History of Bahrain (1783–1971)

1636:, then the British political agent began reforming schools, courts, municipalities and other institutions of the country. In 1919, a joint court headed by Dickson and Abdulla bin Isa, the son of the ruler was established to deal with cases of foreigners against Bahrainis. The next year, fidawis were abolished after a Municipal Council was formed. All council members were appointed, half of them by ruler and half by British, and were tasked with civil responsibilities. In 1923, the salifa court was abolished and replaced by the Customary Council. The council was formed in 1920 with its members appointed the same way as in the Municipal Council, but it was given rule over trade, including pearl industry. During the same year a Shia jurist was appointed in the government. These reforms were rejected by Al Khalifa and their allies, who sent many petition to Mumbai government against Dickson's reforms. 1486:), his assistant, divers, pullers, apprentices and servants. While in the sea, the pilot who was usually of tribal origin and owned the boat had the authority to try and punish wrongdoers and to resolve disputes. Unless they were beyond his knowledge, crimes on boat were dealt with on the basis of "eye for eye and tooth for tooth", otherwise they were dealt with after returning to land. The rest of crew were southern Persians, Baluchis or slaves and only few of them were native Shia. Divers and pullers worked as a team; divers stayed at bottom of sea collecting pearl oysters until they were short of breath, after which they would pull the rope attached to them and the more numbered pullers would pull them back to boat. Good divers lasted longer underwater and could make 100 dives a day. They had more prestige than pullers, but were also exposed to hazards such as 1379:; vegetables and fodder were only grown in small amounts. Palms were mainly located in the northern shores which compromised the cultivable land in the island. Unlike the pastoral nomads of central Arabia who lived off the camel, Bahrainis lived off the palms; its dates were a basic in their diet, branches used for construction of houses and fish traps, flowers and buds for medicine and leaves for making baskets. Local culture was also deeply affected by palms; many stories, songs, myths and even classification of persons revolved around them. Cultivation of palms required full-day work during all sessions of the year. Most cultivators were Shia who engaged all members of their families in the job: children and adults, male and female. It was their only source of subsistence. 1686:

Dawasir were taken to courts where they were forced to pay fines. This marked the first time in Bahrain's history they were subjected to public law. Soon after, about two thirds of Al Dawasir left for Dammam and the rest remained, only to follow them shortly after the ruler had given them a deadline to either return or leave altogether. Although the Wahhabi emir of Najd promised to exempt Al Dawasir from taxes, he later demanded it from them. This coupled with the loss of half of their fleet during emigration, the confiscation of their properties in Budaiya and blockage from diving in Bahrain pearl banks, resulted in weakening them economically and politically, and eventually led them in 1926 to plead to ruler of Bahrain to allow them back.

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taxes, as they were not a part of the army, despite never being invited to join it. Land was divided into a number of estates which were administered by sheikhs, mostly brothers and sons of the ruler. The size of each estate was not fixed; it increased or decreased based on the power and influence of its owner; the closer relation to ruler's line of descent, the more power and thus larger estates. For instance, when a ruler died, management of estates would shift from his brothers and sons to the brothers and sons of the new ruler, and the new ruler's cousins would not inherit their fathers' (brothers of the previous ruler). Mothers also played an important factor, especially if they belonged to the ruling family.

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Khalifa as well as the "atrocities and oppressions" they had committed, especially by Abdulla bin Isa. The other faction, mainly the tribal chiefs and pearl merchants, rejected the reforms on the basis that equity and standardization of law would remove their advantages such as exemption from taxes and sovereignty over estates. The Bombay government was cautious and moved slowly; 1922 ended without implementing reform plans. This encouraged Al Khalifa and Al Dawasir, who perceived themselves as the biggest losers, to use violence. The latter called for help from Wahhabis who controlled Al-Hasa and wanted to annex Bahrain to their newly formed theocratic state.

474: 1764:), built in early nineteenth century. It only attracted Christians and Jews initially, and Bahrainis only started sending their children to it in the 1940s and 1950s. The first two Arabic schools in Bahrain were divided by sectarian lines; al-Hidaya built in 1919 in Muharraq was for Sunnis, while al-Ja'fariyah built in 1929 in Manama was for Shia. The Al Khalifa saw this sectarian division as a threat to their authority, and in 1932-33 both schools were opened to public with their names changed to Muharraq and Manama primary schools respectively. In the following years more public schools were opened and an education department was founded. 1515:; they were wealthy, numerous and could mobilize many allies in Arabia. In order to attract as many pearl tribes as possible, Al Khalifa did not interfere with pearl diving, nor did they impose taxes on boats or catches. This increased volume of exports and thus increased taxes on them. It also increased local trade and rents. Interfering in tribes affairs had negative consciences, as they threatened to emigrate, which meant decline in trade and an implicit threat of war. This was the case of Al Bin Ali in 1895 and Al Dawasir in 1923 both of which emigrated from the island. 1645: 1304: 1099:, attempted to intervene in Bahrain, exploiting internal conflicts within the ruling family. Although unsuccessful in capturing Bahrain, he settled for a peace agreement that included a tribute payment. Faisal's inability to seize Bahrain was, in part, due to the firm stance of the British government against Saudi expansion in the Persian Gulf. The British, who had substantial interests in the region, closely monitored Faisal's movements. Their support for Muhammad bin Khalifa and their strategic positions in the Gulf influenced the broader regional dynamics. 53: 1594:, which stands for religious imitation. In addition, Shia jurists controlled the redistribution of income of Shia endowment properties, which included land, fish traps, houses, shrines and more. The Shia endowment properties were much more than the Sunni, and were run in a similar way to tribal councils, except that principles of Islam were followed. Thus Shia jurists represented an alternative to the government; they were looked upon by their followers as the "legitimate" authority, whereas the ruler treated them as religious leaders. 460: 60: 1340:

roads, and when it occurred, it was thought of as a personal act of charity. Distant relatives of the ruler were assigned to manage his estates and his brothers and sons were given their own estates in order to avoid internal conflicts. Government-related jobs were exclusive to the Sunnis whereas market-related were confined to the Shia and foreigners. The ruler and most sheikhs lived in Muharraq city and none lived in the Shia villages. Their fidawis and council members followed them wherever they lived.

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alignment and public law, and so he exiled his cousins, but paid their expenses. His cousins, however held deep grudge against residents of Sitra island who witnessed against them, and in 1924 attacked the island before their exile, killing several Shia men, women and children. Sons of Khalid Al Khalifa were sentenced to death following major Shia protests and a lengthy trial, but luckily for the ruler, they managed to escape before the sentence was carried out.

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were given bigger loans, which meant they were more in debt and thus had to continue working with same pilot as they could not pay the loan and its high interests (up to 50 percent) on their own, especially that loans were hereditary from fathers to sons. They could take another loan from another pilot to pay the first, but they would still be stuck in the system. Only few divers were compensated as reward for their loyalty and hard work.

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of the Jordanian army. Bahrainis, especially those of tribal origin (Sunnis) composed the majority of its recruits, while villagers (Shia) only composed a small percentage within the noncombat departments. In general, Sunnis of tribal origin dominated the authoritative departments such as justice, interior, military and emigration, while the Shia dominated the technically based such as water, health, finance and electricity.

6438: 1661:. By 1921, the country was divided into two camps, the first supporting the reforms composed of Hamad bin Isa, the British political agent and the Shia (who at time composed about half of population), and the second opposing reforms composed of the ruler, his son Abdulla and tribesmen. A series of pro and anti reform petition were submitted by the two factions to different British officials including the 435: 6448: 788: 530: 1408:, they were so hated that they escaped to Manama following reforms of the 1920s. In total, there were two to five individuals between the sheikh and the farmer. Contracts were oral before the reforms of the 1920s, after which they were written down. Rents were dependent on yield, increasing and decreasing with it, which meant farmers were always left with no more than the essentials of survival. 1138:, a high-ranking British diplomat in Persia, concluded that Faisal bin Turki's control of the Qatari Peninsula would be detrimental to British interests as it would provide the Ottoman Empire with an opportunity to incorporate Bahrain under its aegis in the event of a joint Qatari-Wahhabi invasion of the island. Thus, on 1 July, Hennel directed multiple British warships to be sent to protect 1434: 78: 1814:

Gulf region to which many Bahrainis emigrated to. This in addition to emigration of pearl tribes reduced the number of divers, leading to the eventual decline of pearl diving. Palm cultivation decline shared the same reasons, but was more gradual, dropping sharply only in the 1960s and after. Instead of farming palms, vegetable cultivation emerged and the first became a luxury venture.

1603:

Germans, the ruler agreed to place foreigner affairs in British hands. The term "foreigner" was vague, because Bahrain had no naturalization policy, population census or emigration office. This and the rapidly growing number of foreigners as a result of the pearl boom created a dual authority system, one led by the British agent and the other by the Al Khalifa ruler (Isa bin Ali).

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ruling family over distribution of former estates, but a deal in 1932 was reached that included abolishing forced labor and tax collection, and establishment of a "family court" to deal with intra-Al Khalifa disputes. In total, the ruling family owned 23% of palm gardens making them the second largest landowning category after private landholders.

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protecting divers interests and limiting merchants monopoly on the pearl industry. They included separating commercial activities from pearl diving and requiring pilots to write down an account for every diver in a book held by the diver. In the 1930s, the pearl industry lost its momentum due to a number of factors including production of

912:. Palm cultivation, which the Shia practiced, was tightly controlled by Al Khalifa. Control over pearl diving on the other hands was relaxed, as it was controlled by the Sunni tribes who kept a high level of autonomy and resisted intervention. The Shia power came from their jurists who had strong social power combined with large assets. 1738:

lowest and highest in the country until a Bahrain Lower Court was established in 1927 and an appeal court in 1939. It was headed by the adviser and a member of Al Khalifa. Religious courts were integrated into a central judicial system, but were subsidiary to the Bahrain Court, which resulted in weakening the power of Shia jurists.

1123:, an influential tribal leader in Al Bidda, pursued a separate peace agreement with Faisal and agreed to his governance, a move seen as a betrayal by the Bahrainis. Upon receiving news of this, Muhammad bin Khalifa ordered a naval blockade of Al Bidda in June 1851. He also sent Hamad bin Mohammed Al Khalifa to inform British 1359:) in which they would round up a random group of adult males from public places such as the market and then assign them using force to a specific task. The men would not be freed until they complete the task, which usually did not require skillful labor and could be finished in no more than two days (e.g. construction). 1347:, African slaves and Sunni Arabs whose tribal origin could not be traced. They had sticks and were authorized to interrogate, arrest and punish those deemed wrongdoers. Fidawis arbitrary way of handling law and order was complained about by Bahrainis. Fidawis were also responsible for claiming forced labor, known as 1689:

In 1927, the ruler allowed them to return, but only as regular subjects, which only a small part of them accepted and returned. The other part of the opposition faction was composed of sons of Khalid Al Khalifa, the ruler's cousins who attacked Sitra. The ruler was put in a dilemma between his tribal

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Khuri (1980) argues that Al Khalifa tight control over palm cultivation and relaxed measures with regard to pearl diving does not mean their purpose was to favor Sunnis and oppress Shia, instead he says their purpose was to increase their revenues as much as possible from both groups; Sunni tribesmen

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on Qatar. The British considered this a violation of Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship and sent their troops to Bahrain. Muhammad fled to Qatar, leaving his brother Ali as ruler of Bahrain, who then surrendered to British demands of giving up their war vessels and paying a fine of $ 100,000. In

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launched an attack on Bahrain, but failed to control it. The next year he launched another attack, this time successful and appointed his son to supervise the island. In 1801, Al Khalifa, who fled to Al Zubara retook control over Bahrain, taking advantage of Omani fleet absence. The Omanis retaliated

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Economically, pearl diving and palm cultivation, then the backbones of the Bahraini economy were almost wiped out. Pearling boats reduced from 2,000 in the 1930s, to 192 in 1945 and to none in the 1960s. Oil production provided stable work opportunities, not only in Bahrain, but in the whole Persian

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Starting from early twenties, a decade-long intensive cadastral survey was carried out to register private properties by an Indian team. Those who occupied a land for ten years or more, or had the ruler-issued "gift declarations" were given ownership of the land. Difficulties soon aroused within the

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A failed assassination was attempted on the ruler by one of his cousins in 1926, but aside from that, the rest of his reign was without major disturbances and he proceeded to implement the administration reforms. In 1926, a new "adviser" position was created to deal with internal affairs of Bahrain.

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The administrative reforms took place between 1919 and 1927. The nature of the reforms, sometimes referred to as "reforms of the twenties" was administrative, not political as they did not involve the issue of government legitimacy or any form of public representation. Instead they were more focused

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Pearl diving was controlled by Sunni Arab tribesmen, who enjoyed high autonomy within their estates; they resolved disputes and held their own courts, but stopped short of collecting taxes. Each tribe had control over specific pearl banks. The power of each tribe was derived from their overall power

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which was biased to merchants and pilots as its judge was always of tribal origin. In almost the same system as in palm cultivation, interests on loans increased with pearl catch, thus divers and pullers were almost always in loan to the pilot who in turn was in loan to the merchant. Skillful divers

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Bahrain waters are rich in fish of various types. Fish had no capital value (not imported or exported), thus fishing traps, the main method of fishing in the island were not controlled by Al Khalifa. Most Bahrainis had one thing or another to do with fishing and sea, which they knew about as much as

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Sheikhs who controlled an estate enjoyed a high level of autonomy within it, almost as high as the ruler himself; they imposed taxes, resolved disputes and protected their subjects against outsiders, including members of Al Khalifa family. They did not interact with farmers directly, rather they had

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Palm cultivation was tightly controlled by the ruling family, who also served as landlords; on one hand, the lands they directly administered were farmed out as fiefs and on the other they collected taxes on private lands, and confiscated the property of those who failed to pay. Only Shia had to pay

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that served until 1932. The policy of recruiting from "minority cultures" continued and due to this Bahrainis avoided joining police that they only constituted 20% of it by the 1960s, the rest being foreigners (Balushis, Yemenis, Omanis, etc.). Bahrain army was founded in 1968 and adopted the style

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Having no standardized penal code, the Joint Court established in 1919 used Indian, British or Sudanese code as appropriate with local customs. Before the establishment of Bahrain Court in 1926, cases were taken to the Joint Court, Sharia courts or the Customary Council. Bahrain Court served as the

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and Sitra, and riots erupted in Manama between Najdis and Persians. These resulted in twelve people killed, dozens wounded and women raped as well as destruction of properties. The violence settled after the British fleet arrived in Bahrain and after that ruler Isa bin Ali was forced to abdicate in

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Once external threats were reduced in 1828 following Oman's heavy loss, the Al Khalifa became engaged in a series of internal conflicts among themselves. These conflicts caused more damage to Bahrain economy and society than that of external invasions, the Shia suffered most of which. Soon after Al

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The reforms in pearl industry, which took place between 1921 and 1923 were the "testing point" for the whole reform process as they were met with the strongest resistance from tribes. Once this tribal resistance was broken, the way was open for other reforms to take place. These reforms focused on

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There was no distinction between the ruler's private income and public revenue, instead all public revenues including taxes and rentals were considered private earnings of the ruler. Much of the revenue was spent on ruler's retinue and so little or none at all on infrastructure such as schools and

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following his defeat. Muhammad, now supported by Wahhabis moved to Al Zubara where he made allies with Al Jalahma and Al Bin Ali. With his brother Ali in Manama, they defeated Abdulla, who then fled to Dammam. Between 1844 and 1846, Abdulla launched three failed attempts to reclaim the throne from

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population. Al Khalifa initiated a series of land and property confiscation, and destruction of local sources of strength that lasted to the early 1930s. The Shia, who claim to be the indigenous population of Bahrain speak of an ideal past before invasion of Al Khalifa in which an assembly of Shia

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Ahmed's reign (1783–96) was stable and peaceful during which pearl production and trade grew significantly. However, during the next 75 years, Al Khalifa rule in Bahrain faced serious external and internal threats. Nonetheless, by allying with their enemies against each other, they managed to keep

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as they became known were administrative in nature. The Shia supported them, while the Sunni tribes and parts of the ruling family opposed them. Many petitions and counter petitions were submitted to various British officials. The country was divided and violence erupted from the opposing faction.

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Land renting was put under government supervision, with parties to it having to write out and submit to authorities the terms and conditions of contracts. With taxes and forced labor abolished, there was no need for wazirs and kikhdas and so these positions were abolished as well. A lighter state

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The Shia, so desperate to get rid of the tribal regime, demanded in one of their many petitions to Daly that Bahrain is placed under formal British protection. The latter, who supported their demands, wrote a letter to a higher official in which he mentioned the mismanagement and corruption of Al

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and used physical coercion to collect tax or whatever they wanted from people. In the words of Khuri (1980) the ruler was "the 'government' without offices, the 'administration' without bureaucracy the 'state' without public delegation or consent, standardized law or equity." The autonomy of the

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addition, Al Khalifa had to renounce claims of sovereignty of Qatar, which was recognized by Britain as a separate entity. Muhammad returned to Bahrain after his brother convinced the British to allow him in, however they soon deported him to Kuwait after accusing him of engaging in conspiracies.

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The British signed two further treaties with Al Khalifa in 1880 and 1892, putting the defense and foreign relations of Bahrain in the control of Britain and turning Bahrain into a British colonial protectorate. Following an incident in 1904, in which a relative of the ruler attacked Persians and

1107:, Qatar, which was intended to be used as a staging area for an invasion of Bahrain, preparing for a confrontation with Muhammad bin Khalifa. In response, Ali bin Khalifa, the Bahraini representative in Qatar, called on all men of fighting age to defend Al Bidda, as well as sending for help from 1685:

Hamad began his reign (1923–42) by setting up a criminal court to try those involved in the violence; Al Dawasir and sons of Khalid bin Ali Al Khalifa. Al Dawasir intimidated and killed some Shia witnesses and killed two Shia notables who encouraged others to witness against them. This time, Al

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Harbor in Bahrain. He then separately wrote letters to Faisal bin Turki and Mohammed bin Thani, warning them against launching a naval invasion of the Bahraini coast. The conflict pacified when, facing pressure from multiple sides and fearing further erosion of Bahraini influence, Muhammad bin

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Dickson was replaced with Major C. K. Daly (1920–26), who unlike his predecessor used tough and uncompromising measures to introduce reforms. He started by undermining the influence of Abdulla bin Isa, who strongly opposed the reforms and strengthening his elder brother and the heir apparent,

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on reshuffling of public offices and economic resources. These reforms were not a result of British intervention only, as other factors such as Bahrain social order and its tribal regime had a considerable weight. The main result of these reforms was the establishment of a modern bureaucracy.

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and Persians. Muhammad tried to appease both the Ottomans and Persians by pretending to support both of them simultaneously. For the Wahhabis, he used military action, which Britain opposed and offered in secret to defend Bahrain. When Muhammad refused to stop his campaign, Britain directly

1071:- then the dominant power in the region - signed a "General Treaty of Peace" with tribal chiefs including Al Khalifa. By signing this treaty, the British recognized Al Khalifa as the "legitimate" rulers of Bahrain, but they also gave Persia a claim over Bahrain, which it kept invoking until 1729:

taxation system was introduced, it only contributed to a small percent of state budget, while the biggest part was through customs, especially those on pearl industry. The ruling family received much of the budget; in 1930 half of it was allocated to them either as allowances or salaries.

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Full scale violence erupted in 1923 after smaller incidents the earlier year. It took a socio-ethnic pattern as urban Najdi Sunnis fought against urban Persian Shias and tribal Sunnis against Shia villagers. Al Dawasir of Budaiya and some members of Al Khalifa attacked Shia villages of

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The fidawis were replaced by municipal police in 1920. In 1922, Persians composed most of the police, but in 1924 one hundred Baluchis were recruited. The Baluchis were disbanded later after several incidents of incompetence and indiscipline, and were replaced by retired Indian Army

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Although pearl diving yielded a lot of money, divers and pullers share was small, while pilots and merchants got most of it. Disputes over shares and loans were normally taken to Islamic courts, but whenever it was about pearls, it was taken instead to a special court known as the

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connected to it via a pipeline. In the following decades, oil royalties increased significantly; from $ 16,750 in 1934, to $ 6.25 million in 1954 and to $ 225 million in 1974. The discovery and production of oil brought several economical and social changes to the island.

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ruler was not much different in terms of quality from that of other sheikhs (members of Al Khalifa family) who controlled an estate, except that he had higher quantity of resources and assets. The Ruler controlled all ports and markets, and many estates including

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In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, pearl diving became very important for the sustenance of thousands of Bahrainis, with almost half of adult males working in pearl diving. Stretching from May to October, the official pearl diving season was known as

1610:, Bahrain was threatened again by Wahhabis, who re-occupied the eastern part of Arabia, Ottoman and Persian, both of which did not drop their claims over the island. Britain responded to tightening its hold over Bahrain. Bahrainis were not sympathetic with the 1188:

mentions that it is very hard to either support or reject their assertion regarding the council of jurists, because documentation is lacking, but argues that it could be a "mythical reaction to their physical and social agonies during and after the conquest ".

1249:, and with the help of Nasir bin Mubarak bin Abdulla and Muhammad bin Abdulla they were able to place the latter as ruler after Ali bin Khalifa was killed in battle. Two months later, in November 1869, the British navy intervened, under the command of Colonel 1102:

However, in 1850, Muhammad began not to pay the tribute, and next year he attempted to get support from the Ottomans, but his attempt was not fruitful. In May 1851, Faisal launched his third attempt to capture Bahrain, ordering his forces to proceed towards

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was conducted in 1912, believed to be the region's first. In 1914, Bahrain's ruler granted to the British that he would not order the exploitation of oil nor grant any oil concessions without their prior approval. The first oil concession was given to the

1614:, which the British attributed to their lack of attention toward Shia oppression and enforcement of reforms. When war ended, Britain changed its policy in Bahrain from being cautious and giving advises to the ruler, to directly implementing reforms. 1201:. Gradually, Muharraq became almost independent, having its own tribal administration. Khalifa bin Salman succeeded his father in 1826. Khalifa's death in 1834 escalated the internal conflict as his uncle, Abdulla became the sole ruler of Bahrain. 1449:

180,000 annually and by 1900 it rose to £1,000,000, accounting for over half value of all exports. However, in 1925 it only produced about £14,500. Pearls were shipped to Mumbai and from there to the rest of the world. Indian merchants, known as

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During that period it was Oman, not Persia, that was the main external threat to Bahrain: between 1816 and 1828 they launched four military campaigns to Bahrain, all failed with the last costing them devastating losses. During the reign of

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in 1861, by which the ruler of Bahrain was not to engage in "prosecution of war, piracy and slavery at sea" and Britain was to provide protection. Britain then eliminated all external threats against Bahrain; they bombarded Wahhabis in

904:. The public revenue of the country, collected then mostly as taxes and rents was the ruler's private income. The ruler used a special militant group to execute his orders via physical coercion. The backbone of the economy was 1130:

of his concerns of a joint Wahhabi-Qatari invasion of Bahrain and requested protection, stating that he was willing to be a British subject in exchange for such protection. The British originally rejected this proposition.

900:. During Isa's reign (1869–1923), there were no external challenges to the country as Britain defended it. He and his family enjoyed absolute powers, ruling over people as subjects and controlling much of the country as 1399:

and fidawis. Kikhda were Shia assigned to collect taxes. Due to the nature of their job, wazirs and kikhda, who lived in Shia villages, had a leading position in society, but in villages that were heavily taxed such as

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Pearl diving in the region was well known for thousands of years, however it only achieved economic consequences in the eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. In 1876, pearl diving in Bahrain produced about

1119:, taking place from 2–4 June, 1851. Although the resistance was initially successful in repelling the invasion, Ali bin Khalifa's forces later retreated to their ships. Shortly after the fighting had taken place, 1391:

who would rent palm gardens via some middlemen, then to individual farmers. A wazir, which means minister in Arabic, is a Shia trusted by the sheikh. Sometimes wazirs would act as special advisers of the sheikh.

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who became known as the conqueror. His successors faced many challenges over the next 75 years, yet they managed to keep Bahrain under their control. Externally, the island was under continuous threats from

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As soon as the Wahhabis were weakened by the Egyptian advance in 1811, Al Khalifa announced their alliance with Oman and paid tribute to it for two years. Then, when Oman was weakened after their defeat by

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Abdulla's reign (1834–43) was full of conflicts and wars that caused much chaos for Bahrain; its trade declined to half and many locals, especially the Shia were forced to emigrate to other ports such as

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became active in exporting pearls from Bahrain to Mumbai. At the end of the nineteenth century, Bahraini and European merchants took the role of Banyans, but instead exported pearls directly to Europe.

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Khalifa agreed to a peace settlement. This agreement, brokered by Saeed bin Tahnun of Abu Dhabi on July 25, 1851, required Bahrain to pay an annual sum of 4,000 German krones to Faisal bin Turki as

1471:). Gradually, few rich merchants known as "kings of pearl" were able to control the pearl industry, because boats supplies were expensive and good divers required high amount of money to recruit. 6236: 1582:

The Shia courts on the other hand were numerous and independent of the ruler. They were not appointed nor inheritors, but attained their position by charisma and intrinsic properties. They used

1590:(analogy). Shia jurists had more social power than their Sunni counterparts, because they were independent of the government and religion had more social influence on Shia as they believed in 1067:

opposed Al Khalifa who he held a deep grudge against. He pirated their ships and supported their enemies until he was killed in 1826 in a dramatic battle. In 1820, representatives of the

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as the ruler of Bahrain, a position he would hold until 1923. From this point till independence, security and foreign relations of Bahrain were in complete control of the British.

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the next year, only to get defeated. Wahhabis, who supported Al Khalifa against Oman, placed Bahrain under their protection between 1803 and 1809 and direct control in 1810.

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due to the oppressive extortion and looting they were subjected to. In 1835, Abdulla ruthlessly crushed an uprising in Qatar led by one of his sons and supported by

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also made several claims over the country. In 1820 and later in 1861, Britain signed peace treaties with Bahrain and acknowledged Al Khalifa as its rulers.

7387: 5848: 4172: 1623: 936:, leading to significant economical and social changes in the island. Pearl industry and palm cultivation were soon wiped out due to oil growing industry. 932:, who supported the reforms. The reforms included the pearl industry, private properties, judicial system, policing system and education. In 1932, oil was 924: 699: 6651: 5538: 5532: 7193: 4634: 896:

erupted between Bahrain and Qatar, leading to British intervention and independence of Qatar from Bahrain. The British appointed a new Al Khalifa ruler,

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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

1151: 687: 277: 744: 7540: 7332: 7320: 7237: 6919: 6792: 6656: 5442: 7451: 6745: 5803: 4627: 2251: 6141: 6929: 6904: 6873: 6548: 5751: 4977: 4349: 1289:, fishing and palm cultivation. These settings existed long before the reign of Isa bin Ali, however they were well represented during it. 1343:

Fidawis were the military arm of the authority; their main job was to execute sheikhs orders via physical coercion. They were composed of

1985: 1285:). Each council power was derived from the economic resources which it controlled. During the period, the economy of Bahrain depended on 6715: 6536: 6477: 6081: 4863: 4748: 4226: 838: 682: 5799: 7585: 7545: 7519: 7473: 7214: 6961: 6609: 2396: 2371: 2346: 2292: 719: 6843: 6760: 6750: 6594: 5961: 5154: 4069: 4017: 1922: 1908: 1887: 1873: 1859: 1845: 1832: 1179:

and an occupied territory; they imposed taxes on local population to collect as much revenue as possible, with special focus on the

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tightened its grip on the island. Starting from 1919, successive British political agents began implementing reform plans. The

5380: 7305: 7131: 7072: 6678: 6470: 6344: 5872: 5486: 5197: 4881: 4566: 4334: 4167: 4157: 4041: 1277:), which were not regulated by standardized law or procedures. Social and personal affairs were managed by religious courts ( 1043: 873: 662: 264: 181: 6646: 77: 7578: 7524: 7374: 7364: 6858: 6501: 6154: 5918: 5669: 5007: 4939: 4509: 1328:, the two largest cities of the country. The administration apparatus at Manama and Muharraq was headed by a high ranking 1060: 869: 739: 7142: 6924: 6673: 5954: 5404: 5328: 5304: 5298: 4655: 4403: 4317: 4302: 4152: 4106: 1234: 642: 7550: 7514: 7496: 7463: 7434: 6949: 6371: 6037: 4887: 4009: 2323: 2202: 1269:

The management of economic resources as well as government and tribal sovereignty was in the hand of tribal councils (

802: 567: 509: 2020:"'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [1000] (1155/1782)" 1644: 1303: 7209: 6514: 6109: 5886: 5860: 5757: 5526: 4052: 1147:. In return, Faisal agreed to restore the fort of Al Bidda to Bahraini control and to cease interference in Qatar. 1108: 303: 1336:

and composed of thirty other fidawis. In Riffa, where Sunni Arab tribes lived, the emir was an Al Khalifa member.

1257:(previously known as Bombay). The British then, after talks with chiefs of Al Khalifa, appointed the 21 years old 6599: 6043: 5999: 5721: 5432: 5107: 5077: 4835: 4619: 4398: 4354: 4241: 4194: 1790: 1567:

that served the Sunni community. Appointed by the ruler, al-Mihza ruled over personal and family matters such as

1237:

of Doha to Bahrain for negotiations, but arrested him upon his arrival. In October of the same year, he declared

749: 193: 1193:

Khalifa arrived to Bahrain, they became divided into two factions, one led by Salman bin Ahmed based in Bahrain

7357: 7116: 7105: 6587: 6224: 5932: 5879: 5787: 5745: 5709: 5663: 5278: 4927: 4869: 4182: 4005: 1805:

to process and refine Bahrain's 80,000 daily barrels in addition to 120,000 barrels from Dammam in neighboring

1072: 846: 709: 1560: 1238: 893: 290: 5110:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 2043:'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' (1155/1782), p. 1001 7592: 7098: 6941: 6441: 6273: 6148: 6116: 6097: 5763: 5715: 5657: 5366: 5310: 4686: 4551: 4543: 4423: 4324: 4307: 4292: 4251: 4177: 4099: 1794: 1777: 933: 704: 318: 7412: 7166: 6767: 6553: 6529: 5912: 5893: 5769: 5733: 5505: 5493: 5392: 5272: 5260: 5148: 5103: 5091: 4722: 4385: 4359: 4312: 4204: 4147: 1308: 1258: 1167: 1124: 897: 774: 579: 7258: 7173: 6888: 6683: 6451: 6057: 5212: 4989: 4971: 4780: 4711: 4533: 2265: 1611: 59: 7268: 1682:

favor of his son, Hamad. The petitions and political crisis, however continued to the reign of Hamad.

529: 7397: 7382: 7126: 6883: 6400:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 6362: 6180: 6093: 6027: 6005: 5906: 5866: 5775: 5739: 5677: 5602: 5354: 5290: 5025: 5019: 5013: 4556: 4454: 4413: 4297: 4246: 4214: 2243: 1519:

strongly resisted any interference in their affairs and had better production in relaxed atmosphere.

366: 155: 6558: 7121: 6524: 5841: 5644: 5551: 5499: 5386: 5374: 5342: 5254: 5045: 4957: 4561: 4504: 4479: 4464: 4344: 4339: 4275: 4261: 1116: 247: 143: 6447: 7429: 6688: 6565: 6541: 6087: 6069: 6009: 5900: 5626: 5588: 5564: 5545: 5436: 4983: 4909: 4875: 4774: 4754: 4680: 4594: 4587: 4499: 4469: 4449: 4437: 4408: 4373: 4287: 4256: 4236: 4134: 4126: 4001:

Tribe and state in Bahrain: The transformation of social and political authority in an Arab state

3999: 1487: 1120: 834: 762: 655: 630: 518: 6954: 1013:, just east of Zubarah. Al Khalifa attacked them there and killed their chief Jaber Al Jalahma. 2668:

John Slight, "Global War and its impact on the Gulf States of Kuwait and Bahrain, 1914–1918."

2019: 1421:

built fishing traps and rented them for U.S. $ 150 to $ 5000 a year with the most expensive in

7560: 7402: 6755: 6033: 5651: 5616: 5348: 5236: 5184: 5178: 5162: 5001: 4995: 4945: 4915: 4845: 4494: 4065: 4037: 4013: 2392: 2367: 2342: 2288: 2257: 2247: 1918: 1904: 1883: 1869: 1855: 1841: 1828: 1425:. The ruling family owned a small percentage of fishing traps, while Shia owned most of them. 1006:

tribe, soon joined Al Khalifa in Zubarah, leaving Al Sabah as the sole proprietors of Kuwait.

151: 17: 1009:

However, they disagreed later on the distribution of revenues, leading Al Jalahma to move to

7419: 7178: 6976: 6782: 6509: 6404: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6249: 6160: 6128: 6015: 5815: 5727: 5512: 5038: 5031: 4933: 4818: 4763: 4603: 4528: 4516: 4484: 4474: 4199: 4086: 1700: 1633: 1451: 769: 732: 637: 611: 574: 453: 162: 1772: 7424: 7278: 7219: 6981: 6740: 6357: 6134: 6063: 5854: 5793: 5632: 5316: 5218: 4921: 4459: 4329: 1899:

Abdulla, Khalid M. 1999. "The State in Oil Rentier Economies: The Case of Bahrain." In

1866:

The Life and Times of Shaikh Salman Bin Hamad Al-Khalifa : Ruler of Bahrain 1942–1961

1674: 1607: 1479: 1464: 1352: 1295:

disrupted elements of Bahrain's politics, society, economy and trans-regional networks.

1278: 1270: 1198: 1096: 920: 694: 233: 126: 66: 1217:. In 1842, he entered a conflict with his grandnephew, Muhammad bin Khalifa, who fled to 1575:, but loans associated with pearl diving were excluded as Sharia speaks clearly against 7506: 7486: 7439: 6493: 6242: 6230: 6075: 5691: 5620: 5609: 5398: 5360: 5266: 5230: 5224: 5190: 4728: 4651: 4608: 4418: 4390: 4187: 4027: 1761: 1748: 1713: 1662: 1446: 1194: 1127: 1084: 1068: 972: 886: 857: 850: 792: 714: 602: 390: 95: 7608: 7407: 7347: 7161: 7044: 6832: 6819: 6787: 6777: 6772: 6283: 6103: 5284: 5168: 1206: 1184:

jurists would elect a smaller assembly which would in turn elect a council of three.

1176: 1031: 980: 901: 406: 148: 6878: 1797:

in Bahrain in 1931, with the first shipment exported in a year. Few years later, an

7293: 7263: 7153: 6993: 6971: 6570: 6519: 6313: 6021: 5582: 5576: 5557: 5322: 5057: 4964: 4903: 4897: 4489: 1806: 1798: 1785: 1438: 1422: 1286: 1135: 1047: 916: 909: 440: 374: 91: 1978:"Population by nationality (Bahraini/ non-Bahrain) in dates of census (1941-2010)" 1915:

Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society

1034:

the year earlier. The defeated Salman bin Ahmed who succeeded his father moved to

1010: 983:

waterway. The Turks exiled them to Kuwait in 1716 where they remained until 1766.

2269: 7093: 6802: 6668: 6430: 5926: 5827: 5638: 5242: 5142: 4857: 4851: 2673: 2217: 1572: 1433: 1292: 1250: 1214: 1064: 7342: 6966: 6809: 5703: 5684: 5427: 5206: 4825: 4742: 4521: 2237: 1544: 1504: 1401: 1210: 1185: 1056: 1003: 999: 987: 956: 952: 944: 865: 861: 842: 597: 382: 1947: 1760:

The first school in Bahrain was the American Missionary School (now known as

1253:, and took control of the island. Ringleaders, except for one were exiled to 7337: 7110: 7037: 7020: 6814: 6349: 5202: 4951: 4735: 2261: 1376: 1222:

various locations, before finally leaving to Muscat where he died in 1849.

1112: 1088:

intervened, besieging his war fleet and forcing him to call off the attack.

905: 6693: 1579:. Instead, the aforementioned loans were taken to the tribal salifa court. 1532: 1417:

northern Arabs knew about camel and desert. Specialized fishermen known as

1894:

Bahrain: A study on social and political changes since the First World War

1539:. There were four different juristic groups in Bahrain at the time: Urban 7288: 7136: 6893: 6868: 6582: 6277: 6192: 5471: 5423: 5172: 5099: 5085: 5081: 5051: 4839: 1678: 1576: 1371:

Palm cultivation used to be one of two backbones of the Bahraini economy.

1344: 1325: 1315:

Unlike regular tribal councils, the ruler had a supreme council known as

1104: 968: 607: 401: 251: 106: 7283: 7273: 7053: 7027: 6708: 6703: 6186: 5519: 5479: 5072: 4829: 4788: 4122: 4061: 1583: 1568: 1563:. During the entire reign of Isa bin Ali, Jassim al-Mihza was the sole 1552: 1508: 1367: 991: 915:

In the end of the nineteenth century, Britain placed Bahrain under its

882: 617: 492: 7555: 7032: 7015: 6863: 6196: 5571: 5336: 5114: 4716: 4142: 1591: 1564: 1556: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1512: 1321: 1254: 1218: 1156: 1139: 964: 544: 113: 4054:

Ruling Families of Arabia, Bahrain: The Ruling Family of Al-Khalifah

4033:

Reports of Judgments Advisory Opinions and Orders: 2001 Bound Volume

4091: 5697: 5419: 4891: 1802: 1771: 1643: 1587: 1432: 1405: 1366: 1302: 1265:

Economy and administration during reign of Isa bin Ali (1869–1923)

1246: 1226: 1166: 1159:, and used diplomacy to neutralize Persian and Ottoman ambitions. 1144: 1039: 995: 976: 960: 948: 928:

The British intervened and replaced the ruler with his elder son,

549: 496: 467: 136: 6462: 7049: 5248: 1548: 1230: 1180: 1035: 1030:

In 1796, Wahhabis occupied Al Zubara following their capture of

878: 554: 6466: 6301: 6213: 5950: 5459: 5131: 4806: 4699: 4623: 4095: 1825:

Bahrain, 1920–1945: Britain, the Shaikh, and the Administration

1903:, ed. Abbas Abdelkarim: 51–78. New York: St. Martin's Press. 885:, both of which controlled it for short periods. Persians and 1059:, Al Khalifa announced their autonomy. Al Jalahma's leader 3434: 3432: 3965: 3963: 3914: 3912: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3828: 3826: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3760: 3758: 3721: 3719: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3373: 3371: 2807: 2805: 2225:(PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 45–46. 975:

due to their predatory habits of preying on caravans in

3646: 3644: 3642: 3617: 3615: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 1982:

Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme

1852:

Bahrain: Political development in a modernizing society

3581: 3579: 3577: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3502: 3500: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3407: 3405: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3061: 3059: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3013: 3011: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2933: 2931: 2906: 2904: 2891: 2889: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2628: 2626: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2447: 2445: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2145: 2143: 2130: 2128: 2103: 1474:

Boat crew was divided into six categories: the pilot (

1083:(1843–68), threats to Bahrain came from the Wahhabis, 864:

tribe led by Al Khalifa invaded it from their base in

5435:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2053: 2051: 2049: 1699:

From its creation and until 1957, it was occupied by

1503:

in the Gulf and Arabia. The most powerful tribe was

1395:

As well as wazirs, sheikhs' administration included

7533: 7505: 7472: 7373: 7319: 7236: 7202: 7152: 7080: 7071: 7008: 6940: 6902: 6841: 6830: 6733: 6724: 6625: 6500: 4542: 4436: 4372: 4274: 4213: 4133: 2039: 2037: 1150:The British blockade ended with the signing of the 488: 400: 362: 348: 338: 328: 317: 300: 287: 274: 261: 243: 227: 217: 203: 187: 175: 161: 142: 132: 122: 102: 87: 29: 1197:and the other led by his brother Abdulla based in 1233:in Qatar. Muhammad, seeking to gain time invited 1038:in the eastern coast of Bahrain, later moving to 967:. Originally, their ancestors were expelled from 1555:law, tribal Arab Sunni community which followed 1531:(Islamic law) which itself is derived from the 1171:Elevation drawing of a mosque in Bahrain, 1825. 2577: 2542: 6478: 5962: 4635: 4107: 2674:https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2017.1412185 2239:Protection and Politics in Bahrain, 1869-1915 1839:Protection and Politics in Bahrain, 1869–1915 1703:, who became known locally as "the adviser". 810: 8: 6397:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 6380:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6258:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1972: 1970: 1968: 1375:Most cultivation in Bahrain was confined to 1624:Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s 7325: 7077: 6838: 6730: 6629: 6485: 6471: 6463: 6298: 6210: 5984: 5969: 5955: 5947: 5456: 5128: 4803: 4696: 4642: 4628: 4620: 4442: 4378: 4280: 4219: 4114: 4100: 4092: 1559:law and the Shia community which followed 1363:Palm cultivation and estate administration 817: 803: 503: 76: 26: 2022:. qdl.qa. 30 September 2014. p. 1000 5441:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 1134:Upon further analysis of the situation, 1938: 1880:Bahrain: The Modernization of Autocracy 1152:Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship 517: 506: 316: 82:Territory controlled by Bahrain in 1849 6426:Historical flags of the British Empire 6410:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 1527:Religious courts at the time followed 3981: 3969: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3903: 3882: 3863: 3844: 3832: 3817: 3805: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3710: 3698: 3679: 3662: 3650: 3633: 3621: 3606: 3585: 3568: 3549: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3438: 3423: 3411: 3396: 3377: 3362: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3136: 3124: 3103: 3084: 3065: 3050: 3038: 3017: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2922: 2910: 2895: 2880: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2796: 2784: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2714: 2695: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2617: 2594: 2565: 2530: 2518: 2497: 2485: 2468: 2451: 2436: 2424: 2174: 2149: 2134: 2119: 2107: 2074: 2057: 2006: 347: 337: 327: 323: 299: 286: 273: 260: 256: 226: 216: 212: 202: 186: 174: 170: 160: 7: 3309: 2311:الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة 2190:الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة 1720:Private properties and public rights 1650:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (1872–1942) 6237:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 5080:. British Cameroons is now part of 4173:Administrative reforms of the 1920s 1892:Mohammed Ghanim Al-Rumaihi (1975). 1483: 1468: 1356: 1282: 1274: 700:Administrative reforms of the 1920s 683:1783 Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain 6910:(reform and constitutional period) 5096:unilaterally declared independence 4791:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 2308:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024). 2187:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024). 1901:Change and Development in the Gulf 963:) in 1766 after moving to it from 720:Bahraini independence survey, 1970 25: 6798:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts 6761:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 6303:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 6282:Occupied by Argentina during the 1780:in Bahrain was discovered in 1932 6793:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers 6446: 6437: 6436: 5849:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1225:In 1867, an uprising erupted in 1022:the island under their control. 856:Bahrain was a dependency of the 786: 528: 472: 458: 433: 58: 51: 6874:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance 4036:. United Nations Publications. 1823:Mahdi Abdalla Al-Tajir (1987). 1784:A survey of the geology of the 1551:(Sunni) community who followed 872:). The ruler of Al Khalifa was 6615:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims 6345:Australian Antarctic Territory 5201:since 1965 (before as part of 5198:British Indian Ocean Territory 5084:, while Tanganyika is part of 4715:since 1960 (before as part of 4163:History of Bahrain (1783–1971) 2219:Saudi Arabia under King Faisal 1437:Boats like this were used for 1017:Rule of Al Khalifa (1783–1869) 831:History of Bahrain (1783–1971) 663:1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain 182:Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa 18:History of Bahrain (1783-1971) 1: 1984:. 4 July 2014. Archived from 1917:University of Chicago Press. 1042:where he built an impressive 870:British Protectorate of Qatar 4656:British Overseas Territories 1586:(interpretation) instead of 31:Bahrain and Its Dependencies 7059:Vassal and tributary states 6372:British Antarctic Territory 6082:Western Pacific Territories 4010:University of Chicago Press 2324:Ministry of Culture (Qatar) 2236:Talal Toufic Farah (1979). 2203:Ministry of Culture (Qatar) 1837:Talal Toufic Farah (1986). 1175:Al Khalifa held Bahrain as 7641: 6110:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 5527:British Arctic Territories 3998:Khuri, Fuad Ishaq (1980). 2216:Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). 1864:Andrew Wheatcroft (1995). 1621: 1109:Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan 7573: 7328: 6632: 6578:Decline and modernization 6421: 6390: 6350:Commonwealth of Australia 6308: 6297: 6268: 6220: 6209: 6175: 5982: 5946: 5752:Newfoundland and Labrador 5466: 5455: 5433:League of Nations mandate 5414: 5138: 5127: 5108:Lancaster House Agreement 5078:League of Nations mandate 5067: 4813: 4802: 4706: 4695: 4662: 4581: 4445: 4381: 4283: 4222: 2391:. Routledge. p. 69. 2366:. Routledge. p. 67. 2341:. Routledge. p. 66. 2287:. Routledge. p. 65. 1791:Bahrain Petroleum Company 1694:Implementation of reforms 1298: 1245:Muhammad made his way to 1115:. This culminated in the 1002:family, allied under the 979:and trading ships in the 908:cultivation, fishing and 412: 358: 324: 313: 257: 239: 213: 199: 194:Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa 171: 75: 48: 43: 7106:Six Divisions of Cavalry 6642:Foreign Affairs Ministry 5880:Turks and Caicos Islands 5187:(protectorate) 1907–1949 4759:(integrated into the UK) 4227:Administrative divisions 4183:National Union Committee 4006:United States of America 2387:Rahman, Habibur (2006). 2362:Rahman, Habibur (2006). 2337:Rahman, Habibur (2006). 2316:Qatari National Identity 2310: 2283:Rahman, Habibur (2006). 2195:Qatari National Identity 2189: 1913:Curtis E. Larsen. 1984. 1850:Emile A Nakhleh (1976). 951:family allied under the 745:1981 coup d'état attempt 710:National Union Committee 695:1895 coup d'etat attempt 688:Perpetual Truce of Peace 205:Chief Political Resident 7625:20th century in Bahrain 7620:19th century in Bahrain 7615:18th century in Bahrain 7099:Agha of the Janissaries 6746:List of Ottoman sultans 6163:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 5988:18th and 19th centuries 5804:Queen Charlotte Islands 5764:North-Western Territory 5736:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 5339:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 5004:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 4687:Commonwealth of Nations 4051:Rush, A. de L. (1991). 1896:. University of Kuwait. 1878:Fred H. Lawson (1989). 1793:in 1928. Oil was later 925:reforms of the twenties 69:Right: Flag (1820–1932) 38:al-Baḥrayn wa Tawābi‘hu 7301:Science and technology 6751:Roman succession claim 5913:West Indies Federation 5102:) and continued as an 4685:Current member of the 2389:The Emergence Of Qatar 2364:The Emergence Of Qatar 2339:The Emergence Of Qatar 2285:The Emergence Of Qatar 2246:. pp. 26–27, 51. 1781: 1716:and discovery of oil. 1653: 1618:Administrative reforms 1441: 1372: 1312: 1309:Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa 1172: 1073:Bahrain's independence 919:and by the end of the 740:State Security Law era 67:Left: Flag (1932–1971) 7174:Dragoman of the Fleet 6889:Dragoman of the Porte 6679:Armenian Constitution 6566:Stagnation and reform 5835:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5106:state until the 1979 4712:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2672:37#1 (2018): 21-37. 1775: 1647: 1640:Challenges to reforms 1561:Ja'fari jurisprudence 1543:(Sunni) who followed 1436: 1370: 1306: 1170: 705:first oil well (1932) 690:and Friendship (1861) 631:Portuguese occupation 123:Common languages 6894:Outer Palace Service 6810:Inner Palace Service 6363:Realm of New Zealand 6361:(transferred to the 6348:(transferred to the 6181:Realm of New Zealand 5782:Prince Edward Island 5660:1671–1816, 1833–1960 3984:, pp. 136, 138. 3494:, pp. 89, 91–2. 2244:University of London 1632:Starting from 1919, 1598:British Protectorate 1081:Muhammad bin Khalifa 1046:. In 1799, ruler of 367:British Indian rupee 278:British protectorate 156:caretaker government 7089:Classic period army 6930:Chamber of Deputies 6905:Imperial Government 6394:Since 2009 part of 6286:of April–June 1982. 5873:Trinidad and Tobago 5487:Antigua and Barbuda 5387:Straits Settlements 4567:Freedom of religion 4168:Bani Utbah invasion 4158:1717 Omani invasion 4148:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami 2578:United Nations 2004 2543:United Nations 2004 1952:World Statesmen.org 1786:Persian Gulf region 1163:Internal challenges 1117:Battle of Mesaimeer 1026:External challenges 715:March 1965 Intifada 580:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami 371:(19th century–1947) 291:Qatari–Bahraini War 248:Early modern period 6716:Translation Office 6600:2nd Constitutional 6588:1st Constitutional 6542:Sultanate of Women 5546:Cape Breton Island 5437:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 5279:Unfederated States 5094:Southern Rhodesia 4681:Commonwealth realm 2964:, pp. 45, 47. 2122:, pp. 20, 27. 1988:on 28 October 2020 1782: 1654: 1442: 1373: 1313: 1173: 1125:political resident 1121:Mohammed bin Thani 986:Around the 1760s, 955:tribe, settled in 940:Rise of Al Khalifa 874:Ahmed bin Muhammad 860:when in 1783, the 835:history of Bahrain 793:Bahrain portal 763:Kingdom of Bahrain 592:Reigning Dynasties 7602: 7601: 7569: 7568: 7561:Star and crescent 7232: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7067: 7066: 7004: 7003: 6756:Ottoman Caliphate 6637:Foreign relations 6460: 6459: 6417: 6416: 6293: 6292: 6225:Providence Island 6205: 6204: 6170: 6169: 6038:Western Australia 6006:Van Diemen's Land 5942: 5941: 5919:Associated States 5617:Columbia District 5451: 5450: 5305:Manila and Cavite 5123: 5122: 5002:Southern Rhodesia 4996:South-West Africa 4946:Northern Rhodesia 4858:Cape of Good Hope 4798: 4797: 4675:Current territory 4617: 4616: 4577: 4576: 4432: 4431: 4368: 4367: 4350:Political parties 4303:Foreign relations 4270: 4269: 4064:: Redwood Press. 3945:, pp. 135–8. 3847:, pp. 114–5. 3820:, pp. 112–3. 3779:, pp. 106–7. 3752:, pp. 103–4. 3740:, pp. 102–3. 3665:, pp. 98–99. 3636:, pp. 97–98. 3441:, pp. 89–90. 3233:, pp. 69–70. 2670:War & Society 2545:, p. 179–80. 2500:, p. 29, 30. 2253:978-0-438-69521-4 1299:Ruler's authority 827: 826: 568:Historical region 502: 501: 484: 483: 480: 479: 446: 445: 396: 388: 380: 372: 229:• 1970–1971 223:James Felix Jones 219:• 1861–1862 189:• 1961–1971 177:• 1783–1796 152:absolute monarchy 118: 111: 16:(Redirected from 7632: 7333:Social structure 7326: 7179:Imperial Arsenal 7078: 6912: 6851: 6849:(classic period) 6844:Imperial Council 6839: 6731: 6630: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6464: 6450: 6440: 6439: 6405:Antarctic Treaty 6366: 6353: 6338:Falkland Islands 6330:Tristan da Cunha 6322:Ascension Island 6299: 6250:Falkland Islands 6211: 6179:Now part of the 6051:Pitcairn Islands 6016:Auckland Islands 5985: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5948: 5933:Windward Islands 5887:Vancouver Island 5664:MassachusettsBay 5533:British Columbia 5457: 5273:Federated States 5129: 5039:Tristan da Cunha 5008:Southern Nigeria 4940:Northern Nigeria 4819:Ascension Island 4804: 4760: 4697: 4671:Former territory 4668: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4621: 4597: 4590: 4443: 4394: 4379: 4281: 4220: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4093: 4087:Bahrain province 4075: 4059: 4047: 4023: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3958: 3957:, p. 135–6. 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3907: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3867: 3861: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3683: 3677: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3610: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3572: 3566: 3553: 3547: 3534: 3533:, pp. 92–3. 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3470:, pp. 90–1. 3465: 3459: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3381: 3380:, pp. 88–9. 3375: 3366: 3360: 3349: 3348:, pp. 86–8. 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3324:, pp. 86–7. 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3209:, pp. 66–7. 3204: 3198: 3192: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3107: 3101: 3088: 3082: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3053:, pp. 57–8. 3048: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3015: 3006: 3005:, pp. 55–6. 3000: 2994: 2993:, pp. 54–5. 2988: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2952:, pp. 45–6. 2947: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2814:, pp. 48–9. 2809: 2800: 2799:, pp. 51–2. 2794: 2788: 2782: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2746:, pp. 50–1. 2741: 2735: 2729: 2718: 2712: 2699: 2693: 2676: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2621: 2615: 2598: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2455: 2449: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2403: 2402: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2153: 2147: 2138: 2132: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2078: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2044: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1974: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1943: 1768:Discovery of oil 1701:Charles Belgrave 1634:H. R. P. Dickson 1523:Religious courts 1485: 1470: 1358: 1284: 1276: 1093:Faisal bin Turki 1061:Rahmah bin Jabir 819: 812: 805: 791: 790: 789: 770:2000s in Bahrain 733:State of Bahrain 656:Safavid hegemony 638:Muqrin ibn Zamil 575:Islam in Bahrain 532: 522: 504: 476: 475: 462: 461: 454:State of Bahrain 450: 449: 437: 436: 430: 429: 414: 413: 394: 386: 378: 370: 116: 109: 80: 62: 55: 36: 35:البحرين وتوابعها 27: 21: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7565: 7529: 7501: 7468: 7369: 7358:Ottoman Turkish 7315: 7224: 7198: 7148: 7143:Modernized army 7127:Sekban-i Djedid 7063: 7000: 6955:Shaykh al-Islām 6936: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6898: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6826: 6741:Ottoman dynasty 6720: 6621: 6496: 6491: 6461: 6456: 6413: 6386: 6360: 6358:Ross Dependency 6347: 6304: 6289: 6264: 6216: 6201: 6171: 6166: 6122: 6117:Solomon Islands 6064:North Australia 6044:South Australia 6000:New South Wales 5978: 5975: 5938: 5658:Leeward Islands 5462: 5447: 5410: 5317:Muscat and Oman 5134: 5119: 5063: 4809: 4794: 4758: 4702: 4691: 4666: 4658: 4648: 4618: 4613: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4573: 4538: 4522:National Anthem 4470:Public holidays 4428: 4392: 4391:Bahraini dinar 4364: 4335:Law enforcement 4266: 4209: 4153:Antonio Correia 4129: 4120: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4026: 4020: 3997: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3889: 3881: 3870: 3862: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3686: 3678: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3592: 3584: 3575: 3567: 3556: 3548: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3445: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3384: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3312:, p. xvii. 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3110: 3102: 3091: 3083: 3072: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2887: 2879: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2850:, p. 38–9. 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2702: 2694: 2679: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2533:, p. 30–1. 2529: 2525: 2517: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2475: 2467: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2439:, p. 27–8. 2435: 2431: 2423: 2406: 2399: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2254: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2156: 2148: 2141: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2081: 2073: 2064: 2056: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1820: 1818:Further reading 1770: 1742:Policing system 1733:Judicial system 1714:cultured pearls 1696: 1652:, date unknown. 1642: 1626: 1620: 1608:First World War 1600: 1525: 1490:and blindness. 1488:eardrum rupture 1431: 1414: 1365: 1311:, date unknown. 1301: 1267: 1235:Jassim Al Thani 1199:Muharraq Island 1165: 1028: 1019: 971:in Iraq by the 942: 921:First World War 823: 787: 785: 780: 779: 765: 755: 754: 735: 725: 724: 689: 678: 668: 667: 658: 648: 647: 643:Antonio Correia 633: 623: 622: 593: 585: 584: 570: 560: 559: 540: 539:Ancient Bahrain 520: 513: 495: 473: 459: 434: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 351: 341: 331: 306: 293: 280: 267: 234:Geoffrey Arthur 230: 220: 190: 178: 112: 83: 71: 68: 64: 63: 56: 39: 37: 34: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7638: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7379: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7242: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7158: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7122:Nizam-i Djedid 7113: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7084: 7082: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7047: 7045:Mutasarrifates 7042: 7041: 7040: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6946: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6916: 6914: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6884:Reis ül-Küttab 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6842: 6836: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6820:Palace Schools 6817: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6768:Imperial Harem 6765: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6737: 6735: 6734:House of Osman 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6633: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6554:Decline thesis 6549:Transformation 6546: 6545: 6544: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6530:Constantinople 6527: 6522: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6494:Ottoman Empire 6492: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6401: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6355: 6342: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6280: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6254: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6231:Willoughbyland 6228: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6132: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6003: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5894:Virgin Islands 5890: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5861:South Carolina 5858: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5758:North Carolina 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5692:Mosquito Coast 5689: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5621:Oregon Country 5614: 5610:Cayman Islands 5606: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5530: 5524: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5430: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5402: 5399:Trucial States 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5146: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5092:Self-governing 5089: 5075: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4864:Central Africa 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4833: 4823: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4752: 4749:Ionian Islands 4746: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4652:British Empire 4649: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4419:Stock exchange 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4399:Communications 4396: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4355:Prime Minister 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4247:Extreme points 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4195:1990s uprising 4192: 4191: 4190: 4188:March Intifada 4185: 4180: 4178:First Oil Well 4175: 4170: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4070: 4048: 4042: 4028:United Nations 4024: 4018: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3974: 3972:, p. 136. 3959: 3947: 3935: 3933:, p. 133. 3923: 3921:, p. 135. 3908: 3906:, p. 134. 3887: 3885:, p. 116. 3868: 3866:, p. 115. 3849: 3837: 3835:, p. 114. 3822: 3810: 3808:, p. 111. 3793: 3791:, p. 109. 3781: 3769: 3767:, p. 106. 3754: 3742: 3730: 3728:, p. 101. 3715: 3713:, p. 108. 3703: 3701:, p. 107. 3684: 3682:, p. 110. 3667: 3655: 3638: 3626: 3611: 3590: 3573: 3554: 3535: 3523: 3511: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3443: 3428: 3416: 3401: 3382: 3367: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3288:, p. 266. 3278: 3266: 3254: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3141: 3129: 3108: 3089: 3070: 3055: 3043: 3022: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2927: 2915: 2900: 2885: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2801: 2789: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2719: 2700: 2677: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2622: 2599: 2582: 2580:, p. 307. 2570: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2502: 2490: 2473: 2456: 2441: 2429: 2404: 2398:978-0710312136 2397: 2379: 2373:978-0710312136 2372: 2354: 2348:978-0710312136 2347: 2329: 2300: 2294:978-0710312136 2293: 2275: 2252: 2242:(PhD thesis). 2228: 2208: 2179: 2154: 2139: 2124: 2112: 2079: 2062: 2045: 2033: 2011: 1999: 1964: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1911: 1897: 1890: 1876: 1862: 1848: 1835: 1819: 1816: 1778:first oil well 1769: 1766: 1762:Al Raja School 1758: 1757: 1744: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1722: 1721: 1709: 1708: 1707:Pearl industry 1695: 1692: 1663:Foreign Office 1648:Photograph of 1641: 1638: 1622:Main article: 1619: 1616: 1599: 1596: 1577:loan interests 1524: 1521: 1430: 1427: 1413: 1410: 1364: 1361: 1307:A portrait of 1300: 1297: 1266: 1263: 1177:feudal estates 1164: 1161: 1128:Samuel Hennell 1069:British Empire 1027: 1024: 1018: 1015: 994:in modern-day 941: 938: 902:feudal estates 858:Persian Empire 851:British Empire 825: 824: 822: 821: 814: 807: 799: 796: 795: 782: 781: 778: 777: 772: 766: 761: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 750:1990s Uprising 747: 742: 736: 731: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 685: 679: 674: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 659: 654: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 640: 634: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 618:Jabrid dynasty 615: 605: 603:Uyunid dynasty 600: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 577: 571: 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 552: 547: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 525: 524: 515: 514: 507: 500: 499: 490: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 470: 464: 463: 456: 447: 444: 443: 438: 426: 425: 420: 410: 409: 404: 398: 397: 391:Bahraini dinar 364: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 339: 336: 335: 332: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 315: 314: 311: 310: 309:15 August 1971 307: 301: 298: 297: 294: 288: 285: 284: 281: 275: 272: 271: 268: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 245: 244:Historical era 241: 240: 237: 236: 231: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 201: 200: 197: 196: 191: 188: 185: 184: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 159: 158: 146: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 104: 100: 99: 96:United Kingdom 89: 85: 84: 81: 73: 72: 65: 57: 50: 49: 46: 45: 41: 40: 33: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7637: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7348:Ottoman court 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7189:Naval battles 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7162:Kapudan Pasha 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7117:Reform period 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7007: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6829: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Haseki sultan 6776: 6774: 6773:Valide sultan 6771: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6652:United States 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6537:Classical Age 6535: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6510:Osman's Dream 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6300: 6296: 6285: 6284:Falklands War 6281: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6215:South America 6212: 6208: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6104:Union Islands 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5816:Rupert's Land 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5776:Paulet affair 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5722:New Hampshire 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5710:New Brunswick 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5461:North America 5458: 5454: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5381:South Vietnam 5379: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4805: 4801: 4790: 4787: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Ethnic groups 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4205:2011 uprising 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4071:1-85207-310-1 4067: 4063: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4019:0-226-43473-7 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3983: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3653:, p. 98. 3652: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3624:, p. 97. 3623: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3609:, p. 96. 3608: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3588:, p. 95. 3587: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3571:, p. 94. 3570: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3552:, p. 93. 3551: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3521:, p. 84. 3520: 3515: 3512: 3509:, p. 92. 3508: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3482:, p. 91. 3481: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3461: 3458:, p. 90. 3457: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3426:, p. 89. 3425: 3420: 3417: 3414:, p. 85. 3413: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3399:, p. 99. 3398: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3365:, p. 88. 3364: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3336:, p. 87. 3335: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3300:, p. 86. 3299: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3276:, p. 70. 3275: 3270: 3267: 3264:, p. 69. 3263: 3258: 3255: 3252:, p. 83. 3251: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3221:, p. 67. 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3197:, p. 64. 3196: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3180:, p. 63. 3179: 3174: 3171: 3168:, p. 62. 3167: 3162: 3159: 3156:, p. 65. 3155: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3139:, p. 61. 3138: 3133: 3130: 3127:, p. 66. 3126: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3106:, p. 60. 3105: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3087:, p. 59. 3086: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3068:, p. 58. 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3041:, p. 57. 3040: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3020:, p. 56. 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2981:, p. 46. 2980: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2940:, p. 45. 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2925:, p. 43. 2924: 2919: 2916: 2913:, p. 48. 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2898:, p. 41. 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2883:, p. 53. 2882: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2862:, p. 39. 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838:, p. 37. 2837: 2832: 2829: 2826:, p. 38. 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2787:, p. 47. 2786: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2758:, p. 52. 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2734:, p. 51. 2733: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2717:, p. 49. 2716: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2698:, p. 50. 2697: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2659:, p. 34. 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647:, p. 35. 2646: 2641: 2638: 2635:, p. 36. 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2620:, p. 68. 2619: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2597:, p. 44. 2596: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2568:, p. 33. 2567: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2521:, p. 30. 2520: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2488:, p. 29. 2487: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2471:, p. 40. 2470: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2454:, p. 28. 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2427:, p. 32. 2426: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2326:. p. 60. 2325: 2322:(in Arabic). 2317: 2313: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2209: 2205:. p. 53. 2204: 2201:(in Arabic). 2196: 2192: 2183: 2180: 2177:, p. 31. 2176: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2152:, p. 27. 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2137:, p. 22. 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2110:, p. 26. 2109: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2077:, p. 25. 2076: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2060:, p. 24. 2059: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2009:, p. 23. 2008: 2003: 2000: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1953: 1949: 1946:Cahoon, Ben. 1942: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:0-226-46906-9 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1909:0-312-21658-0 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1888:0-8133-0123-8 1885: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1874:0-7103-0495-1 1871: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1860:0-669-00454-5 1857: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1846:0-8156-6074-X 1843: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1833:0-7099-5122-1 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1801:was built in 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659:Hamad bin Isa 1651: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1507:who lived in 1506: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1440: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1310: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1283:القضاء الشرعي 1280: 1272: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:Al-Muhammarah 1202: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1169: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 981:Shatt al-Arab 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 939: 937: 935: 931: 930:Hamad bin Isa 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 820: 815: 813: 808: 806: 801: 800: 798: 797: 794: 784: 783: 776: 775:2011 uprising 773: 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44:1783–1971 7593:Category 7507:Religion 7420:Clothing 7306:Taxation 7269:Currency 7210:Aviation 7184:Admirals 7137:Hamidieh 7073:Military 7054:Kadiluks 7028:Vilayets 6982:Armenian 6920:Assembly 6657:Treaties 6626:Politics 6583:Tanzimat 6442:Category 6278:Colombia 6193:Kiribati 6070:Victoria 6010:Tasmania 5901:Virginia 5867:Stickeen 5855:Saybrook 5794:Plymouth 5740:New York 5678:Maryland 5670:Province 5633:Delaware 5603:Carolina 5595:Dominion 5589:Province 5552:Dominica 5500:Barbados 5472:Anguilla 5443:disputed 5424:Pakistan 5299:Maldives 5173:Billiton 5100:Rhodesia 5086:Tanzania 5082:Cameroon 5058:Zululand 5052:Zanzibar 4840:Botswana 4604:Category 4562:Religion 4480:Internet 4465:Polygamy 4340:Military 4276:Politics 4262:Wildlife 4127:articles 4081:See also 2266:ProQuest 2262:13992770 1992:3 August 1957:3 August 1749:Punjabis 1461:al-ghaws 1419:rassamin 1345:Baluchis 1326:Muharraq 1195:mainland 1105:Al Bidda 1085:Ottomans 973:Ottomans 969:Umm Qasr 887:Ottomans 883:Wahhabis 839:invasion 612:Jarwanid 510:a series 508:Part of 363:Currency 252:Cold War 154:under a 107:Muharraq 7579:Outline 7534:Symbols 7525:Judaism 7452:Schools 7425:Cuisine 7388:Mosques 7375:Culture 7365:Slavery 7321:Society 7284:Sultani 7245:By era 7238:Economy 7220:Weapons 7033:Sanjaks 7016:Eyalets 6989:Judaism 6942:Millets 6879:Nişancı 6864:Viziers 6709:Halakha 6704:Mecelle 6647:Safavid 6559:Köprülü 6502:History 6433:culture 6187:Vanuatu 5977:Oceania 5652:Jamaica 5645:Georgia 5565:Grenada 5520:Bermuda 5494:Bahamas 5480:Antigua 5361:Sarawak 5073:Namibia 4934:Nigeria 4910:Madeira 4830:Lesotho 4789:Minorca 4755:Ireland 4723:Corsica 4650:Former 4588:Outline 4500:Theatre 4450:Cuisine 4438:Culture 4409:Tourism 4374:Economy 4288:Cabinet 4257:Islands 4237:Climate 4135:History 4123:Bahrain 4062:England 1584:ijtihad 1569:divorce 1553:Hanbali 1545:Shafi'i 1509:Budaiya 1484:النوخدة 1476:nukhada 1412:Fishing 1275:المجالس 1032:Al-Hasa 992:Zubarah 608:Usfurid 521:Bahrain 493:Bahrain 354:216,078 344:143,135 302:• 289:• 276:• 263:• 103:Capital 94:of the 7556:Tughra 7541:Anthem 7487:Greeks 7440:Poetry 6925:Senate 6694:Düstur 6452:Portal 6272:Now a 6243:Guiana 6197:Tuvalu 5800:Quebec 5572:Canada 5513:Belize 5405:Weihai 5349:Penang 5337:Padang 5267:Malaya 5261:Labuan 5255:Kuwait 5231:Cyprus 5225:Ceylon 5219:Brunei 5191:Borneo 5185:Bhutan 5179:Bengal 5115:Zambia 5046:Uganda 4808:Africa 4781:Colony 4771:Malta 4729:Cyprus 4717:Cyprus 4701:Europe 4667:Legend 4609:Portal 4495:Cinema 4242:Cities 4143:Dilmun 4125: 4068: 4040: 4016: 2395: 2370: 2345: 2318:] 2291: 2268: 2260: 2250: 2197:] 1921: 1907: 1886: 1872: 1858: 1844: 1831: 1675:Barbar 1612:allies 1592:taqlid 1565:jurist 1557:Maliki 1541:Hawala 1537:Hadith 1533:Qur'an 1529:Sharia 1513:Zallaq 1496:salifa 1480:Arabic 1465:Arabic 1452:Banyan 1397:kikhda 1357:السخرة 1353:Arabic 1349:sukhra 1330:fidawi 1322:Manama 1279:Arabic 1271:Arabic 1255:Mumbai 1157:Dammam 1140:Manama 998:. The 965:Kuwait 545:Dilmun 512:on the 334:89,970 209: 167: 127:Arabic 114:Manama 88:Status 7515:Islam 7497:Women 7464:Media 7435:Prose 7408:Music 7289:Kuruş 7203:Other 7194:Ships 7050:Kazas 6972:Ullah 6950:Islam 6833:Porte 6571:Tulip 6195:and * 6161:Nauru 6155:Samoa 6129:Tonga 6088:Papua 5698:Nevis 5583:Upper 5577:Lower 5420:India 5285:Union 5243:India 5213:Burma 5169:Banka 5020:Sudan 4922:Natal 4904:Lagos 4898:Kenya 4892:Ghana 4876:Egypt 4595:Index 4529:Radio 4517:Music 4485:Media 4475:Sport 4318:Women 4200:2000s 4058:(PDF) 2320:(PDF) 2314:[ 2223:(PDF) 2199:(PDF) 2193:[ 1803:Sitra 1679:A'ali 1588:qiyas 1549:Najdi 1469:الغوص 1406:Diraz 1389:wazir 1317:diwan 1247:Qatif 1227:Wakra 1219:Riyad 1145:zakat 1040:Riffa 996:Qatar 977:Basra 961:Qatar 949:Sunni 550:Tylos 497:Qatar 468:Qatar 163:Hakim 137:Islam 7551:Flag 7492:Jews 7394:Art 7294:Lira 7279:Para 7274:Akçe 7167:List 7154:Navy 7081:Army 6662:Wars 6515:Rise 6191:Now 6185:Now 6135:Niue 6076:Fiji 5778:1843 5706:1579 5426:and 5418:Now 5249:Java 5205:and 5171:and 5133:Asia 5113:Now 5071:Now 4460:Flag 4330:King 4313:LGBT 4066:ISBN 4038:ISBN 4014:ISBN 2393:ISBN 2368:ISBN 2343:ISBN 2289:ISBN 2258:OCLC 2248:ISBN 2028:2015 1994:2019 1959:2019 1919:ISBN 1905:ISBN 1884:ISBN 1870:ISBN 1856:ISBN 1842:ISBN 1829:ISBN 1776:The 1571:and 1535:and 1511:and 1404:and 1334:emir 1324:and 1231:Doha 1229:and 1213:and 1181:Shia 1097:Najd 1044:fort 1036:Jaww 947:, a 906:palm 881:and 879:Oman 829:The 610:and 555:Awal 6967:Rūm 6669:Law 6276:of 4490:Art 1239:war 1111:of 894:war 841:of 7611:: 7120:: 7092:: 5422:, 4060:. 4012:. 4008:: 4004:. 3962:^ 3911:^ 3890:^ 3871:^ 3852:^ 3825:^ 3796:^ 3757:^ 3718:^ 3687:^ 3670:^ 3641:^ 3614:^ 3593:^ 3576:^ 3557:^ 3538:^ 3499:^ 3446:^ 3431:^ 3404:^ 3385:^ 3370:^ 3353:^ 3238:^ 3185:^ 3144:^ 3111:^ 3092:^ 3073:^ 3058:^ 3025:^ 3010:^ 2969:^ 2930:^ 2903:^ 2888:^ 2867:^ 2804:^ 2763:^ 2722:^ 2703:^ 2680:^ 2625:^ 2602:^ 2585:^ 2550:^ 2505:^ 2476:^ 2459:^ 2444:^ 2407:^ 2264:. 2256:. 2157:^ 2142:^ 2127:^ 2082:^ 2065:^ 2048:^ 2036:^ 1980:. 1967:^ 1950:. 1882:. 1868:. 1854:. 1827:. 1677:, 1665:. 1482:: 1478:; 1467:: 1387:a 1355:: 1281:: 1273:: 853:. 407:BH 250:/ 7052:/ 6835:) 6486:e 6479:t 6472:v 6407:. 6365:) 6352:) 6147:* 6140:* 6115:* 6096:/ 6036:/ 6008:/ 5970:e 5963:t 5956:v 5847:* 5840:* 5833:* 5650:* 5619:/ 5570:* 5563:* 5511:* 5492:* 5485:* 5478:* 5209:) 5088:. 4890:( 4838:( 4828:( 4719:) 4643:e 4636:t 4629:v 4115:e 4108:t 4101:v 4074:. 4046:. 4022:. 2401:. 2376:. 2351:. 2297:. 2272:. 2030:. 1996:. 1961:. 1463:( 1447:£ 1351:( 959:( 868:( 818:e 811:t 804:v 20:)

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