History of Caxias do Sul - Knowledge (XXG)

1726:. The university was also responsible for maintaining the active but extinct "Ateliê da Universidade de Caxias do Sul", which gave birth, in 1988, to the Núcleo de Artes Visuais de Caxias do Sul ("Art Nucleus of Caxias do Sul"), NAVI. This, together with the university's modern undergraduate course in art education, the Casa de Cultura Percy Vargas de Abreu e Lima, founded in the 1990s, created the most significant local instances of production, discussion, and diffusion of art at a high level. Among the local artists of great projection, Bruno Segalla, a renowned medalist, sculptor, and author of several monuments, and Diana Domingues, who led the research group on contemporary media linked to UCS, are worthy of note. She was one of the people responsible for taking the name of Caxias do Sul to the most important forums of artistic debate in Brazil, besides bringing to the city international names in the field of criticism, research, and production. Other outstanding figures in the city from the 1990s onward are Odete Garbin, one of the most active leaders of NAVI, Iolanda Gollo Mazzotti, Beatriz Balen Susin, Mara de Carli, and Véra Stedile Zattera, who make the female presence of central importance to the artistic presence of Caxias Sul. 375: 1396:

removed the bronze plaque from the immigration memorial obelisk erected in the district of Nova Milano, and, in the urban center, the plaques that indicated Italy Avenue and Dante Alighieri Square, demanding – and obtaining – the replacement of their names. The Italians were forbidden to speak their dialect, and a wall of silence formed around them, since many, especially the older ones, could still barely express themselves in Portuguese. Their movement became dependent on obtaining safe-conducts, severely hindering their interaction at all levels with Brazilians. Such repression led to an effort of self-censorship on the part of the Italians themselves and their descendants, discouraging the cultivation of memory even in the bosom of the home and interrupting until 1950 the celebration of the Festa da Uva. The same happened to those who, in smaller numbers, descended from Germans and spoke German.

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fastest growing in the entire country, which gave rise to more problems in terms of basic infrastructure of health, environment, urban planning, education, housing, transportation, and employment. The economic forces led by the Chamber of Industry and Commerce, together with the public administration, understood that it would be necessary to prioritize the problems to better solve them, and the idea of creating an Industrial District was born, as a priority, to allow a better functioning of the industries and free the urban nucleus for a more rational and orderly growth. The signing of an agreement with the state government in 1979 created the Greater Caxias region and defined the area of coverage of the metal-mechanic pole that was being structured, which meant a decisive change in the economic profile of the city, which was moving from a traditional economy to a dynamic economy.

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ownership title and moved to other shacks in the "crossings" or "lines", the first roads, and began the work of their settlement, cutting down the forest, building the house, and planting the first subsistence crops. While the house was not ready and agriculture did not bear its fruits, their sustenance came from gathering, hunting, selling wood, some official aid in cash and food, and from working for the government, taking part in the demarcation of new lots and the opening of roads. However, not all were farmers, a portion of the immigrants practiced trades and moved to the urban centers. The farmers established residence in the rural area, on the land received, and those who had more resources also acquired plots in the Sede. In 1877, when the area was named "Colônia Caxias", there were already about two thousand people settled.

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reconciliation with Italy undertaken by Getúlio after the end of the War, and revaluing the foreign worker after the disdain expressed a few years earlier, when all ethnic schools were compulsorily nationalized and the use of dialects was repressed. However, from part of the elite descending from Italians, the tone of the discourse was no longer identical to that of the times influenced by fascism. The socioeconomic profile of Caxias had been profoundly transformed, the elite was beginning to take as a model the Portuguese-Brazilian elite, to which it intended to match in terms of influence and prestige, and at the same time, however, the dignity of the Italians was beginning to be recovered, initiating a period of reconstruction of the collective image and identity in which the Italian was again portrayed as a civilizing hero.

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clubs were founded, education improved, the urban nucleus grew rapidly and was embellished by monuments and stylish buildings, the urban infrastructure gained body, industry and commerce were solidly based in a network of cooperatives and associations, and the rural area developed great productivity, beginning a phase of important exports of a variety of fresh and processed products. In the political sphere, disputes continued, although the crises were less frequent and less dramatic. The result of this period is the formation of a differentiated and original local culture, in a mixture of Italian and Brazilian elements, in which the awareness of an inheritance from the ancient Italian civilization and the progress achieved become a reason for pride and self-affirmation.

1278: 1664:. In the following decade, the City Hall's Historical Heritage Department would also be created, starting work to preserve and rescue the immaterial traditions, the artistic legacy, and the Italian architectural heritage, which were rapidly disappearing under a wave of rushed progress. The work of these institutions, which is based on a new awareness that progress can coexist with the past, together with the work of artistic groups such as the Miseri Coloni, for theater performed in dialect, are active forces that act to preserve important aspects of Italian heritage and try to revitalize and reinsert them with a critical reading in a city that becomes more cosmopolitan every day. 1440:

festivities were brought together in a large municipal celebration, which received the name that lasts until today. Besides the direct trade of the products displayed in the big showcase that was the party (in the contact between the producers and other interested parties), there was the exchange of experiences and technical information to improve the conditions of cultivation and processing of the grape. As noted by an observer of the press, "numerous were the visitors who with a pencil in hand in front of the varieties (of grapes) that were of interest took note of their characters and their names, to introduce them in their plantations, to improve their vineyard."

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Conde d'Eu and Princesa Isabel colonies began, and in 1871, two firms were hired to look for candidates (up to forty thousand colonists over ten years), mainly Germans and Austrians: Caetano Pinto & Irmão, and Holtzweissig & Co. But, by the end of the 19th century, the political situation had changed and the difficulties imposed by the new Brazilian and German legislation no longer attracted Germans and Northerns. The initial objectives were not fulfilled, and the rate of immigration was much lower than expected. Thus, Italy, which at this time was facilitating the departure of a large population, became the preferred country for the search of settlers.

733:(1908). Other schools were maintained by lay associations such as the Prince of Naples Society, important because besides teaching, they promoted Italian culture in general. The Brazilian State did not interfere decisively in this involuntarily ethnic education until the end of the 1920s, when it began to favor a "preventive nationalization" with the opening of several schools only in Portuguese besides the ethnic ones. Teaching in Italian or dialect would only be definitively suppressed in 1938–39, with a sequence of federal decrees that established compulsory nationalization for all and accelerated the process of officialization and laicization of education. 1259: 1055:

in 1914 two technical schools were created; in 1922 there were 79 rural schools, 14 state schools and 20 run by the municipality, and between 1946 and 1948 23 supplementary courses and itinerant rural libraries were founded. The municipal budget for education moved from 0.93 percent in 1902 to 12.81 percent in 1949, and the urban population went from 2,500 in 1900 to 36,742 people in 1950. Much of this early economic progress was due to the formation of a culture characteristic of the region, which was founded on ethnic ties, common goals, and a network of mutual trust and cooperation among participants, the so-called

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primary activities resulted, at the first moment, in the growth of local commerce and industry, still strongly based on the processing of natural products. However, this growth amid a general crisis soon triggered a serious shortage of electricity and transportation, to the point of driving away companies and threatening the operation of one of the largest industries in Caxias do Sul at the time, Abramo Eberle. Once again, the Trade Association intervened and joined the efforts of the business class and the government, solving the problem and demonstrating the great union of society around common goals.

1192:(1935). In 1917, the first public library was created by the Intendancy, and the first theaters and movie theaters appeared, such as the Cinema Juvenil (before 1910), the Cine Theatro Apollo (1921), and the Cinema Central (1927–28), which brought the most up-to-date film production of the time, gave space to itinerant theater companies and local amateurs, and even to operatic groups. Also notable was the creation in 1937 of the Tobias Barreto de Menezes Cultural Center, founded by Percy Vargas de Abreu e Lima, an important intellectual personality of the city. The Center offered free evening courses in 1076: 1503:

the foreign market, and the consolidation of its position as one of the largest economies in Brazil. In general terms, the city grows rapidly in this interval, going from a population of 54,000 in 1950 to 180,000 in 1975 and about 360,000 people in 2000 bringing with it all the social, cultural, economic and environmental problems typical of Brazilian cities with a high rate of expansion. In 1994, through State Complementary Law 10 335/94, the Urban Agglomeration of the Northeast of Rio Grande do Sul was created, since the area is characterized as the embryo of a future metropolitan region.

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historical panorama, until then dominated by the pastoralist-landowning representations. It tried to take advantage of the colonies' support of Borges de Medeiros' politics, who created an apology about the achievements of small landowners and white immigrants, but in practice tried to prevent them from ascending to the higher public administration. This dubious political discourse was echoed by intellectuals such as Alfredo Varela and Moysés Vellinho, who were concerned about the competition of the Italian element, considered less noble, with the tradition of the Portuguese family.

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Manufacturing Industry of Caxias do Sul was installed, which separated the commerce from the industry, causing a split among the business leaderships, which, until then, were all congregated in the Trade Association. However, the Center was important in this stage when it worked to solve the challenges present, besides fostering the development of the general productive infrastructure. This is when large local companies established themselves in the Brazilian market, such as Metalúrgica Abramo Eberle, and others that would later become equally important, such as

1352:, from 1930 on, adopted a line of nationalist development, starting to repress state autonomy and regional singularities, the so-called "social cysts" that had been "imprudently" formed in various regions of Brazil, including the south. At this moment, the overly optimistic and confident self-image built by the Italians began to be put down, and instead of collaborators in the Brazilian growth and settlement process, the immigrants began to be seen as potential enemies of the homeland. The process came to a culmination with Brazil's entry into 1494:, but in the 1950 edition, coinciding with the celebration of 75 years of immigration and the beginning of the reconciliation phase, the festival already had the participation of ten municipalities and exhibited industrial products, resulting from the economic growth of the city and the greater variety in its production profile. The immigrants started to be called "pioneers", indicating a reorientation in the identity to be built, with progressive implications that opened for the non-Italians, already considered actors in the whole process. 1444: 938: 1384:

1937 when a law reform dissolved the legislatures again. They would only meet again in 1947, following the new Constitution of 1946. A little earlier, on 29 December 1944, the municipal administration, through Decree No. 720, had changed the territorial division of the city by creating new neighborhoods, and also its name, until then simply Caxias, to Caxias do Sul. Urban growth also required changes in legislation regarding urban planning, public health, occupation of space by private individuals, and other matters.

438:. These various conflicts, besides their specific and punctual characteristics, were also a reflection of the intense struggle for power at the state level, where currents of republicans and federalists fought, each subdivided by influences of divergent ideologies of conservatives, liberals, Catholics, Freemasons, and other interest groups, making the state one of the most unstable areas in Brazil at this time, and making the passage from the 19th to the 20th century the most turbulent period in Caxias' history. 626: 765: 430:

occasion the victim of a trap, when anticlerical individuals arranged a fake wedding between two men, one of them in drag. When the plot was discovered, the priest was punished, stripped of his functions, and deprived of holy orders by the bishop, while the real culprits remained free. In 1898, Father Pietro Nosadini, who had already been kidnapped and almost killed in 1897, wrote an open letter to the government denouncing the slander that involved him in the attempt on the life of the Intendant

610: 523:, some almost completely incomprehensible to each other. Religion, the only element shared by all, worked as an integrating bridge between the groups. As Olívio Manfroi stated, "the religious expression, in its daily and festive manifestations, was the most significant sign of the cultural universe of the Italian immigrants. It was the first and indispensable reference of affiliation to the group. It was through the Catholic religion that the Italian immigrant found himself and others." 1615:(UCS), today one of the most prestigious private institutions of higher education in Brazil. It had on its teaching staff illustrious names such as Jayme Paviani and José Clemente Pozenato, both developing intense activity in the field of essay writing, art criticism and literature. The growing influx of migrants from other parts of Brazil, of various ethnicities and religions, also contributed to making the city's cultural environment more diverse and stimulating, a highlight being the 594: 1042:, again the problems turn into benefits, and growth in industrial activity is observed. Some local companies were declared by the government to be "of military interest", and confiscated to produce at full capacity for the army. Their workers were treated as soldiers and were prevented from leaving the workplace on the pain of being considered deserters. This pressure eventually spurred the emergence of a more dynamic economy, and the traditional economic pattern began to be abandoned. 642: 1305: 19: 214: 1235: 1059:, which is a productive force in itself, "making possible the realization of certain goals that would be unattainable if it did not exist." The first half of the century ends in the city with the appearance of a radio station, Rádio Caxias, which from 1946 also gave its contribution to the economy by serving as an efficient advertising vehicle for companies, when until then the dissemination of products depended on newspapers, word of mouth and loudspeakers. 890:

important role in the whole region and emerged as the largest social force after the Intendency and the Municipal Council of Caxias. It kept a rigid and efficient control over commerce, had a great influence over the constituted power, intervened beneficially in economic crises such as those of 1923 and 1929, and problems of local infrastructure such as the lack of electricity and water, took part in the movement that changed the original route of the

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Caxias had already become one of the most important cities in the state, with a strong and diversified economy and a culture in full expansion. The colonial world had been left behind. The growth of the city started to attract migrants from the countryside and other parts of the state in search of new opportunities, and at the same time, the typical problems of the big cities started to appear, with strong social stratification and income inequality.

1368: 749: 1656:) to develop important researches which resulted in the publication of several books for the study of local history. However, in this period, there was a real explosion of bibliography on the theme of colonization, and a revisionist trend is perceived that no longer tried to embellish the history of the settler but to present it with its contradictions and conflicts, not to diminish the image of the immigrant, but to make it more real and richer. 399:, leaders of the movement, being supported by the police delegate Francisco Januário Salerno, who appointed himself as Intendant. The outraged Council complains to the state government, which appoints on 5 July 1892, the first Municipal Intendant, Antônio Xavier da Luz. The rebels surrender and order returns to the city. Thus, on 12 October 1892, the municipality was constituted, the Council was definitively and solemnly reappointed, and soon its 1068: 902:, it helped the families of the fighters and later on gave subsidies for the implantation of public health and education programs. The association, despite some internal crises and disagreements with the authorities, led all issues that in one way or another concerned the interests of the producing classes, even when dealing with exclusively agricultural or industrial issues, since all productive activities at that stage flowed into the trade. 1452: 1173: 691: 1473:, that tinted the political ideology of the time. Among its most prominent signatures was the "Great Triumphal Grape Parade", the model for the float parades that are still held today. Besides the exhibition of the products of the land and the parade, there were also contests for the ornamentation of buildings and residences, flower battles, choral contests, banquets, private balls and open-air dances. As Cleodes Ribeiro states: 1743: 500: 1400: 1035:

created, aiming at an adjustment to the new legislation. New determinations by the municipal administration in the area of public health at the end of the 1930s also had the effect of improving working conditions in the city's commercial and industrial establishments, and the issues of water and light supply, as well as sewage and garbage disposal, began to receive concentrated attention from the public authorities.

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gardens and the animal husbandry, were later left mainly to the wife and the younger sons and daughters, who were used to the hard work on the land from morning to night. And as their survival depended on them, families tended to be numerous to have more hands for work. The small profits were saved for the purchase of land to guarantee the future of the descendants or invested in small domestic industry.

677:. At this time, "Italianisms" were severely repressed by the government and began to decline also due to the increasing integration of the colonies with Brazilian culture and the universalization of public education, among other reasons. However, they did not disappear and are still found today, especially in rural areas. In this linguistic context, the publication between 1924 and 1925 in Talian, of a 258: 1169:(1912), which offered a cultural program to their members, including poetry and music recitals, thematic and sports contests, and holding the first gala balls. Women's groups for social, cultural, and charitable activity such as As Falenas and the Éden Juventudista, linked respectively to the Youth Club and the Youth Recreation, contributed to strengthening women's participation in community life. 1535: 1247: 1023: 834: 1313: 1007: 471: 452: 297:, a pigsty, and a chicken coop. Often the kitchen was located in a separate room from the main body of the house, because the fire was kept burning all day long. A vegetable garden was also planted, in addition to the main crops. As slave labor was forbidden in the colony, all activities were carried out by the family. The initial establishment was not easy and poverty was the rule. 1639: 704:

houses, and later in simple schools built for this purpose. Among the first educators whose names are notable were Giacomo Paternoster, the first active professional teacher in the city, Luíza Morelli Marchioro, the Maestra. She became famous in the region, teaching informally in her residence on the 7th Légua since before 1877, when she was hired by the provincial government.

1673: 1623: 1209:, both sons of the pioneer Tarquinio Zambelli. They left, especially Michelangelo, a vast work of statuary scattered in temples throughout the region, with artworks in the Cathedral, the Municipal Museum, and private collections. Michelangelo was recently distinguished with the creation, in 2004, by the City Hall in partnership with the Festa da Uva, of the 1487:

scene: "I salute you, Queen of the Festa da Uva and Lady of the domains without end of our sympathy and the heart of Caxias, the heart that moves and acts by the valorous blood of a race of heroes, still unsung, that gives Rio Grande the propulsive sap to the realization of what it will be one day, within Brazil, and under the sky of free America."

463:. The concern with subsistence was the determining factor of time organization, leaving little for educational and cultural activities, although the lack of schools in the colony was criticized from the beginning. Dedication to work was a fundamental value, but the agricultural techniques brought from Italy did not serve well the different 496:, in the transmission of traditions that are still cultivated today in some parts of the city, teaching successive generations songs, sacred and profane legends, handicraft, children's games, and the typical cuisine of the region. This patriarchal model was repeated in the urban area as it grew, with its diverse trades and demands. 995:, and the difficulty in international trade imposed by the conflict forced the local industry to find alternative solutions to the lack of certain imported goods, highlighting the performance of Metalúrgica Abramo Eberle, which was later one of the forces for the direction of the local economy for the metal-mechanic sector (today 1515:, who had oriented Brazilian development in the direction of opening to international capital. His return introduced new political factors that conflicted with the economic context created by his predecessor, generating problems in the areas of communication, energy, exports, credit, and taxation. With the presidency of 673:. The progressive loss of contact with Italy and the cessation of the arrival of new immigrants at the turn of the century favored, even more, the dissemination of this new way of speaking, which began to be used at all times, orally or in writing, and would have a predominant use in the region until the 1416:

other, shouting slogans and insulting each other. The firemen intervened by throwing water on the crowd, and priests and others involved were arrested. Finally, the Catholics triumphed, the priests were released, and the conflict ended without further consequences, amidst a great procession, where the

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ethnic groups, such as the Portuguese, Poles, Africans, Germans, and Jews, were attracted there and contributed to the overall development. Farming was no longer the major base of the economy, although it still supported both commerce and industry. In the first half of the 20th century, trade-oriented

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had already become a national event and was the largest of its kind in Latin America, being visited by over 300 thousand people, but, as a symptom of the new times, it was losing much of its traditional appeal and conforming to a markedly business profile, as would indicate its new name in the 1970s:

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Just as the first half of the twentieth century represented an opening and greater integration of the city to the state and national context, the second half appears as a phase of opening to the world, with the change in its productive, political and cultural profile, the beginning of its presence in

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as "the most memorable event, until today, in this part of the state." More than a commercial and technical success, the party since then has been coated with political, rhetorical and symbolic elements that reflected the achievements made by immigrants, reiterated the Italian element, its civilizing

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and by the armed conflict with Italy. Between 1941 and 1944, there were popular anti-Italian demonstrations organized by the National Defense League, which sought to suppress the identifying signs of ethnicity, creating an atmosphere of terror. Groups of demonstrators, among other acts of aggression,

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Despite the difficulties, in 1925, the fiftieth anniversary of Italian immigration to Brazil was celebrated, in a period that proved to be extremely propitious to start a public consecration of the successes already achieved and consolidated, aiming first to integrate the colonial elites in the state

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Parallel to the continuity of the religious factor as the unifying link of society, the economic growth of Caxias do Sul and the end of the immigrants' settlement phase enabled the formation of an elite, which was more educated and could devote itself more to leisure and culture in less folkloric and

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and transformed a reasonable part of the former farmers into workers in the industries and commerce that expanded in the urban area, becoming also common the figure of the peasant that worked part of the time as an urban worker to complement his income. The laborer's activity was considered light for

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government's support for primary activities, its new labor and social security legislation forced a restructuring of social labor relations. Thus, the work calendar and the Trade and Industrialists Union were reorganized, and a Mixed Commission for Conciliation of the Business and Working Classes was

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was structured. She was the "reproductive matrix", necessary to increase the number of family members available for work, she was also in charge of the children's elementary education, of the initial religious instruction, and performed important socializing functions. She was the mediator figure per

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The decline of religion as a social agglutinating force, the new consumer habits, the profound change in the local productive system, the standardization of Brazilian education, the disregard of the new generations for the language and customs of their grandparents, the presence of a large number of

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and Reno Mancuso, Giacomo and Ulysses Geremia, and Julio Calegari, who were in great demand at the time and left extensive work. This constitutes an important work of visual documentation of the spirit of the time. Finally, in the field of plastic arts, notable names continuing the artisan tradition

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Despite the difficulties of the transition from one economic model to another, economic crises, political and social problems, the overall result was expressively positive, as some indicators show. The number of public schools grew steadily: in 1901 there were 20 in rural areas and 4 in urban areas;

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system of family production would be continued into the 20th century, when survival, in the face of a savage nature, was no longer an urgent threat. The woman had a subordinate role, which, although little recognized, was basic as a helper at work and as the agglutinating center of the family, where

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Between the election on 20 October and the inauguration of the Council, occurred the first popular uprising of the colony, the Revolt of the Colonists, in protest against the political orientation of the administrators, the collection of late taxes with fines and interest, and the terrible condition

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The political life of Caxias do Sul, despite its relative isolation until the beginning of the 20th century, was very busy and sometimes violent. On 12 April 1884, it ceased to be a settlement and was emancipated, taking the name "Freguesia de Santa Tereza de Caxias", linked to São Sebastião do Caí,

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The Prince of Naples Society, incorporated on 11 November 1896, on the occasion of the 27th birthday of its patron, Victor Emmanuel of Italy. The society was the flagship of several mutual aid organizations founded by immigrants in the region to help overcome difficulties that were common to all, to

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before, and the initiative was considered a success. In 1870, the Imperial Government had handed over to the Provincial Government a large area of unoccupied land in the high mountains of northeastern Rio Grande do Sul with the intention of populating it. In the same year, the demarcation of the new

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of the region, which started in 1875. However, indigenous tribes had lived there since ancient times, but were displaced to make way for the European settlers. The beginning of the settlement was difficult, being an area of thick virgin forest. However, quickly the forest was opened up and the first

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established the position of mayor. The legislature was closed and in its place was installed an Advisory Council with three members, remaining in activity until 1935, when the new City Council was structured, adapting to what was foreseen in the 1934 Constitution. This model remained in force until

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In summary, in the first half of the 20th century, the city grew a lot and diversified its economic spectrum, driven as much by the success of viticulture as by the progressive urbanization and by the failure of the colonial system of small family property. The successive fragmentation of the rural

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of 1929 stimulated internal industrialization to supply a growing market that until then depended on imports. Even though an impact was felt in the region due to the scarcity of circulating capital, limiting credit and preventing the fulfillment of commitments, the federal government's incentive to

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On 1 June 1910, the "Vila de Santa Tereza de Caxias" was elevated to the status of city by Decree 1,607, simplifying its name to "Caxias". The same day, the first train arrived there. Statistics from 1910 reveal that 235 industries and 186 commercial houses were already operating in the city. Other

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In the difficult work of founding a new city in an inhospitable environment, formal education had little space and was basically aimed at elementary instruction, without greater pretensions, and as long as the courses did not interfere with work – the priority for everyone. Approximately 80% of the

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Therefore, such culture was based on religious references, and the chapels became very important, growing in number and centralizing the parties and group celebrations. The chapel was the social center around which the urbanization of the districts and the municipal seat began, and around it appear

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On 20 June 1890, it was elevated to the condition of village, with the name "Vila de Santa Tereza de Caxias", and needed a legal organization to manage itself. In an ordinance of 28 June, the state government appointed a Governing Board to administer the municipality, integrated by Ernesto Marsiaj,

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The Sede Dante had much smaller lots than those in the rural area and, at first, was only intended for the installation of the Land Board, but soon became the center of urbanization and commerce, and its area had to be expanded. The settlement plan was developed following a previous orthogonal grid

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The town grew rapidly; in 1883 it already had a population of 7,359, and there were 93 commercial establishments, among pottery shops, markets, metalworking shops, carpentry, goldsmith's, and blacksmith's shops, mills, shoe and tailor's shops, which made the colony practically self-sufficient. Soon

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the federal government imposed a rapid "Brazilianment" of the region and began a process of repression and suppression of the signs of "Italianness". The compulsory cultural uprooting generated a deep identity crisis for the locals, which would only begin to be overcome in the 1950s. At this point,

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Brazilian education underwent, in this half century, profound changes, with the universalization of compulsory primary education, the expansion of secondary education and the incentive to the installation of private higher education schools. In the city, education was already well structured, with

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In 1973, industry and commerce, under the mentorship of Paulo Bellini and Edemir Zatti respectively, got together again to create the Chamber of Industry and Commerce. The centennial celebrations of immigration in 1975 found the city as the second largest metropolis in the state and one of the ten

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If the liturgy of the Festa da Uva ritual served to proclaim the identity of the celebrants, display the result of the work developed over more than half a century and claim the status of Brazilians, its defining characteristics were made explicit by the symbolic vocabulary employed in the ritual.

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to state power triggered the 1923 Revolution, culminating in a period of a political and economic crisis that had been brewing for some time, with negative consequences for Caxias do Sul's commerce and industry. The city's trade associations then tried to minimize the problems by pleading with the

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The first decades of the new municipality were turbulent. Settler groups came from various regions of Italy, some even from other countries, and had often conflicting worldviews and interests. At the same time, the state political context was agitated by constant ideological and partisan disputes,

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and entertainment such as radio, TV, cinema, and the progressive opening of the city to the world, provoked in the 1950s and 1960s a rapid decharacterization of the ethnic and traditional features of the Caxias culture This led historians in the mid-1970s like Loraine Slomp Giron, Mário Gardelin,

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is consolidated as a commercial and tourist attraction of regional scope. The autonomous specialized professionals find a bigger market and syndicates are formed, following the growing urbanization of the city, which begins to build with greater sophistication in masonry, abandoning the stone and

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These heterodox customs, born spontaneously from popular need, given the scarcity of priests to serve a vast territory, soon came into conflict with the regularly established ecclesiastical authority, but the role of the "lay priest" in the colonizing society was of enormous importance. Even when

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that prevails today. However, a large group of researchers is engaged in studying the local history and preserving what still remains of material and immaterial testimonies of this history, and official institutions are beginning to realize the importance of rescuing the collective memory through

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At the beginning of the 20th century, society had already been structured, the initial difficulties related to survival had been overcome, and a solid cultural body began to form through the activity of artists, intellectuals, journalists, and other actors. Several social, recreational and sports

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From 1931 on, this festivity was the biggest profane event in the city, loaded with strong symbolism. The feast originated from the various festivities commemorating the grape harvests and the agro-industrial fairs that the settlers held in small groups in their ravines. In 1931, these scattered

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held in front of the Cathedral, which attracted many caravans from the countryside, and Bishop José Barea was threatened with death by the communists if he attended. A new confrontation took place a month later, on the occasion of a public novena, when Catholic and communist groups attacked each

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The century begins with an important event: the founding, in 1901, of the first-class entity in the city, the Chamber of Industry, Commerce and Services of Caxias do Sul, a visible sign of the beginning of the organization of society on a more effective basis. The association played an extremely

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The man was the leader of the family and distributed the functions of each member of the family group. He, the "boss-father," and his older sons were responsible for the heavier work of carpentry and blacksmithing, and for clearing the forest and opening crops, which, together with the vegetable

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An attempt was made to overcome these problems by restructuring the class organizations. Thus, the Trade Association decided to receive a branch of the Center of Manufacturing Industry of Porto Alegre, in the wake of the great expansion of the sector in the city, and soon in 1954, the Center of

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As for the symbolic figure of the queen of the festivity, the eloquent greeting addressed to her at the opening of the 1933 event, recorded in the report of that edition, exemplifies the image Italians intended to build of themselves and of the role they imagined they would play on the national

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The passage from the first to the second half of the century is marked by an event of great symbolic value: the construction of the Monument to the Immigrant, later transformed into a national monument. Its construction was proposed in 1949, being inaugurated in 1954, in line with the policy of

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there, but without success. The presence of Father Cristóvão de Mendoza, who was killed by the natives in 1635, was registered in the district of Santa Lúcia do Piaí. A little before 1790, the lands where today is the Fazenda Souza district were occupied by Inácio Souza Corrêa, a soldier of the

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of producers in the south. The initiative had the immediate support of the state government, which exempted them from various taxes, and it was Paternó who also managed to reorganize the Commercial Association, which at the time was deactivated due to various problems, and led it to a phase of

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rate had fallen to around 30% for men and 70% for women. Even with the initial lack of teachers and schools, a simple educational system was organized as early as 1875, the year the first immigrants arrived, and taught by some of the most educated. Generally, the classes were given in spacious

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also caused riots and violence especially against the religious, setting traps for them, assaults, and assassination attempts, thus dividing the community and forcing some of the first priests to carry guns or move to other places. Antonio Passaggi, the first chaplain of the colony, was on one

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in the suburbs. Women start to have a more significant participation in the industry as workers, although at first still discriminated and with lower wages. The more or less tranquil traditional relations between employers and employees begin to become complex and delicate with the increasing

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and Sciences open to the entire population, developed a series of other cultural activities, and was a focus of political discussion due to the founder's socialist ideas. The city's current Casa da Cultura bears his name. Another important cultural association was the Centro Literário José de

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began its publication (in Italian) in 1909, taking the city out of its relative isolation. Charitable associations also appear in the early years of the 20th century, such as the Association of the Ladies of Charity ("Associação das Damas de Caridade") (1913) and the first important hospital,

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breeding and the industry of processing agricultural products were also growing. Despite this, part of the settlers, especially those in the rural areas farthest from the headquarters, faced the problem of isolation and with it the difficulty of marketing their products. Although the food was

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region), 2% Brazilians, and the rest from other origins such as France, Spain, and England. The lots were chosen by the immigrants themselves from among those available, were not free, and had to be repaid to the government in a few years. Once the choice was made, they received a provisional

1579:), the insertion in the foreign market, the constitution of small companies, and the inclusion of the services sector in the top of the economic chain. This, in 1992 led the Chamber of Industry and Commerce to rename itself to the Chamber of Industry, Commerce and Services of Caxias do Sul. 86:

Since then the pace of growth only accelerated, with its positive and negative aspects, and its population, with a continuous influx of large groups of diverse origins, became highly heterogeneous, leaving the descendants of Italians in a minority. Today, Caxias do Sul has more than 470,000

193:, an imaginary country full of easy riches that was identified with Brazil, great waves of Italians began to arrive in the country in the precarious conditions of overcrowded ships where deaths from hunger and disease were common. Initially, they were destined for the coffee plantations in 234:

who were already living within the limits of the colony. After the ascent, they were installed in a collective shed in Nova Milano, waiting for the distribution, by the Land Commission officials, of the lots, seeds, and basic tools for agricultural work, which could take months to happen.

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reached Caxias do Sul and left a trail of destruction. The city was invaded by 400 revolutionaries commanded by Belisário Baptista de Almeida Soares, who looted the commerce and attacked public buildings, forcing the population to take refuge in the countryside. The local presence of

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A notable moment was the holding of the Diocesan Eucharistic Congress in 1948, which mobilized virtually the entire city and attracted crowds from outside when a monumental altar was built in Dante Square, and a huge procession of cars accompanied the transfer of the image of

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The festival was a complete success, gathering more than fifty exhibitors that presented more than one hundred species of grapes and dozens of types of wines, which served to guide its realization in a new and broader format, resulting in the 1932 edition being called by the

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The same spirit animated politicians like Celeste Gobbato to, in the same album, say that the government could not have chosen better human material for its colonizing enterprise, exalting the supposedly innate qualities of the Italians. Such exacerbated patriotism and

246:, considered the cradle of the city, where a more or less independent communal life was first structured, founded at the end of 1876, and where to this day the São Romédio Church is located, a historical and cultural heritage of the state and center of community life. 434:, and other facts revealing the climate of intrigue, animosity, and incomprehension that reigned between the church and local politicians. Peace was only established when Father Antonio Pertile took over the direction of the parish, whose tombstone bears the title 395:

of the roads. The climate remained tense and another revolt took place the following year, involving 300 seditious people, who took over the municipal administration and installed in power a Revolutionary Board, composed of Luiz Pieruccini, Domingos Maineri, and

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was an important factor for socialization and success in life. With several requests to the government to open schools in Portuguese being registered, most of the time these requests were not met, hence the provisional and improvised character of the teaching.

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and the Code of Postures were approved, providing for a multitude of aspects of municipal life, such as the public decorum of the citizens, the maintenance of order, the boundaries of the municipality and its urban layout, hygiene and public health, and more.

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in 1871, causing the reduction of cheap labor supply, generating the idea of employing free workers in a productive model of small family farms. However, the settlers had to be white, to "whiten" the country's population. Brazil had already encouraged

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Soon these private schools proliferated, with classes mainly in dialect and Italian and, to a lesser extent, in Portuguese, which few understood, although from the beginning of the regional educational process, it was understood that literacy in the

141:. But the effective settlement would only gain momentum with the arrival of waves of Italian immigrants from 1875. For the settlement to occur, the Indians who occupied the area were violently displaced by the action of killers of indigenous called " 776:, the meeting between families, was the privilged moment where this cultivation took place. They happened mainly in the rural areas, on Saturday nights or after Sunday mass, in the home kitchens, or the canteens. The men chatted and played cards, 1734:

Today, Caxias do Sul is the second biggest metal-mechanic industrial center in the country and one of the largest in Latin America. More than 6,500 industries make the municipality account for about 5.83 percent of the gross domestic product of

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and the Catholic Women's Youth, which organized the activities, collected donations, and prepared the ornaments. The most celebrated dates were the main church festivities, such as Christmas, Easter, and the day of the cathedral's patron saint,

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The religious festivities continued to play a relevant role in the social congregation, and, as the city grew richer, they could now increase their relevance, counting on the diligent collaboration of several devotional societies, such as the

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wood, which was abundant and of excellent quality. The commerce was already showing an expressive development, making these products circulate to the point that commercial contacts for placing Caxias wine were already established with

1157:, continued to be surrounded with the maximum luxury that families were able to offer in the making of the costumes, the adornment of the church and the parties that followed. Such dates constituted both a religious and social event. 71:, common to all, revealed itself as a powerful gathering element, through which the divergences converged for the achievement of collective purposes, the Church acquiring a great influence in the destiny of the city for many decades. 687:, that told the story of Nanetto Pipetta (a fictional character created by the friar Aquiles Bernardi that became a symbol of the whole immigration process and a mirror for each immigrant) achieved great repercussions in the colony. 531:

has 678 chapels under its jurisdiction, which aggregate a large human contingent in the rural area. In most of them, there was no permanent priest, and the worship was conducted by lay people who had some knowledge of ecclesiastical

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The same interest made the municipal government restructure and reopen the Municipal Museum in 1975 and create the Casa de Pedra Ambience Museum, two of the most important historical museums in the city today, and found in 1976 the

1340:, declared, "In the noble pride that raises your souls, as you stop to contemplate the result of long and tenacious toil, I glimpse the sign of the noblest strain that has imprinted an immortal trace in the history of the Peoples." 1285:

The political and revolutionary movements of the first half of the 20th century also had a local impact. The elections for State President in 1922 were marred by fraud and intimidation. The electoral titles of those opposed to the

316:, sausages, lard, flour, and cheese, and the exchange for other goods, thus stimulating incipient industrialization. The result of this activity could be seen in 1881 with the first Agro-Industrial Fair, the origin of the modern 311:

with their caravans contributed to trade, as did the Germans from São Sebastião do Caí, who had already developed an efficient network of warehouses, facilitating the flow of the first agricultural products such as honey, wine,

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was sung with great enthusiasm. Moreover, a series of initiatives of the Church were openly supported by the Public Power and special commissions created by the City Hall regularly counted with the participation of religious

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having João Muratore as its first district administrator. Thus, it was already an autonomous parish and would become, in August of the same year, head of a judicial district. By this time, it already had 10,500 inhabitants.

169:, a decline in craft trades and food production, and the emergence of a surplus population in the cities with no qualifications for urban work. The result was famine and impoverishment, and the solution found was emigration. 819:

took place, another ritual feast also marked by the collective practice of music, but now, when possible, there was a band to accompany. The same happened at weddings, New Year's Eve celebrations, and other important dates.

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However, the artists from Caxias do Sul would continue to produce mainly in empirical and amateur ways until the structuring of higher artistic education in the City Hall's School of Fine Arts, later incorporated into the

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occurrence of strikes, where those of the early 1960s shake the business environment and force a reformulation of postures in this field, and a large supply of cheap and unskilled labor causes a greater turnover in jobs.

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Among the toils of the immigrants' hard-working days, sometime, however little, was dedicated to the cultivation of traditions brought from Europe. Unlike in Italy, where farmers lived in villages with houses near, the

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Land Commission Board building, targeted by the revolutionaries. The building dates from 1883 and was the first masonry building in the city. Photo by D. Mancuso in the Arquivo Histórico Municipal João Spadari Adami

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In the context of the city of Caxias, the rural family economy system starts to become problematic with the multiplication of families and the consequent progressive fragmentation of the properties, originating the

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Religion was also responsible for the appearance of the first artistic manifestations of the colony, and from the beginning, a few craftsmen carved statues and altars and painted devotional images. Among them were

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The Italians spoke a diversity of dialects from their provinces of origin, and the relative isolation of the colony and the coexistence between groups of different origins, over time, gave birth to a new dialect,

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The religious orientation of these establishments was also remarkable, many of them functioning in chapels and churches, run by religious or otherwise linked to structured religion. Religious orders, such as the

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itinerant priests came to the aid of the faithful, there was little adherence to orthodoxy. The chronicles of these missionaries lament that the people took a great part in religious festivities, but shunned

359:, the so-called "Roman grid". This model did not prove to be the most appropriate for the region, full of uneven terrain, and urbanization was almost always very difficult and expensive, which later made the 165:, began to face the consequences of the worldwide economic recession of 1873–74. In addition, unfavorable competition with grain produced in North America disrupted the Italian agricultural economy, causing 845:

At the turn of the century, the industrial sector was being structured based on the artisanal micro-industry of transformation of basic food products such as corn and wheat into flour, grapes into wine and

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to the east of the Conde d'Eu and Princesa Isabel colonies, initially called Colônia a Fundos de Nova Palmira, which was the origin of the city of Caxias do Sul, and whose headquarters was then located in

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The colony was founded in 1875, still under the Brazilian slave regime, which was abolished in 1888. There were many slaves in Rio Grande do Sul, but government orders prohibited their employment in the

1586:, the expansion of infrastructure, concern for the environment, and the opening of new jobs and new markets on several international fronts, facing the crises of the failure of the Plano Cruzado and the 492:

excellence, calming conflicts, facilitating solidarity between generations and contact between the various groups of settlers. It was also due to the women, mainly the grandmothers, the preservation of

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phenomenon. This surplus of people seeks employment in the urban industry and, given the insufficient wages, has difficulties attending to basic needs such as housing and health, starting a process of

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in 1918, and Banco Nacional do Comércio in 1920. Electricity started to illuminate the city in 1913, offering greater comfort and possibilities for socialization, while boosting productive activities.

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up to the date of its inauguration in 1899, when all the façade covering and internal decorations were still missing. At the solemn consecration of the temple on 15 October 1900, Bishop Ponce de Leão

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more cosmopolitan patterns, while the general population also benefited from these advances. Under the stimulus of the upper classes, the first cafés and recreational clubs were created, such as the

230:. The first Italian settlers headed to this new destination began to arrive in 1875. The immigrants' way from Caí was through the "Picada dos Boêmios", a trail opened in 1872 by some immigrants from 87:

inhabitants and is one of Brazil's biggest cities. Much of its past has been lost by the dissolution of old traditions, by the demolition of most of its primitive architectural patrimony, and by the

374: 2471: 800:, usually, without instrumental accompaniment, of long traditional songs, markedly narrative, that recalled their Italian land, sang their nostalgia for distant relatives, spoke of love and work. 1051:

those who were used to the exhausting work on the land. In total, the worker often accumulated 16 hours of daily work. Child labor was also common in the city, just as it was in the countryside.

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in their typical costumes, the songs, the banquets, the congress and the flags adorning the streets, all reflected the efforts of the offerers of the feast in the process of self-representation.

1121:, band performances, and others. Initially held outdoors, later in winter they began to take place in sheds or on the first floor of the Bishopric. From 1947 on, they were organized around the 320:, which was installed in the building of the Land Commission Board, bringing together in one main event the various festivities commemorating the harvests held sparsely by the settlers. 2243: 2048: 792:, a corn straw braid used to make hats, and exchanged their experiences, while the children played with rustic toys. Amid these meetings, accompanied by a glass of wine, salami, 1567:

The end of the Military Regime in the 1980s, alongside the Economic Stabilization Plan of 1986 ("Plano Cruzado"), forced businessmen to double their efforts to adapt to the new

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was not mentioned in the books of the Commercial Association until 1919. The number of business categories at the time rose to more than 40, with a capital of almost 5 thousand

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among them, they differed "nationally" according to the region they came from. Nor did the language brought from Italy serve as a common link, since they spoke different Italic

67:

which had repercussions in the colonial area. Many episodes of violence and disagreement occurred, and the power structure proved unstable. In the midst of the disparities, the

593: 2940: 1379:, and 1934 Nova Vicenza became independent. At the seat of the city, the system of Intendants assisted by the Municipal Council functioned until 1930, when the new Brazilian 984:

greater understanding with the public authorities. Notwithstanding his efforts, the cooperatives mostly failed and the crisis would last with ups and downs until the 1930s.

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Anais Eletrônicos do II Encontro História, Imagem e Cultura Visual da ANPUH-RS: GT História, Imagem e Cultura Visual. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul

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large schools in operation (Carmo, La Salle, São José, São Carlos, Cristóvão de Mendoza), and in the 1960s, the first higher education degrees were offered: Faculties of

761:, from which they left to work the surrounding fields, in the colony, the dwellings were distant from each other, and the need for social gathering was more pressing. 467:

and geography of southern Brazil, and the adaptation of the traditional Italian agrarian culture to an acclimated substitute did not take place without difficulties.

197:, and after the demarcation of the colonies in Rio Grande do Sul, the surplus was being sent there. They entered the state via the Rio Grande river and disembarked in 1635:

Empresa Festa da Uva Turismo e Empreendimentos S.A.. There were many protests from sectors of the community regarding the growing dominance of machines over grapes.

564:, today the seat of the Bishopric, thanks to the joint effort of the immigrant community, which worked on the construction for free and paid out the high sum of 150 391:

and executive powers. This board, after several changes in its composition, ended its activities on 15 December 1891, when the first Municipal Council was sworn in.

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The occupation of the current urban region of Caxias do Sul in the new headquarters founded in Travessão Santa Teresa, the so-called Sede Dante, around the current

46:

crops and livestock began to bear fruit. In 1890 trade was already flourishing and industries started to multiply. The primitive village, at the time a district of

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Oliveira, Luciana da Costa de (30 June 2010). "A Formação Histórico-etnográfica do Povo Riograndense, de Aldo Locatelli: os entornos de uma produção muralística".

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when he visited in 1890, amazed at the work accomplished in such a short time. In gratitude, in 1893, the municipality named its main street after the politician.

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Biavaschi, Márcio Alex Cordeiro (2011). "Relações de poder coronelistas na Região Colonial Italiana do Rio Grande do Sul durante o período borgista (1903–1928)".

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Meanwhile, the municipal administration was also changing. The development of the entire region led some districts in Caxias to claim autonomy, and so in 1924

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museums, archives, protection of historical buildings, and promotion of cultural activities that revisit the past and try to integrate it with the present.

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The society of the city at its foundation was structured around the family nucleus and the Italian culture brought with the immigrants, strongly marked by

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Italy, an interest arose in reconstructing the history of the emigrants by interpreting it as a powerful civilizing contribution of the Latin race to the

1688:

arrived in town to decorate the Church of São Pelegrino, creating one of the largest sets of mural paintings in the state. On the altar, he painted the "

3556:"Produto Interno Bruto a preços correntes e Produto Interno Bruto per capita segundo as Grandes Regiões, Unidades da Federação e Municípios – 2002–2005" 1626:

The Casa de Pedra ("Stone House"), the only remnant in the current urban area of Caxias do Sul of the first homes of the Italians. Today it is a museum.

967:

However, in 1911, a serious crisis broke out in the wine sector, caused by over harvesting and the adulteration of wine in the distribution centers of

1411:

The Church continued to be actively involved in politics in this period. On 16 September 1945, there was a dangerous confrontation at a rally against

561: 1234: 641: 580:, Francisco Meneguzzo, and Pietro Stangherlin, leaving significant work in many churches and chapels in the region and others preserved today in the 2917: 178: 42: 528: 504: 3197: 3700: 3138: 987:

The great international crises of the first half of the century did not produce excessively negative effects on the city, on the contrary, The

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properties among the multiple heirs made them incapable of providing for the sustenance of the families, generally, large ones. This caused a

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foster Italian culture, and to strengthen the sense of collective unity. Click on the image to read the caption with the names of the members.

50:, was already showing signs of self-sufficiency enough to be emancipated, becoming a village governed by a provisional Council, and soon by a 3705: 3115: 2710: 2254: 2059: 807:

For Christmas there were special traditions, when large groups went through all the lines and visited every house, singing the songs of the

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role, its hard work, pioneering spirit, ingenuity and tenacity, and its collaboration in building the Brazilian nation, in accordance with

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In Brazil at the time, the slave system was being undermined with the prohibition of the slave trade in 1850 and the promulgation of the

736:

In 2017, the Talian dialect was co-officialized in the municipality of Caxias do Sul, from the decree of the mayor, Felipe Gremelmaier (

1404: 1287: 1085: 872: 115: 1739:. It has a complete network of services and an active cultural life, having been chosen as the Brazilian Capital of Culture in 2008. 1607:, of the Sociedade Caritativo-Literária São José; Law School, of the Sociedade Hospitalar Nossa Senhora de Fátima, and the School of 729:, were responsible for the foundation of schools that today are among the main ones in the city, such as Colégio São José (1901) and 221:

After an exploratory expedition headed by Luiz Antônio Feijó Júnior, in 1874 a new colonial nucleus was created with about 15 square

3335:"Políticas de Abastecimento Alimentar na Perspectiva da Segurança Alimentar: O Programa de Abastecimento Alimentar de Caxias do Sul" 581: 337:

plentiful, they lacked everything else, causing the Italian Consul to visit the colony in 1905 and be shocked at their appearance.

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Anais do VI Congresso Luso-Brasileiro de História da Educação: Percursos e desafios da pesquisa e do ensino de História da Educação

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is the main source of income of the city). There was also the introduction of new machinery and modern techniques in the field of

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national reality, with the emergence of a concern with competitiveness and productivity, and an interest in the qualification of

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countries, causing a deep rupture of the ties between Italy and Brazil, with heavy consequences for the immigration region.

976: 1920:

Stormowski, Marcia Sanocki (2011). "Crescimento econômico e desigualdade social: o caso da ex-colônia Caxias – 1875–1910".

1246: 882: 737: 407: 2444:

Luchese, Terciane Ângela (20 April 2006). "Leggere, Scrivere, Calcolare. Escolas comunitárias étnicas em Caxias do Sul".

941:

Inauguration of the Railroad on 1 June 1910, date of the elevation of the Villa of Caxias to city status. Photo from AHM.

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program was initiated in an attempt to modernize the country and overcome its backwardness, but the economic failure of

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The social customs and the urban landscape were recorded at the beginning of the century by the important photographers

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Alencar, created by the Círculo Operário Caxiense in 1939, holding conferences, reading sessions, and having a library.

899: 878: 340: 249: 128: 3576: 2602:"Associação dos Comerciantes: Uma Forma de Organização dos Imigrantes Europeus nas Colônias Agrícolas no Sul do Brasil" 289:(the heating fire) was located, a living room, a few bedrooms, and an attic or basement for storage. Next to it were a 1723: 1612: 1205:

of sacred art, founded by the first stonemasons at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, are Estacio Zambelli and

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The agro-industrial fairs multiply in the rural and urban areas, expanding even to the capital of the state, and the

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One of the first mills in Caxias do Sul, in the district of São Romédio, owned by Giacomo Clamer, Giovanni Battista

3695: 1703: 1576: 34: 3533: 1696:" and the "Apparition of Our Lady of Caravaggio"; on the ceiling, he created several scenes illustrating the hymn 1443: 1776: 1714:", one of his most appreciated works. The artist would also leave his mark on the City Hall headquarters and the 1417: 730: 3555: 3022: 1210: 1106: 544:, said the funeral prayers, baptized, blessed the crops and the sick, and in some cases even celebrated Sunday 304:, peanuts, pumpkins, tomatoes, peppers, wheat, and corn, and with the raising of pig, chicken, and cattle. The 2273:"O papel da mulher na reprodução social da família, um estudo de caso com descendentes de imigrantes europeus" 937: 1185: 3490:

Anais do X Encontro Estadual de História O Brasil no Sul: Cruzando Fronteiras entre o Regional e o Nacional

507:, today in the municipality of Farroupilha, typifies the Italian colonial chapel. AHM photo, the 1920s–30s. 1648: 1357: 1134: 968: 930:

wood constructions that were typical of the early days, and can now erect monuments and take care of the "

239: 2925: 2562:

Pozza, Rosilene (17 February 2014). "Nomes de ruas de Caxias do Sul eternizam a trajetória das pessoas".

2303:

De Boni, Luis Alberto (1980). "O Catolicismo da Imigração: Do Triunfo à Crise". In Dacanal, J. H. (ed.).

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Safe conduct issued in favor of Ema Panigaz Artico for travelling from Caxias do Sul to São Marcos, 1944.

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instrumental ensemble for the performances of the group "As Garotas do Jazz", which was a great success.

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the party hall, the sports fields, the bowling alleys, the schools, and the commerce. Until today, the

3205: 975:, with the consequent discrediting of the product, forcing the federal government to hire the Italian 1516: 1166: 972: 726: 455:

Boff family displaying their products in Ana Rech, rural area of Caxias do Sul, 1904. Photo from AHM.

194: 162: 79: 3146: 1611:, of the City Hall. These schools would be the basis for, on 10 February 1967, the founding of the 1512: 1102: 670: 557: 378:

Official delegation arriving from Porto Alegre for the installation of the Governing Board in 1890.

3123: 2714: 1304: 705: 18: 1766: 1297: 101: 3517:

Klóss, Carolina (3 June 2011). "Bruno Segalla, O Operário da Arte pode ser visitada em Caxias".

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Tessari, Anthony Beux (9 August 2013). "Retratos Burgueses: Atelier Calegari, Atelier Geremia".

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Derocina Alves Campos. A História Política do Brasil (1930 -1946) sob a ótica da imprensa gaúcha

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line were withheld, generating mass public protests which, thanks to the intervention of priest

1090: 815:, the new star that symbolized the birth of Jesus. On the day of the chapel's patron saint, the 213: 2690:"Crise Sistêmica e Auxílio Financeiro: Faltou um Lender of Last Resort para o Banco Pelotense?" 2639: 2402:"Escolas comunitárias de imigrantes no Brasil: instâncias de coordenação e estruturas de apoio" 3399:"A Projeção Republicana e das Tradições Farroupilhas na Colônia Italiana do Rio Grande do Sul" 2382:

Dall'Agnol, Samira (2005). "Aspectos históricos e sócio-antropológicos e hábitos de leitura".

1736: 1491: 1367: 1349: 1293: 1031: 748: 51: 38: 1184:

Amateur sports clubs also appear, such as Esporte Clube Ideal (1910), the first in the city,

2409: 2280: 1950:"Na capela de São Romédio, marco da colonização, Caxias comemora os 132 anos da imigração". 1520: 1333: 1067: 1015: 838: 674: 384: 269:

region, making up about 71% of the total. Approximately 23% of them were Austrians from the

205:, from where they continued on foot, in carts, or on horseback to the top of the mountains. 3473:

Itaqui, José (2002). "O material e o imaterial no trabalho do ator: O caso Miseri Coloni".

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Bendito é o Fruto: Festa da uva e identidade entre os descendentes de imigrantes italianos

2367:

Costa, Rovílio (21 January 2004). "80 anos de sonhos e realidade de um cidadão do mundo".

2285: 2049:"O desenvolvimento econômico de Caxias do Sul na perspectiva do acervo do Museu Municipal" 1572: 1206: 1172: 1154: 1146: 1118: 988: 950:

and processing activities would establish themselves as the main local economic interest.

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people. In the XVII century, the region where Caxias do Sul would be born was visited by

3614:

Centro de Memória da Câmara Municipal de Caxias do Sul (2012). Onzi, Geni Salete (ed.).

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and carrying a torch decorated with a paper star – this was the announcement of the new

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Maria Abel Machado, Vania Herédia and many others, (following the steps of the pioneer

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The organization of the farm was extremely simple. A rustic wooden house, sometimes of

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In the period of World War II, the city was troubled by political differences, by the

953: 3689: 1786: 1756: 1707: 1162: 1125:, the Episcopal secretariat, when the novelty was the purchase by the Bishopric of a 864: 666: 396: 222: 29: 3638: 2903: 2516:

Ribeiro, Cleodes M. P. J. (2004). Pozenato, J. C.; Ribeiro, Cleodes M. P. J (eds.).

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Museu e Arquivo Histórico Municipal (1992). "Festa da Uva: Tradição & Mudança".

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The speeches, the display and distribution of grapes, the triumphal procession, the

1316:

Pro-New State demonstrations in the Dante Alighieri Square, 1937–38. Photo from AHM.

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The virgin land proved fertile, and soon provided good harvests of potatoes, beans,

189:, and deluded by the promises of the Brazilian government and the legends about the 1693: 1631: 1587: 1544: 1490:

Between 1938 and 1950, the festival was not held, due to the nationalist policy of

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positioning, which was not exempt from foreign manipulation, had its consequences.

1150: 1047: 1039: 996: 926: 895: 894:

highway so that it would pass through the city, and took over the direction of the

569: 317: 257: 198: 166: 2349: 2164: 1534: 1022: 1010:

Pavilions of the 1932 Festa da Uva, at the Dante Alighieri Square. Photo from AHM.

860: 833: 1141:

to the Cathedral, where it remained for a few weeks. Finally, the celebration of

804:, or the choir's guide, began the verses, and the ensemble completed the stanza. 708:

also left a notable mark in the early history of education in the Caxias do Sul.

515:. Coming from a country that had just been unified, there was no common sense of 2500:. Institui o Talian como a segunda língua oficial do Município de Caxias do Sul. 1853:

Ponzi, Luiz Carlos (2005). "A Emigração Italiana – A Crise no Reino da Itália".

1376: 1361: 1312: 1138: 1114: 1006: 1000: 980: 947: 470: 451: 422: 400: 388: 333: 329: 325: 227: 201:, where they stayed at the "Immigrants' House" until they took smaller boats to 3670:

Câmara de Indústria, Comércio e Serviços de Caxias do Sul: Cem Anos de História

1338:

Cinquantenario della Colonizzazione Italiana nello Stato del Rio Grande del Sud

2918:"Prefeito e primeira-dama prestigiam aniversário de 110 anos do Clube Juvenil" 1638: 1466: 1447:

Júlio Calegari: Queen and princesses of the 1934 Festa da Uva. Photo from AHM.

1392: 1388: 1193: 1094: 906: 722: 713: 679: 560:. Nevertheless, in 1893, the Church was able to begin the construction of the 553: 537: 483: 356: 3008: 898:. It also extended its activities to the assistance area, as when during the 3580: 2401: 1698: 1672: 1600: 1412: 1329: 1142: 934:" of the central streets, and the embellishment of the main public places. 854: 426: 360: 190: 55: 3198:"Memória, mito e identidade: farroupilhas e italianos no Rio Grande do Sul" 1622: 2666: 1969:(in Portuguese). Caxias do Sul: UCS/Prefeitura Municipal. pp. 29–33. 1608: 1583: 1201: 700: 516: 364: 306: 133: 112: 22:

The early urban nucleus of Caxias do Sul, the Sede Dante, around 1876–77.

3398: 2601: 1642:

Interior of the Casa de Pedra Museum, with immigrants' household objects

3541: 1470: 1325: 959: 931: 785: 520: 464: 301: 294: 231: 2242:

Herédia, Vania Beatriz Merlotti.; Giron, Loraine Slomp (8 July 2006).

1511:

In 1951, Getúlio Vargas returned to power after the administration of

511:

However, the greatest unifying force among the first settlers was the

2332:

Os Trivênetos no Rio Grande do Sul: Imigração e colonização no Brasil

1616: 1345: 1098: 891: 848: 694:

Luíza Morelli Marchioro and her students in front of her home-school.

541: 313: 290: 274: 266: 242:, only began on 30 May 1876. Another early settlement center was the 119: 2472:"Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul" 161:

In the early 1870s, Italy, still suffering from the problems of the

2606:

Scripta Nova – Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales

1575:

by the improvement of production technologies (including the first

918:, inaugurated in 1920. The first banks also opened their branches: 3506:

NAVI / Prefeitura Municipal (2006). "NAVI 15 anos". Caxias do Sul.

1741: 1671: 1637: 1621: 1533: 1450: 1442: 1366: 1311: 1303: 1276: 1171: 1074: 1066: 1021: 1005: 952: 936: 877: 832: 797: 777: 763: 747: 533: 469: 450: 406: 373: 339: 282: 270: 256: 248: 212: 152: 2711:"Prefeitura Municipal de Caxias do Sul. O Município: Denominação" 3639:"A Casa do Imigrante Italiano: A Linguagem do Espaço de Habitar" 2577: 1548: 1126: 852:, pigs into sausages and lard, and natural products such as the 261:

Property of Italo Masotti in the countryside, late 19th century.

138: 3617:

Palavra e Poder: 120 anos do Poder Legislativo em Caxias do Sul

3435:(16). Caxias do Sul: Museu e Arquivo Histórico Municipal. 1993. 2350:"A Lei do Silêncio: história e mitos da imigração ítalo-gaúcha" 2091: 1824: 1531:

in Brazil, making the first decades of this period tumultuous.

1281:

Concentration of voters at the Dante Alighieri Square in 1902.

699:

new arrivals were illiterate, but after about two decades the

3668:

Machado, Maria Abel; Herédia, Vania Beatriz Merlotti (2001).

3652:

Paróquia Santa Teresa – Cem Anos de Fé e História (1884–1984)

3630:

Construindo uma Cidade: História de Caxias do Sul – 1875–1950

2688:

Palmeira, Eduardo Mauch; Costa, Suélem do Sacramento (2008).

2600:

Herédia, Vania Beatriz Merlotti; Machado, Maria Abel (2001).

1647:

migrants of non-Italian descent, the great popularization of

1332:

and urging Italians in Brazil to defend their ethnic origin.

2148:

Centro de Memória da Câmara Municipal de Caxias do Sul (2012

1890:

Centro de Memória da Câmara Municipal de Caxias do Sul (2012

1603:

and philosophy, of the Diocesan Mitra; Mother Justina Inês

3223:(in Portuguese). Léo Christiano Editorial. pp. 54–63. 2251:

IV SeminTUR – Seminário de Pesquisa em Turismo do MERCOSUL

2056:

IV SeminTUR – Seminário de Pesquisa em Turismo do MERCOSUL

1240:

First headquarters of the Youth Club, 1916. Photo from AHM

2582:

Câmara de Indústria, Comércio e Serviços de Caxias do Sul

3534:"Laboratório NTAV – Novas Tecnologias nas Artes Visuais" 3450:(4). Caxias do Sul: Museu e Arquivo Histórico Municipal. 3431:"A cidade ficou igual a tantas outras… As diferenças?". 1527:'s government would lead to a coup that established the 1825:"Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul – Coordenadoria Distrital" 1296:, did not end in tragedy. The manipulated ascension of 905:

The telephone had already been introduced in 1895, the

669:

that incorporated elements of the Italian dialects and

2837:

Processo de Industrialização da Zona Colonial Italiana

1026:

Interior of Metalúrgica Abramo Eberle. Photo from AHM.

3379: 536:

and the rites and traditions. It was this figure who

3577:"Caxias do Sul – Capital Brasileira da Cultura 2008" 2518:

Cultura, imigração e memória: percursos e horizontes

1391:

atmosphere created by the nationalist policy of the

647:

Francisco Meneguzzo: altar of the Cathedral, c. 1913

3414: 3412: 1842:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Ática. p. 267. 796:, bread, and cheese, there would be the singing in 442:

Culture and society in the early days of the colony

332:of grapes, wheat, and flax with a commercial view. 217:

Plan of the colony in Caxias (in green), from 1885.

1710:". On the side walls, there were canvases of the " 871:") for which the city is known was given to it by 3029:(in Portuguese). Editora Globo. pp. 147–150. 2023:Ponzi, Luiz Carlos (4 March 2006). "A Poupança". 1706:", framing the great central composition of the " 1619:influence in this traditionally Italian region. 1180:at the Cine Theatro Apollo, 1922. Photo from AHM. 285:or stone, divided into a large kitchen where the 3403:Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil 2736:Ponzi, Luiz Carlos (15 April 2006). "A Cidade". 2384:Anais do II Colóquio Nacional Leitura e Cognição 1308:Visit by Getúlio Vargas in 1928. Photo from AHM. 3139:"Museu dos Ex-Combatentes da II Guerra Mundial" 2900:"A Imigração e a História do Rio Grande do Sul" 2253:. Universidade de Caxias do Sul. Archived from 2058:. Universidade de Caxias do Sul. Archived from 1475: 157:Ship with Italian immigrants arriving in Brazil 3679:Festa e Identidade: Como se fez a Festa da Uva 3366: 2822: 2795: 2780: 2750: 2625: 2549: 1538:Abramo Eberle Metallurgical Plant in the 1950s 1071:Kermesse at the feast of Saint Teresa, in 1910 824:The city in the first half of the 20th century 3143:Departamento de Memória e Patrimônio Cultural 2161:"Câmara Municipal de Caxias do Sul. Memorial" 1336:, in the prologue to the commemorative album 1093:. These celebrations, which included masses, 149:The crisis in Italy and the Brazilian context 8: 3356:(in Portuguese). EDUCS/EST. pp. 81–193. 3005:Casa da Cultura Percy Vargas de Abreu e Lima 1935:"São Romédio celebra 125 anos de fundação". 1213:, intended to preserve his memory and work. 111:Inhabited since immemorial times by nomadic 2694:Observatorio de la Economía Latinoamericana 1228:First team of Esporte Clube Juventude, 1913 3183: 3171: 3039: 2885: 2873: 2317: 2185: 1252:Bridal photograph, by Julio Calegari, 1921 784:; the women practiced handicrafts such as 601:Nossa Senhora da Misericórdia com o Menino 2839:(in Portuguese). EDUCS. pp. 166–167. 2520:(in Portuguese). EDUCS. pp. 339–346. 2413: 2284: 867:. The nickname "Pearl of the Colonies" (" 363:José Penna de Moraes call the project a " 265:They were mostly young families from the 3460: 2835:Herédia, Vânia Beatriz Merlotti (1997). 1998: 1398: 689: 498: 416:Shortly afterward, on 30 June 1894, the 209:The arrival and settlement of immigrants 33:, one of the main municipalities in the 17: 3501: 3499: 3418: 3308: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3245: 3233: 3159: 3137:Prefeitura Municipal de Caxias do Sul. 3102: 3054: 2849: 2807: 2765: 2498:"Lei Nº 8208, de 09 de outubro de 2017" 2197: 2135: 2120: 2108: 2010: 1979: 1816: 1797: 1218: 589: 3492:. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. 3304: 3302: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3050: 3048: 2980: 2978: 2818: 2816: 2791: 2789: 2776: 2774: 2761: 2759: 2705: 2703: 2621: 2619: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2439: 2437: 2343: 2341: 2047:Sales, Fabiana de Lima (8 July 2006). 1407:, one of the symbols of Caxias do Sul. 41:in Brazil, officially begins with the 3333:Zimmermann, Silvia Aparecida (2006). 3320: 3120:Prefeitura Municipal de Caxias do Sul 2969: 2861: 2458: 2428: 2395: 2393: 2298: 2296: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2131: 2129: 2096:Prefeitura Municipal de Caxias do Sul 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1904: 1870: 1101:in the churches, were accompanied by 1079:Diocesan Eucharistic Congress in 1948 540:, led the communal recitation of the 107:"Ethnic cleansing" in Southern Brazil 7: 3681:(in Portuguese). Caxias do Sul: UCS. 3027:Artes Plásticas no Rio Grande do Sul 2638:Sosa, Derocina Alves Campos (2005). 1915: 1913: 1900: 1898: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1866: 1864: 1455:Parade of floats in 1950. AHM photo. 3607:História de Caxias do Sul 1864–1970 3446:"A preservação não recusa o novo". 3219:Santos, Miriam de Oliveira (2015). 2286:10.15668/1807-8214/artemis.v7p88-92 2271:Santos, Miriam de Oliveira (2007). 1746:A panorama of Caxias do Sul in 2008 909:arrived in 1906, and the newspaper 505:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Caravaggio 350:First administrations and conflicts 187:"far l'America" ("to make America") 3677:Ribeiro, Cleodes M. P. J. (2002). 3609:(in Portuguese). Edições Paulinas. 2659:"Hospital Pompéia, página oficial" 1680:, in the Church of San Pellegrino. 1405:National Monument to the Immigrant 1273:Politics and public administration 1105:with various popular attractions: 14: 3659:Adami, João Spadari (1981). "3". 3311:, pp. 129–139, 184–186, 191) 1967:Caxias do Sul: Evolução Histórica 1582:The 1990s were marked by growing 582:Municipal Museum of Caxias do Sul 122:missionaries, who tried to found 3196:Constantino, Núncia Santoro de. 2924:. 20 August 2015. Archived from 2531:Rigo, Sergio; Roveda, Fernando. 2307:(in Portuguese). Mercado Aberto. 2244:"Identidade, Trabalho e Turismo" 1772:Historic Center of Caxias do Sul 1257: 1245: 1233: 1221: 885:building, 1920s. Photo from AHM. 768:Benvenutti family reunion, 1928. 640: 624: 608: 592: 367:", which "devoured" the budget. 3650:Brandalise, Ernesto A. (1985). 3637:Filippon, Maria Isabel (2007). 3354:Pobres Construtores de Riquezas 2415:10.1590/S1413-24782000000300010 2330:Costa, Rovílio; De Boni, Luis. 2092:"O Município: Industrialização" 2406:Revista Brasileira de Educação 2188:, pp. 14, 26–33, 107–124) 1730:The modern regional metropolis 78:With the establishment of the 1: 3701:History of Brazil by location 3384:Universidade de Caxias do Sul 3352:Lazzarotto, Valentim (1991). 1965:Giron, Loraine Slomp (1977). 1692:", flanked by images of the " 841:and Giustina Brustolin. 1881. 432:José Cândido de Campos Júnior 3706:Immigration to South America 3628:Machado, Maria Abel (2001). 3623:(in Portuguese). São Miguel. 3605:Adami, João Spadari (1971). 1762:History of Rio Grande do Sul 1716:Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre 1662:Municipal Historical Archive 1264:First Communion Photo, 1930s 788:, sewing, and the making of 752:New Year's celebrations 1899 3532:Grupo de Pesquisa Artecno. 3367:Machado & Herédia (2001 2922:Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul 2898:Dacanal, José Hildebrando. 2823:Machado & Herédia (2001 2796:Machado & Herédia (2001 2781:Machado & Herédia (2001 2751:Machado & Herédia (2001 2626:Machado & Herédia (2001 2550:Machado & Herédia (2001 2305:RS: Imigração e Colonização 1724:University of Caxias do Sul 1613:University of Caxias do Sul 131:detachment, who founded an 3722: 3116:"O Município: Denominação" 1432: 883:Banco Nacional do Comércio 829:Economy and infrastructure 635:, detail. Municipal Museum 562:Cathedral of Caxias do Sul 447:Family, Work, and Religion 253:The Church of São Romédio. 99: 3661:História de Caxias do Sul 2214:(in Portuguese): 325–330. 1782:Júlio de Castilhos Avenue 1507:The new economy of Caxias 1211:Zambelli Atelier Memorial 1190:Grêmio Esportivo Flamengo 129:Santo Antônio da Patrulha 3397:Bento, Cláudio Moreira. 3082:Revista Espaço Acadêmico 3078:"Os Gringos Também Amam" 2448:. Uberlândia: 1422–1430. 1381:revolutionary government 1176:Scene from the operetta 1063:Cultural diversification 916:Nossa Senhora de Pompéia 619:, 1890. Municipal Museum 603:, 1885. Municipal Museum 529:Diocese of Caxias do Sul 185:Driven by the desire of 3654:(in Portuguese). EDUCS. 3076:Maestri, Mário (2003). 2647:. Porto Alegre: PUC-RS. 2348:Maestri, Mário (2001). 2212:Doctorate Thesis, PUCRS 1924:(in Portuguese): 25–31. 1838:Bueno, Eduardo (2003). 1186:Esporte Clube Juventude 685:Staffetta Rio-grandense 387:, who concentrated the 2400:Kreutz, Lúcio (2000). 1922:Master's Thesis, UFRGS 1777:Colégio La Salle Carmo 1747: 1681: 1649:means of communication 1643: 1630:In the mid-1960s, the 1627: 1539: 1484: 1456: 1448: 1408: 1372: 1317: 1309: 1282: 1181: 1135:Our Lady of Caravaggio 1080: 1072: 1027: 1011: 979:to organize the first 964: 942: 886: 842: 769: 753: 731:Colégio La Salle Carmo 695: 656:Language and education 617:São Marcos evangelista 508: 482:This hierarchical and 475: 474:Women's work, c. 1910. 456: 436:Pacificatore di Caxias 413: 383:Angelo Chitolina, and 379: 346: 262: 254: 240:Dante Alighieri square 218: 158: 23: 3475:Ciências & Letras 3339:Master's Dissertation 3092:on 24 September 2015. 2928:on 19 September 2016. 2431:, pp. 18–19, 96) 1745: 1712:Stations of the Cross 1675: 1641: 1625: 1594:Education and culture 1537: 1529:Military Dictatorship 1454: 1446: 1402: 1370: 1324:At the same time, in 1315: 1307: 1280: 1207:Michelangelo Zambelli 1175: 1153:, and Marriage, true 1086:Apostleship of Prayer 1078: 1070: 1025: 1014:In the same way, the 1009: 957:Antonio Pieruccini's 956: 940: 881: 836: 767: 751: 693: 502: 473: 454: 418:Federalist Revolution 410: 377: 343: 260: 252: 244:São Romédio Community 216: 156: 21: 3088:(25). Archived from 2951:on 30 September 2020 2738:Um Pouco de História 2669:on 25 September 2008 2386:. Santa Cruz do Sul. 2369:Correio Riograndense 2025:Um Pouco de História 1855:Um Pouco de História 1840:Brasil: uma história 1517:Juscelino Kubitschek 1301:federal government. 1167:Recreio da Juventude 863:by pioneers such as 727:De La Salle Brothers 631:Pietro Stangherlin: 615:Pietro Stangherlin: 328:was losing space to 203:São Sebastião do Caí 48:São Sebastião do Caí 43:Italian colonization 3583:on 6 September 2008 3544:on 15 October 2008. 3236:, pp. 147–191) 3208:on 22 October 2008. 3162:, pp. 137–144) 3149:on 14 January 2009. 3105:, pp. 137–144) 2810:, pp. 122–124) 2461:, pp. 107–111) 2200:, pp. 157–159) 1939:. 19 December 2001. 1937:Correio Riogradense 1577:robotic automations 1356:on the side of the 1137:from her shrine in 1091:St. Teresa of Avila 869:Pérola das Colônias 599:Taquinio Zambelli: 163:Wars of Unification 3272:, pp. 90–128) 3260:, March 1931, p. 7 2941:"26 December 2014" 2628:, pp. 19, 30) 2539:on 20 August 2008. 2065:on 31 August 2021. 1767:Italian Brazilians 1748: 1682: 1654:João Spadari Adami 1644: 1628: 1540: 1457: 1449: 1409: 1373: 1318: 1310: 1298:Borges de Medeiros 1283: 1182: 1081: 1073: 1028: 1012: 965: 963:, 1910. AHM photo. 943: 920:Banco da Província 900:Revolution of 1930 887: 873:Júlio de Castilhos 843: 770: 754: 696: 578:Tarquinio Zambelli 509: 487:the whole of that 476: 457: 414: 380: 347: 263: 255: 219: 179:German immigration 159: 102:Italian Brazilians 96:Early colonization 24: 3696:Rio Grande do Sul 3645:. Masters thesis. 3463:, pp. 50–51) 3284:, pp. 50–62) 3248:, pp. 85–88) 3186:, pp. 65–66) 3174:, pp. 60–61) 3042:, pp. 45–46) 3011:on 3 August 2008. 2888:, pp. 63–65) 2876:, pp. 58–59) 2864:, pp. 79–81) 2825:, pp. 69–70) 2798:, pp. 46–66) 2783:, pp. 30–36) 2552:, pp. 16–27) 2334:. Edições OnLine. 2320:, pp. 29–33) 2260:on 12 March 2017. 2150:, pp. 13–34) 2013:, pp. 55–57) 1982:, pp. 50–51) 1907:, pp. 67–93) 1892:, pp. 11–13) 1873:, pp. 19–26) 1737:Rio Grande do Sul 1601:Economic Sciences 1569:hyperinflationary 1498:From 1950 to 2000 683:by the newspaper 513:Catholic religion 489:primitive society 69:Catholic religion 52:Municipal council 39:Rio Grande do Sul 3713: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3663:(in Portuguese). 3655: 3646: 3633: 3624: 3622: 3610: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3579:. Archived from 3573: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3540:. Archived from 3529: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3433:Boletim Memória. 3428: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3204:. Archived from 3193: 3187: 3184:Brandalise (1985 3181: 3175: 3172:Brandalise (1985 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3145:. Archived from 3134: 3128: 3127: 3122:. Archived from 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3073: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3040:Brandalise (1985 3037: 3031: 3030: 3023:Damasceno, Athos 3019: 3013: 3012: 3007:. Archived from 2997: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2947:. Archived from 2939:Lopes, Rodrigo. 2936: 2930: 2929: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2906:on 12 June 2009. 2902:. Archived from 2895: 2889: 2886:Brandalise (1985 2883: 2877: 2874:Brandalise (1985 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2784: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2713:. Archived from 2707: 2698: 2697: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2665:. Archived from 2663:Hospital Pompeia 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2614: 2613: 2597: 2586: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2535:. Archived from 2528: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2478:on 30 March 2019 2474:. Archived from 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2321: 2318:Brandalise (1985 2315: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2248: 2239: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2186:Brandalise (1985 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2163:. Archived from 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2053: 2044: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1893: 1887: 1874: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1857:(in Portuguese). 1850: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1806: 1802: 1676:Aldo Locatelli: 1521:developmentalism 1462:Revista do Globo 1334:Benito Mussolini 1261: 1249: 1237: 1225: 1155:rites of passage 1016:Great Depression 675:Second World War 644: 628: 612: 596: 385:Salvador Sartori 3721: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3686: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3636: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3448:Boletim Memória 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3258:Correio do Povo 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3126:on 13 May 2008. 3114: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3075: 3074: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3021: 3020: 3016: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2787: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2617: 2599: 2598: 2589: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2408:(15): 159–176. 2399: 2398: 2391: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2167:on 12 June 2007 2159: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2078:Boletim Memória 2075: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2032: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1903: 1896: 1888: 1877: 1869: 1862: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1753: 1732: 1670: 1596: 1584:computerization 1573:human resources 1509: 1500: 1437: 1431: 1418:National Anthem 1275: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1253: 1250: 1241: 1238: 1229: 1226: 1165:(1905) and the 1147:First Communion 1123:Catholica Domus 1119:target practice 1065: 989:First World War 977:Stefano Paternó 831: 826: 746: 658: 653: 652: 651: 648: 645: 636: 629: 620: 613: 604: 597: 449: 444: 355:layout, like a 352: 211: 151: 109: 104: 98: 89:cosmopolitanism 64: 12: 11: 5: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3634: 3625: 3611: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3568: 3547: 3524: 3509: 3495: 3480: 3465: 3461:Filippon (2007 3453: 3438: 3423: 3421:, p. 202) 3408: 3389: 3371: 3359: 3344: 3325: 3313: 3298: 3296:, p. 134) 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3211: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3129: 3107: 3095: 3059: 3057:, p. 177) 3044: 3032: 3014: 2992: 2974: 2972:, p. 167) 2962: 2931: 2909: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2852:, p. 211) 2842: 2827: 2812: 2800: 2785: 2770: 2768:, p. 207) 2755: 2743: 2728: 2717:on 13 May 2008 2699: 2680: 2650: 2630: 2615: 2587: 2569: 2554: 2542: 2533:"Jogo da mora" 2523: 2503: 2489: 2463: 2451: 2433: 2421: 2389: 2374: 2359: 2337: 2322: 2310: 2292: 2263: 2229: 2217: 2202: 2190: 2178: 2152: 2140: 2138:, p. 150) 2125: 2113: 2101: 2083: 2068: 2030: 2015: 2003: 2001:, p. 125) 1999:Filippon (2007 1984: 1972: 1957: 1954:. 8 June 2007. 1942: 1927: 1909: 1894: 1875: 1860: 1845: 1830: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1731: 1728: 1686:Aldo Locatelli 1684:In the 1950s, 1669: 1666: 1605:Nursing school 1595: 1592: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1492:Getúlio Vargas 1481: 1433:Main article: 1430: 1427: 1350:Getúlio Vargas 1294:João Meneguzzi 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1064: 1061: 1057:social capital 997:metal industry 993:contos de réis 969:Rio de Janeiro 932:macadamization 830: 827: 825: 822: 745: 742: 657: 654: 650: 649: 646: 639: 637: 634: 630: 623: 621: 618: 614: 607: 605: 602: 598: 591: 588: 587: 586: 572:5,000 people. 566:contos de réis 494:oral tradition 448: 445: 443: 440: 351: 348: 210: 207: 174:Rio Branco Law 150: 147: 108: 105: 100:Main article: 97: 94: 63: 60: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3718: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3419:Ribeiro (2002 3415: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3369:, p. 77) 3368: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3323:, p. 76) 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3309:Ribeiro (2002 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3294:Ribeiro (2002 3290: 3287: 3283: 3282:Machado (2001 3278: 3275: 3271: 3270:Ribeiro (2002 3266: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3246:Ribeiro (2002 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234:Ribeiro (2002 3230: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3160:Ribeiro (2002 3156: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3103:Ribeiro (2002 3099: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055:Machado (2001 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850:Machado (2001 2846: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:Machado (2001 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:Machado (2001 2762: 2760: 2756: 2753:, p. 27) 2752: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2227:, p. 17) 2226: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2198:Machado (2001 2194: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2136:Machado (2001 2132: 2130: 2126: 2123:, p. 65) 2122: 2121:Machado (2001 2117: 2114: 2111:, p. 62) 2110: 2109:Machado (2001 2105: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2011:Machado (2001 2007: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980:Machado (2001 1976: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1787:Eberle Palace 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1757:Caxias do Sul 1755: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Last Judgment 1705: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1279: 1272: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1178:Don Pasticcio 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1163:Clube Juvenil 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 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298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 276: 272: 268: 259: 251: 247: 245: 241: 236: 233: 229: 224: 215: 208: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 183: 180: 175: 170: 168: 164: 155: 148: 146: 144: 140: 137:for breeding 136: 135: 130: 125: 121: 117: 114: 106: 103: 95: 93: 90: 84: 81: 76: 72: 70: 61: 59: 57: 53: 49: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 30:Caxias do Sul 20: 16: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3606: 3599:Bibliography 3587:24 September 3585:. 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Maneco. 3632:. Maneco. 1702:and the " 1699:Dies irae 1617:Gauchesca 1609:Fine arts 1558:Marcopolo 1480:tendeiras 1413:communism 1330:New World 1103:kermesses 973:São Paulo 907:telegraph 861:São Paulo 855:araucaria 782:"la mora" 570:confirmed 558:communion 427:Carbonari 361:intendant 307:tropeiros 195:São Paulo 191:Cockaigne 143:bugreiros 3519:Pioneiro 3025:(1971). 2945:Pioneiro 2564:Pioneiro 2482:30 March 1751:See also 1549:slumming 1202:Domingos 1145:such as 1099:litanies 802:Il primo 794:grostoli 725:and the 521:dialects 517:homeland 365:Minotaur 334:Silkworm 287:focolaro 134:estancia 124:missions 113:Kaingang 62:Overview 3341:. UFRJ. 2277:Ártemis 1952:Oriundi 1805:colony. 1704:Genesis 1471:Fascism 1326:Fascist 1113:games, 1109:games, 1038:During 960:Cantina 786:crochet 465:climate 302:cassava 295:gunroom 232:Bohemia 223:leagues 54:and an 1358:Allies 1346:racist 1097:, and 1032:Vargas 892:BR-116 849:grappa 839:Longhi 798:choirs 790:dressa 663:Talian 542:rosary 412:(AHM). 314:grappa 291:stable 275:Trento 267:Veneto 120:Jesuit 3621:(PDF) 3559:(PDF) 3477:(31). 2696:(94). 2645:(PDF) 2612:(28). 2356:(64). 2258:(PDF) 2247:(PDF) 2063:(PDF) 2052:(PDF) 1793:Notes 1107:bingo 817:sagra 813:stela 809:stela 780:, or 778:bocce 759:paesi 534:Latin 283:adobe 271:Tyrol 139:mules 35:state 3589:2008 3563:IBGE 2957:2023 2723:2008 2675:2008 2484:2019 2173:2008 1519:, a 1469:and 1403:The 1362:Axis 1127:jazz 1111:mora 971:and 774:filó 772:The 738:PMDB 556:and 546:mass 503:The 425:and 293:, a 26:The 3643:UCS 3538:UCS 2410:doi 2281:doi 1668:Art 1003:. 740:). 145:". 37:of 3692:: 3641:. 3561:. 3536:. 3498:^ 3411:^ 3401:. 3382:. 3337:. 3301:^ 3200:. 3141:. 3118:. 3084:. 3080:. 3062:^ 3047:^ 3003:. 2977:^ 2943:. 2920:. 2815:^ 2788:^ 2773:^ 2758:^ 2702:^ 2692:. 2661:. 2618:^ 2610:94 2608:. 2604:. 2590:^ 2580:. 2506:^ 2436:^ 2404:. 2392:^ 2352:. 2340:^ 2295:^ 2275:. 2249:. 2232:^ 2128:^ 2094:. 2054:. 2033:^ 1987:^ 1912:^ 1897:^ 1878:^ 1863:^ 1718:. 1590:. 1149:, 1117:, 584:. 548:. 58:. 3591:. 3565:. 3521:. 3405:. 3386:. 3086:3 2989:. 2959:. 2740:. 2725:. 2677:. 2584:. 2566:. 2486:. 2418:. 2412:: 2371:. 2289:. 2283:: 2175:. 2098:. 2080:. 2027:. 1827:. 309:, 273:(

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