393:, which stipulated in Article III, Clause 1: "Furthermore, the Chongqing Prefecture of Sichuan may have a British resident to oversee British commercial affairs. Before the arrival of steamships at Chongqing, British merchants and civilians are not allowed to reside or establish warehouses there. After the arrival of steamships, further arrangements can be negotiated," laying the groundwork for the formal opening of Chongqing. In March 1890, China and Britain signed the "Additional Articles to the Treaty of Yantai," which formally included a provision allowing "Chongqing to function as a treaty port, with no differences from other treaty ports. British merchants can transport goods between Yichang and Chongqing, either by hiring Chinese ships or using their own Chinese-style ships, as they prefer."
251:, bringing the Chongqing area under the control of various Central Plains dynasties. After the conquest, Qin established Ba Commandery in 314 BC, one of the 36 commanderies, with its seat in Jiangzhou (now Yuzhong District, Chongqing). In 206 BC, after Liu Bang of Han maintained the Qin system after seizing the Ba and Shu lands, and set up Ba Commandery. During the Eastern Han, Fuling and Badong Commanderies were added. A new city, North Prefecture City, was built in today's Jiangbei area, where the prefect of Ba Commandery sometimes worked.
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Government's
Relocation to Chongqing" on November 20, 1937, designating Chongqing as the wartime capital. On November 20, President Lin Sen of the National Government, following the plan to move the capital, ordered civilian and military officials to inventory important items such as the ROC flag and emblems, and left Nanjing for Chongqing overnight. Only 13 days later, Nanjing fell to the Japanese.
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Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling, and memorial sites related to the cooperation between the
Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party in Chongqing, such as the Chongqing Negotiations and the signing site of the Double Tenth Agreement. The Huangshan National Government Site and Presidential Residence on Nanshan Mountain in Chongqing, and the
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These additions provide a more comprehensive historical overview of
Chongqing's name changes and its development during the Ming, Qing, and early 20th-century periods. They emphasize its role as a regional center under different ruling dynasties and its integration into international trade during the
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As the wartime capital of China, Chongqing saw millions of migrants from the middle and lower reaches of the
Yangtze basin from 1937 to 1944, including from Zhejiang, Hunan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. This group was locally known as the "downriver people" in Chongqing. Meanwhile, thousands
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In the early 20th century, particularly after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, Chongqing continued to evolve. In 1891, the city's port was made open to the outside world, and a customs house was set up, marking its integration into global trade networks. In 1929, Chongqing was formally declared
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during the Song dynasty. As agriculture developed during the Song dynasty, the population of
Chongqing rapidly expanded. Additionally, the area gradually developed into a major transportation hub connecting Sichuan with central China and the Jiangnan region, leading to a rapid growth in handicrafts.
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After the outbreak of the War of
Resistance against Japan, with the frontline deteriorating, shortly after the start of the Battle of Shanghai, the Nationalist Army fell into passivity. To prevent chaos after the capital fell, the Republic of China government issued the "Declaration of the National
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After Cao Wei conquered Shu Han, Sichuan was divided into Yizhou and
Liangzhou, with Chongqing under Liangzhou's jurisdiction. Subsequently, Chongqing belonged to the Western Jin, Northern Qin, Southern Song, Southern Liang, and Northern Zhou. During this period, the chaos in the Central Plains
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According to incomplete statistics from the 1980s, there are nearly 400 relics of the wartime capital in
Chongqing. With decades of large-scale construction, some sites no longer exist. The remaining representative sites mainly fall into two categories: residences of key figures such as Chiang
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Later, Chiang Kai-shek set up the "Spiritual
Fortress" at the intersection of Zou Rong Road and May Fourth Road in Yuzhong District, declaring the determination of the National Government and the people of Chongqing to fight to the end, preferring to die in battle rather than surrender. In the
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in 1911, responses emerged across the country. The
Chongqing branch of the Revolutionary Alliance initiated an uprising, joining forces with the New Army led by Xia Zhishi to enter Chongqing on November 22, declaring Chongqing's independence. On November 23, the Sichuan Military Government was
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dropping to levels unseen in decades if not centuries. It was accompanied by a sustained heatwave with temperatures up to 45°C and remaining in the high 30s overnight, with the city becoming at the forefront of an unrelenting heatwave across a large part of the Chinese mainland, including the
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During the War of Resistance, Chongqing organized a total of 620,000 Sichuan soldiers, accounting for more than half of the total Sichuan forces, making it the main force of the Sichuan army. More than half of the 57 divisions that went out to fight were composed of soldiers from Chongqing.
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In December 1941, the provisional government of the Republic of Korea relocated to Chongqing, with offices initially at Yangliu Street, Shibange, Wushiyeyao Lane No. 1, and Lianhuachi Street No. 38 (now the "Former Site of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea" for
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caused frequent population movements, significantly influencing Sichuan, with Chongqing at the forefront. Chongqing was known by several different names, including Jiangzhou, Ba Prefecture, Chu Prefecture (420–581), Yu Prefecture and Gong Prefecture during the
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In the Qing Dynasty, Chongqing Prefecture expanded its administrative reach, becoming a key political and economic hub in eastern Sichuan. The city's infrastructure, including its walls rebuilt by Dai Ding, shaped Chongqing's urban landscape for centuries.
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During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Chongqing Prefecture maintained its administrative structure despite political changes. In the Ming dynasty, after the fall of the Yuan dynasty, Chongqing became an important regional center under different rulers.
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During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Chongqing Prefecture maintained its administrative structure despite political changes.In the Ming dynasty, after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, Chongqing became an important regional center under different rulers.
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It was also during the Song that the name "Chongqing" originated and has continued to be used to this day. In 1102, Emperor Huizong of Song changed the name of Yuzhou to Gongzhou. The area was renamed Chongqing Fu by Prince Gong (the future
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site and culture found in today's Zhongxian County represent the indigenous culture of Chongqing in the late Neolithic period, contemporary with Shandong's Longshan Culture and the Liangzhu Culture in the Yangtze River Delta.
64:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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of enterprises, schools, and nearly 80,000 tons of gold were relocated to Chongqing, making it the political, economic, and cultural center of wartime China and the Far East command center for the anti-fascist war.
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established, appointing Zhang Peijue of the Chongqing Revolutionary Alliance as the commander-in-chief and Xia Zhishi as the deputy commander-in-chief, marking Chongqing's entry into the Republic of China era.
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in 316 BCE. It is unknown why the State of Ba fell so quickly into decline, but it is thought that due to a lack of unity, a powerful army could not be raised, leaving it open to attack by invaders.
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546:, while sheltering from a Japanese carpet bombing. The event became known as the "Tunnel Massacre", and was the single deadliest day in Chongqing during its tenure as the capital over three years.
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In February 1898, after long preparation, British merchant Li Deluo piloted the steamship "Lichuan" to Chongqing, marking the first arrival of a steamship in Chongqing.
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were trialled in the city. In 1997 Chongqing became the one of four municipalities directly under the central government in China, and the only one in western China.
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were trialled in the city. In 1997 Chongqing became the one of four municipalities directly under the central government in China, and the only one in western China.
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was founded in Tokyo, Japan. Representatives from Gong Qiang Hui, Tong Xianzhang, and Chen Chonggong joined the Revolutionary Alliance in Tokyo under the command of
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Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank, eds. (1978). "The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 1". Cambridge University Press.
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In 1938, embassies of the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland were relocated to the Republic of China in Chongqing.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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In December 1941, the government of the Republic of China declared war on Nazi Germany in Chongqing, leading to the closure of the German Embassy.
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founded the first newspaper in Sichuan, "Yu Bao," advocating reformist ideas. "Yu Bao" ceased publication in April 1898. Revolutionary leader
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In 1903, the first bourgeois revolutionary organization in Sichuan, Gong Qiang Hui, was established in Chongqing. In 1905, the
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in 1949, Chongqing remained the cultural and economic centre of southwestern China. In 1983, the economic reforms effected by
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site in Yuzhong District are well-preserved and relatively concentrated cultural relic sites of Chongqing's wartime history.
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In September 1937, Liu Xiang's troops stationed in Chongqing attacked the Japanese concession and declared its recovery.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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John K. Fairbank, Merle Goldman (2006). "China: A New History, Second Enlarged Edition". Harvard University Press.
992:"Li Deluo: The First Foreigner to Navigate the Yangtze River with a Steamship, Opening Foreign Firms in Chongqing"
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signed in April of that year, the Qing government was required to open Chongqing (alongside
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in 1949, Chongqing remained the cultural and economic centre of southwestern China.
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in 1985 was originally thought to be a 2-million-year-old primitive human known as
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Evidence of human activity in Chongqing has been discovered dating back to the
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The Three Kingdoms period left many legacies in the Chongqing area, including
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In 1940, Chongqing was again designated as the permanent wartime capital.
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Wang, Li (2010). "The Transformation of Chongqing in the Ming Dynasty".
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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295:) encircled the city. This is the origin of Chongqing's abbreviation
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The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
416:) as a treaty port, marking Chongqing's engagement with the world.
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1318:"The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Chongqing"
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Former site of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
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1356:"The Chinese Air Force: Establishing Air Superiority, 1937-1945"
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Chongqing officially became the capital on December 11, 1937.
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In the second year of the Guangxu reign (1876 AD), citing the
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Qin and Han dynasties, Three Kingdoms period (221 BC – 280 AD)
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China's War With Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival
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China's War With Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival
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Three Gorges Archaeology: Mysteries of the Ancient Ba People
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A drought affected the area in the summer of 2022, with the
964:"The Reconstruction of Chongqing's City Walls by Dai Ding"
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in the same year, hence the term 'redoubled celebration'.
1337:"Chongqing Bombing: Its Strategic Importance and Effects"
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Chongqing Institute of Educational Sciences, ed. (2009).
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The main city of Chongqing was under the jurisdiction of
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to this template: there are already 292 articles in the
705:, CNHubei.com, 17 September 2008 (accessed 2010-01-10).
653:– Chongqing Municipal Government (accessed 2010-01-10).
389:, Britain coerced the Qing government into signing the
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In 1895, following the Qing Dynasty's defeat in the
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Jin dynasty, Northern and Southern period (280–580)
920:. Shanghai: Historical Studies Press. p. 89.
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565:In 1946, the seat of government was moved back to
427:As early as 1897, reformist thinker and Sichuan's
462:In 1929, Chongqing was formally declared a city.
1196:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service
1029:. Xinhua News Agency. 2007-07-21. Archived from
528:People's Park in Yuzhong District, there is the
143:has a history dating back at least 3,000 years.
1391:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
291:because the Yu River (the ancient name of the
99:accompanying your translation by providing an
48:Click for important translation instructions.
35:expand this article with text translated from
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820:Tang China: The Rise of a Cosmopolitan Empire
8:
1202:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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681:Ping chia，Kuo; Ming ye，Wang (13 July 2024).
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875:, China Today Tours (accessed 2010-01-10).
592:In 1983, the economic reforms effected by
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918:The Rise of Chongqing in the Qing dynasty
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474:The mass migration from Chongqing in 1941
530:Chongqing Firefighters Memorial Monument
283:Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (581–1279)
218:was formed by the population of eastern
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887:, Green Travel (accessed 2010-01-10).
266:took place in what is now Chongqing.
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722:. Vol. 1 (Revised ed.).
588:People's Republic (1949 – present)
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749:A History of Chinese Civilization
423:Political Activities in Late Qing
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1086:"Xinhai Revolution in Chongqing"
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1064:from the original on 2020-12-03
1686:Special administrative regions
822:. Cambridge University Press.
751:. Cambridge University Press.
109:You may also add the template
1:
1149:Britannica: Battle of Nanjing
1138:History.com: Nanjing Massacre
968:Chongqing Historical Archives
818:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2014).
264:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
214:in the 11th century BCE, the
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1098:. 2007-01-21. Archived from
998:. 2009-10-12. Archived from
569:. After the founding of the
519:Chongqing after being bombed
724:Southwest Normal University
81:will aid in categorization.
1782:
1746:political status of Taiwan
1738:People's Republic of China
1354:Barrett, David P. (2001).
1193:Wakeman, Frederic (2009).
899:Journal of Chinese History
582:People's Republic of China
580:After the founding of the
571:People's Republic of China
450:Republican era (1912–1949)
56:Machine translation, like
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1372:10.1007/s11462-017-0291-3
1335:Dylan Weir (2022-08-03).
1322:Journal of Korean Studies
1253:. London: Penguin Books.
774:Historical Atlas of China
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37:the corresponding article
1740:but administered by the
1360:Journal of Asian Studies
210:At the beginning of the
747:Jacques Gernet (1996).
398:First Sino-Japanese War
120:For more guidance, see
1021:"Opening of Chongqing"
683:"History of Chongqing"
662:^ Handwerk B. (2009).
520:
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111:{{Translated|zh|重庆历史}}
1476:by political division
1374:(inactive 2024-08-17)
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277:Northern Song dynasty
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171:" hypothesis. By the
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1766:History of Chongqing
1274:Taylor, Jay (2011).
885:History of Chongqing
873:History of Chongqing
720:History of Chongqing
644:History of Chongqing
381:Opening of Chongqing
308:Shannan West Circuit
262:. Many stories from
243:In 316 BC, the
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188: 3300 BC
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1387:cite journal
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1100:the original
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1031:the original
1024:
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1004:. Retrieved
1000:the original
996:Hua Long Net
995:
971:. Retrieved
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212:Zhou dynasty
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177:Daxi culture
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1432:China Daily
1304:j.ctvjghvb9
1227:|isbn=
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847:|isbn=
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444:Sun Yat-sen
377:late Qing.
325: [
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216:State of Ba
195: [
184: 4400
153:Paleolithic
44:(June 2024)
1378:2024-06-19
1106:2010-07-13
1091:Xinhua Net
1068:2010-07-13
1037:2010-07-13
1026:Xinhua Net
1006:2010-07-13
624:References
507:visiting).
429:Song Yuren
247:conquered
186: – c.
161:Wushan Man
147:Prehistory
39:in Chinese
1694:Hong Kong
1666:Chongqing
1506:Guangdong
1483:Provinces
1218:cite book
1057:Sina News
936:cite book
838:cite book
792:cite book
175:era, the
173:Neolithic
141:Chongqing
115:talk page
67:Consider
1760:Category
1671:Shanghai
1643:Xinjiang
1596:Zhejiang
1576:Shandong
1561:Liaoning
1062:Archived
973:June 19,
699:Archived
647:Archived
612:See also
433:Zou Rong
410:Hangzhou
373:a city.
139:city of
91:provide
1736:by the
1734:claimed
1676:Tianjin
1661:Beijing
1633:Ningxia
1623:Guangxi
1586:Sichuan
1571:Shaanxi
1566:Qinghai
1551:Jiangxi
1546:Jiangsu
1511:Guizhou
1412:abc.net
567:Nanjing
348:of the
220:Sichuan
137:Chinese
113:to the
95:in the
41:.
1730:Taiwan
1718:Taiwan
1591:Yunnan
1581:Shanxi
1516:Hainan
1496:Fujian
1302:
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1225:Check
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414:Shashi
412:, and
406:Suzhou
289:Yuzhou
179:site (
1744:(see
1699:Macau
1638:Tibet
1556:Jilin
1541:Hunan
1536:Hubei
1531:Henan
1521:Hebei
1501:Gansu
1491:Anhui
1300:JSTOR
1200:(PDF)
559:]
537:]
329:]
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58:DeepL
1393:link
1290:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1231:help
1204:ISBN
1169:ISBN
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