is
1850:
Others have imagined that Isa 37:30 and its parallel in 2 Kgs 19:29 refer to a Sabbatical year followed by a Jubilee year, since the prophecy speaks of two years in succession in which there would be no harvest. But the first year could not be a Sabbatical year, because in it the people were allowed
1824:
studying this the field. With this resolution to Thiele's problem, the year in which Jehoshaphat had the Law read to the people was 868/867. This is 294 years, or 42 Sabbatical cycles, before Ezekiel's Jubilee. The 42 Sabbatical cycles would make six Jubilee cycles, so it was also a Jubilee year. It
1223:
land", Exodus 23:10), Rabbi Spektor devised a mechanism by which the land could be sold to a non-Jew for the duration of that year under a trust agreement. Under this plan, the land would belong to the non-Jew temporarily, and revert to Jewish ownership when the year was over. When the land was sold
860:
to lie fallow every seventh year; the laws concerning which produce may, or may not be eaten during the Sabbatical year; and with the cancellation of debts and the rabbinical ordinance established to allow a creditor to reclaim a debt after the Sabbatical year. The tractate comprises ten chapters in
679:
observance remains in effect today, holds that the biblical promise of bounty follows it and Divine bounty is promised to Jews living in the Land of Israel today, just as it was promised in ancient times. However, he holds that Jews should generally not demand miracles from Heaven and hence that one
563:
period, the seven-year cycle which repeated itself every seven years was actually dependent upon the fixation of the Jubilee, or the fiftieth year, which year temporarily broke off the counting of the seven-year cycle. Moreover, the laws governing the Jubilee (e.g. release of Hebrew bondmen, and the
4006:
10:7), during the Second Temple period, the seven-year cycle which repeated itself every seven years was actually dependent upon the fixation of the Jubilee, or the fiftieth year, which year temporarily broke off the counting of the seven-year cycle. The counting was renewed in the 51st year, which
2440:
s testimony as decisive for their particular calendars of Sabbatical years. Most interpreters have simply relied on an existing translation, and that translation may have been unduly influenced by an attempt to make the translation consistent with the chronology of the geonim that placed the end of
1903:
dated Zedekiah's emancipation proclamation to the year beginning in Tishri of 588 BCE. Although Zedekiah's release of slaves could have occurred at any time, the occurrence of a Sabbatical year at just this time provides some insight into the background that probably influenced Zedekiah's thinking,
1388:
Thus, while the obligation of making one's produce available to the public and permitted to all takers can be performed in such a way as to minimize the risk that this availability will actually be utilized, this risk cannot be eliminated. The community at large, including members of the poor, must
1337:
might seem to be nothing more than a legal sleight of hand. All the regular players are still in place, and distribution rolls along as usual. However, in reality, it is identical only in appearance as prices are controlled, and may correspond only to expenses, with no profit allowed. In addition,
488:
commentary, it was Sennacherib's invasion that prevented the people of Judah from sowing in the first year and Isaiah was promising that enough plants would grow to feed the population for the rest of the first year and the second year. Therefore, Isaiah was truly providing a sign to Hezekiah that
2634:
Ancient Near East None of the ancient Near Eastern laws legislate for a sabbatical year, nor any other regular fallowing of land, though we know that fallowing was common practice from early times. There are numerous references to ... Feliks (1972: 375) believes the sabbatical was an extra fallow
1805:
in 872/871 BCE, and his sole reign began in 870/869. The passage about the reading of the law in Jehoshaphat's third year does not specify whether this is measured from the beginning of the coregency or the beginning of the sole reign, but since the two synchronisms to Jehoshaphat's reign for the
1096:
When certain farmers began to secretly sow their fields during the Seventh Year and to harvest what they had planted, and to cover-up their action by saying that such produce was a mere aftergrowth from last year's planting, the Sages of Israel were compelled to enact restrictions on Seventh Year
1323:
or rabbinical court supervising the process, hires farmers as its agents to tend and harvest the crops, and appoints the usual distributors and shopkeepers as its agents to distribute them. Individual consumers appoint the court and its designees as their agents and pay monies to court-appointed
700:
According to the laws of shmita, land owned by Jews in the Land of Israel is left unfarmed. The law does not apply to land in the Diaspora. Any naturally growing produce was not to be formally harvested, but could have been eaten by its owners, as well as left to be taken by poor people, passing
3641:
Leviticus 25:2-13. Year of entry into the land: 1 Kings 6:1 and Joshua 5:6. According to the Leviticus passage, the first Sabbatical year should have started in Tishri of 1400 if the people faithfully observed the Mosaic legislation, and the first Jubilee was due 42 years after that, in 1358/57
483:
Another interpretation obviates all of the speculation about the Sabbath year entirely, translating the verse as: "And this shall be the sign for you, this year you shall eat what grows by itself, and the next year, what grows from the tree stumps, and in the third year, sow and reap, and plant
1383:
On the appointed day, one must remove all the relevant produce, and all products containing such produce, from his home and take it to a public area such as a sidewalk. Once there, the individual declares the produce in front of three people who do not live with him. He then waits to give the
1907:
The year 588/587 BCE was also the year that Jerusalem fell to the Babylonians, consistent with the Babylonian records for the reign of Amel-Marduk and the Scriptural data regarding Jehoiachin and Zedekiah. This is in keeping with the statement in Seder Olam chapter 30, properly translated as
387:. The idea of the remission year is that every creditor shall remit any debt owed by his neighbor and brother when God's remission year comes around. You may collect from the alien, but if you have any claim against your brother for a debt, you must relinquish it...." (Deuteronomy 15:1โ6)
3724:
12a. This was 16 * 49 = 784 years after date of first Jubilee that began in the fall of 1358 BCE, showing that the priests, one of whom was Ezekiel, were counting the years throughout the entire period despite the people's neglect of fulfilling the obligations of the Shmita and Jubilee
1059:
to anyone who wishes to come in and harvest. If the land is fenced etc., gates must be left open to enable entrance. These rules apply to all outdoor agriculture, including private gardens and even outdoor potted plants. Plants inside a building are exempt. However, the rabbis of the
1624:
of the land, is called "Yovel" in Hebrew, which is the origin of the Latin term "Jubilee", also meaning 50th. According to the Torah, observance of Jubilee only applies when the Jewish people live in the land of Israel according to their tribes. Thus, with the exile of the tribes of
2229:'s chronology. Therefore, many modern scholars have adopted a Sabbatical year calendar for the Second Temple period that is one year later, although there are many prominent scholars who still maintain a cycle consistent with Zuckermann's conclusion of a 38/37 BCE Sabbatical year.
2526:
This article incorporates text from Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897), a publication now in the public domain. Sabbatical yearโevery seventh year, during which the land, according to the law of Moses, had to remain uncultivated (Lev. 25:2โ7; comp. Ex. 23:10, 11, 12; Lev. 26:34,
596:
and Haredi leaders to this day. There is a major debate among halakhic authorities as to what is the nature of the obligation of the Sabbatical year nowadays. Some say it is still biblically binding, as it has always been. Others hold that it is rabbinically binding, since the
1810:
showed that the texts that Thiele could not reconcile were in harmony when it was assumed that Solomon died before Tishri 1 in the (Nisan-based) year in which the kingdom divided, rather than in the half-year after Tishri 1 as assumed, without explanation, by Thiele. In 2009
456:'s 1837 Bible commentary. The Assyrian siege had lasted until after planting time in the fall of 701 BCE, and although the Assyrians left immediately after the prophecy was given (2 Kings 19:35), they had consumed the harvest of that year before they left, leaving only the
701:
strangers, and beasts of the field. While naturally growing produce such as grapes growing on existing vines can be harvested, it cannot be sold or used for commercial purposes; it must be given away or consumed. Personal debts are considered forgiven at sunset on 29
1085:), and by the supportive verse, "In the Seventh Year you must let it (i.e. the ground) rest and lie fallow, so that the poor among your people may eat from the field and the wild animals may consume what they leave. Do the same with your vineyard and olive grove" (
2435:
in both pre-exilic and post-exilic times. Therefore, it would seem necessary to closely examine the phrase in the original Hebrew when making chronological decisions. Unfortunately, this was not done, either by Zuckermann, Wacholder, or Finegan, when citing the
1384:
witnesses a chance to claim the produce. Once they have taken what they want, he is permitted to reclaim whatever remains. It is permissible to choose three people whom one knows will not claim the produce for themselves, even though they are legally entitled to.
1324:
designees as agents of the court. Thus, under this approach, a legal arrangement is created whereby the crops themselves are never bought or sold, but rather people are merely paid for their labor and expenses in providing certain services. In modern Israel, the
1243:
and is one of the classic examples of the Modern Orthodox approach toward adapting classical Jewish law to the modern world. However, this approach has not been universally accepted in the Orthodox community and has met with opposition, particularly from Haredi
1093:, nor can a person reap an entire field, or make use of beasts to separate the grain from the husks by treading. Grapes that are on the vine can be taken, sufficient for ones immediate needs, but they cannot be pressed in a winepress, but only in a small tub.
954:
halakhic authority who issued key rulings on Jewish agricultural law in the 1930s and 1940s, ruled like di Trani, holding that produce grown on land in Israel owned by non-Jews has sanctity. Karelitz's ruling was adopted first by the religious families of
2389:. Jose was a young man when the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and burned the Temple. On such an important issue as the year in which the Temple was destroyed, it would be logical that Jose's ideas were taken from his mentor and his mentor's contemporaries.
1972:
that preceded them, have been shown to be unhistorical, this particular statement has considerable evidence to support its historicity. One of these evidences is the consistency of this reference with the other Jubilee mentioned in the Talmud and the
2350:
that gave 749 CE as the year for the "Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year". According to the Geniza record, the earthquake occurred on 23 Shevat, 679 years after the destruction of the Second Temple; this is January 18, 749 CE in the Julian calendar.
401:: "and if the peoples of the land bring ware or any victuals on the sabbath day to sell, that we would not buy of them on the sabbath, or on a holy day; and that we would forego the seventh year, and the exaction of every debt." (Nehemiah 10:31)
1228:, the first Chief Rabbi of British Mandate Palestine, allowed this principle, not as an ideal, but rather as a limited permit for individuals and times which are considered by Halacha of great need ("b'shas hadchak"), which became known as the
2646:
Baker "In his detailed study of agriculture in Iron Age Israel, Borowski (1987: 143โ45) makes no reference to the biennial fallow, and is apparently unaware of the research cited above which has advocated this. He assumes that the sabbatical
1484:
and the prayer that the Jew performs every day: this means that something material, the food - food can in fact be from the "mineral, vegetable or animal kingdoms" - becomes "sublimated" to enter the sacred area of devotional service to God.
2407:'s recent translation renders this phrase as "at the end of a Sabbatical year", thus unambiguously supporting the Wacholder calendar that starts a Sabbatical year in the fall of 69 CE. The problem, however, is that many translations of the
2175:
1.2.4/59-60) and 1 Maccabees (16:14-16), and during which a Sabbatical year started; from the chronological information provided in these texts, Zuckermann concluded that 136/135 BCE was a Sabbatical year. The next event to be treated was
1046:
It can only be stored so long as naturally-growing plants of the given species can be eaten by animals in the fields. Once a particular species is no longer available in the field, one must rid one's house of it through a process known as
744:
produce be consumed for personal use and cannot be sold or put in trash. For this reason, there are various special rules regarding the religious use of products that are normally made from agricultural produce. Some authorities hold that
2473:
The Jubilee and Sabbatical year provided a long-term means for dating events, a fact that must have become obvious soon after the legislation was put into effect. It is of some interest, then, that the Babylonian Talmud (tractate
71:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
1254:
a cheque post-dated to after the end of the Sabbatical year. When the cheque is returned or not honoured at the end of the year the land reverts to its original owners. Thus, the fields can be farmed with certain restrictions.
509:
Various attempts have been made to reconstruct when Sabbatical years actually fell using clues in the biblical text and events clearly dated in fixed historically understood calendars. This is important because the system of
2448:
should be translated as something close to "and in the latter part of a Sabbatical year", consistent with Guggenheimer's translation and Wacholder's calendar. This recent study argues that a comparative study of the word
1819:
as the foremost living interpreter of Thiele's work, agreed with Young's correction that moved dates for Jehoshaphat and the preceding kings of Judah up one year, as have some other recent works by evangelicals and
1068:
on harvesters to ensure an orderly and equitable process and to prevent a few individuals from taking everything. Harvesters on others' land are permitted to take only enough to feed themselves and their families.
675:(Leviticus 25:20โ22) only applies when the biblical obligation is in effect, and hence that the biblical promise of bounty is not in effect today. However, the Chazon Ish, who holds that the biblical obligation of
2232:
Among those who have advocated an adjustment to Zuckermann's chronology, the most extensive studies in its favor have been those of Ben Zion Wacholder. Wacholder had access to legal documents from the time of the
924:
created rules to impose order on the harvesting process including a rule limiting harvesters working on others' land to taking only enough to feed themselves and their families. They also devised a system, called
908:
in which the debt is transferred to a beth din. When owed to the court rather than to an individual, the debt survives the Sabbatical year. This device, formulated early in the era of Rabbinic Judaism when the
2147:(ch. 30) is explicit that this was the case, i.e. that the returned exiles had a renewed start of tithes, Sabbatical years, and Jubilee years. The first instance of a Sabbatical year treated by Zuckermann was
2005:. Zuckermann also held that the Jubilee cycle was 49 years, as did Robert North in his notable study of the Jubilees. A fuller discussion of the reasons that the Jubilee cycle was 49 years can be found in the
803:
have strictures requiring certain products, such as wine, to be produced by Jews, the leniency of selling one's land to non-Jews is unavailable for these products, since these strictures would render the wine
2013:
were incapable of correctly calculating the time between Josiah's 18th year and the 25th year of the captivity of Jehoiachin, indicating that these remembrances of Jubilees were historical, not contrived.
1829:
and Thiele that solved the basic problems of how the biblical authors were measuring the years, Ferdinand Hitzig stated that the occasion for Jehoshaphat's proclamation was because it was a Jubilee year.
1203:
Proclamation of Chief Rabbi, Rav Avraham Yitzchak HaKohen Kook, Regarding The Importance of Shemitah Observance, and collecting for a communal fund to support those who observe shmita without compromise.
545:) has been greatly misunderstood by modern chroniclers of history, owing to their unfamiliarity with Jewish practice, which has led to many speculations and inconsistencies in computations. According to
1534:
and to the Jewish people as a whole, in the Torah the pact of revelation is established to bind them forever in the Land which can only be that place where it is possible to realize the Kingdom of God.
449:
to mean the prohibition of reaping in the ordinary way (with, for example, a sickle), but permitted to be plucked in a limited way by one's own hands for one's immediate needs during the Sabbath year.
1342:
does not own the produce. Since it is simply a mechanism for open distribution, any individual is still entitled to collect produce from a field or orchard on his own. Furthermore, all agents of the
929:, under which a rabbinical court supervised a communal harvesting process by hiring workers who harvested the fields, stored it in communal storage facilities, and distributed it to the community.
1490:
Love God your Lord, hear His voice, and devote yourselves to Him. For He is your life and the length of your days, enabling you to dwell upon the Land that God your Lord promised your fathers,
1616:
years have been 1958โ1959 (5719), 1965โ1966 (5726), 1972โ1973 (5733), 1979โ1980 (5740), 1986โ1987 (5747), 1993โ1994 (5754), 2000โ2001 (5761), 2007โ2008 (5768), and 2014โ2015 (5775). The last
1908:
discussed above, that put the burning of the First Temple, as well as the Second, in the "latter part" of a Sabbatical year. The statement of the Seder Olam in this regard is repeated in the
638:
in nature. This approach potentially admits for some leniencies which would not be possible if the Shemitah were biblical in origin, including the aforementioned sale of the land of Israel.
2843:(A Commentary on the Six Orders of the Mishnah), appended at the end of the book: The Six Orders of the Mishnah: with the Commentaries of the Rishonim, El ha-Meqorot: Jerusalem 1955, s.v.
1842:
Could the passages in Isaiah 37 and 2 Kings 19 be referring to two voluntary fallow years? This might be possible if the Jubilee year was a 50th year separate from the seventh Sabbatical/
1414:
Wine prepared during the Seventh Year (with grapes grown in the same year) may be kept until Passover of the 1st-year cycle. Following the Passover, the wine can no longer be kept over.
2346:
Subsequent to Wacholder's study, Yoram Tsafrir and Gideon Foerster published the results of archaeological excavations at Beth Shean in the Levant that verified a record from the
5111:
2217:
presents arguments in favor of dating Herod's capture of Jerusalem in 10 Tishre of 37 BCE, i.e. just after the Sabbatical year of 38/37, based on references to the activities of
1306:, but this payment represents only a contribution for services, and not a purchase or sale of the food. This Talmudic device was revived in modern times as an alternative to the
2635:
year, so the farmer planted a particular field just three times in seven years. Hopkins (1985: 191โ95, 200โ202) suggests that the farmer would have planted all his fields in ...
630:(Vol. 10), accorded with the middle option, that the biblical obligation holds only when a majority of the Jewish people is living in the biblical Land of Israel and hence the
1676:, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel attempted to avoid taking a potentially divisive position on the dispute between Haredi and Modern Orthodox views about the correctness of the
892:(religious legal) devices to be able to maintain a modern agricultural and commercial system while giving heed to the biblical injunctions. Such devices represent examples of
1734:
Entry into land; beginning of counting for Jubilee and Sabbatical years, as calculated from observance of 17th Jubilee in 574/73 BCE and (independently) from 1 Kings 6:1.
1161:), and the like of such things. Had any of these been kept watch over in the courtyard of a house, their aftergrowths would be forbidden to eat in the Seventh Year. Rabbi
1997:
of 574. Josiah's 18th year, at which time the Talmud says there was another Jubilee, began in 623 BCE, as can be determined from Babylonian records dating the Battle of
2021:, on the tenth day of the monthโฆ;" (Ezekiel 40:1). It was only in a Jubilee year that Rosh Hashanah (New Year's Day) came on the tenth of Tishri (Leviticus 25:9), the
4066:
708:
As produce grown on land in Israel owned by Jewish farmers cannot be sold or consumed, fruits and vegetables sold in a shmita year may be derived from five sources:
1664:
farming in greenhouses structured so that the plants are not connected to the soil. As a result, hydroponics use has been increasing in Haredi farming communities.
966:
The rabbis of Jerusalem, on the other hand, embraced the opinion of Karo that produce farmed on land owned by non-Jews has no sanctity. This opinion is now called
1300:, a community rabbinical court supervises harvesting by hiring workers to harvest, store, and distribute food to the community. Members of the community pay the
2737:
2711:
2685:
2659:
2444:
At least one study has addressed this problem, arguing from both a linguistic standpoint and from a study of related texts in the Seder Olam that the phrase
1707:
780:
remains the responsibility of members of individual households and hence warehoused produce does not have to be moved to a public place or reclaimed at the
1315:
Because under this approach land cannot be sown but existing plants can be tended and harvested, the approach is applied to orchards, vineyards, and other
5036:
2017:
That Ezekiel saw his vision at the beginning of a Jubilee year is also shown by his statement that it was "in the twenty-fifth year of our captivity, on
2431:
uses the same phrase regarding a Sabbatical year for the destruction of both Temples, so that its testimony in this regard is important for dating the
3810:
1968:
saw the vision the occupies the last nine chapters of his book. Although many of the chronological statements of the two Talmuds, as well as in the
74:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2195:
All these dates as calculated by Zuckermann are separated by an integral multiple of seven years, except for the date associated with the siege of
5126:
1468:
if Nations want to take this Land we must teach that in past time all World was "Reign of Kushit" in fact "now all Eretz Israel is in the hand of
82:
1442:, "Divine Pleasantness", which is mainly found in the Holy Land. When we bless God for our food, we draw the sanctity of the Land into our eating
3517:
202:
3152:. The Mishna: A New Translation with Commentary. Vol. 2. Fisch, Rafael (translator). Jerusalem, Israel: Maor Wallach Press. pp. 1โ5.
4950:
3098:
1043:
It must be used in its "best" manner so as to ensure fullest enjoyment (For example, fruits that are normally eaten whole cannot be juiced).
680:
should not rely on this promise for one's sustenance, but should instead make appropriate arrangements and rely on permissible leniencies.
4093:
4057:
4053:
4026:
1620:
year began on Rosh Hashanah in September 2021, corresponding to the Hebrew calendar year 5782. The 50th year of the land, which is also a
769:
grapes, the cup should be drunk completely and the candle should not be dipped into the wine to extinguish the flame as is normally done.
433:) year. The text says that in the first year the people were to eat "what grows of itself", which is expressed by one word in the Hebrew,
332:
texts. It is also debated how the biblical seventh fallow year would fit in with, for example Assyrian practice of a four-year cycle and
1480:, eating is not only a way to stay alive but even a necessity so that the soul can continue to be strongly inspired by the study of the
584:
year of 1888โ1889, permitted Jewish farmers to sell their land to non-Jews so that they could continue to work the land as usual during
2465:
would be in conflict with itself if the phrase in chapter 30 was interpreted as saying that the burning was in a post-Sabbatical year.
2411:
render the phrase as "in the year after a Sabbatical year" or its equivalent. This was the sense adopted by Zuckermann when citing the
4751:
2427:
into English translate the phrase in the sense given by Guggenheimer, while others translate it in the sense of "the year after". The
4577:
4542:
4516:
3081:
902:, in the first century BCE, used the rule that remittance of debts applies only to debts between Jews, to develop a device known as
1936:
29a). An example of the caution that must be exercised when consulting English translations is shown by the Soncino translation in
1346:
are appointed only if they commit to distributing the produce in accordance with the restrictions that result from its sanctity."
240:, literally "seventh"), or "Sabbath of The Land", is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the
3555:
2243:
538:. In contrast, no direct statements that a certain year was a Sabbatical year have survived from First Temple times and earlier.
3392:(1955), "Perush Shishah Sidrei Mishnah - A Commentary on the Six Orders of the Mishnah", in Sachs, Mordecai Yehudah Leib (ed.),
3330:(1955), "Perush Shishah Sidrei Mishnah - A Commentary on the Six Orders of the Mishnah", in Sachs, Mordecai Yehudah Leib (ed.),
1557:
involved the whole world, in fact even the angels and other nations were witnesses or spectators of this miraculous event. With
1680:
leniency by ruling that local rabbis could make their own decisions about whether or not to accept this device as valid. The
816:. New vines cannot be planted. Although grapes from existing vines can be harvested, they and their products cannot be sold.
452:
There is an alternative explanation used to rectify what appears to be a discrepancy in the two biblical sources, taken from
4337:
Yoram Tsafrir and Gideon Foerster, "The Dating of the 'Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year' of 749 C.E. in Palestine",
3825:
2453:(literally, "goings-out") does not support any sense of "after" ("after a Sabbatical year"). Further, the reference of the
5116:
4912:
2127:
1522:
The main alliance between God and the Jewish people consists in continuous Blessings, transcribed also in the Torah; from
880:, observance of the Sabbatical year is of high accord, and one who does not do so may not be allowed to be a witness in a
95:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
3620:
2036:
601:
only biblically applies when the Jubilee year is in effect, but the Sages of the Talmud legislated the observance of the
4975:
4756:
4527:
761:
candles can be because their light can be used for personal use. For similar reasons, some authorities hold that if the
1944:'s translation of the corresponding passage in the Jerusalem Talmud, that it was "the year after the Sabbatical year".
5121:
4209:
1952:
A convenient starting place for the study of Sabbatical years in the time of the First Temple is the Jubilee that the
1199:
2741:
2715:
2689:
2656:
671:
nowadays is only a rabbinic obligation, and, subsequently, the biblical promise of bounty for those who observe the
5020:
4534:
3487:
3457:
134:
2310:
A note of indebtedness from Wadi Murabba'at in 2nd year of Nero, 55/56 CE, indicating 55/56 as a Sabbatical year.
4892:
4851:
4761:
4707:
4138:, trans. A Lรถwy; (New York: Hermon, 1974); originally published as "Ueber Sabbatjahrcyclus und Jobelperiode", in
1208:
941:
589:
4207:
Ben Zion Wacholder, "The Calendar of Sabbatical Cycles During the Second Temple and the Early Rabbinic Period",
977:
These respective opinions are reflected in the way the various kashrut-certifying organizations publicize their
588:. This temporary solution to the impoverishment of the Jewish settlement in those days was later adopted by the
5106:
5064:
4213:
44 (1973) 53-196; "Chronomessianism: The Timing of Messianic Movements and the Calendar of Sabbatical Cycles",
3480:
3449:
2944:
2340:
Three fourth- and fifth-century tombstones near Sodom indicating 433/434 and 440/441 CE were Sabbatical years.
1265:
and hence regards the produce of land owned by non-Jews as ordinary produce, it does not currently rely on the
947:
273:(ownerless) and may be picked by anyone. A variety of laws also apply to the sale, consumption and disposal of
90:
1518:). Thus, the more one devotes himself to the Torah by studying and observing it, the more is his life enhanced
111:
2192:
text as stating that this happened in a year after a Sabbatical year, thus placing a Sabbatical in 68/69 CE.
705:. Since this aspect of shmita is not dependent on the land, it applies to Jews both in Israel and elsewhere.
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4165:
4089:
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2002:
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1782:
Ezekiel's vision of a restored temple at beginning of 17th Jubilee year, which was also a Sabbatical year.
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which grew of themselves during the Seventh Year, after the first rains had fallen upon them and sprouted.
5059:
4837:
4688:
1562:
1025:
839:
489:
God would save the city of Jerusalem, as explicitly stated, and not an injunction concerning the Sabbath (
278:
194:
181:
1462:
teaches that all Jewish people can say that God has done the Creation and has stated ha'Aretz as gift to
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to be gleaned from the fields. In the next year, the people were to eat "what springs from that", Hebrew
4746:
4570:
2488:
2404:
2246:
to a Sabbatical year. Wacholder gives the dates of post-exilic Sabbatical years in the following table:
2226:
635:
1899:) in Deuteronomy 15:9, with the release of slaves. Based on a chronological study of Ezekiel 30:20-21,
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also buys from non-Jewish farmers in Israel, but labels the produce as such so that customers who keep
384:
4486:
2302:
Recital of Deuteronomy 7:15 by Agrippa I in a post-Sabbatical year, making the Sabbatical year 41/42.
2294:
Herod conquers Jerusalem on 10 Tishri (Day of Atonement) just after end of Sabbatical year 37/36 BCE.
1269:
because of doubts about whether the trust arrangement involved effects a valid transfer of ownership.
5131:
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3572:
3509:
3389:
3327:
3269:
2834:
2613:
1807:
1681:
1645:
1642:
1157:
998:
626:
468:). Since this word occurs only here and in the parallel passage in Isaiah 37:30, where it is spelled
3892:
Orient and Occident: Essays presented to Cyrus H. Gordon on the Occasion of his Sixty-fifth Birthday
3775:
Leslie Mcfall, "Do the Sixty-nine Weeks of Daniel Date the Messianic Mission of Nehemiah Or Jesus?"
2992:
1652:
year following protests against his endorsement of the leniency by members of the Haredi community.
576:
laws in various ways to ease the burden they created for farmers and the agricultural industry. The
518:
years provides a useful check in deciding between competing reconstructions of the histories of the
263:
and all agricultural activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is forbidden by
5000:
4658:
3420:
2134:
1812:
1308:
971:
913:
was still standing, became a prototype of how Judaism was later to adapt to the destruction of the
910:
404:
380:
341:
337:
4196:
3820:
Douglas Petrovich, "The Ophel Pithos Inscription: Its Dating, Language, Translation, and Script",
4788:
4683:
4653:
4422:
4114:
3322:
3318:
3134:. Vol. 14 (1st ed.). Jerusalem, Israel: Keter Publishing House Ltd. pp. 1391โ1392.
3108:
2997:
2592:
2571:
C. H. Gordon (1982). "The Biblical Sabbath, its Origin and Observance in the Ancient Near East".
2461:
is in keeping with a Sabbatical year when the First Temple was burned a few years later, but the
2165:
2006:
1793:
Another public reading of the Law, suggesting a Sabbatical year, took place in the third year of
1589:
1513:
1477:
1225:
1162:
1133:
1127:
819:
While obligatory to the Orthodox as a matter of religious observance, observance of the rules of
746:
515:
4415:
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Some Haredi farmers do not avail themselves of this leniency and seek other pursuits during the
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4675:
4613:
4512:
3432:
3428:
3397:
3335:
3277:
3250:
3184:
3180:
2939:
2909:
2899:
2416:
2234:
2155:. Zuckermann assigned this to 38/37 BCE, i.e. he considered that a Sabbatical year started in
2143:
2110:
2090:
2073:
2066:
1953:
1879:
1634:
1121:
870:
614:
370:
325:
285:
86:
27:
Seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah for the Land of Israel
4217:
46 (1975) 201-218; "The Calendar of Sabbath Years during the Second Temple Era: A Response",
3485:
Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Numbers - Deuteronomy - Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading
3454:
Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Numbers - Deuteronomy - Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading
2009:
article, where it is pointed out that the known chronological methods of the Talmuds and the
5084:
5070:
4988:
4899:
4810:
4563:
4472:
4462:
3849:
Rodger C. Young, "The Talmud's Two Jubilees and Their Relevance to the Date of the Exodus",
3376:
3244:
2214:
2138:
1917:
1151:
1139:
1109:
986:
921:
899:
885:
862:
796:
535:
446:
398:
392:
188:
48:
2859:
The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments, with a Commentary and Critical Notes
1612:
year in the modern State of Israel was 1951โ1952 (5712 in the Hebrew calendar). Subsequent
831:, crop yields in Israel fall short of requirements so importation is employed from abroad.
17:
5077:
4491:
3559:
3085:
2894:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Jerusalem: Meแธณitse nirdamim / Rubin Mass Ltd. pp. 666โ668 (
2663:
2502:
2210:
2148:
2117:
2077:
1826:
1798:
1626:
1098:
824:
663:
304:
221:
4969:
4929:
3079:
2415:
as supportive of his calendar of Sabbatical years. The same Hebrew phrase is used in the
1561:
this event is perfectly consolidated until the messianic vision of the reconstruction of
3752:
2583:
C. H. Gordon (1953). "Sabbatical Cycle or Seasonal Pattern? Reflections on a New Book".
2126:
Sabbatical years have been used to fix the exact time of historical events, as shown in
1774:
Fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in the latter part of the Sabbatical year 588/587.
1504:
If someone separates himself from the Torah, it is as if he separates from life itself (
1055:
By biblical law, Jews who own land are required to make their land available during the
712:
Produce grown during the sixth year, to which the laws of the seventh year do not apply.
5007:
4957:
4844:
4629:
4605:
4062:
3145:
2171:
1750:
Sabbatical year after the departure of the Assyrian army in late 701 or early 700 BCE.
1372:
1316:
1258:
1175:
951:
857:
639:
410:
364:
245:
3552:
5100:
4597:
4508:
3240:
2160:
2133:
The first modern treatise devoted to the Sabbatical (and Jubilee) cycles was that of
2097:
2018:
1941:
1846:
year. Young presents a linguistic argument against this interpretation, as follows:
1742:
Public reading of the Law in 3rd year of Jehoshaphat. Also a Jubilee year, the 11th.
1469:
1447:
1219:, that the biblical prohibition consists of not cultivating the land owned by Jews ("
1179:
914:
618:
560:
523:
485:
333:
3868:(trans. Wm. Whiston; Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1964), 703. Originally published in 1737.
2205:(medieval Jewish scholars) and the calendar of Sabbatical years used in present-day
1019:
In halakha (Jewish law), produce of the Seventh Year that is subject to the laws of
861:
the Mishna and eight in the Tosefta and has thirty-one folio pages of Gemara in the
4799:
4621:
3998:
3894:(ed. Harry Hoffner, Jr.; Neukirchen: Butzon & Bercker Kevelaer, 1973), 143-149.
3297:
3214:
2962:
2930:
2347:
2163:'s siege of Ptolemy in the fortress of Dagon, which is described both in Josephus (
2106:
2086:
2080:
lays siege to the garrison in the citadel at Jerusalem, with the Jewish runagates.
2062:
1802:
1630:
1455:
1167:
1145:
551:
519:
414:
357:
1940:
11b, that the Temple was destroyed "at the end of the seventh year", compared to
1407:
the shmita does not apply to land owned by non-Jews, so its produce does not have
4555:
1574:("wind") also means "spirit"โ in particular, the "spirit of Divine inspiration".
4794:
4664:
4645:
4637:
4410:
and the Sabbaticals Associated With the Two Destructions of Jerusalem: Part I",
4031:
3805:
Bryant G. Wood, "The Rise and Fall of the 13th-Century Exodus-Conquest Theory",
3176:
3103:
2828:
2492:
2386:
2222:
2218:
2177:
1990:
1900:
1821:
1794:
1661:
1554:
937:
693:
654:
531:
453:
104:
3628:
2807:
2785:
1797:(2 Chronicles 17:7-9). According to the widely accepted biblical chronology of
1539:
Just as rain, dew and strong winds provide life to the world, so does the Torah
4936:
4804:
3993:
3854:
3293:
3210:
3168:
3012:
2957:
2925:
2887:
2763:
2382:
2330:
Rental contracts of Simon bar Kosiba indicating 132/133 as a Sabbatical year.
2022:
1998:
1986:
1086:
1078:
643:
546:
472:, there is some uncertainty about its exact meaning. If it is the same as the
300:
163:
156:
3531:
3401:
3339:
3254:
3188:
2225:(49.23.1โ2) and also on other considerations. This date is in agreement with
1211:
came up with a halakhic means of allowing agriculture to continue during the
1082:
917:
and maintain a system based on biblical law under very different conditions.
823:
is voluntary so far as the civil government is concerned in the contemporary
167:
160:
3436:
2903:
2667:
2238:
of Herod's capture of Jerusalem from Antigonus, and 2) the testimony of the
2130:, but which are rarely understood by modern chroniclers of ancient history.
1766:
Release of slaves at beginning of the Sabbatical year 588/587 (Tishri 588).
1427:
1115:
1037:
It can only be consumed or used (in its ordinary use) for personal enjoyment
956:
933:
808:. Accordingly, wine made from grapes grown in the land of Israel during the
622:
526:
period and later. There are explicit mentions of a Sabbatical year found in
421:
The 2 Kings passage (and its parallel in Isaiah 37:30) refers to a sabbath (
4451:"Shmita Revolution: The Reclamation and Reinvention of the Sabbatical Year"
1825:
is of some passing interest that in 1869, long before the breakthroughs of
605:
anyway as a reminder of the biblical statute. And yet others hold that the
4477:
4140:
Jahresbericht des jรผdisch-theologischen Seminars "Fraenckelscher Stiftung"
3890:
Nahum Sarna, "Zedekiah's Emancipation of Slaves and the Sabbatical Year",
1709:
Sabbatical years in the pre-exilic period, according to Thiele's approach
1688:. Israeli wineries often address this issue by making separate batches of
688:
4876:
4740:
4084:
4044:
4016:
2974:(vol. 2), ed. Jehoshua Blau, Rubin Mass Ltd. Publishers: Jerusalem 1989,
2458:
2196:
2181:
2152:
2041:
1892:
1638:
1424:
When you eat and are satiated, you should bless God your Lord on the land
1302:
881:
843:
762:
754:
527:
329:
4118:
3299:
Sefer Mishneh Torah - HaYad Ha-Chazakah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)
3216:
Sefer Mishneh Torah - HaYad Ha-Chazakah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)
2596:
1399:
sanctity. For this reason, it does not apply to produce grown under the
4587:
4547:
4467:
4450:
3357:
2536:
2507:
1965:
1909:
1685:
1648:
of the validity of permits for the sale of land to non-Jews during the
1621:
1579:
1531:
1491:
1431:
1289:
970:"the custom of Jerusalem", and was adopted by many Haredi families, by
904:
893:
889:
853:
805:
800:
758:
593:
426:
265:
249:
175:
142:
93:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
4342:
2199:. Furthermore, his chronology is consistent with that accepted by the
5042:
5014:
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4870:
4733:
4726:
4717:
4701:
4694:
2424:
2206:
2201:
2156:
1994:
1985:
14b). Ezekiel's vision occurred in the 25th year of the captivity of
1978:
1712:
1558:
1463:
1451:
1326:
1090:
1065:
1061:
877:
848:
360:
by name or by its pattern of six years of activity and one of rest:
260:
3996:' method of counting the Seven-year cycle. According to Maimonides (
3864:
William Whiston, "Dissertation V, Upon the Chronology of Josephus",
3394:
The Six Orders of the Mishnah: with the Commentaries of the Rishonim
3332:
The Six Orders of the Mishnah: with the Commentaries of the Rishonim
2938:
10:7), whose ruling, in this case, follows that of the Sages in the
340:
suggests that the land may have been farmed only 3 years in seven.
3824:
147 (2015) 142. Young's revised table of Judean kings is available
3099:"Israel looks to Cyprus as Jewish law orders land to remain fallow"
2630:
Tight Fists or Open Hands?: Wealth and Poverty in Old Testament Law
2373:
and the Sabbaticals associated with the destructions of the Temples
2270:
Remission of taxes under Alexander the Great for Sabbatical years.
1454:
could be in death" without this "spiritual-life", i.e. Holy air of
1430:, which was given to us so we can sanctify its produce through the
4943:
4824:
4817:
3779:
52 (2009) 690, n. 43; McFall, "The Chronology of Saul and David",
2496:
1575:
1570:
1545:
1527:
1523:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1481:
1459:
1246:
1198:
1009:
will treat these fruits and vegetables with appropriate sanctity.
993:
buys produce from non-Jewish farms in Israel and sells it as "non-
687:
610:
241:
201:
150:
3931:, tr. Jacob Neusner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
1224:
under such an arrangement, Jews could continue to farm it. Rabbi
722:
Produce grown on land outside the halakhic boundaries of Israel (
642:
authorities, on the other hand, generally follow the view of the
328:
whether or not there is clear evidence for a seven-year cycle in
1964:(chapter 11), say was the 17th and which began at the time that
716:
702:
541:
The Jewish method of calculating the recurring Sabbatical year (
68:
4559:
2469:
Jubilee and Sabbatical years as a long-term calendar for Israel
1207:
In the late 19th century, in the early days of Zionism, Rabbi
692:
Field left uncultivated in observance of the shmita year near
336:, and whether the one year in seven was an extra fallow year.
311:
cycle will be in 2028-2029, year 5789 in the Hebrew calendar.
29:
592:
as a permanent edict, generating ongoing controversy between
292:, and describes its observance as a test of religious faith.
3621:"'Shmita' Battle Creates Showdown Between Zionists, Haredim"
1851:
to eat "what grows of itself", for which the Hebrew word is
1660:
Authorities who prohibit farming in Israel generally permit
383:: "At the end of every seven years, you shall celebrate the
4105:
Blosser, Don (1981). "The Sabbath Year Cycle in Josephus".
1511:). A person's life force comes principally from the Torah (
1438:, and so on. By eating in holiness, one can experience the
1330:
is notable for adapting and supervising such arrangements.
757:
candles is not supposed to be used for personal use, while
277:
produce. All debts, except those of foreigners, were to be
3738:(3rd. ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983) 85, 217.
2808:"2 Chronicles 36 / Hebrew Bible in English / Mechon-Mamre"
2137:. Zuckermann insisted that for Sabbatical years after the
1873:
It has already been mentioned that the Babylonian Talmud (
1758:
Public reading of the Law. Also a Jubilee year, the 16th.
1637:(about 600 BCE) Jubilee has not been applicable. In 2000,
1033:
produce has sanctity requiring special rules for its use:
206:
Shmita placard in an agricultural field (in the year 5782)
2363:"Sabbatical year earthquake": 23 Shevat=18 Jan., 749 CE.
1426:
The primary place where a Jew can eat in holiness is the
1288:(storehouse of the rabbinical court) is mentioned in the
1165:
permits the gathering of aftergrowths of mustard greens (
572:
The rabbis of the Talmud and later times interpreted the
4528:"Genesis, Covenant, Jubilee, Shmitah and the Land Ethic"
3992:
The method described in the following table is based on
1600:
is therefore abundance of Nature until it becomes holy.
1578:' words, which exemplify the power of the spirit of the
497:) years, which are not mentioned at all in the passage.
4191:
Andrew E. Steinmann, "When Did Herod the Great Reign?"
3983:(Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1954) 2, 109โ134.
3013:"Leviticus 25 / Hebrew Bible in English / Mechon-Mamre"
1375:
describes the contemporary application of the rules of
1333:
The Orthodox Union notes that "to some, the modern-day
932:
There exists a major difference of opinion between two
730:
4339:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3957:(Gรถttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003) 154-166.
3877:
Cyrus Gordon, "Sabbatical Cycle or Seasonal Pattern?"
3553:
Shemittah | Shmita | Get ready for Shemittah Year 5768
715:
Produce grown on land owned by non-Jewish (typically,
609:
has become purely voluntary. An analysis by respected
4356:
Seder Olam - The Rabbinic View of Biblical Chronology
3055:
Mordechai Kuber (2007). "Shmittah for the Clueless".
2786:"Nehemiah 10 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"
2764:"Jeremiah 34 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"
1711:(First Temple and earlier) Sabbatical years start in
1403:
for those who accept it. (Under the reasoning of the
288:
promises bountiful harvests to those who observe the
3396:(in Hebrew), vol. 1, Jerusalem: El ha-Meqorot,
3334:(in Hebrew), vol. 1, Jerusalem: El ha-Meqorot,
64:
5052:
5029:
4862:
4770:
4716:
4674:
4596:
3302:(in Hebrew). Vol. 4. Jerusalem: Pe'er HaTorah.
3219:(in Hebrew). Vol. 4. Jerusalem: Pe'er HaTorah.
2993:"As Farmers and Fields Rest, a Land Grows Restless"
2396:gives the year that both Temples were destroyed as
856:, deals with the laws of leaving the fields of the
344:(1987) takes the fallow year as one year in seven.
187:
174:
149:
141:
3573:"Israel's Top Court Backs Loophole in Farming Law"
3372:
3370:
3288:
3286:
2565:Vows in the Hebrew Bible and the ancient Near East
2213:. In a study the chronology of all Herod's reign,
1692:wine, labeled as such, and giving away bottles of
1389:be afforded some opportunity to take the produce.
534:, and in various legal contracts from the time of
4543:"As shmita ends, gardeners gear up for hard work"
3796:(St. Louis: Concordia, 2011) 138, 141 (Table 31).
3205:
3203:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3057:Jewish Action: The Magazine of the Orthodox Union
2495:system where the field is alternately seeded for
1189:apply only to crops grown in the Land of Israel.
484:vineyards and eat their fruit." According to the
4358:(Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005) 264.
4136:Treatise on the Sabbatical Cycle and the Jubilee
3955:Le Jubilรฉ Biblique: Lv 25 โ Exรฉgรจse et Thรฉologie
1924:4:5), and three times in the Babylonian Talmud (
1801:, Jehoshaphat began a coregency with his father
729:Produce (mainly fruits) distributed through the
3235:
3233:
3231:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2096:Sabbatical year. Ptolemy slays the brethren of
1567:
1537:
1487:
1421:
1381:
4397:(rev. ed.; Peabody MA: Hendrickson, 1998) 122.
4007:became the 1st-year in a new Seven-year cycle.
3807:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
3781:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
3777:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
3749:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
3280:: Jerusalem 1992, s.v. Leviticus 25:5 (p. 169)
1989:(Ezekiel 40:1). Babylonian records state that
1977:(ch. 24), which is placed in the 18th year of
445:is forbidden for a Sabbath year, explained by
89:accompanying your translation by providing an
55:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
4571:
2441:the Second Temple in a post-Sabbatical year.
2322:, "going-out") of the Sabbatical year 69/70.
2318:Destruction of Jerusalem in the latter part (
1904:even though the release was later rescinded.
1001:certifying organization, which subscribes to
8:
5112:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible
4382:Essays in Jewish Chronology and Chronography
4232:Essays on Jewish Chronology and Chronography
3940:Richard A. Parker and Waldo H. Dubberstein,
2033:Sabbatical years in the Second Temple period
792:time, not on produce they receive after it.
324:It is still discussed among scholars of the
127:
3794:From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology
3651:2 Chronicles 17:7โ9; cf. Deuteronomy 31:10.
2986:
2984:
2278:Second battle of Beth-Zur; summer 162 BCE.
2250:Sabbatical Years in the post-exilic period
4578:
4564:
4556:
3903:Sarna, "Zedekiah's Emancipation", 144-145.
3840:(Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1869) 1.9 and 198โ99.
3747:Rodger C. Young, "When Did Solomon Die?"
3736:The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings
1696:wine as a free bonus to purchasers of non-
812:year is subject to the full strictures of
522:period and earlier and the history of the
133:
4476:
4466:
3059:. Vol. 68, no. 2. p. 6875.
3050:
2355:The Sabbatical-year earthquake of 749 CE
1040:It cannot be bought, sold, or thrown out.
441:). In Leviticus 25:5, the reaping of the
3944:(Providence: Brown University, 1956) 12.
3942:Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. โ A.D. 75
3175:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Translated by
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2353:
2248:
2038:Sabbatical years of Second Temple period
1143:), garden rocket growing in marshlands (
1097:produce and to forbid all aftergrowths (
1089:). Grain cannot be harvested by using a
974:, and by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel.
776:system is structured in such a way that
228:, literally "release"), also called the
4649:(Stumbling block in front of the blind)
4435:(Jerusalem: Keter, 1972), 14, col. 751.
4113:. Hebrew Union College Press: 129โ139.
3520:from the original on November 13, 2023.
3130:Ehrman, Arnost Zvi (1978). "Shevi'it".
2519:
2151:'s siege of Jerusalem, as described by
2116:Sabbatical year. Jerusalem captured by
1891:Various scholars have conjectured that
650:continues to be a biblical obligation.
3703:2 Kings 25:3โ11; 2 Chronicles 3:15โ19;
2423:, and some modern translations of the
1582:, bring Divine inspiration to all Jews
1553:The event of the gift of the Torah at
1446:All good and blessing are the life of
894:flexibility within the Halakhic system
865:. Like most tractates in the order of
784:time. Households only have to perform
580:(leniency of sale), developed for the
126:
3599:"'Shmita' Year Controversy in Israel"
3425:Hilkhot Erets Yisra'el min ha-Genizah
2861:. New York/Nashville: Abingdon Press.
2457:to a Sabbatical year associated with
1137:), parsley growing alongside rivers (
7:
3571:Steven Erlanger (October 25, 2007).
3173:Mishnah, with Maimonides' Commentary
2601:, who draws mainly upon Ugaritic ...
1360:, produce with Sabbatical sanctity (
356:) is mentioned several times in the
3597:Alison Stewart (October 10, 2007).
2991:Steven Erlanger (October 8, 2007).
2874:II Kings, A New English Translation
1102:
788:on produce they receive before the
225:
4951:Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah
3627:. October 25, 2007. Archived from
2419:when citing this passage from the
1280:Storehouse of the rabbinical court
963:(the custom of the "Chazon Ish").
765:is performed using wine made from
731:storehouse of the rabbinical court
25:
3981:Sociology of the Biblical Jubilee
3148:(1994). Tomaschoff, Avner (ed.).
1857:. In Lev 25:5 the reaping of the
1815:, who is recognized in Finegan's
1395:only applies to produce that has
884:(rabbinical court). Nonetheless,
4924:One commandment leads to another
3929:The Talmud of the Land of Israel
3249:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Eshkol.
2244:destruction of the Second Temple
2221:and Sosius, Herod's helpers, in
2072:Sabbatical year. Second year of
1646:withdrew religious certification
1122:Amaranthus blitum var. silvestre
684:Observance in the Land of Israel
34:
4395:Handbook of Biblical Chronology
4243:1 Maccabees 6:20,49; Josephus,
3851:Westminster Theological Journal
3822:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
2740:. Bible.ort.org. Archived from
2714:. Bible.ort.org. Archived from
2688:. Bible.ort.org. Archived from
2286:Murder of Simon the Hasmonean.
2159:of 38 BCE. Next, he considered
1948:The Sabbatical year 574/573 BCE
1887:The Sabbatical year 588/587 BCE
1869:The Sabbatical year 623/622 BCE
1834:The Sabbatical year 700/699 BCE
1817:Handbook of Biblical Chronology
1789:The Sabbatical year 868/867 BCE
1215:year. After ruling in favor of
1178:was to permit the gathering of
5127:Land of Israel laws in Judaism
4633:(Sanctification of God's name)
4503:Dayan Dr. I. Grunfeld (1972).
3915:(London: Soncino Press, 1938).
3321:, President of the Academy in
2872:Rabbi A. J. Rosenberg (1989).
320:Ancient Near East fallow years
145:texts relating to this article
99:You may also add the template
1:
4537:(explanation of Shmita rules)
4384:(New York: Ktav, 1976) 19-22.
3532:"Ask the Rabbi: Jubilee Year"
2890:(1989). Jehoshua Blau (ed.).
2841:Perush Shishah Sidrei Mishnah
2128:traditional Jewish chronology
1250:(authorities of Jewish law).
1064:and Jerusalem Talmud imposed
736:Produce grown in greenhouses.
4234:(New York: Ktav, 1976) 6โ32.
3838:Geschichte des Volkes Israel
3660:2 Kings 19:29; Isaiah 37:30.
3510:"Israeli Traditions: Shmita"
2385:, was a pupil of the famous
2377:The principal author of the
1261:'s Kashrut Division accepts
740:There is a requirement that
4609:(Desecration of God's name)
4107:Hebrew Union College Annual
2972:R. Moses b. Maimon Responsa
2892:R. Moses b. Maimon Responsa
1174:An ancient practice in the
1171:) during the Seventh Year.
112:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
18:Historical Sabbatical Years
5148:
4169:.14.16.2/470-76, 15.1.2/7.
3488:Breslov Research Institute
3458:Breslov Research Institute
2876:. New York: Judaica Press.
2738:"Deuteronomy - Chapter 31"
2712:"Deuteronomy - Chapter 15"
2563:Tony W. Cartledge (1992).
1704:In the First Temple period
1113:), either wild asparagus (
852:("Order of Seeds") of the
753:oils because the light of
568:Rabbinical interpretations
259:, the land is left to lie
63:Machine translation, like
4535:Seattle Vaad, Shmita 5768
4322:Babylonian Talmud Ta'anit
3558:October 12, 2007, at the
2180:'s siege of the fortress
1563:Third Temple of Jerusalem
1502:, that He would give them
1209:Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor
972:British Mandate Palestine
942:Moses ben Joseph di Trani
590:Chief Rabbinate of Israel
237:
132:
49:the corresponding article
4641:(Derogatory information)
4526:Rabbi David Seidenberg.
4487:"Religion: Shmita: 5712"
3953:Jean-Franรงois Lefebvre,
3866:Josephus: Complete Works
3499:Likutey Moharan I, 10: 8
3481:Rebbe Nachman of Breslov
3450:Rebbe Nachman of Breslov
3427:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem:
2686:"Leviticus - Chapter 25"
1155:), white-leaved savory (
959:and is popularly called
948:Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz
4752:Forbidden relationships
4498:(subscription required)
4354:Heinrich Guggenheimer,
4276:14.16.2/475, 15.1.2/7;
4072:First Book of Maccabees
3853:68 (2006) p. 76, n. 11.
3826:here (Table 2, p. 246).
3601:. National Public Radio
3150:Seder Zera'im: Shevi'it
3097:Christou, Jean (2007).
2040:(randomly mentioned by
1356:Under the rules of the
1284:The ancient idea of an
1241:Modern Orthodox Judaism
110:For more guidance, see
101:{{Translated|he|ืฉืืืื}}
4893:B'rov am hadrat melech
4591:(Jewish religious law)
4412:Jewish Bible Quarterly
4260:13.8.1/234; Josephus,
3783:53 (2010) 533 (chart).
3669:2 Chronicles 34:29โ32.
3514:Jewish Virtual Library
3084:June 30, 2007, at the
2662:April 4, 2005, at the
2003:Jean-Franรงois Lefebvre
1866:
1595:
1551:
1520:
1444:
1418:Kabbalah and Chassidut
1386:
1204:
697:
299:year was 2021โ2022 or
207:
4449:David Krantz (2016).
4433:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4134:Benedict Zuckermann,
3913:The Babylonian Talmud
3792:Andrew E. Steinmann,
3111:on September 30, 2007
2970:10:5โ6); Maimonides,
2837:'s Mishnah Commentary
2489:Convertible husbandry
2405:Heinrich Guggenheimer
1848:
1672:During the 2007โ2008
1202:
691:
659:Sefer Me'irat Einayim
425:) year followed by a
205:
83:copyright attribution
5117:Jewish agrarian laws
4964:Positive commandment
4907:Dina d'malkhuta dina
4659:You shall not murder
4380:Ben Zion Wacholder,
4230:Ben Zion Wacholder,
4004:Hil. Shmita ve-Yovel
3809:48 (2005): 477, 488.
3683:Bab. Talmud Megillah
3490:, Jerusalem/New York
3460:, Jerusalem/New York
3421:Margalioth, Mordecai
3306:Hil. Shmita ve-yovel
3223:Hil. Shmita ve-yovel
3183:. pp. 158โ159.
3132:Encyclopedia Judaica
2968:Hil. Shmita ve-Yovel
2936:Hil. Shmita ve-Yovel
2857:Adam Clarke (1837).
2692:on September 5, 2015
2628:D. L. Baker (2009).
2614:Encyclopedia Judaica
1682:Israel Supreme Court
1643:Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron
1434:such as tithes, the
1158:Micromeria fruticosa
991:Minhag Yerushalayim,
749:cannot be made from
719:) farmers in Israel.
557:Hil. Shmita ve-Yovel
4863:Halakhic principles
4617:(Theft of the mind)
4505:Shemittah and Yobel
4495:. October 20, 1952.
4414:34 (2006) 173-179;
4341:55:2 (1992), 231-5
3722:Bab. Talmud 'Arakin
3070:sojourn with thee."
2356:
2251:
2135:Benedict Zuckermann
2045:
1960:12a), and also the
1715:
1263:Minhag Yerushalayim
1217:Minhag Yerushalayim
1185:The laws governing
1149:), sweet marjoram (
1131:), wild coriander (
1066:rabbinic ordinances
968:Minhag Yerushalayim
911:Temple in Jerusalem
873:for this tractate.
835:Talmudic references
636:rabbinic obligation
447:rabbinic commentary
405:Books of Chronicles
381:Book of Deuteronomy
348:Biblical references
248:and is observed in
195:Shevi'it (tractate)
182:Shevi'it (tractate)
129:
5122:Jewish observances
5037:Capital punishment
4684:Corpse uncleanness
4468:10.3390/rel7080100
4406:Rodger C. Young, "
4280:1.17.9โ18.1/345โ47
4221:54 (1983) 123-133.
3836:Ferdinand Hitzig,
3751:46 (2003) 589โ603.
3631:on April 26, 2010.
3577:The New York Times
3390:Nathan ben Abraham
3328:Nathan ben Abraham
3319:Nathan ben Abraham
3015:. Mechon-mamre.org
2998:The New York Times
2835:Nathan Ben Abraham
2810:. Mechon-mamre.org
2788:. Mechon-mamre.org
2766:. Mechon-mamre.org
2744:on August 22, 2014
2718:on August 22, 2014
2398:be-motsae shevi'it
2392:Chapter 30 of the
2354:
2249:
2227:Ben Zion Wacholder
2037:
1779:Tishri 10, 574 BCE
1708:
1590:Nachman of Breslov
1226:Abraham Isaac Kook
1205:
1163:Nathan ben Abraham
1134:Coriandrum sativum
1128:Portulaca oleracea
1116:Asparagus aphyllus
1003:Minhag Chazon Ish,
920:The rabbis of the
698:
559:10:7), during the
284:Chapter 25 of the
208:
168:Deuteronomy 15:1โ3
164:Leviticus 25:20โ22
91:interlanguage link
5094:
5093:
4757:Gender separation
4256:1 Macc 16:14โ21;
4193:Novum Testamentum
3734:Edwin R. Thiele,
3694:Jeremiah 34:8-10.
3470:Deuteronomy 30:20
3429:Mossad Harav Kook
3278:Mossad Harav Kook
3274:Midrash Ha-แธคefetz
3270:Zechariah ha-Rofรฉ
3181:Mossad Harav Kook
2940:Babylonian Talmud
2910:Babylonian Talmud
2446:ve-motsae sheviit
2417:Babylonian Talmud
2367:
2366:
2344:
2343:
2235:Bar Kokhba revolt
2178:Antiochus Eupator
2124:
2123:
2074:Antiochus Eupator
1954:Babylonian Talmud
1786:
1785:
1476:According to the
1077:According to the
1007:Minhag Chazon Ish
961:Minhag Chazon Ish
876:According to the
871:Babylonian Talmud
840:Tractate Shevi'it
371:Book of Leviticus
326:Ancient Near East
286:Book of Leviticus
200:
199:
123:
122:
56:
16:(Redirected from
5139:
5001:Toch k'dei dibur
4811:Terumat hamaaser
4625:(Theft of sleep)
4580:
4573:
4566:
4557:
4552:
4531:
4522:
4499:
4496:
4482:
4480:
4470:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4385:
4378:
4372:
4365:
4359:
4352:
4346:
4335:
4329:
4318:Jerusalem Talmud
4307:
4301:
4287:
4281:
4271:
4265:
4254:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4205:
4199:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4162:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4142:(Breslau, 1857).
4132:
4126:
4125:
4102:
4096:
4082:
4076:
4042:
4036:
4014:
4008:
3990:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3951:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3888:
3882:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3797:
3790:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3714:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3478:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3419:Feliks, Jehuda;
3416:
3410:
3405:, s.v. Tractate
3404:
3386:
3380:
3377:Jerusalem Talmud
3374:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3343:, s.v. Tractate
3342:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3290:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3246:Sefer ha-Chinuch
3237:
3226:
3220:
3207:
3198:
3192:
3165:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:. Archived from
3094:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2988:
2979:
2955:
2949:
2923:
2917:
2907:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2671:
2670:website version.
2654:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2611:"Jehuda Felix".
2608:
2602:
2600:
2580:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2499:and left fallow.
2357:
2252:
2215:Andrew Steinmann
2139:Babylonian exile
2046:
2023:Day of Atonement
1918:Jerusalem Talmud
1716:
1668:Shmita 2007โ2008
1604:In modern Israel
1593:
1549:
1296:8, 1). Under an
1239:was accepted by
1152:Majorana syriaca
1140:Apium graveolens
1110:Ruta chalepensis
1106:
1012:
989:, which follows
987:Edah HaChareidis
922:Jerusalem Talmud
900:Hillel the Elder
886:Rabbinic Judaism
863:Jerusalem Talmud
747:Hanukkah candles
536:Simon bar Kokhba
474:shabbat ha-arets
399:Book of Nehemiah
393:Book of Jeremiah
352:A sabbath year (
295:The most recent
239:
227:
189:Jerusalem Talmud
161:Leviticus 25:2โ7
137:
130:
102:
96:
69:Google Translate
54:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5107:Hebrew calendar
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5048:
5025:
4858:
4778:Sabbatical year
4766:
4712:
4670:
4592:
4584:
4541:Eli Ashkenazi.
4540:
4525:
4519:
4502:
4497:
4485:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4405:
4401:
4392:
4388:
4379:
4375:
4366:
4362:
4353:
4349:
4336:
4332:
4314:Tosefta Ta'anit
4308:
4304:
4300:2.10.5/199โ200.
4296:18.8.3/271โ72;
4288:
4284:
4272:
4268:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4206:
4202:
4195:51 (2009) 8โ11.
4190:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4159:
4150:
4146:
4133:
4129:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4083:
4079:
4043:
4039:
4015:
4011:
3991:
3987:
3978:
3974:
3965:
3961:
3952:
3948:
3939:
3935:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3885:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3819:
3815:
3804:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3757:
3746:
3742:
3733:
3729:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3625:Jewish Exponent
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3560:Wayback Machine
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3448:
3444:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3368:
3355:
3351:
3326:
3316:
3312:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3267:
3263:
3259:, mitzvah # 328
3239:
3238:
3229:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3146:Kehati, Pinchas
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3086:Wayback Machine
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2956:
2952:
2924:
2920:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2674:
2664:Wayback Machine
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2632:. p. 224.
2627:
2626:
2622:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2582:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2503:Jewish holidays
2485:
2471:
2402:
2375:
2336:
2211:Herod the Great
2149:Herod the Great
2078:Judas Maccabeus
2039:
2035:
1950:
1889:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1836:
1827:Valerius Coucke
1791:
1710:
1706:
1670:
1658:
1606:
1594:
1586:
1550:
1543:
1514:Likutey Moharan
1436:Sabbatical year
1420:
1354:
1317:perennial crops
1282:
1197:
1119:) or amaranth (
1075:
1017:
999:Shearit Yisrael
837:
825:State of Israel
686:
664:Choshen Mishpat
570:
507:
479:
471:
467:
440:
388:
376:
374:
350:
322:
317:
305:Hebrew calendar
230:sabbatical year
157:Exodus 23:10โ11
119:
118:
117:
100:
94:
57:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5145:
5143:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5099:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5008:Yad soledet bo
5004:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4976:Self-sacrifice
4973:
4966:
4961:
4958:Pikuach nefesh
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4874:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4708:Ritual washing
4705:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4631:Kiddush hashem
4627:
4619:
4615:Geneivat da'at
4611:
4607:Chillul hashem
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4538:
4532:
4523:
4517:
4500:
4483:
4478:2286/R.I.43217
4444:
4443:External links
4441:
4438:
4437:
4425:
4399:
4393:Jack Finegan,
4386:
4373:
4360:
4347:
4330:
4302:
4282:
4266:
4249:
4236:
4223:
4200:
4184:
4171:
4157:
4144:
4127:
4097:
4077:
4063:The Jewish War
4037:
4009:
3985:
3979:Robert North,
3972:
3959:
3946:
3933:
3917:
3905:
3896:
3883:
3881:22 (1953): 81.
3870:
3857:
3842:
3829:
3813:
3798:
3785:
3768:
3755:
3740:
3727:
3716:Ezekiel 40:1;
3709:
3696:
3687:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3634:
3612:
3589:
3563:
3545:
3534:. Ohr Somayach
3523:
3501:
3492:
3473:
3462:
3442:
3431:. p. 44.
3411:
3381:
3379:(Shevi'it 9:1)
3366:
3349:
3310:
3282:
3261:
3227:
3199:
3155:
3137:
3122:
3089:
3072:
3062:
3026:
3004:
2980:
2950:
2918:
2879:
2864:
2849:
2821:
2799:
2777:
2755:
2729:
2703:
2672:
2649:
2639:
2620:
2603:
2569:-"455. 3. Cf.
2567:. p. 304.
2555:
2544:
2529:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2484:
2481:
2470:
2467:
2400:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2172:The Jewish War
2169:. 13.8.1/235;
2122:
2121:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2034:
2031:
1949:
1946:
1888:
1885:
1870:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1835:
1832:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:Summer 587 BCE
1768:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1705:
1702:
1669:
1666:
1657:
1654:
1605:
1602:
1584:
1541:
1419:
1416:
1373:Orthodox Union
1353:
1348:
1340:otzar beit din
1298:otzar beit din
1286:otzar beit din
1281:
1278:
1259:Orthodox Union
1196:
1191:
1176:Land of Israel
1083:Leviticus 25:5
1074:
1071:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1016:
1011:
997:produce". The
927:otzar beit din
888:has developed
869:, there is no
858:Land of Israel
836:
833:
774:otzar beit din
738:
737:
734:
727:
724:chutz la'aretz
720:
713:
685:
682:
634:nowadays is a
569:
566:
506:
499:
493:) or jubilee (
477:
469:
465:
438:
419:
418:
411:Books of Kings
408:
402:
396:
390:
385:remission year
378:
368:
365:Book of Exodus
349:
346:
321:
318:
316:
315:Ancient Israel
313:
246:Land of Israel
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
154:
147:
146:
139:
138:
121:
120:
116:
115:
108:
97:
75:
72:
61:
58:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5144:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:High Holidays
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:Related boxes
5051:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5021:Relative hour
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4989:Shomea k'oneh
4986:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:Agrarian laws
4769:
4763:
4762:Homosexuality
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4676:Ritual purity
4673:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4518:0-900689-91-9
4514:
4510:
4509:Soncino Press
4506:
4501:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4290:Mishnah Sotah
4286:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3347:, chapter 9).
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:Yehia Tabib (
3265:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3241:Aharon HaLevi
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3179:. Jerusalem:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3047:
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3043:
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3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2945:Rosh Hashanah
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
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2809:
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2800:
2787:
2781:
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2717:
2713:
2707:
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2691:
2687:
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2616:
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2607:
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2598:
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2559:
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2513:
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2434:
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2426:
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2406:
2401:(ืืืืฆืื ืฉืืขืืช
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2372:
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2273:
2269:
2266:
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2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2242:relating the
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:John Hyrcanus
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
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2103:
2099:
2098:John Hyrcanus
2095:
2092:
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2079:
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2068:
2064:
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2059:
2056:
2053:
2051:
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2047:
2043:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Rosh Hashanah
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1942:Jacob Neusner
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:14b) and the
1876:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1813:Leslie McFall
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
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1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:heter mechira
1675:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1583:
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1577:
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1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1548:
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1540:
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1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:Jewish people
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Jewish people
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:heter mechira
1402:
1401:heter mechira
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1309:heter mechira
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1267:heter mechira
1264:
1260:
1257:Although the
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1237:heter mechira
1233:
1231:
1230:heter mechira
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:Heter mechira
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:spring onions
1177:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:), purslane (
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:
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1050:
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1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:produce. The
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
923:
918:
916:
915:Second Temple
912:
907:
906:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
850:
845:
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834:
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830:
826:
822:
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815:
811:
807:
802:
798:
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791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
735:
732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
704:
695:
690:
683:
681:
678:
674:
670:
667:, holds that
666:
665:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
624:
620:
619:Ovadiah Yosef
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:heter mechira
575:
567:
565:
562:
561:Second Temple
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Second Temple
521:
517:
513:
504:
500:
498:
496:
492:
487:
486:Judaica Press
481:
475:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
415:2 Kings 19:29
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
386:
382:
379:
372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
361:
359:
355:
347:
345:
343:
342:Elie Borowski
339:
338:Yehuda Feliks
335:
334:crop rotation
331:
327:
319:
314:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
253:
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247:
243:
235:
231:
223:
219:
218:
213:
204:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
155:
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148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
125:
113:
109:
106:
98:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
60:
59:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5041:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4987:
4980:
4970:Sfeka d'yoma
4968:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4930:Ikar v'tafel
4928:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4869:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4800:Second tithe
4787:
4777:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4700:
4693:
4663:
4654:Noahide laws
4646:
4638:
4630:
4623:Gezel sheina
4622:
4614:
4606:
4586:
4546:
4530:. Jewcology.
4504:
4490:
4458:
4454:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4394:
4389:
4381:
4376:
4368:
4367:Zuckermann,
4363:
4355:
4350:
4338:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4244:
4239:
4231:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4203:
4192:
4187:
4179:
4178:Zuckermann,
4174:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4151:Zuckermann,
4147:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4122:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4088:
4080:
4070:
4061:
4048:
4040:
4030:
4020:
4012:
4003:
3999:Mishne Torah
3997:
3988:
3980:
3975:
3967:
3966:Zuckermann,
3962:
3954:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3865:
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3832:
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3816:
3806:
3801:
3793:
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3758:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3730:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3637:
3629:the original
3624:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:
3566:
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3526:
3513:
3504:
3495:
3484:
3476:
3469:
3465:
3453:
3445:
3424:
3414:
3406:
3393:
3384:
3361:
3352:
3344:
3331:
3313:
3305:
3298:
3273:
3264:
3245:
3222:
3215:
3194:
3172:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:the original
3102:
3092:
3075:
3065:
3056:
3017:. Retrieved
3007:
2996:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:Mishne Torah
2961:
2953:
2943:
2935:
2931:Mishne Torah
2929:
2921:
2913:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:the original
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2652:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2612:
2606:
2591:(1): 79โ81.
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2552:Deut 15:1โ11
2547:
2539:
2532:
2522:
2493:agricultural
2475:
2472:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2348:Cairo Geniza
2345:
2319:
2260:
2255:
2239:
2231:
2200:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2142:
2132:
2125:
2120:and Sosius.
2107:Seleucid era
2087:Seleucid era
2063:Seleucid era
2054:
2049:
2026:
2016:
2010:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1822:creationists
1816:
1808:Rodger Young
1799:Edwin Thiele
1792:
1724:
1719:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1659:
1649:
1641:Chief Rabbi
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1569:
1568:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1489:
1488:
1475:
1467:
1456:Eretz Israel
1445:
1440:Noam HaElyon
1439:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:as follows:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1187:Aftergrowths
1186:
1184:
1173:
1168:Sinapis alba
1166:
1156:
1150:
1146:Eruca sativa
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1087:Exodus 23:11
1076:
1073:Aftergrowths
1056:
1054:
1048:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
976:
967:
965:
960:
946:
931:
926:
919:
903:
898:
875:
866:
849:Seder Zeraim
847:
842:, the fifth
838:
828:
820:
818:
813:
809:
795:Because the
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
766:
750:
741:
739:
723:
707:
699:
676:
672:
668:
662:
658:
657:, author of
652:
647:
631:
625:
617:Chief Rabbi
606:
602:
598:
585:
581:
577:
573:
571:
556:
552:Mishne Torah
550:
542:
540:
520:First Temple
511:
508:
502:
494:
490:
482:
473:
461:
457:
451:
442:
434:
430:
422:
420:
358:Hebrew Bible
353:
351:
323:
308:
303:5782 in the
296:
294:
289:
283:
274:
270:
264:
256:
254:
233:
229:
216:
215:
212:sabbath year
211:
209:
124:
87:edit summary
78:
46:
5132:Debt relief
4795:First tithe
4689:Handwashing
4665:Yetzer hara
4647:Lifnei iver
4639:Lashon hara
4421:34 252-259.
4294:Antiquities
4274:Antiquities
4258:Antiquities
4247:12.9.5/378.
4245:Antiquities
4090:Antiquities
4050:Antiquities
4032:I Maccabees
4022:Antiquities
3409:, chapter 9
3177:Yosef Qafih
3104:Cyprus Mail
2829:Yosef Qafih
2438:Seder Olam'
2387:Rabbi Akiva
2360:Jan. 749 CE
2335:433/434 and
2283:135/134 BCE
2275:163/162 BCE
2267:331/330 BCE
2223:Cassius Dio
2219:Mark Antony
2166:Antiquities
1991:Amel-Marduk
1901:Nahum Sarna
1795:Jehoshaphat
1763:588/587 BCE
1755:623/622 BCE
1747:700/699 BCE
1739:868/867 BCE
1662:hydroponics
1656:Hydroponics
1555:Mount Sinai
1411:sanctity.)
938:Joseph Karo
694:Rosh HaAyin
655:Joshua Falk
646:, that the
627:Yabi'a Omer
613:and former
532:1 Maccabees
501:Historical
454:Adam Clarke
307:. The next
5101:Categories
5030:Punishment
4937:Marit ayin
4805:Poor tithe
4461:(8): 100.
4408:Seder Olam
4343:JSTOR link
4310:Seder Olam
4035:VI. 49, 53
3994:Maimonides
3879:Orientalia
3718:Seder Olam
3705:Seder Olam
3679:Seder Olam
3294:Maimonides
3276:, vol. 2,
3211:Maimonides
3169:Maimonides
3115:August 19,
2958:Maimonides
2926:Maimonides
2888:Maimonides
2847:chapter 9.
2585:Orientalia
2514:References
2463:Seder Olam
2459:Jehoiachin
2455:Seder Olam
2429:Seder Olam
2421:Seder Olam
2413:Seder Olam
2409:Seder Olam
2394:Seder Olam
2383:Rabbi Jose
2379:Seder Olam
2371:Seder Olam
2337:440/441 CE
2327:132/133 CE
2240:Seder Olam
2190:Seder Olam
2144:Seder Olam
2076:'s reign.
2027:Seder Olam
2011:Seder Olam
1999:Carchemish
1987:Jehoiachin
1975:Seder Olam
1970:Seder Olam
1962:Seder Olam
1956:(tractate
1930:Arakin 12a
1916:3:9), the
1880:Seder Olam
1608:The first
1530:up to the
1079:Mosaic law
1023:is called
950:, a noted
644:Chazon Ish
547:Maimonides
301:Anno mundi
4995:Testimony
4918:derabanan
4914:De'oraita
4839:Sicaricon
4747:Sexuality
4455:Religions
4417:Part II,
4264:1.2.4/60.
3762:Finegan,
3605:April 24,
3582:April 24,
3538:April 24,
3402:233403923
3340:233403923
3323:Palestine
3255:233044594
3189:183905585
3019:April 30,
2976:responsum
2896:responsum
2814:April 30,
2792:April 30,
2770:April 30,
2748:April 30,
2722:April 30,
2696:April 30,
2668:World ORT
2657:Exodus 23
2476:Sanhedrin
2291:37/36 BCE
1516:II, 78: 2
1478:Chassidut
1428:Holy Land
1321:beit din,
957:Bnei Brak
934:Acharonim
799:rules of
615:Sephardic
105:talk page
51:in Hebrew
5065:Passover
4882:beshogeg
4878:Bemeizid
4853:Kil'ayim
4832:Bikkurim
4741:Mechitza
4369:Treatise
4180:Treatise
4153:Treatise
4119:23507728
4094:14.16.2.
4085:Josephus
4075:16:14-16
4045:Josephus
4025:12.9.3 (
4017:Josephus
3968:Treatise
3764:Handbook
3556:Archived
3518:Archived
3437:19497945
3423:(1973).
3407:Shevi'it
3362:Shevi'it
3345:Shevi'it
3296:(1974).
3243:(1958).
3213:(1974).
3195:Shevi'it
3171:(1963).
3082:Archived
2904:78411726
2845:Shevi'it
2660:Archived
2597:43079363
2579:: 12โ16.
2540:Shevi'it
2483:See also
2433:shemitot
2315:69/70 CE
2307:55/56 CE
2299:41/42 CE
2197:Beth-zur
2182:Beth-zur
2153:Josephus
2093:โ133 BCE
2069:โ161 BCE
2042:Josephus
1983:Megillah
1897:shemitah
1893:Zedekiah
1875:Megillah
1731:1406 BCE
1639:Sefardic
1585:โ
1542:โ
1409:shevi'it
1397:shevi'it
1362:shevi'it
1344:beit din
1303:beth din
1031:Shevi'it
1014:Shevi'it
981:and non-
890:Halakhic
882:beth din
844:tractate
797:Orthodox
767:shevi'it
763:Havdalah
755:Hanukkah
751:shevi'it
742:shevi'it
623:responsa
528:Josephus
478:ืฉืืช ืืืจืฅ
330:Ugaritic
279:remitted
234:shวvi'it
143:Halakhic
81:provide
5085:Kashrut
5071:Shabbat
4789:Terumah
4718:Modesty
4588:Halakha
4548:Haaretz
4320:4.5.6;
3927:4:5 in
3358:Mishnah
3304:, s.v.
3221:, s.v.
3193:, s.v.
2914:Arakhin
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2831:(ed.),
2617:. 1972.
2573:Judaism
2537:Mishnah
2508:Sabbath
2113:โ40 BCE
2007:Jubilee
1966:Ezekiel
1934:Ta'anit
1922:Ta'anit
1910:Tosefta
1686:Knesset
1635:Menashe
1622:Shabbat
1580:tzaddik
1532:Levites
1492:Abraham
1432:mitzvot
1294:Sheviit
1290:Tosefta
1026:sheviit
905:prozbul
854:Mishnah
801:Kashrut
759:Shabbat
621:in his
594:Zionist
516:Jubilee
458:saphiah
443:saphiah
435:saphiah
427:jubilee
266:halakha
255:During
250:Judaism
244:in the
176:Mishnah
103:to the
85:in the
5078:Sukkot
5043:Kareth
5015:Zmanim
4982:Shinuy
4900:Chumra
4886:beones
4884:, and
4871:Aveira
4846:Hallah
4783:Tithes
4734:Yichud
4727:Negiah
4702:Niddah
4695:Mikveh
4598:Ethics
4515:
4326:Arakin
4182:47-48.
4155:., 31.
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4067:1.2.4.
4054:13.8.1
4027:12.362
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3435:
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3253:
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2839:, in:
2833:Rabbi
2666:, the
2595:
2451:motsae
2425:Talmud
2320:motsae
2207:Israel
2202:geonim
2157:Tishri
2089:= 134
2065:= 162
2025:. The
1995:Tishri
1979:Josiah
1958:Arakin
1938:Arakin
1926:Arakin
1914:Taanit
1844:shmita
1713:Tishri
1700:wine.
1698:shmita
1694:shmita
1690:shmita
1674:shmita
1650:shmita
1633:, and
1627:Reuben
1618:shmita
1614:shmita
1610:shmita
1598:Shmita
1588:Rebbe
1559:Avodah
1509:I, 92a
1464:Israel
1452:Israel
1358:shmita
1327:badatz
1276:year.
1274:shmita
1247:poskim
1213:shmita
1104:ืกืคืืืื
1099:Hebrew
1091:sickle
1062:Mishna
1057:shmita
1021:shmita
995:shmita
983:shmita
979:shmita
952:Haredi
878:Talmud
867:Zeraim
829:shmita
821:shmita
814:shmita
810:shmita
806:Kosher
696:(2007)
677:shmita
673:shmita
669:shmita
653:Rabbi
648:shmita
640:Haredi
632:shmita
607:shmita
603:shmita
599:shmita
586:shmita
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574:shmita
543:shmita
512:shmita
503:shmita
491:shmita
462:sahish
423:shmita
354:shmita
309:shmita
297:shmita
290:shmita
275:shmita
271:hefker
261:fallow
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4324:29a;
4316:3:9;
4292:7:8;
4115:JSTOR
3308:4:2โ3
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2593:JSTOR
2497:grain
2491:, an
2261:Event
2256:Year
2118:Herod
2109:= 41
2055:Event
2050:Year
1928:11b,
1854:ืกืคืื
1725:Event
1720:Year
1576:Moses
1571:Ruach
1546:Rashi
1528:Aaron
1524:Moses
1507:Zohar
1500:Jacob
1496:Isaac
1482:Torah
1460:Rashi
1335:otzar
611:posek
505:years
495:yovel
431:yovel
242:Torah
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151:Torah
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4916:and
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4492:Time
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4219:HUCA
4215:HUCA
4210:HUCA
3766:246.
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3642:BCE.
3607:2015
3584:2015
3540:2015
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3398:OCLC
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3356:Cf.
3336:OCLC
3251:OCLC
3185:OCLC
3117:2007
3021:2015
2916:32b)
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2794:2015
2772:2015
2750:2015
2724:2015
2698:2015
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2105:271
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1377:biur
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940:and
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782:biur
778:biur
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717:Arab
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