History of Alsace - Knowledge (XXG)

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mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews. In the 1830–1870 era, most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. The merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence.

468:(near Basel in Switzerland). The administrative role of Brocumagus was eventually taken over by Argentoratum. Otherwise urbanization and population growth was marked the Roman period, likely reaching its greatest extent in the second century, and remaining significant until the middle of the fourth century. Urban buildings appear largely to have been half-timbered, as opposed to the predominantly stone construction in the rest of Gaul, likely due to the lack of accessible bedrock in the valley of the Rhine. In the fourth and fifth centuries, several urban centers were fortified by ramparts, including Brocumagus, Tres Tabernae Cesaris ( 1449: 3857: 3634: 1073: 2998: 1379: 3124: 791: 927: 610: 319:

elite, or "Hallstatt aristocracy," in a zone extending from central France, through Alsace, to Hungary and Bohemia. Cultural practices of this aristocracy, so far as the archaeological remains demonstrate, appear to have included horsemanship, the accumulation and display of highly decorated weapons and other fine goods, and the drinking of imported wine with the paraphernalia of the Greek

2987: 3117: 1312: 1011:, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex. Although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the 1418:". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. With the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order. 286:, characterized by cremated remains in pots buried together in fields. Notable during this period is a range of settlement sizes, which suggest to archaeologists the formation of political units in which smaller settlements were subject to larger ones. Large late Bronze Age settlements have been found near 879:. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the 1233:

and offered generous terms to colonists as a way of consolidating its hold on the new territories. Many Alsatians also began to sail to the United States, settling in many areas from 1820 to 1850. In 1843 and 1844, sailing ships bringing immigrant families from Alsace arrived at the port of New York.

562:

successors the inhabitants of Alsace were Christianized. Numerous monasteries were founded in this time, both by prominent local families and by Frankish overlords. These monasteries formed important bases of power and wealth for the landowning elites, whose possessions were otherwise subject to the

1440:

Policies forbidding the use of German and requiring French were promptly introduced. However, propaganda for elections was allowed to go with a German translation from 1919 to 2008. In order not to antagonize the Alsatians, the region was not subjected to some legal changes that had occurred in the

141:

in southern Alsace contain substantial traces of occupation dating from 13,000 BP (late Upper Paleolithic) to as late as 5,500 BP (end of Mesolithic). Upper Paleolithic remains at Mannlefelsen include stone scrapers, chisels, projectile weapons, and evidence of a tent site. Later Mesolithic remains

1182:

of the Rhine was victorious, tens of thousands fled east before it. When they were later permitted to return (in some cases not until 1799), it was often to find that their lands and homes had been confiscated. These conditions led to emigration by hundreds of families to newly vacant lands in the

196:

LBK culture is distinguished by pottery with distinctive linear designs and by large timber longhouses. LBK spread to Alsace, along with much of the rest of central Europe, from the Danube and Hungarian plain. Archaeological remains suggest two distinct waves of settlement in Alsace, with northern

1220:

The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of economic and demographic factors led to hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only for Paris – where the

1208:

in 1815, Alsace along with other French frontier provinces was under military occupation by foreign forces from 1815 to 1818, including over 280,000 soldiers and 90,000 horses in Bas-Rhin alone. This had grave effects on trade and the economy of the region since former overland trade routes were

318:

The Hallstatt is characterized by an increased differentiation in wealth and power among settlements and individuals, continuing trends from the late Bronze Age. Increased exchange of goods and ideas with Mediterranean regions and elsewhere appears to have encouraged the development of a wealthy

235:

Alsace (2200 BCE - 800 BCE) is characterized by the appearance of tumulus graves and hilltop fortifications as well as widespread use of bronze. Otherwise the archaeological record suggests considerable regional and temporal variety, as well as several significant social, economic and political

357:

During the end of the Halstatt and beginnings of the La Tène, the centres of Celtic power and production in central Europe generally moved northwards. However, Alsace and the middle Rhine, unlike other centres of Hallstatt power, show a great deal of continuity from one period to the next, as

1276:

language, and historic traditions within the tightly knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and especially in money lending. They financed about a third of the

804:

The Holy Roman Empire's central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, often ceding hegemony in Western Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the rivers

841:, which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction. After the conclusion of the war, France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace. It took up winter quarters, demanded the submission of 894:

was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand,

224:, a mass grave contains the remains of a group of these western invaders. Their skeletons show signs of having been violently killed. Ultimately, however, the Michelsberg peoples established themselves in much of Alsace, replacing the earlier LBK derived groups. 571:

From 840, following the death of Louis the Pious, the Carolingian Empire was repeatedly divided and redivided by Charlemagne's descendants into various constituent kingdoms. As a result of these divisions, Alsace was, within the span of thirty years, part of

1523:

is again being promoted by local, national, and European authorities as an element of the region's identity. Alsatian is taught in schools (but not mandatory) as one of the regional languages of France. German is also taught as a foreign language in local

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both by contemporary observers and modern historians. The larger of these settlements may be distinguished from Hallstatt hill forts by their size, their less uniform association with centers of elite power and accumulation, and the form of defensive

243:

culture, itself a complex cultural phenomenon emerging out of western Europe. Bell Beaker remains in Alsace include characteristic bell-shaped pottery and underground inhumations with no mound or tumulus above. Bell Beaker sites have been found near

306:

in Alsace (800 BCE - 52 BCE) begins with the advent of iron metallurgy and ends with the incorporation of all of Gaul into Rome. In Alsace, in common with much of central Europe, two phases of this period have been identified by archaeologists: the

1242:(in June 1844) brought families who set up homes in northern Illinois and northern Indiana. Some Alsatian immigrants were noted for their roles in 19th-century American economic development. Others ventured to Canada to settle in southwestern 504:

emerged in the historical record in the third century CE as a confederation of Germanic peoples in what is now southwestern Germany. Throughout late antiquity, they posed a significant threat to the Roman Empire from across the upper Rhine.

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Away from the aristocratic centers are small farming communities situated in a variety of ecosystems, including wetlands, confirming the spread of agriculture well beyond the fertile loess soils that had first attracted farmers to the area.

1397:

and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found an independent republic. While

394:

By 100 BCE Germanic peoples had begun to settle areas along the upper Rhine and Danube long occupied by Celtic speaking Gauls. By no later than the first half of the first century BCE, much of Alsace was occupied by the

205:, and southern Alsace being culturally closer to the upper reaches of the Danube in Switzerland. LBK cultures likely coexisted with earlier hunter-gatherer cultures, which survived in mountain refugia in the Vosges. 563:

vicissitudes of shifting alliances and constant warfare. The monasteries were also a source of educated clergy, crucial in the administration of a diminished post-Roman world, and valued as such by Frankish kings.

3343: 215:. Genetic and archaeological evidence suggests the movement of peoples from the Parisian basin in the west eastwards to Alsace and Germany, possibly accompanied by violence. Genetic testing of skeletons near 193:(5300 BCE - 4900 BCE); middle Neolithic (4900 BCE - 4200 BCE); recent Neolithic (4200 BCE - 3500 BCE); and a final, relatively obscure period with only spotty archaeological remains (3500 BCE - 2200 BCE). 1293:

We Germans who know Germany and France know better what is good for the Alsatians than the unfortunates themselves. In the perversion of their French life they have no exact idea of what concerns Germany.

483:, although evidence for wine growing during the Roman period remains limited. Certainly large quantities of wine, oil, and salted meats were imported from elsewhere in the Roman Empire, most notably from 219:

suggests that the invaders carried with them a significant admixture of European hunter-gatherer ancestry, distinguishing them from the LBK-derived neolithic peoples previously established in Alsace. At

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Later, during the second and first centuries BCE, large fortified settlements appear throughout central Europe, including in Alsace and surrounding areas. These settlements are generally referred to as

1355:, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave 1015:

where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran)

338:, pins, armbands and other jewelry, decorated swords, and horse trappings, depending on the status and occupation of the individual. The very richest tombs include an entire funerary cart, as at 208:

The middle Neolithic shares much in common with LBK, at least as demonstrated by burial practices. Longhouses, however, disappear, and little is known of middle Neolithic residential structures.

1429:

was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France would allow no plebiscite, as granted by the

724:. Strasbourg began to grow to become the most populous and commercially important town in the region. In 1262, after a long struggle with the ruling bishops, its citizens gained the status of 1031:, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance. 426:, by his own account attempted to negotiate with Ariovistus, but the Suebian leader refused to make the concessions Caesar demanded. A battle broke out at the foot of the Vosges near 3622: 1433:

to some eastern German territories at this time, because the French regarded the Alsatians as Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the

282:

After a brief cool period between 1600 BCE and 1400 BCE, the number of known settlements and burial sites in Alsace increases significantly. This period belongs largely to the

1107:

in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792,

3338: 3600: 3348: 1056:, which brought most remaining towns under its control. France seized Strasbourg in 1681 in an unprovoked action. These territorial changes were recognised in the 1697 186:: all typical of the Neolithic in Europe generally. Technologies include polished stone tools used to clear forests and cultivate the soil, pottery, and leather goods. 430:

in southern Alsace. Caesar routed the Suebi, and Ariovistus fled east. There followed a "long period of security ... for the Gauls along the middle and upper Rhine."

2953: 2758: 267:, are associated by some paleontologists with the migration of Indo-European speakers from the steppes of eastern Europe to the forests of central Europe. From 259:

of the Middle Bronze Age in north-central Europe, take their place. This and other earlier tumulus cultures emerging out of Central and Eastern Europe, such as

1460:

Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although it was never formally annexed, Alsace-Lorraine was incorporated into the

441:, from 53 BCE to approximately 70 CE, and again from approximately 250 CE to before the fall of the Empire in the fifth century. Throughout the Roman period 211:

Around 4200 BCE archaeological remains suggest the occurrence of a more significant cultural break, in particular in the north of Alsace in the form of the

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The language of the Alamanni is presumed to be the basis of modern-day German dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine and neighboring regions, including

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The warfare that had partially depopulated the region created opportunities for a stream of immigrants from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Lorraine,

3294: 3856: 2975: 3092: 334:, and Greek pottery and other luxury imports have been found there. Also in Alsace are several elite Hallstatt tombs, whose contents may include 3037: 2865: 1268:

population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing

1512:

Today, the territory is in certain areas subject to some laws that are significantly different from the rest of France – this is known as the

752:

also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the "Decapole" or "Dekapolis", a federation of ten free towns.

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include more finely shaped microliths used for arrowheads, as well as an intentionally severed head, similar to others found in Bavaria.

4083: 3176: 1124: 445:(Strasbourg) was a major Roman military camp. Roman installations, including a major fortress from about 365 CE, were also located near 2719: 2224:"Multi-scale ancient DNA analyses confirm the western origin of Michelsberg farmers and document probable practices of human sacrifice" 996: 437:, formally established in 85 CE. The portion of the Rhine flowing along the eastern boundary of Alsace was also the Roman frontier, or 3102: 944: 755:

As in much of Europe, the prosperity of Alsace came to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the

627: 414:, a Germanic tribe located principally to the east of the Rhine. The Suebi had united with other Germanic tribes under their chieftan 2891: 2814: 2729: 2702: 1324: 966: 876: 649: 1128: 1492:

massacre. Most perished on the eastern front. The few that could fled to Switzerland or joined the resistance. In July 1944, 1500

1480:. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were conscripted into the German army, allegedly against their will ( 1448: 1119:), which later became the anthem of France. "La Marseillaise" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the 1415: 709: 550:, and remained part of Merovingian and Carolingian Francia until its eventual disintegration after the death of Louis the Pious. 3265: 3259: 3236: 675: 3507: 3316: 948: 868: 631: 174:

soils between the river Ill to the east and the Vosges to the west. In Alsace evidence has been found for the cultivation of

3201: 2084: 3423: 3366: 2830: 1259: 1144: 1108: 694:, a non-noble class of civil servants. The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the 255:

After 2200 BCE, Bell Beaker remains become less common, and inhumations with mounds or tumuli above them, associated with

3428: 3225: 3196: 3057: 2785: 2099: 2094: 1407: 1367:. Only in 1911 was Alsace-Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem ( 377: 272: 268: 3385: 2968: 2762: 1513: 813:, and when those borders were reached, aiming for the Rhine. In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between 479:

Among food crops the cultivation of cereals predominated. It is assumed by most historians that the Romans introduced

330:, is the most important aristocratic center of the Hallstatt. It is situated in the pass between the Rhine valley and 3756: 3736: 3413: 662:

At about this time, the surrounding areas experienced recurring fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of

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This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France to keep it out of the hands of the

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were established in the region by 250,000 BP. Important Neanderthal archaeological sites are found near the town of

4122: 3219: 3171: 3097: 3087: 3042: 1995: 1915: 1368: 1344: 1229:, to take advantage of the new opportunities offered there: Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the 1188: 372: 2935: 937: 620: 487:. Manufacturing centers were also developed, including a steel works close to the military camps at Argentoratum. 189:

The Neolithic in Alsace has been divided by archaeologists into four distinct periods: Linear Pottery Culture, or

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Some settled in Illinois, many to farm or to seek success in commercial ventures: for example, the sailing ships

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in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523.

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The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of

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territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million

275:

spoken in much of Gaul. In Alsace, important examples of tumulus graves from this period can be found in the

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From the first century CE to the early fifth century CE Alsace was incorporated into the Roman province of

418:, and had asserted control, through conquest, migration, and alliances, in territories within Gaul itself. 67:. Since then, suzerainty and effective control have shifted among competing European powers, including the 3564: 3161: 3123: 3116: 2961: 1529: 1332: 1163: 1020: 887: 700: 534:

The Franks to the north of the Alamanni were for a long period of time their principal rivals. In 496 CE,

190: 2843: 1103:. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the 4012: 3881: 3300: 2031: 1072: 671: 513: 2908: 838: 862: 410:, a Gallic tribe located to the southwest of Alsace, appealed to the Roman Senate for aid against the 4047: 4032: 3771: 3711: 3558: 3438: 3393: 3371: 2241: 2021: 1952: 1948: 1751: 1434: 1201: 1193: 1053: 1028: 1008: 721: 713: 516:

by Germanic tribes, Rome appears to have been unable to reassert control over the Rhenish boundary.

438: 3570: 1347:. Unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new 3836: 3786: 3766: 3681: 3638: 1999: 1972: 1956: 1574: 1453: 1320: 988: 880: 826: 822: 814: 260: 240: 221: 212: 4017: 3876: 3656: 3513: 3447: 3242: 2852: 2401: 1933: 1919: 1902: 1822: 1501: 1394: 1328: 1303: 1159: 1151: 916: 857: 771:. Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town. An additional natural disaster was the 725: 717: 593: 276: 48: 36: 3186: 2048: 1375:(French: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity. 680: 358:

demonstrated by continuity in burial practices and the uninterrupted occupation of Britzgyberg.

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in 1871. France ceded more than 90% of Alsace and one-fourth of Lorraine, as stipulated in the

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Kayser, Olivier (2009). "Le Paleolithique et le Mesolithique". In Chatelet, Madeleine (ed.).

1899:

Carolingian Empire breaks up into five Kingdoms, Magyars and Vikings periodically raid Alsace

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remains are also present, consistent with the post-glacial afforestation of central Europe.

44: 1127:. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably 790: 4062: 3726: 3540: 3501: 3403: 3286: 3143: 2924: 2912: 2789: 1937: 1929: 1846: 1411: 1390: 1286: 1247: 1226: 1222: 1132: 1112: 465: 303: 264: 256: 239:

The very beginnings of Bronze Age Alsace, around 2200 BCE, occurred within the context of

72: 984: 2245: 4037: 3751: 3731: 3666: 3408: 3398: 3166: 2388: 2363: 2264: 2223: 1865: 1780: 1654: 1493: 1481: 1422: 1372: 1360: 1230: 1214: 1184: 1120: 900: 896: 834: 573: 524: 368: 116: 2364:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 829:, with Alsace to be the dowry; however, the deal never came off. In 1307, the town of 4116: 3791: 3691: 3418: 3330: 3027: 2420: 2008: 2003: 1668: 1383: 1340: 1154:

and sympathetic to the restoration of the monarchy pursued by the invading forces of

691: 473: 419: 346:, or abundant quantities of elaborate gold jewelry, as for a young woman buried near 175: 88: 56: 2695:

Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600-1000

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Flotte, Pascal (2009). "L'Alsace a l'epoque romaine". In Chatelet, Madeleine (ed.).

1414:, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared its independence as the " 987:

in 1617 had gained a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the

3533: 3528: 3519: 3477: 2405: 2053: 2044: 1885: 1785: 1745: 1690: 1684: 1649: 1525: 1477: 1461: 1393:, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the 1205: 992: 891: 763:

of 1336 and 1339. In 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with

698:

from the crown out of their own greed. The province had a single provincial court (

589: 528: 442: 383: 198: 183: 170:

farming cultures were established in Alsace, particularly on the light and fertile

92: 60: 3901: 3806: 3077: 875:, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to 2254: 3956: 3951: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3906: 3721: 3696: 3546: 2025: 1818: 1364: 1269: 926: 784: 756: 741: 609: 581: 559: 480: 403: 123: 108: 76: 40: 2313:

Treffort, Jean-Michel (2009). "L'age du Bronze". In Chatelet, Madeleine (ed.).

670:. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under 3991: 3831: 3021: 2746:

The Duke of Wellington and the British army of occupation in France, 1815–1818

1701: 1187:

in 1803–4 and again in 1808. A poignant retelling of this event based on what

1019:, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 846: 798: 772: 716:

to administer Alsace, but the authority of the bishop was challenged by Count

415: 287: 232: 216: 52: 4098: 4085: 2847: 2782: 2595:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 46-87 (lines 31-54). 512:

retook Argentoratum, but by 406, the traditional year given to the so-called

4042: 3916: 3911: 3796: 3761: 3661: 3588: 3576: 3495: 3230: 3067: 1727: 1620: 1485: 1465: 1096: 1045: 744:, it became the political and economic center of the region. Cities such as 686: 663: 547: 371:

that surrounded them. The largest oppidum in Alsace from this period is the

347: 343: 320: 245: 167: 147: 127: 104: 68: 2397: 2273: 2167:

Lefranc, Philippe (2009). "Le Neolithique". In Chatelet, Madeleine (ed.).

1532:

still requires that French be the only official language of the Republic.

1027:, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism. 3996: 3981: 3971: 3961: 3841: 3826: 3801: 3776: 3701: 3686: 3489: 3312: 3304: 3274: 3017: 2917: 2446:

Plouin, Suzanne (2009). "Les ages du Fer". In Chatelet, Madeleine (ed.).

2228: 1860: 1594: 1473: 1100: 1024: 806: 780: 705: 535: 501: 476:). In the fifth century urbanization declines rapidly throughout Alsace. 446: 423: 331: 327: 155: 143: 138: 131: 2379: 837:. During the next century, France was to be militarily shattered by the 3946: 3886: 3871: 3816: 3746: 3741: 3716: 1497: 1410:, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the 1273: 1243: 1167: 1000: 951: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 830: 749: 634: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 469: 457: 453: 396: 363: 249: 151: 508:

In 355 CE, the Alamanni ravaged Argentoratum. In 357 CE, the emperor

31:

soils, and the region's relative accessibility through and around the

3966: 3921: 3891: 3821: 3811: 3671: 3582: 3459: 3253: 3181: 3153: 3071: 3006: 2992: 2610:(seventh ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 38–39. 1640: 1616: 1352: 1265: 1004: 760: 745: 733: 729: 539: 291: 202: 112: 84: 32: 19: 2807:

Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

2492:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 101, 118, 107–110, 125. 182:

wheats, barley, and vetch; the raising of cows, pigs and sheep; and

3344:

Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine

2748:, pp. 20–21. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, United States. 1311: 382:, northwest of modern Strasbourg, in what was the territory of the 4057: 4052: 3986: 3976: 3926: 3896: 3676: 2574: 2572: 2288:"French archaeologists unearth bones from 6,000-year-old massacre" 1469: 1447: 1377: 1310: 1175: 1071: 1040: 1035: 850: 810: 789: 776: 411: 407: 179: 171: 64: 28: 24: 2072:

French; French and Alsatian German (declining minority language)

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Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as

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since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793.

842: 695: 461: 335: 3604: 2957: 1748:, causing a permanent division between Western and Eastern Rome 1891:

Frankish, Frankish and Alamannic varieties of Old High German

1871:

Frankish; Frankish and Alamannic varieties of Old High German

1615:

Celts/Gauls firmly secured in entire Gaul, Alsace; trade with

1488:. Some of the latter were involved in war crimes, such as the 920: 775:

earthquake of 1356, one of Europe's worst which made ruins of

666:

secular and ecclesiastical lordships, a common process in the

603: 197:

Alsace having been colonized by farmers from near the rivers

63:

the area acquired its name and identity as an early medieval

2905: 531:. The Alamanni remained pagan well into the fifth century. 1150:

At the same time, some Alsatians were in opposition to the

1038:

and other lands that continued until the mid-18th century.

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An Alsatian woman in traditional costume, photographed by

767:, leading to the massacre of thousands of Jews during the 736:

trade route, as well as a port on the Rhine route linking

91:. Alsace has remained part of France since the end of the 1704:

divides the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern sectors

1111:

composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song "

1331:

and other German states. The end of the war led to the

1225:– but also for more distant places like Russia and the 1191:

had personally witnessed can be found in his long poem

899:

to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of

51:

languages occupied the region prior to its conquest by

1979:, establishing full French sovereignty over the region 1730:

rebel, precursor to waves of German, and Hun invasions

1178:, in Switzerland, for baptisms and weddings. When the 1023:, by which the French king ordered the suppression of 995:. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in 759:. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the 567:

Alsace Following the Breakup of the Carolingian Empire

134:

indicate the arrival of early European modern humans.

115:

west of Strasbourg and elsewhere in the valley of the

2879:

Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression

1964:

German; Alamannic and Franconian dialects (Alsatian)

1443:

1905 French law on the separation of Church and State

1327:

in July 1870, saw France defeated in May 1871 by the

1907:

Frankish and Alamannic varieties of Old High German

1715:

Beginning of Germanic migrations to the Roman Empire

4005: 3864: 3649: 3458: 3384: 3359: 3339:

Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine

3329: 3285: 3252: 3212: 3152: 3131: 3066: 3016: 3005: 1007:. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the 2563:A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine 1845:Old Frankish; Frankish and Alamannic varieties of 1441:rest of France between 1871 and 1919, such as the 720:, who received his rights from Frederick II's son 449:on the Rhine when it formed part of the frontier. 27:and its tributaries, a favorable climate, fertile 3349:Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine 2591:Caesar, Julius (2000). Henderson, Jeffrey (ed.). 1068:From French Revolution to the Franco-Prussian War 402:Rome conquered Alsace in the early stages of the 1496:were released from Soviet captivity and sent to 1339:annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new 1272:regulations. They maintained their own customs, 740:and Switzerland to the Netherlands, England and 704:) and a central administration with its seat at 2906:Official website of the Alsace regional council 2565:. London: MacMillan Education Ltd. p. 260. 2211:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 77. 1290: 1139:, who led the armies of the French Republic in 1761:Germanic invasions of the Western Roman Empire 1629:None; Gaulish variety of Celtic widely spoken 554:Alsace under the Merovingians and Carolingians 452:Alsace was administered from three cities, or 3616: 2969: 8: 2578: 883:in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798. 2831:"Full text of "Alsace-Lorraine since 1870"" 1940:; Alamannic and Franconian German dialects 1052:France consolidated its hold with the 1679 326:In Alsace, the hill fort Britzgyberg, near 3623: 3609: 3601: 3282: 3013: 2976: 2962: 2954: 2647:"Musée Gallo-Romain de Biesheim en Alsace" 1888:(German Kingdom of the Carolingian Empire) 1807:Totality of Alsace to the Frankish Kingdom 1539: 1281:Struggle between France and united Germany 2809:. Vol. 1. Abc-Clio. pp. 13–16. 2524: 2387: 2362:Haak, Wolfgang; Lararidis, Iosif (2005). 2263: 2253: 2222:Beau, Alice; et al. (July 5, 2017). 2028:causes German cession of Alsace to France 1681:Rome reconquers the Gallic Empire, Alsace 1484:), and in some cases volunteered for the 967:Learn how and when to remove this message 650:Learn how and when to remove this message 2433: 2349: 2337: 1079:Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk. od. Tod 1048:receiving the keys of Strasbourg in 1681 542:decisively defeated the Alamanni at the 2194: 2110: 1665:Postumus founds breakaway Gallic Empire 1117:Marching song for the Army of the Rhine 3038:Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg 2927:– Official French website (in English) 2666: 2548: 2536: 2512: 2475: 2154: 2142: 1975:annexes the rest of Alsace during the 1951:annexes portions of Alsace during the 1081:(Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death) 779:. Prosperity returned to Alsace under 3571:Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine 1831:Old Frankish; Frankish and Alamannic 1560:Bandkeramiker/Linear Pottery cultures 1349:Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine 833:was first chartered by the Counts of 546:. Alsace became part of the Frankish 456:. These were, initially, Brocomagus ( 59:. In the centuries after the fall of 7: 3093:Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé 2918:Alsace : at the heart of Europe 1796:Upper Alsace conquered by the Franks 1777:Lower Alsace conquered by the Franks 1351:was under the sole authority of the 949:adding citations to reliable sources 867:, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke 632:adding citations to reliable sources 3525:Landgraviate of Alsace (1186–1646) 2002:causes French cession of Alsace to 1464:, which had been restructured into 1200:In response to the final defeat of 600:Alsace within the Holy Roman Empire 3103:Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller 3053:Arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein 1821:begins reign, Charlemagne crowned 1170:made "pilgrimages" to places like 14: 2623:Fouilles et decouvertes en Alsace 2561:Cary, M.; Scullard, H.H. (1979). 2448:Fouilles et decouvertes en Alsace 2315:Fouilles et decouvertes en Alsace 2169:Fouilles et decouvertes en Alsace 2120:Fouilles et decouvertes en Alsace 2058:German; Alsatian, French, German 2036:French; Alsatian, French, German 1689:Latin, Gallic, Germanic (only in 1147:, who also fought in the Vendée. 877:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 422:, fresh from victory against the 99:Paleolithic and Mesolithic Alsace 3855: 3632: 3122: 3115: 2996: 2985: 2876:Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer. 2833:. New York, The Macmillan. 1919. 2680:"Petit historique de Strasbourg" 2625:. Ouest-France. pp. 77–80. 2450:. Ouest-France. pp. 59–60. 2317:. Ouest-France. pp. 43–57. 2171:. Ouest-France. pp. 25–28. 2122:. Ouest-France. pp. 15–19. 1987:(Alsatian and German tolerated) 1859:gives Alsace and Lotharingia to 1162:who sought to crush the nascent 925: 608: 3237:European Collectivity of Alsace 2724:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 74. 1166:. Many of the residents of the 936:needs additional citations for 678:set up Alsace as a province (a 619:needs additional citations for 107:in Alsace dates to 700,000 BP. 3508:Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg 2936:Churches and chapels of Alsace 2697:. Cambridge University Press. 2651:Musée Gallo-Romain de Biesheim 2047:conquers Alsace, establishing 1476:, to become part of a planned 1315:Traditional costumes of Alsace 1306:historian and politician, 1871 1: 3367:History of the Jews in Alsace 2805:. In Levy, Richard S. (ed.). 1639:Alsace and Gaul conquered by 1402:, at this time deputy at the 1359:, many of them resettling in 1260:History of the Jews in Alsace 1125:Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich 491:Alemannic and Frankish Alsace 373:Oppidum du Fossé des Pandours 3429:Internationaux de Strasbourg 3226:Alsace independence movement 3058:Arrondissement of Strasbourg 2744:Veve, Thomas Dwight (1992). 2255:10.1371/journal.pone.0179742 2100:Alsace independence movement 2095:German place names in Alsace 1882:gives Alsace to East Francia 1552:Official or common language 911:within the Kingdom of France 271:would eventually emerge the 35:. It was first inhabited by 4006:Foreign territories in 1789 3865:Minor provinces and regions 3553:County of Hanau-Lichtenberg 3516:(11th-century–14th-century) 2085:Musée alsacien (Strasbourg) 1416:Republic of Alsace-Lorraine 1357:Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen 999:, the Habsburgs sold their 137:The Mannlefelsen cave near 23:has been influenced by the 4139: 3424:Étoile Noire de Strasbourg 3220:Regional council of Alsace 3098:Arrondissement of Mulhouse 3088:Arrondissement of Altkirch 3043:Arrondissement of Molsheim 2945:Medieval castles of Alsace 2931:Museums to Visit in Alsace 2844:REMAKING THE MAP OF EUROPE 2718:Sherman, Irwin W. (2006). 1528:and schools. However, the 1519:In more recent years, the 1456:marked with "Elsaß" (1940) 1284: 1257: 914: 849:and launched an attack on 783:administration during the 3853: 3295:Archdiocese of Strasbourg 3113: 3048:Arrondissement of Saverne 2606:Sheperd, William (1929). 2488:Cunnliffe, Barry (2018). 2013:German; Alsatian, French 1468:. Alsace was merged with 1404:Landrat Elsass-Lothringen 1371:). In 1913, however, the 1209:switched to newly opened 1206:"hundred day" restoration 1180:French Revolutionary Army 1062:War of the Grand Alliance 252:, among other locations. 103:The earliest evidence of 3414:Sélestat Alsace Handball 2884:Harvard University Press 2693:Hummer, Hans J. (2006). 2579:Cary & Scullard 1979 2207:Bellwood, Peter (2005). 1500:, where they joined the 1472:, and Lorraine with the 1421:Although U.S. President 1105:Storming of the Bastille 1017:University of Strasbourg 897:Mömpelgard (Montbéliard) 311:(800 BCE - 480 BCE) and 3434:Rallye de France Alsace 2593:The Galllic War, Book 1 1765:Roman Tributary of Gaul 1657:; Gallic widely spoken 1369:Elsässisches Fahnenlied 1300:Heinrich von Treitschke 1091:(Long live the Peoples) 856:In 1469, following the 460:in Alsace), Divodorum ( 3565:Left Bank of the Rhine 1530:Constitution of France 1457: 1425:had insisted that the 1386: 1333:unification of Germany 1316: 1309: 1164:revolutionary republic 1092: 1049: 1021:Edict of Fontainebleau 888:Protestant Reformation 801: 728:. A stop on the Paris- 582:Kingdom of Lotharingia 4023:Menton and Roquebrune 3483:Route Romane d'Alsace 2801:Caron, Vicki (2005). 2436:, pp. 44–45, 57. 2340:, pp. 43 and 56. 2090:Route Romane d'Alsace 1823:Emperor of the Romans 1736:Alamannic Incursions 1451: 1381: 1314: 1075: 1044: 793: 672:Hohenstaufen emperors 514:crossing of the Rhine 55:under the command of 3772:Lorraine and Barrois 3639:Historical provinces 3559:Upper Rhenish Circle 3439:Rallye Alsace-Vosges 3394:RC Strasbourg Alsace 2788:23 July 2011 at the 2721:The power of plagues 2022:Treaty of Versailles 1868:(Carolingian Empire) 1839:Death of Charlemagne 1752:Western Roman Empire 1582:Proto-Celtic spoken 1575:Bell Beaker cultures 1462:Greater German Reich 1435:Treaty of Versailles 1202:Napoleon I of France 1194:Hermann and Dorothea 1076:Alsatian sign, 1792: 1054:Treaties of Nijmegen 1029:Strasbourg Cathedral 1025:French Protestantism 1009:Treaty of Westphalia 945:improve this article 869:Sigismund of Austria 714:Bishop of Strasbourg 628:improve this article 548:Kingdom of Austrasia 472:) and Argentovaria ( 399:, a Germanic tribe. 315:(480 BCE - 52 BCE). 69:Kingdom of Alamannia 4095: / 3650:General governments 3543:(13th-century–1648) 3301:Immediately subject 2581:, pp. 259–261. 2527:, pp. 124–129. 2419:Ville de Haguenau. 2380:10.1038/nature14317 2246:2017PLoSO..1279742B 2000:Franco-Prussian War 1996:Treaty of Frankfurt 1957:Peace of Westphalia 1955:, confirmed at the 1788:, Latin; Alamannic 1408:mayor of Strasbourg 1345:treaty of Frankfurt 1321:Franco-Prussian War 989:Spanish Netherlands 886:By the time of the 881:Swiss Confederation 823:Albert I of Germany 815:Philip IV of France 269:Proto-Indo-European 261:Corded Ware Culture 213:Michelsberg culture 43:. Peoples speaking 37:early modern humans 3514:County of Ferrette 3448:Alsace de Bagnolet 3243:Assembly of Alsace 2923:2016-02-05 at the 2911:2015-12-30 at the 2853:The New York Times 1938:Modern High German 1934:Middle High German 1920:Holy Roman Emperor 1903:Kingdom of Germany 1842:Carolingian Empire 1825:on 25 December 800 1643:, provinciated to 1508:After World War II 1502:Free French Forces 1458: 1395:Kaiserliche Marine 1387: 1329:Kingdom of Prussia 1317: 1304:German nationalist 1238:(in May 1843) and 1093: 1086:(Death to Tyrants) 1050: 917:Province of Alsace 858:Treaty of St. Omer 839:Hundred Years' War 802: 726:free imperial city 718:Rudolf of Habsburg 594:Treaty of Meerssen 464:in Lorraine), and 277:forest of Haguenau 273:Continental Celtic 4123:History of Alsace 4078: 4077: 3598: 3597: 3498:(3rd-century–911) 3468:Germania Superior 3380: 3379: 3307: 3279: 3111: 3110: 2669:, pp. 87–89. 2632:978-2-7373-4765-8 2515:, pp. 74–75. 2499:978-0-19-875293-6 2490:The Ancient Celts 2478:, pp. 60–65. 2457:978-2-7373-4765-8 2421:"Les Collections" 2374:(7555): 207–211. 2324:978-2-7373-4765-8 2197:, pp. 25–29. 2178:978-2-7373-4765-8 2157:, pp. 19–20. 2129:978-2-7373-4765-8 2076: 2075: 1982:Kingdom of France 1961:Holy Roman Empire 1953:Thirty Years' War 1925:Holy Roman Empire 1645:Germania Superior 1591:Hallstatt culture 1521:Alsatian language 1490:Oradour-sur-Glane 1452:German stamps of 1431:League of Nations 1406:and just elected 1337:Otto von Bismarck 1058:Treaty of Ryswick 981:Spanish Habsburgs 977: 976: 969: 769:Strasbourg pogrom 690:) to be ruled by 668:Holy Roman Empire 660: 659: 652: 544:Battle of Tolbiac 435:Germania Superior 406:. In 58 BCE, the 228:Bronze Age Alsace 81:Holy Roman Empire 4130: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4099:48.500°N 7.500°E 4096: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4070:Comtat Venaissin 4066: 3859: 3637: 3636: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3602: 3299: 3283: 3257: 3126: 3119: 3014: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2955: 2950: 2947:(pictures only) 2941: 2938:(pictures only) 2894: 2874: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2798: 2792: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2761:. Archived from 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2608:Historical Atlas 2603: 2597: 2596: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2462: 2461: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2391: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2267: 2257: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2183: 2182: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2115: 1977:Franco-Dutch War 1880:Treaty of Mersen 1857:Treaty of Verdun 1540: 1400:Jacques Peirotes 1307: 1172:Mariastein Abbey 1131:, the victor of 1089:Heil den Völkern 1013:Vosges mountains 972: 965: 961: 958: 952: 929: 921: 873:Charles the Bold 866: 738:southern Germany 655: 648: 644: 641: 635: 612: 604: 578:Treaty of Verdun 381: 284:Urnfield Culture 162:Neolithic Alsace 93:Second World War 4138: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4113: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4060: 4001: 3860: 3851: 3645: 3631: 3629: 3599: 3594: 3577:Gau Baden-Elsaß 3541:Further Austria 3504:(circa 630–699) 3502:Duchy of Alsace 3492:(circa 213–496) 3454: 3404:SC Schiltigheim 3376: 3355: 3325: 3317:Diocese of Metz 3287:Catholic Church 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3208: 3148: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3107: 3062: 3008: 3001: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2948: 2939: 2925:Wayback Machine 2913:Wayback Machine 2902: 2897: 2886:, 1999. p.323. 2875: 2871: 2864: 2860: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2790:Wayback Machine 2781: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2465: 2458: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2081: 2049:Gau Baden-Elsaß 1986: 1930:Old High German 1847:Old High German 1828:Frankish Empire 1810:Frankish Realm 1799:Frankish Realm 1635: 1538: 1510: 1412:French Republic 1391:First World War 1308: 1298: 1289: 1287:Alsace-Lorraine 1283: 1262: 1256: 1248:Waterloo County 1227:Austrian Empire 1223:Baron Haussmann 1113:La Marseillaise 1109:Rouget de Lisle 1087: 1084:Tod den Tyranen 1082: 1077: 1070: 1060:that ended the 973: 962: 956: 953: 942: 930: 919: 913: 860: 712:designated the 656: 645: 639: 636: 625: 613: 602: 569: 556: 498: 493: 466:Augusta Raurica 392: 375: 300: 298:Iron Age Alsace 265:Yamnaya Culture 257:Tumulus Culture 230: 164: 101: 73:Frankish Empire 12: 11: 5: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4114: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3472:Pagus Alsatiae 3464: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3399:SIG Strasbourg 3396: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3335: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3268:Alsace–Moselle 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3192:Musée alsacien 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3011: 3007:Administrative 3003: 3002: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2928: 2915: 2901: 2900:External links 2898: 2896: 2895: 2869: 2858: 2856:, May 30, 1915 2836: 2822: 2815: 2793: 2775: 2750: 2737: 2730: 2710: 2703: 2685: 2671: 2656: 2638: 2631: 2613: 2598: 2583: 2568: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2525:Cunnliffe 2018 2517: 2505: 2498: 2480: 2463: 2456: 2438: 2426: 2411: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2323: 2305: 2294:. June 7, 2016 2279: 2214: 2199: 2184: 2177: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2128: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2066:French control 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2006: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1927: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1866:Middle Francia 1863: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1781:Frankish Realm 1778: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1673:Latin, Gallic 1671: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1647: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1598: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1537: 1534: 1509: 1506: 1423:Woodrow Wilson 1373:Saverne Affair 1361:French Algeria 1296: 1285:Main article: 1282: 1279: 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1231:Ottoman Empire 1185:Russian Empire 1123:of Strasbourg 1069: 1066: 975: 974: 933: 931: 924: 912: 905: 658: 657: 616: 614: 607: 601: 598: 586:Treaty of Prum 574:Middle Francia 568: 565: 558:Under Clovis' 555: 552: 497: 494: 492: 489: 391: 388: 299: 296: 229: 226: 163: 160: 100: 97: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4135: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4104:48.500; 7.500 4071: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 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983:, who by 722:Conrad IV 687:provincia 454:civitates 348:Nordhouse 344:Ensisheim 321:symposium 309:Hallstatt 246:Achenheim 168:Neolithic 128:Achenheim 4117:Category 4033:Mulhouse 4013:Créhange 3997:Vivarais 3982:Valromey 3972:Rouergue 3962:Ponthieu 3957:Périgord 3952:Nébouzan 3937:Gévaudan 3932:Gâtinais 3907:Cévennes 3877:Armagnac 3842:Touraine 3827:Provence 3802:Normandy 3777:Lyonnais 3767:Limousin 3727:Flanders 3722:Dauphiné 3707:Burgundy 3702:Brittany 3682:Auvergne 3547:Décapole 3490:Alemanni 3313:Lorraine 3305:Holy See 3275:Lorraine 3254:Religion 3213:Politics 3139:Alsatian 3132:Language 3018:Bas-Rhin 2921:Archived 2909:Archived 2803:"Alsace" 2786:Archived 2398:25731166 2274:28678860 2229:PLOS One 2079:See also 1918:crowned 1912:962–1618 1861:Lothar I 1595:Iron Age 1566:Unknown 1543:Year(s) 1536:Timeline 1478:Westmark 1474:Saarland 1323:, which 1297:— 1215:Atlantic 1152:Jacobins 1101:Bas-Rhin 781:Habsburg 684:, not a 596:, 870). 521:Alsatian 502:Alamanni 474:Horbourg 447:Biesheim 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