652:
2448:
2167:
985:
17:
2440:
2147:
2003:
644:
1417:
1399:
973:
961:
2159:
946:
1744:
473:
2705:
2456:
1876:
544:
2139:
2679:
36:
1428:
1233:
60:
1752:
2623:
1407:
47:
2011:
2464:
636:
628:
575:, due to the location of metal deposits and their transport to the areas of the Mediterranean Levantine arc. The Mediterranean became the main axis of trade which caused an intensification of all kinds of relations and a faster irradiation of technical advances and cultural exchanges that will precipitate the entry of Andalusia in the protohistoric phase.
2269:") invaded Spain and the liberals took refuge in Cadiz with Ferdinand VII as hostage. The city resisted a long siege that was ended by a pact: the square would be surrendered and the King would be released but he would accept the Constitution of 1812. This was done but, as soon as he was freed, King Ferdinand returned to absolutism, giving way to the
2178:
2640:, was widely supported in Andalusia. On 4 December 1977, nearly two million Andalusians demonstrated throughout the country in favor of political autonomy for the region. During the demonstration in Malaga, nineteen-year-old demonstrator Manuel José García Caparrós was killed by the police. In 1978 a provisional autonomous government led by
2693:, and despite the campaigns of the central government to hinder its approval, the majority of Andalusians decided that Andalusia should have full autonomy, through the restrictive procedure expressed in article 151, which makes it the only Spanish autonomous community that acceded to autonomy through that procedure. Finally in 1981, the
1930:
331:
1293:
in the political scene of the
Iberian Peninsula in 418, the Vandals were expelled. The southern character of Andalusia and its strong Romanization and consolidation of a territorial oligarchy, capable of having its own armies, gave the Baetica a special character. It was the last territory controlled
2325:
that promoted the industrialization of the city and the province, making Malaga a leader in sectors such as iron and steel or textile manufacturing, that would quickly go into decline due to the poor articulation of the country, the very deficient means of transport in southern Spain and the tariff
1942:
in the voyages to
America. This is a period of splendor and great boom for the region, which becomes the richest and most cosmopolitan of Spain and one of the most influential regions worldwide. The Kingdom of Granada, on the other hand, had its interests in the Mediterranean, so its contacts with
2887:
Cordoba was the most important city of the
Caliphate, which reached 250000 inhabitants in 935 and 450000 in 1000, being during the tenth century one of the largest cities in the world and a financial, cultural, artistic and commercial center of the first order. Other important cities were Toledo
2495:, between 1923 and 1930, brought some improvements for Andalusia, highlighting the decline of caciquismo. The municipal elections of 1931, in Andalusia as in the rest of Spain, were a clear victory for the Republican party, whose representation in the city councils led to the proclamation of the
2387:
The 19th century in
Andalusia was a century of contrasts, but expansive from the economic point of view, since the Andalusian industry had an important weight in the Spanish economy during the 19th century. In 1856, Andalusia was the second Spanish region in terms of degree of industrialization,
1937:
The beginning of contact with
America by the Castilians and its maintenance until the end of the colonial period, was made almost exclusively from Andalusia. The reason for the importance of the American phenomenon for Andalusia lies in the fact that all traffic with the new continent became a
1907:
and so many others participated in that enterprise, which is usually taken as a milestone to mark the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age. The sailors of the coast of Huelva were a key piece in the realization of the
Columbian project, since they had a long tradition and
2041:
meant for
Andalusia, as a territory integrated into the Crown of Castile, the reorganization of the royal audiencias and chancillerías, as well as the organization of the territory into provinces and intendancies, heirs of the old kingdoms, the annulment of the privileges and liberties of the
567:. The specialization in tools was such that the division of labor was achieved, favored by the surplus of production in agriculture and which would cause the first social stratification in different groups. Another of the important changes produced in this period was the development of
835:, among others. The contact with the Greeks and the Etruscans also produced an important acculturation that introduced Tartessos in the scope of the most important civilizations of the Mediterranean, becoming the first great existing civilization in the Iberian Peninsula.
802:
According to the chronology of the colonizations and the archaeological remains, Tartessos arose fundamentally from the acculturation of the indigenous population by the influence of the
Phoenician colonizers, whose phonetic alphabet, according to some is the basis of the
309:, Andalusia experienced economic decline due to a combination of military expenditures and failed industrialization efforts in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the modern era, Andalusia became part of Spain’s movement towards autonomy, culminating in its designation as an
1804:
with
Christian people from more northern peninsular territories, by the settlement of colonies of foreign merchants and by a long process of feudalization of the Andalusian territory. All this under the influence of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada through the Frontier or
1098:, the natural frontier of Sierra Morena, the importance of large population centers and the ease of communication by the sea, are elements that served as frontiers and at the same time configured a territorial space with different realities but with a certain cohesion.
1202:
The Roman conquest, both economic and political, and the deep
Romanization of Baetica put an end to a great extent to the autochthonous culture " losing the existence of a remote consciousness of the Andalusian land as a subtle vapor ". However, it was an early
2399:, which damaged Spain as a whole and especially Andalusia, because of its commercial links with America. Banditry intensified, Andalusia's endemic problems were not solved and Andalusian society lagged behind other areas of Spain, Europe and America. A small
1663:, who returned to the peninsula in 1088, but not to fight the Christians but to conquer one by one all the taifas and impose the Almoravid power throughout al-Andalus, installing the capital in Granada and ruling until the middle of the XII century, when the
2605:
in a second phase. Road transport was improved and some highways and reservoirs were built. This opening to the exterior and the reactivation of the economy were accompanied by a growing opposition movement to the regime, which, however, did not achieve the
1102:
result of a perception that establishes differences. The main purpose is the exploitation of resources, in such a way that the beginning of Andalusia as a known territory already indicates something that will be constant in certain periods: colonization
558:
it is characterized by the invention of metal smelting, which was introduced in Andalusia by peoples from the eastern Mediterranean. The introduction of metals in technology meant an important advance in the manufacture of tools for farming, hunting and
1321:
carried out a rapid expansion towards the south, installing his court in Seville, in order to have a better control of his operations in the south of the peninsula. He even led an unsuccessful offensive against the Byzantine power established in
1507:, led a revolt against the Cordovan power. Infighting was a constant in al-Andalus due to the conflicting interests of the various racial and religious communities living there. The dominant aristocracy of Arab origin was frequently opposed by
1610:
and the abolition of the caliphate in 1031, caused the kūras, dominated by Arab, Berber or Slavic clans, to proclaim themselves independent, with the consequent fragmentation of the Umayyad state into a multitude of kingdoms known as First
2045:
The new royal power formed a radial communications network around the court, with the intention of centralizing the agrarian, mining and commercial resources, which contributed to the traditional disarticulation of the territory, as it
1678:
in the year 1126 (thousands of them would manage to return to Spain two decades later, settling in Toledo) and a few years later those who had remained, subjected to continuous harassment, were forced, by decree of the Almohad sultan
893:...they are considered the most cultured of the Iberians, since they know writing and, according to their ancestral traditions, they even have historical chronicles, poems and laws in verse that they say are six thousand years old.
1691:
or become Islamized, under penalty of life and confiscation of their goods. According to Francisco Javier Simonet, the tyranny of the Almoravids was such that the Muslims of Seville themselves requested the protection of Emperor
2388:
between 1856 and 1900 Andalusia had a rate of industrialization above the national average in the branches of food, metallurgy, chemistry and ceramics, from 1915 this supremacy was reduced to the branches of food and chemistry.
2244:
against Ferdinand's absolutism, being Cadiz the main bastion, with the proximity to Gibraltar as a base of meeting of the liberals and favorable place for circumstantial escapes. In 1820, after the failed pronunciamiento of
1546:, who proclaimed himself caliph, consummating the rupture of religious dependence on the East. Although the territorial limits at that time exceeded those of the current Andalusian territory, it is no less certain that the
4186:
2663:. The central government wanted to grant Andalusia the reduced autonomy contained in article 143 of the constitution. This article allowed fast-track access to autonomy to the regions of Spain that had not approved
1007:
and the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans began. After the war the Carthaginians abandoned Andalusia and their presence was replaced by that of the Romans, who had to face some pockets of resistance.
1659:, which meant the blockade of the routes between the Taifa of Seville and its territories and the taifas of the east of al-Andalus. Therefore, the king of Seville returned to claim the help of the Almoravid emir
514:
or wood, located in river valleys or in more arid areas and whose activity was predominantly agricultural and livestock. The caves, more frequent, were used both as dwellings and for burial. As for ceramics, the
2511:
is an example of the Andalusian discontent with the government of the Republic. Despite some minority attempts, Andalusia did not accede in this period to have the political autonomy made possible by the
2671:". However, the Junta Preautonómica de Andalucía pursued full autonomy and therefore opted for the path of Article 151, which had been introduced in the constitutional text mainly by the intervention of
709:), among others. These colonists used the Andalusian territory to obtain various resources and for its strategic importance as a forced passage point on the trade route between the Mediterranean and the
2213:
together with the Spanish army. However, Napoleon took the opportunity to treacherously overthrow the Spanish rulers and take over the country. This led to a popular insurrection and the consequent
1828:
was slowly repopulated with Christians from the north. At the end of the Middle Ages, Andalusia was the Spanish territory with the largest presence of foreigners, mainly Italians and in particular
510:
This period is characterized by the existence of two types of habitat or human settlements: the villages and the caves. The villages were simple groupings of huts with a circular base and walls of
2535:
remained under Republican rule for most of the war. On the strictly warlike level, the civil war in Andalusia was reduced to minor battles, however the shootings and repression were abundant. The
1938:
monopoly, legally Castilian, but physically Andalusian. Andalusians for the most part were also the protagonists of the so-called "minor or Andalusian voyages", that ended the monopoly of Admiral
4155:
791:), although agriculture, livestock, fishing and maritime trade were also practiced, where it was a strategic point between the Mediterranean and Atlantic routes, key for Phoenician trade with
2948:"Yacimientos e industrias achelenses en las terrazas fluviales de la depresión del bajo Guadalquivir (Andalucía, España). Secuencia estratigráfica, caracterización tecnocultural y cronología"
2697:, known by the nickname of "Estatuto de Carmona", was approved by referendum, by which the region was constituted as an autonomous community under the provisions of the second article of the
1796:
was conquered in 1227, Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246 and Seville in 1248, giving rise to the germ of historical Andalusia, conditioned by the permanence of part of the Muslim population (the
1015:
was created, which covered almost the entire Andalusian territory, except for the northern part of the provinces of Jaén and Granada and the part of the province of Almería east of the river
2423:, in an area so strongly feudalized since the Late Middle Ages, plunged Andalusia into great economic instability, to which was added the political problem of caciquismo, which gave rise to
1393:
1667:
expansion in North Africa weakened the military capacity of the Almoravids of al-Andalus, whose unity was broken again giving rise to the second Taifa kingdoms, between 1144 and 1170.
4137:
4118:
2779:, which was a milestone in the improvement of communications in that province. Tourism has also been boosted, and other events of international importance have been held, such as the
223:
to the Roman Empire. During this time, Andalusia was a key economic center, providing resources and cultural contributions to Rome. Even after the Germanic invasions of Iberia by the
1086:, besides being great centers of penetration of the Roman culture and its distribution throughout their areas of rural influence. The dividing character of great rivers such as the
838:
Almost all the documentary news that we have of Tartessos are due to ancient Greek authors. They often confuse the historical with the mythical or semi-mythical, with kings such as
3099:
4099:
4080:
4061:
2050:
breaks the previous structures adapted to the environment, to establish north-south relations; but not so much next to the east-west directions, but rather at the expense of these
4190:
2289:
1947:. There was also a new seigniorialization of the lands, with the consequent detriment for the Andalusian peasants. A key event in the territory of present-day Andalusia was the
2064:
was moved from Seville to Cadiz, displacing from the metropolis of Seville the center of the American trade, which had resided there since the beginning of the 16th century||.
651:
3080:
4028:
250:
emerged as the capital of al-Andalus and one of the most important cultural and economic centers of the medieval world. The height of Andalusian prosperity came during the
1578:"are set back to the north in relation to earlier times, approaching the Guadalquivir/Guadiana watershed and, therefore, constitute a clear precedent of the present ones"
3014:
2569:
From the 1950s onwards, slight changes took place in the Franco regime. The country was opening up to foreigners thanks to the development of tourism, initiated with the
1494:, ceasing to be a peripheral territory and becoming a center of political decision. Already at the end of the period of the independent emirate, between 880 and 918, the
4238:
2764:
2083:
in accordance with the Fuero de las Nuevas Poblaciones of 1767. This repopulation was a project of more than forty years, for which he had broad powers, the support of
1778:
The weakness derived from the disintegration of the Almohad power and the subsequent creation of the third Taifa kingdoms, favored the rapid Christian conquest or the
2099:
2995:
2026:. However, the English and Dutch squadron attacked in 1702 the Atlantic coast near Cadiz, and although they failed in their attempt to establish themselves there,
1719:, which opened a succession struggle that ended up sinking the Almohad caliphate and determined the appearance of the third kingdoms of Taifas and the rise of the
3940:
3626:
3498:
3467:
3436:
2690:
775:, although its main axis was located in the triangle formed by the cities of Huelva, Seville and Cadiz. Its most significant activity was mining and metallurgy (
2712:
1707:
in 1195. However, from the beginning they had problems to dominate the whole territory of al-Andalus, especially Granada and Levante, where for many years the
748:, another people commercially present in Tartessos, ended up falling after the rise of Rome. All this caused an irreversible commercial crisis in Tartessos.
1991:
445:
2447:
3144:
3982:
3918:
2205:, which took place in the waters off the coast of Cadiz and resulted in the defeat of the Franco-Spanish squadron against the English fleet. In 1808,
2872:
After the 2008-2013 economic crisis, Andalusia topped the unemployment ranking of the entire European Union, reaching a figure close to 36% in 2012.
1207:, which took strong roots in the Andalusian coasts and which marked a new cultural development throughout the Iberian Peninsula. In the 4th century,
1715:, in 1212, marked the beginning of the end of the Almohad dynasty, not only because of the result of the encounter but also the subsequent death of
1711:
resisted with Christian support. Finally, after Pope Innocent III called for a crusade in al-Andalus, the victory of the Christian coalition in the
996:
3266:(in Spanish). Fuentes y Metodología. Andalucía en la Antigüedad. Actas del I Congreso de Historia de Andalucía, vol. 1, Córdoba, 1976. p. 260.
2834:
in certain years has been higher than the national average, it has remained far from convergence with the rest of Spain and Europe; even after the
2499:
that same year. The Republic was a period of great political instability, in which the great problems of Andalusia were not solved, among them the
2784:
2528:
29:
2536:
2660:
873:
After the fall of Tartessos, the territory of present-day Andalusia came under Carthaginian control. However, as heir to their culture emerged
313:
in 1981. Despite its rich history, the region faces challenges in overcoming economic disparities and aligning with the wealthier parts of the
3756:
2443:
The rebel army managed to control the coast of Cadiz and the cities of Seville, Cordoba and Granada in the uprising that started the Civil War
1281:. It is not possible to specify in which areas of Andalusia they settled, due to their short permanence and the lack of archaeological finds.
2392:
1861:
1768:
682:
77:
4141:
4122:
4103:
4084:
4065:
661:
From the 10th century onwards, the Phoenicians of Tyre exercised hegemony over the rest of the Phoenician cities. Around the 9th century, a
2266:
3641:
2403:
developed in provinces such as Malaga where there were no large farms, but not in the region as a whole due to the poor management of the
3758:
Historia de una conjura: la supuesta rebelión de Andalucía, en el marco de las conspiraciones de Felipe IV y la independencia de Portugal
3103:
2838:, income per capita indexes have worsened, since the destruction of wealth in Andalusia has been greater than in other regions of Spain.
2799:
In 2007, the Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia was reformed, the preamble of which states, firstly, that in the 1919 Andalusian Manifesto
2748:
3887:
2728:
3225:
2897:
Almanzor, born in Turrush and builder of Medina Alzahira. Turrush has been identified by some with a settlement outside the walls of
2125:
Also, new cities arose, with the objective of repopulating regions that wanted to develop, such as Linares and La Carolina, in Jaén.
2076:
1003:
to cut off supplies to the Carthaginians. After defeating them in some battles, in 210 BC he was appointed consul, at which time the
3897:
3766:
3739:
3714:
3579:
3357:
3286:
143:
3859:
1636:
1504:
740:
or Punics, who around the year 500 BC definitively relieved the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean trade, controlling militarily the
124:
3084:
578:
The Metal Age is usually divided into three stages, using as nomenclature the name of the metal used in each of these phases: The
4032:
2694:
2084:
1216:
96:
1955:
population was expelled from the land where they had lived for generations. At first they were redistributed in the interior of
744:
and making inaccessible the penetration of the other Mediterranean peoples towards the Atlantic. Likewise, the influence of the
3018:
2492:
2373:
2166:
1117:, economically, culturally and politically. In the economic field continued to be very significant the extraction of minerals (
3260:
3065:
804:
702:
464:), have been dated some seal paintings that could be the first known work of art in the history of mankind, 42000 years old.
81:
2641:
2177:
1674:, with which the Mozarabs collaborated, a multitude of Christians were deported to Africa by decree of the Almoravid sultan
103:
1631:, who extended their dominions over southern Portugal, Murcia and most of present-day Andalusia, with the exception of the
1038:
The territory was articulated through a network of roads arranged on the basis of three great natural axes of passage: the
293:
In the centuries following the Reconquista, Andalusia played a central role in Spain’s exploration and colonization of the
4228:
2297:
2293:
2019:
1974:
From the first half of the 17th century Andalusia suffered an acute crisis and economic stagnation, in the context of the
1712:
1639:, the Castilian-Leonese threat became increasingly greater. Therefore, the kings of Seville, Granada, Malaga, Almeria and
3660:
2732:
2708:
2698:
2645:
2513:
2377:
2369:
2312:
2301:
2146:
1456:
832:
239:
16:
3570:
Casado Alonso, Hilario; Giuliano, Pinto (2014). "Il mondo spagnolo della mercatura e le Americhe nei secoli XV e XVI".
2999:
2756:
984:
2720:
2214:
1956:
1410:
1349:
The rebellion of Atanagildo, with the support of the oligarchy of the Baetica, supposed the entrance in action of the
665:
process took place with the creation of several colonies and factories in peninsular territory, among them Malaka and
110:
3833:
2119:
686:
524:
2768:
2752:
2439:
2088:
2068:
1929:
1869:
1772:
713:. The commercial hegemony of Tyre lasted until 573 BC when, after a thirteen-year siege, it fell into the hands of
440:, of the cueva de Malalmuerzo, in Granada and of the cueva del Morrón, in Jaén, all of them characterized by their
1703:, who established their capital in Seville, managing to stop the Christian advance with great victories as in the
70:
4248:
2540:
1923:
1732:
1562:
as the aulic city symbol of the new caliphal power. North of the Guadiana were the three great military marks of
1294:
de facto by the Visigoths, and the one with the greatest political instability. Proof of this is that in 521 the
1277:
brothers, received the fertile province of Baetica, where they remained for a short time before moving on to the
287:
92:
2396:
2281:
2002:
1357:. The importance of the Andalusian coast for trade in the Mediterranean meant that it was incorporated into the
416:
whose habitat became widespread throughout Andalusia. The material culture was characterized by advances in the
2780:
1785:
828:
655:
279:
232:
2107:
3161:
2322:
2265:, during which the king continued conspiring to reestablish absolutism. In 1823 the French army (called "the
180:. Its wealth of minerals and fertile land, combined with its large surface area, attracted settlers from the
4046:
2630:
2496:
2250:
2061:
1987:
1944:
1814:
1539:
1152:
1151:. In the political field, Baetica was for a long time a senatorial province that, due to its high degree of
251:
2866:
1943:
the American colonies were quite minor. However, the 17th century was disastrous for Andalusia, due to the
334:
262:, when the region became known for its advancements in science, philosophy, and architecture. However, the
3730:
ORTIZ DOMÍNGUEZ, Antonio (1984). "La conspiración del duque de Medina-Sidonia y del marqués de Ayamonte".
2922:
These kingdoms were in force, within the framework of Spain, until the provincial division carried out by
2816:
2812:
2804:
2668:
2637:
2342:
2338:
2095:
1983:
1979:
1693:
1416:
1211:
became tolerated in the Empire and was later proclaimed the official and only permitted religion, and the
1095:
528:
437:
4172:
1219:, was held in the Baetic lands, attended by eleven Baetic bishops, out of a total of nineteen attendees.
2788:
2508:
2484:
2222:
1948:
1728:
1708:
504:
378:
338:
2736:
2280:, liberal Andalusia reacted in 1835 by creating provincial liberal boards, which federated to form the
1853:
1760:
1475:
976:
Hispania according to the Roman provincial division of 27 a. B. C., where the limits of
461:
1398:
767:
until the 6th century BC when it collapsed. Tartessos extended over most of the Andalusian territory,
643:
433:
4204:
2854:
2649:
2404:
2254:
2038:
2027:
1939:
1909:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1821:
1555:
1247:
1043:
903:
Parallel to the Turdetans, the territory of Tartessos was inhabited by other indigenous peoples: the
812:
706:
395:
310:
208:
200:. These early Andalusian societies played a vital role in the region’s transition from prehistory to
2655:
The autonomic process began in Andalusia with discrepancies between the Pre-autonomic Board and the
3772:
2776:
2664:
2656:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2218:
2202:
2190:
2171:
2158:
2151:
1964:
1913:
1671:
1547:
1448:
972:
960:
808:
741:
599:
2701:, which recognizes and guarantees the right to autonomy of the Spanish nationalities and regions.
2354:
368:, on the terraces of the great rivers, which were used as circulation axes and food supply areas (
231:, the region retained much of its Roman cultural and political significance, with figures such as
117:
4233:
3934:
3620:
3572:
Vespucci, Firenze e le Americhe: atti del Convegno di studi : (Firenze, 22-24 novembre 2012)
3492:
3461:
3430:
2607:
2337:("the glorious"), started in Cadiz and spread throughout the rest of the country, leading to the
2330:
2308:
1978:. Between 1640 and 1655 revolts occurred in various parts of Andalusia. The fiscal abuses of the
1918:
1888:
1857:
1789:
1764:
1684:
1381:
1377:
1362:
1331:
1204:
1196:
520:
429:
399:
373:
357:
2598:
2226:
1900:
1849:
1756:
1688:
1551:
356:
culture between 700000 and 400000 years old, however the controversial finding of the so-called
247:
3645:
2905:. There is also a castle called "de Turrush" in Fuentes de Cesna, anejo of the municipality of
2022:, which had hardly any repercussions in Andalusia, which was from the beginning on the side of
1840:
The Kingdom of Granada survived until 1492, when the Catholic Monarchs ended the conquest. The
4243:
4009:
3986:
3959:
3922:
3893:
3814:
3791:
3762:
3735:
3710:
3687:
3608:
3585:
3575:
3552:
3517:
3482:
3451:
3420:
3401:
3378:
3353:
3330:
3307:
3282:
3206:
3183:
3153:
3125:
2827:
2767:. During this period, public services and basic infrastructures have been expanded. In 1992 a
2648:
was enacted, which established the ways for the creation of a decentralized state through the
2532:
2524:
2520:
2428:
2353:
character, with a very strong activity in Andalusia, whose most significant examples were the
2262:
2229:, which on 19 March 1812 proclaimed the first liberal constitution of Spain, popularly called
2075:, did important work in the repopulation of some areas of Andalusia. As superintendent of the
2031:
1959:, and then expelled from Spain in 1609. Many of these Moriscos ended up in cities in northern
1829:
1825:
1806:
1731:
proclaimed himself emir of Arjona, Jaén, Guadix and Baza and in 1237 of Granada, founding the
1716:
1704:
1660:
1655:, in 1086. However, there were new Christian offensives, such as the capture of the castle of
1563:
1543:
1491:
1479:
1460:
1212:
1039:
1012:
945:
928:
472:
403:
361:
349:
255:
173:
21:
3679:
3607:(in Spanish). Vol. 4. Hispania. Revista Española de Historia. Madrid. pp. 244–308.
2947:
606:. In the Iron Age, with the arrival of the colonizing peoples, the important civilization of
3304:
La obra política de Teudis y sus aportaciones a la construcción del reino visigodo de Toledo
2974:
2966:
2923:
2862:
2858:
2846:
2611:
2578:
2570:
2217:, in which Andalusia played a decisive role in the resistance against the invader, with the
2072:
1975:
1904:
1865:
1743:
1652:
1640:
1632:
1616:
1004:
940:
863:
772:
733:
666:
503:, arrived in Andalusia around the 5th millennium BC. Being introduced by diffusion from the
305:
became major hubs for transatlantic trade. However, despite its global influence during the
275:
274:
to push southwards. By the late 13th century, much of Andalusia had been reconquered by the
3547:
Montes Romero-Camacho, Isabel (2007). "2. Las Navas de Tolosa: Los orígenes de Andalucía".
2704:
590:. In Andalusia during the Copper Age a series of important cultures developed, such as the
4062:"Creación, con carácter preautonómico, de la Junta de Andalucía en la Diputación de Cádiz"
2835:
2831:
2744:
2602:
2581:, who went both abroad and to other areas of the most industrialized Spain, especially to
2500:
2488:
2408:
2258:
2246:
2198:
2023:
1620:
1500:
1487:
1452:
1444:
1164:
760:
603:
516:
477:
417:
2468:
698:
3866:
3034:"La Cueva de la Carihuela, un enclave básico situado en la localidad de Píñar (Granada)"
1875:
2850:
2842:
2760:
2724:
2672:
2455:
2381:
2270:
2115:
2091:. Over time, the colonists underwent a profound assimilation of the Andalusian culture
1845:
1559:
1532:
1512:
1464:
714:
543:
532:
496:
453:
314:
306:
211:, Andalusia became fully integrated into the Roman world as the prosperous province of
169:
3047:
AGEDPA: Asociación Gaditana para el Estudio y la Defensa del Patrimonio Arqueológico.
2459:
By the end of 1937 two thirds of Andalusia was already under the control of the rebels
2030:
in 1704 taking advantage of its defenselessness, remaining in English hands after the
1990:
to organize a conspiracy, with controversial intentions, historiographically known as
4222:
2574:
2476:
2234:
2080:
1675:
1567:
1334:, although when the interests of the Hispanic-Roman landed oligarchy were in danger,
1176:
1160:
1108:
Cano García, G.: "Evaluación de los límites de Andalucía y percepción del territorio"
796:
737:
690:
425:
365:
2138:
2094:
With the aim of carrying out economic, social and educational reforms, the fruit of
2055:
Cano García, G. "Evaluación de los límites de Andalucía y percepción del territorio"
1583:
Cano García, G. "Evaluación de los límites de Andalucía y percepción del territorio"
1082:, etc, which monopolized the collection of taxes, trade and the exploitation of the
3680:"El descubrimiento del Brasil por Vicente Yáñez Pinzón: el cabo de Santo Agostinho"
2678:
1933:
Gaspar Pérez de Guzmán y Sandoval, IX Duke of Medina Sidonia on the Algarve journey
1912:
in the Atlantic and Mediterranean navigations and in the wars with the neighboring
1801:
1793:
1747:
The Kingdoms of Andalusia in the context of the territories of the Crown of Castile
1680:
1656:
1601:
1421:
1208:
1156:
1114:
1091:
1024:
1020:
954:
920:
851:
764:
662:
611:
595:
548:
412:
283:
263:
201:
189:
35:
3146:
La cronología absoluta europea y el inicio de la colonizaicón fenicia en occidente
2237:
on his return to Spain but the monarch soon annulled it and restoring absolutism.
2079:, he encouraged more than 1,400 foreign families to settle in various colonies in
242:
marked a major cultural and political shift, as Andalusia became a focal point of
2803:
was described as a national reality, to continue stating its current status as a
2562:
of a military, repressive, dictatorial and centralist state. These were years of
1651:
forming a coalition with the kings of taifas that defeated the Christians in the
1538:
The maximum Umayyad power in al-Andalus came with the proclamation in 912 of the
2420:
2400:
2111:
2103:
1841:
1810:
1780:
1720:
1467:
in 1492, the peninsular territories under Islamic power were generically called
1354:
1343:
1000:
768:
694:
488:
448:
of the extreme south of the Iberian Peninsula, called in the Andalusian context
391:
290:, held out until its defeat in 1492, marking the completion of the Reconquista.
271:
259:
59:
2727:, Andalusia entered a period of slow recovery, benefiting extensively from the
1751:
1427:
2906:
2504:
2412:
2350:
2317:
2285:
2241:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1607:
1468:
1384:
were fundamental personalities, who carried out their work mainly in Seville.
1339:
1232:
989:
924:
874:
756:
591:
583:
579:
555:
523:
are characteristic. Some of the existing Neolithic caves in Andalusia are the
407:
383:
243:
177:
4013:
3990:
3963:
3926:
3818:
3795:
3691:
3664:
3612:
3589:
3556:
3521:
3405:
3382:
3334:
3311:
3210:
3187:
3157:
3129:
2979:
2261:
caused Ferdinand VII to retake the Constitution, giving way to the so-called
360:
seems to point to a greater antiquity. The main areas of settlement were the
2898:
2800:
2622:
2586:
2555:
2547:
2424:
2416:
2067:
In the second half of the 18th century, the intendant of Seville and of the
1848:, the territory of present-day Andalusia was constituted by the kingdoms of
1648:
1593:
1406:
1366:
1350:
1335:
1311:
1303:
1290:
1172:
1168:
1067:
1016:
908:
752:
745:
729:
721:. With the fall of Tyre, trade between Tartessos and Phoenicia was blocked.
631:
Approximate area of extension and influence of the civilization of Tartessos
607:
568:
492:
484:
441:
353:
294:
228:
197:
181:
157:
3915:
Principales interpretaciones de la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera (1923-1930)
2288:, whose objective was the progressive reforms, pursuing the replacement of
1496:
1059:
670:
46:
3837:
2811:. Subsequently, in its articles, it defines itself, more specifically, as
2427:
among the working classes, whose most classic and disputed example is the
2010:
1879:
View of Seville and its port in the 16th century, by Alonso Sánchez Coello
3119:
Gades como heredera de Tartessos en sus amonedaciones conmemorativas del
2472:
2419:
workers. The abolition of the jurisdictional lordships, but not of their
2384:, which further aggravated the serious situation of caciquismo reigning.
2210:
2206:
2194:
1700:
1589:
1571:
1516:
1483:
1370:
1274:
1270:
1087:
1071:
1055:
1028:
965:
882:
878:
855:
725:
710:
678:
587:
421:
345:
302:
193:
40:
2463:
635:
3049:"Arte sureño: El arte rupestre del extremo sur de la Península Ibérica"
3033:
2971:
SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla
2910:
2590:
2589:. Industry was also promoted through development plans, which included
2582:
2559:
2277:
2230:
1952:
1797:
1724:
1664:
1597:
1520:
1508:
1440:
1436:
1361:. However, the Byzantine presence in Andalusia was fleeting, since the
1307:
1295:
1278:
1266:
1263:
1255:
1192:
1188:
1134:
1079:
1063:
1051:
1032:
977:
950:
916:
912:
904:
867:
824:
816:
718:
564:
560:
500:
369:
298:
224:
220:
212:
2815:, unlike the previous statute (1981) where it was defined, simply, as
870:
with the capital or city of Tartessos has been frequently identified.
627:
2902:
2772:
2719:
After the autonomous process and the entry of Spain in 1986 into the
2667:
during the Second Republic and that, therefore, were not considered "
2594:
2563:
1968:
1960:
1612:
1365:
always wanted to recover the lost coastline. The campaigns, first of
1358:
1318:
1314:
did not control de facto the territories of the southern peninsular.
1242:
1184:
1180:
1126:
1122:
1075:
1050:. Around these axes there were important population centers, such as
886:
839:
788:
780:
507:, the first Neolithic samples are located in the Levante Almeriense.
267:
266:
brought internal divisions with the fragmentation of al-Andalus into
216:
185:
165:
161:
3788:
Las Ordenanzas de 1531 para la Casa de la Contratación de las Indias
3233:(in Spanish). Antigua: Historia y arqueología de las civilizaciones.
2822:
Despite the millions in economic aid, via subsidies, granted by the
2326:
barriers on the import of English coal, to protect Asturian mining.
1145:, the latter two especially famous throughout the Empire along with
724:
Apparently, Tartessos also maintained commercial exchanges with the
330:
2830:
is still well below the Spanish and European average. Although its
2209:
troops entered the Iberian Peninsula under the pretext of invading
1373:, led to the creation of a unified power in the Iberian Peninsula.
386:
culture, there was a climatic recrudescence that led to the use of
4138:"Asamblea de Parlamentarios para debatir el Estatuto de Autonomía"
4006:
Los movimientos migratorios españoles durante el decenio 1961-1970
2967:"Las industrias achelenses de Andalucía: ordenación y comentarios"
2808:
2703:
2677:
2621:
2551:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2176:
2165:
2157:
2145:
2137:
2014:
View of Cadiz, where the American commerce was transferred in 1717
2009:
2001:
1928:
1874:
1750:
1742:
1528:
1426:
1415:
1405:
1397:
1327:
1299:
1259:
1251:
1231:
1147:
1047:
983:
971:
959:
944:
859:
847:
843:
674:
650:
647:
Indigenous peoples that arose after the disappearance of Tartessos
642:
634:
626:
572:
542:
511:
471:
457:
329:
45:
34:
25:
15:
3813:(in Spanish). Vol. 46. Hispania (Madrid). pp. 299–326.
3180:
Panorama actual de la colonización griega en la Península Ibérica
2321:
was a constant in national politics, with exceptions such as the
1844:
in 1492 put an end to Muslim rule. Since then and throughout the
927:, the Carthaginians were finally expelled by the Romans from the
3790:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Revista de Indias. pp. 749–782.
3535:
3516:(in Spanish). Vol. 6. Hispania (Madrid). pp. 515–634.
2888:(37000), Almeria (27000), Zaragoza (17000) and Valencia (15000).
2819:. This new statute opens the way to greater levels of autonomy.
2740:
2221:, which was the first Spanish victory over the French, with the
2142:
Cape Trafalgar, on whose shores the homonymous battle took place
1524:
1142:
1130:
1118:
820:
784:
776:
390:
as shelter. Testimony of this are the Cueva de la Carihuela, in
387:
3182:(in Spanish). Vol. 50/51. Archivo español de arqueología.
1262:
from the north and south settled in the Iberian Peninsula. The
3865:(in Spanish). Bicentenario Trafalgar 1805-2005. Archived from
3329:(in Spanish). Anuario de estudios medievales. pp. 27–65.
2685:, in Seville, seat of the Presidency of the Junta de Andalucía
2391:
From the French invasion of 1808 until 1898, there was a long
2102:
of Cadiz (1774), Seville (1775), Granada (1775) were created,
2018:
The crises of the 17th century had their culmination with the
1463:, consider rather an Islamic Revolution). From then until the
1138:
792:
53:
4187:"Andalucía, la región europea con más alta tasa de paro 2011"
3709:(in Spanish). Madrid : Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica.
3205:(in Spanish). Vol. 56. Archivo español de arqueología.
3124:(in Spanish). Vol. 34. Archivo español de arqueología.
2042:
municipalities and the abolition of their own institutions.
1554:, the most populated city, as capital and seat of the great
815:, with red varnish and the cult to oriental deities such as
736:, around 537 BC, the Phocaean trade was also blocked by the
4008:(in Spanish). Vol. 15. Geographica. pp. 105–142.
2823:
1478:, which initially depended in politics and religion on the
1471:, whose history was a succession of various Muslim states.
3400:(in Spanish). Vol. 31. Al-Andalus. pp. 305–328.
3377:(in Spanish). Vol. 16. Al-Qantara. pp. 221–258.
3327:
El elemento germánico en la Iglesia española del siglo VII
3048:
2451:
Remains of a fortification in the front of Luque (Córdoba)
3834:"La colonización de Sierra Morena: El Fuero de Población"
2857:
in town halls and governmental institutions, such as the
2841:
The Andalusian economy has hardly diversified, since the
2380:, as well as a great political immobility favored by the
1951:
of 1570-1572. At the end of it, the vast majority of the
1531:
and freed slaves from the north of the peninsula or from
1376:
During the Visigothic period, religiously and culturally
3661:"Vicente Yáñez Pinzón 1499 - 1514. Los Viajes Andaluces"
1619:
had a special role, which achieved great power with the
1394:
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
527:, the cueva de la Mujer, the cueva de la Carigüela, the
188:, who influenced the development of early cultures like
176:, has made it a hub for various civilizations since the
1094:, the importance of the great mining districts such as
246:, the Muslim-controlled Iberian Peninsula. The city of
3958:(in Spanish). Vol. 109. Arbor. pp. 269–282.
3551:(in Spanish). La Aventura de la Historia. p. 27.
2636:
The democratic transition, through the formula of the
2154:
of 1873 had a very important activity in all Andalusia
3398:
Consideraciones sobre la época de los Reyes de Taifas
2523:
in Andalusia had unequal consequences. While most of
2276:
With the death of Ferdinand VII and the emergence of
1133:) and agriculture, with the production and export of
3306:(in Spanish). En la España medieval. pp. 9–36.
2546:
During the post-war period and the establishment of
1926:
stands out for its fame, are witnesses of this era.
1649:
they established themselves in the city of Algeciras
1643:
allied themselves and asked for military aid to the
1550:
was the axis of Muslim power in the peninsula, with
1310:), implying that the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of
3068:(in Spanish). ABC (periódico)|ABC. 7 February 2012.
1899:. Many Andalusians mostly from Huelva, such as the
1306:
and Baetica to the metropolitan bishop of Seville (
1113:Baetica had an important contribution to the whole
84:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4205:"Tres de cada cuatro nuevos parados son andaluces"
4119:"Celebración del Referéndum de Autonomía del 28-F"
3761:(in Spanish). Cádiz : Diputación Provincial.
3248:(in Spanish). Cordoba: Caja de Ahorros de Córdoba.
2087:and the wealth of the properties confiscated from
1330:). The Baetica was definitively integrated in the
1011:As a result of the Roman victory, the province of
420:and the appearance of the first manifestations of
3881:
3879:
3098:Averroes. Red Telemática Educativa de Andalucía.
3079:Averroes. Red Telemática Educativa de Andalucía.
3013:Averroes. Red Telemática Educativa de Andalucía.
2994:Averroes. Red Telemática Educativa de Andalucía.
2735:(PER). Since its creation, the government of the
1031:, a new administrative division was created, the
495:and with new samples of material culture such as
487:, characterized by a productive economy based on
3956:La cuestión agraria durante la Segunda República
3811:Las nuevas poblaciones del siglo XVIII en España
3732:Crisis y decadencia de la España de los Austrias
3102:(in Spanish). Junta de Andalucía. Archived from
3083:(in Spanish). Junta de Andalucía. Archived from
3017:(in Spanish). Junta de Andalucía. Archived from
2998:(in Spanish). Junta de Andalucía. Archived from
2393:process of independence of the overseas colonies
1824:, the former Muslim population was expelled and
1459:(a thesis that a small group of authors, mainly
623:Eastern colonizations, Tartessos, and Turdetania
3574:(in Italian). Leo S. Olschki. pp. 87–104.
2077:Nuevas Poblaciones de Sierra Morena y Andalucía
2048:
1576:
1100:
891:
751:From all of the above, it can be said that the
270:—small, independent kingdoms—which allowed the
235:maintaining Andalusia’s intellectual heritage.
3549:Historia medieval: un único rey, una única ley
3203:Aproximación al proceso histórico de Tartessos
2491:, a minor Andalusian regionalism emerged. The
2240:Andalusia was characterized by its defense of
4081:"Pleno de la Junta de Andalucía en Antequera"
1696:, obliging themselves to pay tribute to him.
1490:became independent in civil matters from the
1285:Visigothic Baetica and the Byzantine presence
1183:respectively. It also gave Rome the emperors
1019:, which were under the administration of the
456:located in the town of Maro, municipality of
8:
1755:The map shows the extent of the kingdoms of
1455:], the fall of the Visigothic power and the
3892:(in Spanish). David Perez de Villar Bosch.
3707:Los Pinzones y el descubrimiento de América
3514:Las conquistas de Fernando III en Andalucía
2952:Carel: Carmona: Revista de estudios locales
2849:is underdeveloped, there has been a strong
2257:and other Andalusian cities, the events in
1784:of the lands of the Guadalquivir valley by
444:. Particularly noteworthy is the so-called
3939:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3497:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3435:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3279:Historia del reino visigodo español, 78-84
2713:Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Andalucía
2315:again gave more power to the monarchy and
2197:provoked the Spanish participation in the
2006:Casa de contratación and Seville Cathedral
1635:. After the conquest of Toledo in 1085 by
1443:, in 711, after the military incursion of
3889:Arquitectura de la industria en Andalucía
3352:(in Spanish). Córdoba: Plurabelle, 2004.
3152:(in Spanish). Complutum. pp. 49–60.
3066:"La primera obra de arte de la humanidad"
2978:
2554:, Andalusia suffered the consequences of
2100:Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País
1155:, depended on the political power of the
144:Learn how and when to remove this message
4239:History of Spain by autonomous community
3755:ÁLVAREZ DE TOLEDO, Luisa Isabel (1985).
2853:. There have also been serious cases of
1992:conspiracy of the Duke of Medina Sidonia
1809:and the threat of the incursions of the
1457:Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula
610:developed, with which Andalusia entered
4100:"Constitución de la Junta de Andalucía"
3663:(in Spanish). Geocities. Archived from
3481:Simonet, Francisco Javier (1897–1903).
3450:Simonet, Francisco Javier (1897–1903).
3419:Simonet, Francisco Javier (1897–1903).
2938:
2880:
2785:FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1996
2527:fell immediately into the hands of the
2361:, the second longest lasting after the
1699:These taifas were later subdued by the
1236:Visigothic Hispania around the year 700
827:seem to indicate this, as shown by the
30:National Archaeological Museum of Spain
3932:
3618:
3490:
3459:
3428:
3375:Cuatro preguntas en torno a Ibn Hafsun
2845:has too much weight and, although the
2069:army of the Four Kingdoms of Andalusia
1435:In the middle of the struggle between
1035:province with its capital in Corduba.
968:, where Hispania Ulterior can be seen.
732:were their allies. However, after the
3246:Andalucía, una introduccion histórica
3100:"El Bronce en el Sudoeste peninsular"
2376:from Málaga, brought with it the new
2233:. The constitution was sworn by King
352:, with archaeological remains of the
286:valley. The last Muslim kingdom, the
7:
3977:CUENCA TORIBIO, José Manuel (1992).
3832:Andalucía Documentos y Narraciones.
3705:MANZANO, J.; MANZANO, A. M. (1988).
2771:was inaugurated between Seville and
2537:Franco's bombing of the Malaga coast
2267:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
639:Tartessian colonization and toponymy
82:adding citations to reliable sources
3860:"La escuadra española en Trafalgar"
3534:La población mudéjar se sublevó en
3484:Historia de los mozárabes de España
3453:Historia de los mozárabes de España
3422:Historia de los mozárabes de España
3350:La revolución islámica en Occidente
1159:, not on the military power of the
50:Forum of the ruins of Baelo Claudia
3487:(in Spanish). Madrid. p. 765.
3456:(in Spanish). Madrid. p. 761.
3425:(in Spanish). Madrid. p. 750.
3178:LÓPEZ MONTEAGUDO, G. (1977–1978).
3117:GUADÁN, ANTONIO MANUEL DE (1961).
2729:European Regional Development Fund
1887:expedition departed from the town
1864:, all of them integrated into the
1588:The internal division fomented by
923:meant that after a long period of
215:, which contributed emperors like
14:
3786:ZUMALACÁRREGUI, Leopoldo (1947).
2946:CARO GÓMEZ, José Antonio (2006).
2807:within the indissoluble unity of
2618:Autonomous Community of Andalusia
1739:Andalusia in the Crown of Castile
1672:expedition of Alfonso the Battler
1215:, a fundamental milestone in the
406:was marked by the retreat of the
4029:"Manifestación por la autonomía"
2965:VALLESPÍ PÉREZ, Enrique (1992).
2695:Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia
2610:until the death of the dictator
2415:and the precarious situation of
2411:, which would put an end to the
1451:and the subsequent campaigns of
1217:History of Christianity in Spain
1163:. It was here that the decisive
755:civilization developed from the
58:
4173:"Estatuto de autonomía de 1981"
4156:"Estatuto de autonomía de 2007"
4004:Alvarez, J.; Puyol, R. (1973).
2826:in recent decades, Andalusia's
2777:Universal Exposition of Seville
2577:, and also by the departure of
2493:dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
2162:Monument to the Cortes de Cádiz
1813:, definitively defeated in the
1195:, and the Cordovan philosopher
348:in Andalusia dates back to the
69:needs additional citations for
3954:TUÑÓN DE LARA, Manuel (1981).
3302:FUENTES HINOJO, Pablo (1996).
3261:"La Bética en el Bajo Imperio"
3244:CUENCA TORIBIO, J. M. (1979).
3143:TORRES ORTIZ, Mariano (1998).
2855:political and urban corruption
2781:Mediterranean Games in Almería
2691:referendum of 28 February 1980
2608:democratic transition in Spain
2062:Casa de Contratación de Indias
364:area and the southern area of
1:
4047:"Manuel José García Caparrós"
3605:Los Reyes Católicos y Granada
3603:TORRE, Antonio de la (1944).
3281:(in Spanish). Madrid: Rialp.
3259:MARÍA BLÁZQUEZ, José (1978).
2749:José Rodríguez de la Borbolla
2566:and total lack of liberties.
2407:and the lack of an authentic
2323:liberal bourgeoisie of Malaga
2189:In 1805 the alliance between
2089:the Jesuits, expelled in 1767
2020:War of the Spanish Succession
1908:nautical experience, and had
1868:and often referred to as the
1713:battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
1615:. In this new situation, the
1317:From 531 the Visigothic king
995:In 218 BC, the Roman general
160:, at the southernmost tip of
156:The geostrategic position of
4189:(in Spanish). Archived from
4140:(in Spanish). Archived from
4121:(in Spanish). Archived from
4102:(in Spanish). Archived from
4083:(in Spanish). Archived from
4064:(in Spanish). Archived from
4031:(in Spanish). Archived from
3981:(in Spanish). Vol. 52.
3921:. Madrid. pp. 315–325.
3917:(in Spanish). Vol. 55.
3836:(in Spanish). Archived from
3644:(in Spanish). Archived from
3032:VEGA TOSCANO, Luis Gerardo.
2954:(in Spanish) (4): 1423–1605.
2836:economic crisis of 2008-2013
2709:Royal Chancellery of Granada
2699:Spanish Constitution of 1978
2627:Hospital de las Cinco Llagas
2374:Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
2108:Sanlúcar de Barrameda (1780)
1910:demonstrated their qualities
1363:Visigothic kingdom of Toledo
1359:Byzantine province of Spania
1332:Visigothic kingdom of Toledo
953:, one of the largest of the
919:. The growing ascendancy of
877:, a region populated by the
240:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
3081:"El Neolítico en Andalucía"
2721:European Economic Community
2550:until the beginning of the
2487:, within the postulates of
2201:, which was decided in the
1883:On 3 August 1492 the first
1411:Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba
1273:, more powerful than their
476:Megalithic construction of
424:. Examples of this are the
372:and gathering). During the
282:, who captured the fertile
4265:
3913:OLÁBARRI, Ignacio (1995).
3686:(in Spanish) (10): 71–94.
3036:(in Spanish). WASTE.Ideal.
3015:"Paleolítico en Andalucía"
2629:, in Seville, seat of the
2543:were especially dramatic.
2341:, the proclamation of the
2329:The discontent led to the
2282:Junta Suprema de Andalucía
1870:four kingdoms of Andalusia
1773:Four Kingdoms of Andalusia
1391:
1353:power, in expansion under
1289:With the irruption of the
1023:province and later of the
938:
833:Temple of Melkart in Cadiz
759:, simultaneously with the
394:, the Cueva de Zájara, in
3858:GUIMERA RAVIRA, Agustín.
3809:POLL, A.; García (1986).
3678:IZQUIERDO, Julio (2003).
3642:"Los marineros de Huelva"
2973:(in Spanish) (1): 61–78.
2775:, on the occasion of the
2541:German bombing of Almeria
2199:naval war against England
1733:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
1574:in continuous rebellion.
1431:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
1228:First barbarian invasions
885:people who, according to
757:Old and Middle Bronze Age
452:("Southern art"). In the
288:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
3886:Sobrino, Julián (1998).
3512:GONZÁLEZ, Julio (1946).
3373:FIERRO, Maribel (1995).
3224:BLÁZQUEZ, J. M. (1983).
2980:10.12795/spal.1992.i1.03
2769:high speed railroad line
2657:government of the nation
2646:new Spanish constitution
2642:Plácido Fernández Viagas
2302:new liberal constitution
2183:Fábrica de La Constancia
2120:El Puerto de Santa María
2039:Bourbon decentralization
1895:, which resulted in the
1027:. Later, in the time of
997:Publius Cornelius Scipio
988:Hispania in the time of
964:First Roman division of
829:Treasure of El Carambolo
687:El Puerto de Santa María
656:Treasure of El Carambolo
525:cueva de los Murciélagos
280:Ferdinand III of Castile
233:Saint Isidore of Seville
3396:MONÈS, Hussain (1966).
3325:ORLANDIS, José (1966).
3277:ORLANDIS, José (1988).
3227:Los bárquidas en España
3201:WAGNER, CARLOS (1983).
2644:and that same year the
2631:Parliament of Andalusia
2497:Second Spanish Republic
2251:Las Cabezas de San Juan
2181:Altos Hornos de Málaga
2028:they captured Gibraltar
1420:Patio de los Leones of
1240:In 411, by virtue of a
376:, characterized by the
278:, led by monarchs like
3985:. pp. 1091–1106.
3979:Franco y el franquismo
3640:Diputación de Huelva.
2813:historical nationality
2716:
2686:
2673:Manuel Clavero Arévalo
2669:historical communities
2659:, in the hands of the
2650:autonomous communities
2638:parliamentary monarchy
2633:
2480:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2370:Monarchist Restoration
2186:
2174:
2163:
2155:
2143:
2058:
2015:
2007:
1984:Duke of Medina Sidonia
1980:Count-Duke of Olivares
1934:
1924:monastery of La Rábida
1880:
1822:Mudejar revolt of 1264
1775:
1748:
1586:
1439:and the successors of
1432:
1424:
1413:
1403:
1237:
1111:
992:
981:
969:
957:
901:
813:burnished grid pottery
658:
648:
640:
632:
551:
480:
410:and the appearance of
341:
93:"History of Andalusia"
51:
43:
32:
3734:(in Spanish). Ariel.
3684:Huelva en su historia
2909:, in the province of
2707:
2681:
2625:
2597:in a first phase and
2509:Casas Viejas incident
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2395:, culminating in the
2180:
2169:
2161:
2149:
2141:
2118:(1786), Jaén (1786),
2013:
2005:
1949:War of the Alpujarras
1932:
1878:
1842:Reconquest of Granada
1754:
1746:
1633:taifa zirí de Granada
1430:
1419:
1409:
1401:
1235:
987:
975:
963:
948:
654:
646:
638:
630:
546:
505:Eastern Mediterranean
475:
438:cueva de las Motillas
436:, in Almería, of the
379:Homo neanderthalensis
339:Jimena de la Frontera
335:Cueva de la Laja Alta
333:
164:, between Europe and
49:
38:
19:
4229:History of Andalusia
4136:Junta de Andalucía.
4117:Junta de Andalucía.
4098:Junta de Andalucía.
4079:Junta de Andalucía.
4060:Junta de Andalucía.
4035:on 10 December 2008.
4027:Junta de Andalucía.
3167:on 18 November 2011.
2739:has been led by the
2733:Plan de Empleo Rural
2683:Palacio de San Telmo
2519:The outbreak of the
2514:constitution of 1931
2483:During the reign of
2421:enphyteutic censuses
2378:Constitution of 1876
2313:constitution of 1845
2255:Arcos de la Frontera
1897:discovery of America
1893:Palos de la Frontera
1815:Battle of Río Salado
1606:. The deposition of
1540:Caliphate of Córdoba
1248:Western Roman Empire
761:cultures of El Argar
707:Moraleda de Zafayona
596:Los Millares Culture
396:cuevas del Almanzora
311:autonomous community
254:, under rulers like
252:Caliphate of Córdoba
78:improve this article
4144:on 9 February 2007.
4125:on 9 February 2007.
3348:OLAGÜE, I. (2004).
2996:"El hombre de Orce"
2757:José Antonio Griñán
2665:statute of Autonomy
2347:Cantonal Revolution
2339:Sexenio Democrático
2215:War of Independence
2203:Battle of Trafalgar
2152:Cantonal Revolution
2122:(1788) and Málaga.
1988:Marquis of Ayamonte
1982:led in 1641 to the
1914:kingdom of Portugal
1694:Alfonso VII of León
1548:Guadalquivir Valley
1449:battle of Guadalete
1338:, such as those of
1167:was fought between
980:can be appreciated.
809:Tartessian language
742:Strait of Gibraltar
600:Bell Beaker culture
3775:on 20 August 2008.
3659:IZQUIERDO, Julio.
3121:Praefectus Classis
2737:Junta de Andalucía
2717:
2687:
2634:
2585:and the region of
2481:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2425:anarchist movement
2331:Revolution of 1868
2307:With the reign of
2223:movimiento juntero
2187:
2175:
2164:
2156:
2144:
2016:
2008:
1935:
1922:, among which the
1919:Lugares colombinos
1881:
1790:Alfonso X the Wise
1776:
1749:
1480:Ummayyad Caliphate
1476:Emirate of Córdoba
1433:
1425:
1414:
1404:
1402:Emirate of Cordoba
1382:Isidore of Seville
1378:Leander of Seville
1238:
993:
982:
970:
958:
659:
649:
641:
633:
592:Megalithic Culture
552:
481:
430:cueva de la Pileta
374:Middle Paleolithic
342:
52:
44:
33:
3872:on 24 March 2020.
3648:on 17 April 2008.
3106:on 23 April 2009.
3087:on 19 April 2009.
3021:on 28 April 2009.
2828:per capita income
2558:derived from the
2533:Eastern Andalusia
2525:Western Andalusia
2429:Mano Negra affair
2263:Liberal Triennium
2032:Treaty of Utrecht
1705:battle of Alarcos
1683:, to emigrate to
1661:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
1594:their descendants
1544:Abd al-Rahman III
1492:Abbasid Caliphate
1465:taking of Granada
1213:Council of Elvira
1040:Baetic depression
1013:Hispania Ulterior
929:Iberian Peninsula
862:in his dialogues
728:who according to
563:, as well as for
434:cueva de Ambrosio
404:Upper Paleolithic
362:Alto Guadalquivir
350:Lower Paleolithic
256:Abd al-Rahman III
174:Mediterranean Sea
154:
153:
146:
128:
4256:
4249:Hispania Baetica
4213:
4212:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4106:on 30 July 2007.
4095:
4089:
4088:
4087:on 30 July 2007.
4076:
4070:
4069:
4068:on 30 July 2007.
4057:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3930:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3864:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3771:. Archived from
3752:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3160:. Archived from
3151:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2927:
2924:Javier de Burgos
2920:
2914:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2863:Operation Malaya
2847:secondary sector
2612:Francisco Franco
2397:disaster of 1898
2345:in 1873 and the
2219:Battle of Bailén
2172:Battle of Bailén
2073:Pablo de Olavide
2056:
1976:decline of Spain
1945:epidemic of 1649
1866:Crown of Castile
1653:battle of Zalaca
1617:Taifa of Seville
1600:, triggered the
1584:
1246:agreed with the
1175:, supporters of
1109:
1044:Intrabetic basin
1005:Second Punic War
949:Amphitheater of
941:Hispania Baetica
899:
898:Strabo, III 1,6.
854:. Likewise, the
773:Region of Murcia
771:and part of the
734:battle of Alalia
703:Cerro de la Mora
667:Cerro del Villar
529:Cueva del Tesoro
344:The presence of
276:Crown of Castile
168:and between the
149:
142:
138:
135:
129:
127:
86:
62:
54:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3931:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3769:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3667:on 5 June 2004.
3658:
3657:
3653:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3617:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3149:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3002:on 20 May 2020.
2993:
2992:
2988:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2832:economic growth
2797:
2745:Rafael Escuredo
2731:(ERDF) and the
2620:
2501:Agrarian reform
2489:regenerationism
2437:
2409:agrarian reform
2401:bourgeois class
2290:conde de Toreno
2227:Cortes de Cádiz
2136:
2131:
2057:
2054:
2037:The subsequent
2024:Philip of Anjou
2000:
1901:Pinzón brothers
1838:
1826:Lower Andalusia
1786:Saint Ferdinand
1741:
1585:
1582:
1513:Hispania-romans
1501:Umar ibn Hafsun
1488:Abd al-Rahman I
1396:
1390:
1287:
1230:
1225:
1205:cristianization
1165:Battle of Munda
1110:
1107:
1054:(the capital),
943:
937:
900:
897:
625:
620:
604:Argaric culture
547:Eyed bowl from
541:
521:Almagra pottery
517:cardium pottery
478:Dolmen of Menga
470:
418:lithic industry
328:
323:
150:
139:
133:
130:
87:
85:
75:
63:
12:
11:
5:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4196:
4193:on 8 May 2013.
4178:
4164:
4147:
4128:
4109:
4090:
4071:
4052:
4038:
4019:
3996:
3969:
3946:
3905:
3898:
3875:
3850:
3824:
3801:
3778:
3767:
3747:
3740:
3722:
3715:
3697:
3670:
3651:
3632:
3595:
3580:
3562:
3539:
3527:
3504:
3473:
3442:
3411:
3388:
3365:
3358:
3340:
3317:
3294:
3287:
3269:
3251:
3236:
3216:
3193:
3170:
3135:
3109:
3090:
3071:
3057:
3039:
3024:
3005:
2986:
2957:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2915:
2890:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2851:tertiarization
2843:primary sector
2809:Spanish nation
2796:
2793:
2725:European Union
2711:, seat of the
2619:
2616:
2436:
2433:
2405:disentailments
2382:bipartisanship
2343:First Republic
2271:Ominous Decade
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2116:Medina Sidonia
2052:
1999:
1996:
1846:Ancient Regime
1837:
1834:
1740:
1737:
1580:
1560:Medina Azahara
1533:Central Europe
1503:, born in the
1486:, in 756 with
1461:Ignacio Olagüe
1389:
1386:
1346:, took place.
1286:
1283:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1105:
939:Main article:
936:
933:
895:
726:Greek Phocians
715:Nebuchadnezzar
624:
621:
619:
616:
540:
537:
533:Caves of Nerja
497:polished stone
469:
466:
454:Caves of Nerja
327:
324:
322:
319:
315:European Union
307:Spanish Empire
297:. Cities like
209:Roman conquest
170:Atlantic Ocean
152:
151:
66:
64:
57:
39:Tiling of the
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4261:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4211:(in Spanish).
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4175:(in Spanish).
4174:
4168:
4165:
4161:(in Spanish).
4157:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4049:(in Spanish).
4048:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3899:9788487672194
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3840:on 2017-06-11
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3768:84-505-1481-9
3764:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3741:84-344-1020-6
3737:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3716:84-7232-442-7
3712:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3581:9788822262875
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
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2789:Sierra Nevada
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2753:Manuel Chaves
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2359:Malaga Canton
2356:
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2298:Royal Statute
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2256:
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2238:
2236:
2235:Ferdinand VII
2232:
2228:
2225:and with the
2224:
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2098:thought, the
2097:
2096:Enlightenment
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Sierra Morena
2078:
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2063:
2051:
2047:
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2012:
2004:
1997:
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1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1925:
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1920:
1915:
1911:
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1905:Niño brothers
1902:
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1808:
1807:Banda morisca
1803:
1799:
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1782:
1774:
1771:, called the
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1676:Ali ibn Yusuf
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1505:Kūra of Ronda
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1026:
1025:Carthaginense
1022:
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1002:
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986:
979:
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935:Roman Baetica
934:
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914:
910:
906:
894:
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884:
880:
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869:
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861:
858:described by
857:
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797:British Isles
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738:Carthaginians
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409:
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397:
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389:
385:
381:
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375:
371:
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366:Sierra Morena
363:
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105:
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98:
95: –
94:
90:
89:Find sources:
83:
79:
73:
72:
67:This article
65:
61:
56:
55:
48:
42:
37:
31:
27:
24:reliefs from
23:
18:
4208:
4199:
4191:the original
4181:
4167:
4150:
4142:the original
4131:
4123:the original
4112:
4104:the original
4093:
4085:the original
4074:
4066:the original
4055:
4041:
4033:the original
4022:
4005:
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3978:
3972:
3955:
3949:
3914:
3908:
3888:
3867:the original
3853:
3842:. Retrieved
3838:the original
3827:
3810:
3804:
3787:
3781:
3773:the original
3757:
3750:
3731:
3725:
3706:
3700:
3683:
3673:
3665:the original
3654:
3646:the original
3635:
3604:
3598:
3571:
3565:
3548:
3542:
3530:
3513:
3507:
3483:
3476:
3452:
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3421:
3414:
3397:
3391:
3374:
3368:
3349:
3343:
3326:
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3303:
3297:
3278:
3272:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3226:
3219:
3202:
3196:
3179:
3173:
3162:the original
3145:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3104:the original
3093:
3085:the original
3074:
3060:
3042:
3027:
3019:the original
3008:
3000:the original
2989:
2970:
2960:
2951:
2941:
2918:
2893:
2883:
2871:
2840:
2821:
2798:
2795:21st Century
2718:
2715:, in Granada
2688:
2682:
2654:
2635:
2626:
2571:tourist boom
2568:
2545:
2518:
2485:Alfonso XIII
2482:
2469:Puerto Banús
2435:20th Century
2390:
2386:
2367:
2355:Cadiz Canton
2334:
2328:
2316:
2306:
2275:
2239:
2188:
2182:
2134:19th Century
2124:
2093:
2066:
2060:In 1717 the
2059:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2017:
1998:18th century
1973:
1936:
1917:
1882:
1839:
1819:
1802:repopulation
1779:
1777:
1698:
1681:Abd al-Mumin
1669:
1602:
1587:
1577:
1537:
1495:
1473:
1434:
1422:The Alhambra
1375:
1369:and then of
1348:
1323:
1316:
1288:
1252:Suebi people
1241:
1239:
1209:Christianity
1201:
1153:romanization
1146:
1115:Roman Empire
1112:
1101:
1092:Guadalquivir
1083:
1037:
1021:Tarraconense
1010:
994:
902:
892:
872:
837:
801:
765:Los Millares
750:
723:
663:colonization
660:
612:Protohistory
577:
553:
549:Los Millares
509:
482:
449:
413:Homo sapiens
411:
400:gibraltarian
377:
343:
292:
284:Guadalquivir
264:11th century
238:In 711, the
237:
206:
202:protohistory
190:Los Millares
155:
140:
131:
121:
114:
107:
100:
88:
76:Please help
71:verification
68:
2859:Malaya case
2817:nationality
2805:nationality
2761:Susana Díaz
2335:la Gloriosa
2284:, based in
2112:Puerto Real
1811:Benimerines
1781:reconquista
1721:Benimerines
1717:Miramamolin
1558:, and with
1355:Justinian I
1344:Hermenegild
1223:Middle Ages
852:Argantonius
769:the Algarve
683:Doña Blanca
618:Ancient Age
554:During the
489:agriculture
450:Arte sureño
402:caves. The
358:Man of Orce
326:Paleolithic
272:Reconquista
260:Al-Hakam II
182:Phoenicians
4223:Categories
3844:2022-07-22
2933:References
2907:Algarinejo
2867:ERE affair
2765:presidents
2529:rebel side
2505:illiteracy
2413:latifundia
2351:federalist
2318:caciquismo
2294:Mendizábal
2242:liberalism
2191:Charles IV
2129:Modern Age
2085:Campomanes
1836:Modern Age
1820:After the
1800:), by the
1729:Muhammad I
1727:. In 1232
1670:After the
1645:Almoravids
1637:Alfonso VI
1629:al-Mutamid
1625:al-Mutadid
1608:Hisham III
1469:al-Andalus
1392:See also:
1388:Al-Ándalus
1340:Athanagild
1336:rebellions
1298:appointed
999:landed in
990:Diocletian
925:Punic Wars
875:Turdetania
717:, king of
584:Bronze Age
580:Copper Age
442:schematism
408:glaciation
384:Mousterian
321:Prehistory
244:al-Andalus
178:Metal Ages
134:March 2023
104:newspapers
20:Horseman,
4234:Andalusia
4014:0433-4493
3991:0018-2141
3964:0210-1963
3935:cite book
3927:0018-2141
3819:0018-2141
3796:0034-8341
3692:1136-6877
3621:cite book
3613:0018-2141
3590:884275928
3557:1579-427X
3522:0018-2141
3493:cite book
3462:cite book
3431:cite book
3406:0304-4335
3383:0211-3589
3335:0066-5061
3312:0214-3038
3211:0066-6742
3188:0066-6742
3158:1131-6993
3130:0066-6742
2901:and with
2899:Algeciras
2801:Andalusia
2614:in 1975.
2587:Catalonia
2579:emigrants
2556:rationing
2548:Francoism
2521:Civil War
2417:day labor
2372:, led by
2363:Cartagena
2333:, called
2309:Isabel II
1885:Columbian
1817:in 1340.
1798:Mudejares
1709:King Wolf
1623:monarchs
1367:Leovigild
1351:Byzantine
1312:Tarragona
1304:Lusitania
1291:Visigoths
1173:optimates
1169:populares
1068:Iliberris
1017:Almanzora
909:Bastetani
879:Turdetans
795:from the
753:Tartessos
746:Etruscans
730:Herodotus
699:Almuñécar
697:), Sexi (
608:Tartessos
569:transport
556:Metal Age
539:Metal Age
493:livestock
485:Neolithic
468:Neolithic
432:, of the
426:paintings
354:Acheulean
295:New World
229:Visigoths
207:With the
198:Tartessos
158:Andalusia
28:, in the
4244:Hispania
4209:El Mundo
3983:Hispania
3919:Hispania
2926:in 1833.
2723:, later
2539:and the
2473:Marbella
2467:View of
2296:and the
2211:Portugal
2207:Napoleon
2195:Napoleon
2114:(1785),
2106:(1775),
2053:—
1986:and the
1963:such as
1889:onubense
1701:Almohads
1647:. These
1590:Almanzor
1581:—
1572:Zaragoza
1556:mezquita
1517:Mozarabs
1484:Damascus
1371:Suintila
1275:Hasdingi
1271:Fredebal
1269:(led by
1106:—
1090:and the
1088:Guadiana
1072:Hispalis
1046:and the
1029:Augustus
1001:Empúries
966:Hispania
955:Imperium
896:—
856:Atlantis
831:and the
711:Atlantic
588:Iron Age
586:and the
531:and the
446:Rock Art
422:rock art
398:and the
382:and the
346:hominids
194:El Argar
172:and the
41:Alhambra
22:Iberians
2911:Granada
2865:or the
2783:or the
2743:, with
2689:In the
2603:Granada
2599:Córdoba
2591:Sevilla
2583:Germany
2573:of the
2560:autarky
2552:fifties
2357:or the
2286:Andújar
2278:Carlism
2259:Galicia
2231:la Pepa
1957:Castile
1953:Morisco
1862:Granada
1858:Sevilla
1854:Córdoba
1830:Genoese
1769:Granada
1765:Sevilla
1761:Córdoba
1725:Maghreb
1723:in the
1685:Castile
1665:Almohad
1641:Badajoz
1621:Abbadid
1598:Amirids
1552:Córdoba
1521:Muladis
1509:Berbers
1437:Rodrigo
1308:Sallust
1296:pontiff
1279:Maghreb
1267:Silingi
1264:Vandals
1256:Vandals
1193:Italica
1189:Hadrian
1161:Emperor
1135:cereals
1096:Almadén
1076:Ostippo
1064:Italica
1052:Corduba
1033:Baetica
978:Baetica
951:Italica
917:Cynetes
913:Oretani
905:Turduli
883:Iberian
868:Critias
864:Timaeus
825:Melkart
817:Astarte
807:of the
805:writing
719:Babylon
565:warfare
561:fishing
501:pottery
428:of the
370:hunting
299:Seville
248:Córdoba
225:Vandals
221:Hadrian
213:Baetica
184:to the
118:scholar
4012:
3989:
3962:
3925:
3896:
3817:
3794:
3765:
3738:
3713:
3690:
3611:
3588:
3578:
3555:
3520:
3404:
3381:
3356:
3333:
3310:
3285:
3209:
3186:
3156:
3128:
3052:(html)
2903:Torrox
2861:, the
2773:Madrid
2595:Huelva
2564:hunger
2507:. The
2311:, the
2185:, 1847
1969:Tetuan
1961:Africa
1916:. The
1903:, the
1613:Taifas
1596:, the
1568:Toledo
1564:Mérida
1497:Muladí
1447:, the
1441:Witiza
1324:Settem
1319:Teudis
1250:, the
1243:foedus
1197:Seneca
1185:Trajan
1181:Pompey
1177:Caesar
1157:Senate
1127:copper
1123:silver
1080:Obulco
1060:Malaca
1042:, the
887:Strabo
840:Geryon
811:. The
789:copper
781:silver
691:Abdera
671:Málaga
582:, the
462:Málaga
268:taifas
217:Trajan
196:, and
186:Greeks
166:Africa
162:Europe
120:
113:
106:
99:
91:
4159:(PDF)
3870:(PDF)
3863:(PDF)
3264:(PDF)
3231:(PDF)
3165:(PDF)
3150:(PDF)
2876:Notes
2471:, in
2349:, of
2300:by a
2247:Riego
1940:Colón
1794:Baeza
1657:Aledo
1603:fitna
1529:Slavs
1445:Tarik
1328:Ceuta
1300:vicar
1260:Alans
1148:garum
1056:Gades
1048:coast
881:, an
860:Plato
848:Norax
844:Habis
679:Cádiz
675:Gadir
573:trade
512:adobe
458:Nerja
392:Píñar
388:caves
337:, in
303:Cádiz
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