History of Belém - Knowledge (XXG)

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Independent Pará Governor Council was elected (August 17), a violent popular reaction erupted, led by Canon Batista Campos, with a demonstration demanding equal rights to those of the Portuguese living in Pará. This forced Grenfell to land troops and make mass arrests to restore public order. He called the population to a meeting in front of the government palace and chose five soldiers to be executed. On August 19, since there were not enough prisoners on land, Grenfell authorized the arrest in the holds of the

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it to power. In revolt, the Cabanos killed Malcher and put in power Francisco Vinagre. Repeating what happened in the first Cabano government, the new leader also betrayed the movement. Willing to negotiate with the central government, Vinagre showed an interest in ceding his power to someone appointed by the Portuguese. Dissatisfied, Vinagre was deposed giving way to the third Cabano president, Eduardo Angelim, but ended up weakened as support from local elites diminished.

670: 586: 242: 325:, with Bento Maciel appointed as Captain-Major of this new Captaincy. The village of Feliz Lusitânia was elevated to the category of municipality with the denomination of "Santa Maria de Belém do Pará" or "Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará" (current Belém), when in 1650 the first streets of the region were built, originating the historical and first neighborhood called Cidade (current 973:, urban growth was leveraged as well as real estate expansion (in an unplanned way) in the floodplain areas, through the construction of housing and population settlements with large blocks and wide avenues. These areas were built for the resettled people from the infrastructure works in the center and due to the invasion of commerce by the local elite, in the road axes of the 688: 578: 519:, with the mission to incorporate Pará at any cost. Grenfell threatened to do so, stating that there was a large military fleet arriving in Belém, a naval blockade that would bombard the capital, and that any resistance by the Portuguese would be in vain. Afraid of the threat, the Portuguese did not react, and the province of Grão-Pará (covering the current states of 751:) that were crowding into the cities and organized politically, but being interpreted as "savages." The application of city cleansing drove the popular sectors out of the centers and forced segregation into new peripheral neighborhoods, in the Republicans' attempt to build a "new man", a submissive but at the same time productive worker. 597:, influenced by the French Revolution, in the then Province of Grão-Pará in the period from 1835 to 1840. It happened due to the extreme poverty and diseases in Pará, which marked the beginning of this period; the late recognition of Brazil's independence (1822), and the despising of the region by prince regent 965:

a growth of 23.25%. In the 1960s, they continued to be the most populous neighborhoods in Belém, with about 280,000 people. Because they were occupied by a population considered poor and prolific, living in small precarious dwellings, in occupations of disorderly structure, characterized by tortuous

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residences, and in the higher and more valorized areas, the verticalization process began. There was an increase of the built density and the accentuated elevation of the height of the buildings; new modalities of social selectivity, characterized by bold architectural projects; the incorporation of

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would come to the city to officially announce the opening of the Amazon River. Thus, a Triumphal Arch was built by the Companhia do Amazonas to receive the emperor. But the Arch was not preserved, as it was a scenographic feature of the Companhia do Amazonas and not an actual architectural building.

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The health-oriented architecture transformed the spaces established in the projects for the water supply. Many buildings in the city had wells, such as the convent of Santo Antônio of the Jesuits and the governor's palace. In 1783, the "Casa da mãe d'água" was built to supply water to the Governor's

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criticized the urbanization policy implemented by military engineers in Grão-Pará and the urbanization of Belém with the obstacle of swamps (especially the Piry Lake), considering unhealthy the establishment of settlements in swampy regions near rivers and forest regions with humid climate: prone to

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In 1883, the Provincial Government of Galvão (1882-1884) initiated the construction of the railroad Estrada de Ferro de Bragança (1984-1964), to transport the region's reasonable agricultural production being inaugurated in 1884. In 1885, it gained another 29 kilometers, but construction work would

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With the overthrowing of the local government, the Cabanos started their first government, putting the power in the hands of the military Clemente Malcher. The new government betrayed the movement by showing its loyalty to the Portuguese government (Emperor), even repressing the revolt that brought

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In the 1950s, the neighborhoods located in the northern and the southern zones had very expressive demographic growth rates, Marambaia reached an index of 112.04%, Sacramenta 210.69%, and; Sousa 201.22%. These were the so-called popular neighborhoods, in contrast to the old neighborhoods, such as

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Despite the pressure for the acceptance of the adhesion of Pará, the population had the expectation that the independence would represent radical changes in the economic and socio-political structure of the region. But as Grão-Pará recognized independence late (on August 15, 1823), Pedro I ignored

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settlers arrived in the city (a total of 234 people), and it was necessary to open a street to house the new inhabitants, called Rua São Vicente, originating the second neighborhood called Campina. From that moment the city began to show a population increase and the neighborhood began to distance

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culture in the urbanization and modernization plan during the republicanism of Antônio Lemos, the black residents of the Umarizal neighborhood were forced to transfer to the peripheral neighborhoods of the city: Pedreira, Guamá, Jurunas, Cremação, Sacramenta. This dispersion turned the Pedreira

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However, it was realized that the threat was a lie, and it was revealed that the "military squadron" would never reach Belém. The Portuguese then restarted the persecution of the rebels who were sympathetic to independence, but the Brazilian rebels retaliated with more violence. After the first

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Ferreira, based on the philosophy of urbanization as a form of political control (associated with the birth of social medicine and medical architecture), proposed measures to enable the urban occupation of riverbanks, such as large works of water catchment and distribution, construction of wide

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were transformed into provinces. But the Captaincy of Grão-Pará faced a time of indecision, in which it would either become independent, join the central government of Brazil, or continue to be linked to Portugal. This happened due to some aspects such as: The local

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Belém had economic and political strengths, such as in 1621, when the colonial settlement was elevated to the category of the municipality with the denomination of "Santa Maria de Belém do Pará" or "Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará". In 1625, the fiscal warehouse

739:'s commercial importance increased, mainly for the international rubber scenario. Being considered one of the most developed Brazilian cities, not only for its strategic position - coastal - but also because it hosted a greater number of banking houses, "rubber 555:

the province. The accession to independence, maintained the same group that was already in power, consisting mostly of Portuguese; besides slavery still remaining strong; poverty and disease also increasing. These facts generated a popular discontent called the

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At the end of the 19th century, the discourse of progress and social control based on science and sanitation (policy to combat the tenements or poor neighborhoods near the centers) was stimulated by the Republican elites' fear of the mass of workers (free and

940:, which helped supply the population. They were precarious stables located "downtown", behind the residences where the grasslands served as food for the cattle, which in turn provided milk for the population and, where they also grew vegetables and flowers. 1018:

The actions of Orla Livre intensified during the years 2012 to 2014, with the need to combat the implementation of several residential real estate projects on the banks of the Guamá River and Guajará Bay, which are Permanent Preservation Areas (APP).

279:) occurred to secure dominance in the eastern Amazon and against indigenous tribes in the colonization/slavery process to implement an economic model based on the exploitation of indigenous labor and local primary resources. This resulted in the 395:

streets aiming at the wide circulation of air, drainage of stagnant water in flooded areas of the city, construction of navigation and irrigation canals. Whereas this conception does not destroy the fortified-city urbanization model used in the

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Despite the intense modernization of the central neighborhoods through the rubber trade, some, such as Umarizal, still presented old/rural forms of occupation of the space, such as narrow villages, huts covered with straw or canvas, Portuguese

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which provoked contradictory reactions in the province, the region being distant from the decision making centers of the Southeast region and the central government. The result was that integration with the Kingdom of Brazil was not accepted.

86:" was created and in 1654, due to the importance of the warehouse the "State of Maranhão" was renamed to "State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará"; In 1751, Belém reached its first commercial peak and became the first capital of the Brazilian Amazon. 436:, who were sent to the São José Hospice (1749), established in a location away from the city. Hospitals were also built in Belém, such as the Hospital da Caridade, with funds received from public donations, to serve the poor in the epidemic. 1003:, fighting for the population's rights through leisure, culture, and sports spaces, the valorization of the historical heritage, tourism, and housing, and also seeking the creation of an Integrated Management Plan for the Belém waterfront. 966:

streets with bushes, on the muddy banks of streams and creeks. While the central area emptied, due to the invasion of commerce and the local elite, the initial neighborhoods in the eastern zone stabilized in large blocks with wide avenues.

2774: 914:", with a cover in low relief, produced in 1902 in Paris, under the direction of Filipe Augusto Fidanza and text by Henrique Santa Rosa. It built an idealized image, reinventing a social and cultural imagination in the Parisian and 611:, the majority and members of the middle class, united against the regency government in this revolt, to increase the importance of Pará in the central Brazilian government and face the issue of poverty of the people of the region. 399:

process, water management occupied a prominent place in the urban policy of the eighteenth century, associated with studies of climate and water dynamics for the land occupation. The technical mastery of water was inscribed, in the

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From the 1940s on, the city underwent two other major urban changes due to new trends in local civil construction and the city's spatial valorization plan. In the swampy areas, the cowsheds were plotted, originating passages with

283:, in which in January 1619, Tupinambá attack forces took the Castelo Fort. Gaspar Cardoso changed the course of the war by killing the Morubixaba warrior Guamiaba Tupinambá causing a suspension of the attack to hold the funeral. 728:

In this period photography began to have a greater presence and diffusion in Belém with the contribution of the Portuguese photographer Filipe Fidanza and with the arrival of Emperor Pedro II in 1867, an encourager of this art.

902:) and demonstrating to foreign investors that Belém was safe and salubrious, having the potential of becoming a financial, luxury, entertainment, and consumption center, despite most of the population being extremely poor. 876:

as a model. 1897 marked the beginning of the government of intendant Antônio Lemos (1897-1911), who modernized the capital at the beginning of the Republic, promoting an aesthetic and hygienic renovation of the city in the

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and inaugurated in 1878 during the government of João Capistrano Bandeira de Melo Filho. It is considered one of the most luxurious theaters in Brazil and one of the country's monumental theaters. Other examples are the

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In the second half of the 18th century, there were urban reforms following the medical architecture that sought the health of the population, after many deaths due to epidemics in the first half of the century, such as

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ordered the destruction of the locomotives and the main railroad stations in the state, under the justification of annual deficit, thus demolishing the São Brás Railroad Station and building the Belém Bus Station.

1598:. Oficina Escola de Escritores. Grupo de Memória de Engenharia e Atividades Interdisciplinares da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil - Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA). Associação Cidade Velha Cidade Viva (CiVViva). 67:. This accelerated a response in military terms materialized in expeditions for the expulsion of the invaders and the establishment of settlements along the borders. One of these was the expedition commanded by 743:'" residences, and other important institutions. The peak of the cycle was between 1890 and 1920 when the city had technologies that cities in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil did not yet have 909:

appeared as a significant element, registering the urban transformations of senator Antônio Lemos, and serving as political propaganda for the achievements of his government. These records resulted in the

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Initially, the Ver-o-Rio complex, Praça Princesa Isabel, and Vila da Barca were built in a process of valuation and appropriation of areas on the city's waterfront, following the determination of the

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had direct participation in the local economy, conquering reserved areas far from urban centers, to practice their culture after several conflicts with the colonizers. Thus growing, in contrast, the

388: 930:) were avoided for decades, as they required large resources for macro drainage, and were properties owned by a group of the local urban elite since the 18th century. Part of these were leased for 639:

tactics. After five years of fighting, the regency government managed to repress the revolt in the capital, due to the political weakness of the movement and the absence of an experienced leader.

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administration found a problem in the urbanization policies, which considered only the geostrategic position in the foundation projects of the settlements, disregarding the sanitary conditions.

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was inaugurated in Belém and in this same year the Belém-Bragança railroad was deactivated, due to the fall in revenues caused by the advance of the highways. In 1965, the Minister of Aviation

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In this period the non-flooded lands of the First Patrimonial League of Belém were already occupied. With the advance of the Belém-Brasília highway, started in the 1950s by President

367:", with the headquarters transferred to Belém, making it the first capital of Amazon (in 1772, this state was divided into the autonomous colony "Estado do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro"). 1973: 926:, revealing the humble origins of the inhabitants. During the expansion of the city in the First Patrimonal League, the occupation of the city's flooded areas (typical Amazonian 238:

friars of Santo Antonio: Cristóvão de São José, Sebastião do Rosário, Felipe de S. Boaventura and, Antônio de Marciana, founded in a remote part of the city the Convent of Una.

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Palace and part of the city. The obstacles of nature were overcome through reason and art, expressing the domination of nature by man, following the principle of enlightenment.

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market), to collect taxes on European products brought to Belém, and on those extracted from the Amazon destined for international markets, such as spices and beef from

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was difficult regarding the change in the natural environment; colonizers faced flooded lands, intersected by streams, intense vegetation, and periods of heavy rain.

2732: 126:" (now Belém) was elevated to the category of the municipality with the name "Santa Maria de Belém do Pará" or "Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará" (an homage to 344:, and a lodge, renaming it "Castelo do Senhor Santo Cristo Fort ". Later on, he ordered other attacks against the Dutch invaders, expelling them from the colony. 1570: 992:

From the 1990s on, there was the second expansion in the Nova Belém area, with the construction of high-income condominiums on the Augusto Montenegro highway.

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that ravaged the city in 1749 and killed over 15 thousand people in the state. These were associated with the humid climate and flooding, such as the diseases

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In 1625, due to its strategic position at the mouth of the Amazon River, the Portuguese installed a fiscal warehouse called "Casa de Haver o Peso" (now the

51:; a fact possibly linked to the policies adopted by the royal courts of the first expansionist phase, more concerned with expanding their domains along the 2135: 2677: 977:. But this expansion was initially not successful, because the mobility infrastructure did not keep up, increasing the costs of commuting to the center. 2579: 192:), and established a colonial nucleus aiming to dominate the Amazon River, occupy the Conquista do Pará, or Empire of the Amazonas (located in the then 1693: 2602: 2425: 2046:"Entre a engenharia militar e a arquitetura médica: representações de Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira sobre a cidade de Belém no final do século XVIII" 364: 633:), bombarded the Cabanos hideouts and arrested Eduardo Angelim. The Cabanos then hid in the forests of Belém, to try again to seize power through 404:, in the valorization of agriculture, in the exploitation of natural resources, and in the circulation of goods with the development of the navy. 396: 3236: 3067: 810: 2886: 784:

In this period, major buildings and infrastructure works were erected in the city. In 1869, Calandrine de Chermont began the construction of

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Traços de compaixão e misericórdia na história do Pará: instituições para meninos e meninas desvalidas no século XIX até início do século XX

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Formas de existência em áreas de fronteira: a política portuguesa do espaço e os espaços de poder no oeste amazônico (Séculos XVII e XVIII)

1613: 1887: 1811: 1977: 1859:"Caracterização e Quadros de Análise Comparativa da Governança Metropolitana no Brasil: arranjos institucionais de gestão metropolitana" 2085: 852: 1915: 1431: 651: 581:

Church of Nossa Senhora das Mercês, built in the 18th century, relevant in the context of Cabanagem, in the battle of the "War Train".

3204: 2860: 2372: 1217: 594: 177: 143: 68: 444: 440: 3034: 3002: 2747: 223:). This colonial settlement was considered an island, as it was surrounded by the Piry igarapé and its tributaries, having been 642: 593:

The Guerra dos Cabanos (also known as Cabanagem or Cabanage Revolt) was a popular and social revolt that took place during the

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to the City Council of Belém to boost the growth of the municipality. As a result, in 1654 the State of Maranhão was renamed "

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In 1836, the central government of Pará, commanded by Brigadier Francisco José de Sousa Soares de Andréa (subordinate to the

428:. The governor of the state of Pará implemented quarantines for the treatment of slaves arriving on the ships with smallpox, 235: 1858: 1667: 2333: 1491: 981: 505: 176:

Guaimiaba). In 1580, the Portuguese invaded the area through the military expedition Feliz Lusitânia commanded by Captain

1015:(Federal Law 10 257/2001) and the Urban Master Plan that determine the creation of Special Social Interest Zones (ZEIS). 949:

leisure equipment in the condominium area. The high prices of the properties created a social-spatial segregation of the

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of Belém" or the "Golden Age of Rubber" period. The project aimed to build a "Paris in America" with the influence of

496:, but when the Portuguese got rid of French rule with the Liberal Revolution, they demanded the recolonization of the 230:

In the early years of the Conquista do Pará, there was a need for missionaries due to the existence of many peoples ("

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Thus, on January 12, 1616, the colonial settlement Feliz Lusitânia was founded at the mouth of the Piry Creek and the

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rivers were opened to navigation by merchant ships of all nations, contributing to the development of the capital of

547:"Saint Joseph the Diligent", of two hundred and fifty-seven prisoners, where almost all of them (except one) died of 318: 151: 508:

of Brazilians against recolonization on one side, and the Portuguese in favor of the cortes' decision on the other.

256: 3176: 985: 797:- the oldest in Brazil in operation - one of the most luxurious and modern of the time (opened in April 1912); the 524: 481: 314: 305:

of the Captaincy of Cabo Norte, invested in the village of the Tapajós Indians, decimating them and dominating the

1340: 723:. To consolidate this act and establish the imperial presence in the north after Cabanagem, it was announced that 515:

pressured the province to join Brazil, which occurred in a dramatic process. He sent a ship to Belém commanded by

286: 789: 2994: 2139: 2625: 2207: 1084: 1056: 355:. In 1627, the importance of the Haver-o-Peso warehouse increased with the creation of the first patrimonial 974: 962: 845: 806: 647: 493: 31:, which had its origins in the 17th century in the indigenous region of Mairi, located 160 km from the 1047:

Indians and effected by Pedro Teixeira (military), with the mission to create the best land-fluvial way to

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Portuguese system, adapted in Brazil, which regulated the distribution of land for agricultural production.

460: 290: 280: 2523:"A morfologia do plano de expansão da cidade de Belém e a estrutura fundiária do município no século XIX" 166:

The region where Belém do Pará is located was initially the busy indigenous region of Mairi, home of the

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and executed the then-president of the province, Bernardo Lobo de Sousa, along with other authorities.

321:, encompassing the captaincies of Maranhão and Ceará), and transformed the Conquista do Pará into the 306: 155: 2237:"Na Trilha da História: Revolução dos Cabanos questionava independência sem direito à justiça social" 1641: 1391: 1052: 970: 857: 516: 401: 260: 249: 219:(today Forte do Castelo) containing the chapel of the patron saint Nossa Senhora de Belém (today the 216: 189: 24: 2552: 2109: 1752: 1529: 1130: 995:

From 1995 on, the Orla Livre Movement began, to debate the irregular occupation of the banks of the

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Following the route of the Caminho do Maranhão, which connected Belém to Maranhão, created by the

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A conquista e a ocupação da Amazônia brasileira no período colonial: a definição das fronteiras

1089:. Vol. 7. Rio de Janeiro: Policromias revista do discurso, imagem e som. pp. 178–205. 387:, air contamination due to decomposition of organic matter, and proliferation of diseases. The 375:

itself from the coast. At that time, the Barra Fortress and São Pedro Nolasco Fort were built.

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During his government, Bento Maciel Parente fortified the Presépio Fort, placing an artillery

212: 119: 75: 44: 2832: 1957: 809:(1873) began, to be the Municipal Palace, being inaugurated in 1883 during the government of 3231: 3184:. Associação Nacional de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Planejamento Urbano e Regional (ANPUR). 3178:

Resistência e utopia em Belém: relações teóricas entre o saneamento básico e o espaço urbano

2812: 1763: 1537: 931: 760: 630: 497: 224: 3042: 2647: 2045: 1439: 3068:"Produção de condomínios fechados e especulação imobiliária na rodovia Augusto Montenegro" 923: 755: 704: 330: 104: 2864: 878: 447:", with headquarters in Belém, which remained autonomous Portuguese colonies until 1823. 1498:. Laboratório de História Social (LHS) da Universidade de Brasília (UNB). Archived from 1438:. Laboratório de História Social (LHS) da Universidade de Brasília (UNB). Archived from 1313: 833:

be paralyzed until 1901, returning only in 1908, when it reached its maximum extension.

1000: 996: 915: 865: 785: 681: 302: 272: 2911: 1149: 1100: 138:

of Spain (1578-1621). The name can also be considered an homage to the western day of

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and smugglers in the region near the equator, implied a change of attitude beyond the

3220: 2801:"A estrada de ferro de Bragança e a colonização da zona bragantina no estado do Pará" 802: 778: 712: 477: 356: 181: 56: 2458: 669: 585: 2995:"A ocupação das várzeas na cidade de Belém: Causas e consequências socioambientais" 2530: 2162: 1012: 954: 794: 700: 326: 301:

Other Indian revolts occurred until July 1621, when in 1639, Bento Maciel Parente,

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Capitais brasileiras : dados históricos, demográficos, culturais e midiáticos

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by orders of Governor Francisco Coelho, a portion of land donated via a letter of

2332:. Associação Nacional de Pesquisadores em Artes Plásticas (ANPAP). Archived from 1839: 1593: 1048: 950: 936: 906: 536: 473: 1753:"A formação territorial do espaço paraense: dos fortes à criação de municípios" 1499: 1059:, thus needing other route. Later it also served to conduct cattle coming from 1227: 927: 798: 708: 425: 348: 83: 3082: 3010: 1775: 1549: 1403: 1174: 572: 556: 480:(who commanded the exports of the exploited products), the influence of the 464: 139: 2382: 1207: 1132:

A Escultura Monumental em Belém do Pará, Três Obras e um Percurso Romântico

687: 577: 352: 2817: 3144:"Informações para gestão territorial, diagnóstico do potencial turístico" 3066:

Donato, Alexandre Valente Moreira; de Oliveira, Janete Marília Gentil C.

1060: 882: 869: 814: 736: 619: 548: 528: 417: 200:(how spices from the region were called), which the foreigners disputed. 100: 2799:

Leandro, Leonardo Milanez de Lima; Silva, Fábio Carlos da (2013-03-11).

2707:"Conheça as belezas e as histórias do município de Santa Izabel do Pará" 2362: 539:) was incorporated into the Empire of Brazil on the 15th of that month. 945: 773: 720: 607: 551:

in the tragedy. Thus, Grenfell appeased the conflicts in the province.

532: 520: 433: 413: 409: 337: 172: 32: 28: 1206:

Silvestrin, Celsi Brönstrup; Noll, Gisele; Jacks, Nilda, eds. (2016).

1868:. Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão do Governo do Brasil 818: 439:

In 1772, the "State of Grão Pará and Maranhão" was divided into the "

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During the Viagem Filosófica expedition, the naturalist and explorer

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Intervenções em centros urbanos: Objetivos, estratégias e resultados

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Pimentel, Márcia Aparecida da Silva; Santos, Viviane Corrêa (2012).

2185:"Pesquisadora da UFPA explica a história do feriado de 15 de agosto" 1086:

Mairi a terra de maíra: a ancestralidade indígena eclipsada em Belém

891:. This also had the objective of attending to the new taste of the " 196:

of Maranhão), and assure the dominance in Eastern Amazon and of the

2397:"Programa de Saneamento Básico da Bacia da Estrada Nova (BR-L1369)" 1472: 1350:. Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo 813:. Thus, these works attracted waves of foreign immigrants, such as 154:

to secure the dominion of the eastern Amazon and the riches of the

55:

coast and the East. However, the succession crisis that led to the

2426:"Cine Olympia comemora 103 anos com programação especial em Belém" 1571:"Veja como foi a fundação de Belém em 1616 e conheça sua história" 899: 895: 892: 873: 851: 840: 826: 822: 805:; and the Batista Campos Square. In 1868, the construction of the 740: 686: 676: 668: 641: 584: 576: 469: 384: 285: 255: 240: 131: 618:, commanded by Antônio Vinagre, invaded the government palace in 1341:"O mercado público em Belém: arquitetura e inserção urbanística" 341: 3112:

Gestão de Recursos Naturais e Desenvolvimento Local na Amazônia

2887:"A urbanização de Belém no final do século XIX - Brasil Escola" 2678:"A área de expansão de Belém: Um espaço de múltiplas vivências" 2401:

Avaliação Financeira e Orçamentária do Município de Belém - PA

1473:"I DECLARAÇÃO AOS POVOS SOBRE O TERRITÓRIO MURUCUTU TUPINAMBÁ" 309:. With the victory securing possession of the territory, King 3195:

Vargas, Heliana Comin; de Castilho, Ana Luisa Howard (2015).

2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 1339:

Celma Chaves e Ana Paula Claudino Gonçalves (28 March 2013).

504:, such as the elevation to a kingdom. This generated another 134:) - being called by the abbreviation "Belém do Pará" by King 2685:

Programa de Pós-graduação em arquitetura e urbanismo da UFPa

2163:"Adesão do Pará à Independência, uma revolução sem mudanças" 47:

showed no interest in the lands located at the mouth of the

23:

refers to the history of this Brazilian municipality in the

2086:"Feriado lembra a adesão do Pará à Independência do Brasil" 1726:"Forte do Presépio Belém: História, Endereço e Localização" 1592:

Coimbra, Oswaldo; Neto, Alfredo Jorge Hesse Garcia (2008).

1392:"Das origens da Belém seiscentista e sua herança Tupinambá" 1051:

and, a route for commercial transactions between Belém and

2833:"E. F. Bragança - Estações Ferroviárias do Estado do Pará" 1396:

Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento

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Comércio with a decrease of 15.57%; Reduto 23, 21%, and;

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Initially, the Portuguese and Brazilians united with the

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Programa de integração mineral em municípios da Amazônia

2403:. Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento - BID: 5. 2013 2286:"A Guerra dos Cabanos. Como se deu a Guerra dos Cabanos" 2208:"15 de agosto: adesão do Pará à independência do Brasil" 1838:

Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional.

1250:"Açaí, jambu e a Amazônia: 10 curiosidades sobre o Pará" 2950:"Umarizal das vacarias aos espigões. (Belém 1950/2000)" 2603:"Mercado Ver-o-Peso, em Belém, ganha vida de madrugada" 2459:"Uma viagem no tempo pela Belém da Belle Époque - UFPA" 1320:. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2012 246:

A conquista do Amazonas ("The conquest of the Amazon")

3114:. Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPa). Archived from 1888:"Campina: conheça a história do 'bairro do Comércio'" 1812:"Campina: conheça a história do 'bairro do Comércio'" 1746: 1744: 1742: 2527:

Programa de Pós-graduação em arquitetura e urbanismo

2138:. O Liberal, Editoria de Atualidades. Archived from 1932:

Luiza Moretti. Atlas Digital da América Lusa (ed.).

1692:

Rezende, Tadeu Valdir Freitas de (20 October 2006).

2491:Bernardo Mesquita e Renato Mattiusso Alves (2015). 1968: 1966: 1348:

IV Colóquio Internacional sobre o comércio e cidade

1138:. FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARTES: UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA. 868:trade was important for the urban restructuring of 71:(1566-1619) toward the mouth of the Amazon River. 2553:"Ver-o-Peso: encontro de cores, aromas e sabores" 2009:. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 1212:. Ciências da comunicação. Curitiba, PR: Appris. 771:brought general work, emerging the figure of the 1844:Complexo arquitetônico e paisagístico Ver-o-Peso 1269: 1267: 74:The construction of a city in the middle of the 3153:. Ministério de Minas e Energia do Brasil. 1998 2948:Rodrigues, Venize Nazaré Ramos (26 July 2013). 2367:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 2327:"Fotografia e cidade: em busca do mundo almado" 1866:Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA) 3041:. Universidade Federal do Pará. Archived from 2748:"Os caminhos antigos e o povoamento do Brasil" 2529:. Universidade Federal do Pará. Archived from 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 43:Until the beginning of the sixteenth century, 2261:"Cabanagem: contexto, líderes, consequências" 1790:"Pesquisa e exploração dos aromas amazônicos" 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1275:"Pesquisa e exploração dos aromas amazônicos" 476:and landowners) being strongly linked to the 8: 2493:"A repressão na história do carimbó no Pará" 2136:"Tragédia do Brigue Palhaço sai das sombras" 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 695:to Belém. Photograph by F. A. Fidanza (1867) 601:, strengthening the link with Portugal. The 27:of the country, the capital of the state of 2731:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1530:"A Formação Territorial do Espaço Paraense" 2648:"Belém, já são quase 400 anos de história" 1833: 1831: 1666:Sousa, Celita Maria Paes de (2010-10-13). 3138: 3136: 2816: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 754:Going through the process of negation of 293:of the city of Belém, 1791, according to 57:union of the courts of Portugal and Spain 1857:Andrea de Cássia Lopes Pinheiro (2015). 1751:da Costa TAVARES, Maria Goretti (2008). 1528:da Costa TAVARES, Maria Goretti (2008). 934:production transforming them into urban 691:Triumphal Arch for the visit of Emperor 267:A period of battles against foreigners ( 3105:"O uso do solo na cidade universitária" 2676:De Souza, Renata Durans Pessoa (2016). 1536:. Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPa). 1385: 1318:Enciclopédia dos Municípios Brasileiros 1075: 1027: 500:, attempting to annul the decisions of 3170: 3168: 3061: 3059: 3029: 3027: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2724: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2420: 2418: 2255: 2253: 1997: 1995: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1607: 1605: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 589:Belém's cathedral in the 19th century. 463:(a process of political rupture), the 115:, literally meaning "House of Bread". 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2959:. XXVII Simpósio Nacional de História 2918:. Leiloeiro Público. 29 November 2012 2855: 2853: 2773:Sara Concepción C. Centurión (2014). 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2516: 2514: 2356: 2354: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1952: 1950: 1927: 1925: 1910: 1908: 1534:Revista ACTA Geográfica nº 3 - Ano II 1390:Pereira, Carlos Simões (2020-10-28). 1124: 1122: 1120: 1055:, which before occurred only via the 7: 2863:. Correio Bragantino. Archived from 2050:História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 162:European beginnings and colonization 146:(1566 - 1619, former Captain-Mor of 142:(December 25); the day when Captain 3103:Barbosa, Jacilino Estumano (2012). 2521:Paula Vanessa Luz de Abreu (2006). 2463:Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPa 2183:Monteiro, Glauce (14 August 2017). 2110:"Dia do Fico: 9 de janeiro de 1822" 2044:Pataca, Ermelinda Moutinho (2018). 1916:"Pará também nasceu de uma divisão" 1762:(3). Universidade Federal do Pará. 1612:Purpura, Christian (13 June 2006). 207:, in a strategic position near the 2626:"Plantas Aromáticas do Ver-o-Peso" 2578:. Abril Viaje Aqui. Archived from 2574:Maurício de Paiva (6 April 2015). 1976:. Arquivo Nacional. Archived from 1960:. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 1129:Rodrigues, Randy da Silva (2003). 652:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius 329:) where the settlers raised their 180:(at the behest of the king of the 170:and Pacajás (under the command of 14: 2576:"Ver-o-Peso 2.0 Belém – 388 anos" 2364:The Amazon rubber boom, 1850-1920 1083:Neves, Ivânia dos Santos (2022). 144:Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco 69:Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco 3003:Universidade Federal do Amazonas 2499:. Universidde de são Paulo (USP) 1640:Loureiro, Antonio (2015-01-28). 980:In 1960, the main campus of the 445:State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 221:Nossa Senhora de Belém Cathedral 150:) left in 1615 from the city of 3001:(4) (Especial, v. 2 ed.). 2206:Monteiro, Glauce (2017-08-15). 759:neighborhood into a center of 3075:Encontro Nacional de Geógrafos 2780:. Universidade Federal do Pará 2231:Isabela Azevedo (3 May 2017). 2187:. Universidade Federal do Pará 2165:. Universidade Federal do Pará 1642:"O V Império amazônico cresce" 887:architecture and the European 788:(1874), with the influence of 365:Estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará 215:, with a fortress then called 1: 3237:History of Brazil by location 2624:Mayara Maciel (3 June 2015). 1768:10.5654/actageo2008.0103.0005 1542:10.5654/actageo2008.0103.0005 1496:Atlas Digital da América Lusa 1436:Atlas Digital da América Lusa 1248:Bol Listas (8 January 2018). 864:The money generated from the 856:República Square in 1905, by 511:One year after independence, 59:, coupled with the threat of 3175:Magalhães, Rafael Caldeira. 2912:"Leilão livros colecionismo" 1728:. Encontra Belém. 2019-12-26 1490:Ramalho, João Pedro Galvão. 829:, and other smaller groups. 380:Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira 370:Around 1676, 50 families of 295:Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira 234:"). Thus, in July 1617, the 103:"belém" originates from the 2361:Weinstein, Barbara (1983). 1150:"História de Belém do Pará" 1101:"História de Belém do Pará" 811:Rufino Enéas Gustavo Galvão 763:culture. At this time, the 441:State of Maranhão and Piauí 3253: 2713:. Portal Globo Comunicação 2325:Simone de Oliveira Moura. 982:Federal University of Pará 898:" (especially the "rubber 662: 570: 482:Liberal Revolution of 1820 3199:. Google Livros: Manole. 3039:O Pará nas Ondas do Rádio 2893:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 2861:"Correio Bragantino News" 2754:. Organização Consciência 2292:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 2267:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 2161:Monteiro, Glauce (2008). 2116:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 1701:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 1648:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 1621:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 1595:Cidade velha, cidade viva 1573:. G1 Pará. 9 January 2016 790:neoclassical architecture 673:Belém in the 19th Century 252:, Pará Historical Museum. 2891:Meu Artigo Brasil Escola 2432:. G1 Pará. 21 April 2015 2003:"Detalhes: Belém (Pará)" 1956:Schwarcz, L. M. (2015). 1918:. Jornal Diário do Pará. 1646:Francisco Gomes da Silva 1432:"Capitania do Grão-Pará" 801:, the largest market in 595:Brazilian regency period 2650:. Diário do Pará Online 1974:"No tempo das fábricas" 1760:Revista ACTA Geográfica 1314:"História: Belém, Pará" 648:Johann Baptist von Spix 494:constitutional monarchy 492:' decision to create a 397:Portuguese colonization 16:City in Northern Brazil 1934:"Grão-Pará e Maranhão" 861: 849: 696: 684: 674: 655: 590: 582: 461:independence of Brazil 323:Captaincy of Grão-Pará 317:(with headquarters in 298: 264: 253: 3035:"Os bairros de Belém" 2837:Estações Ferroviarias 2818:10.5801/ncn.v15i2.578 2746:Capistrano de Abreu. 2497:ANAIS VII ENABET 2015 1958:Brasil: uma biografia 855: 844: 690: 680: 672: 645: 588: 580: 289: 259: 244: 122:colonial settlement " 118:In 1621, the initial 65:Treaty of Tordesillas 2142:on 27 September 2013 971:Juscelino Kubitschek 846:Antônio Lemos Palace 807:Antônio Lemos Palace 559:, influenced by the 517:John Pascoe Grenfell 402:Age of Enlightenment 340:with four pieces, a 84:Casa de Haver o Peso 2867:on 11 November 2017 2805:Novos Cadernos NAEA 2775:"Rastros indígenas" 2582:on 22 December 2015 1154:Prefeitura de Belém 777:who developed with 665:Amazon rubber cycle 422:intermittent fevers 281:Tupinambás Uprising 148:Rio Grande do Norte 2752:História do Brasil 1502:on 3 November 2022 1442:on 3 November 2022 1430:Rendeiro, Manoel. 862: 850: 761:African-descendant 697: 685: 675: 656: 646:Belém in 1825, by 591: 583: 459:In 1822, with the 299: 265: 254: 186:Philippine dynasty 3005:(UFAM): 34 à 45. 2916:Filipe A. Fidanza 1840:"Ver-o-Peso (PA)" 1492:"Cidade de Belém" 1479:. 7 January 2022. 957:social segments. 858:Antônio Parreiras 756:African-Brazilian 561:French Revolution 315:State of Maranhão 307:Conquista do Pará 250:Antônio Parreiras 217:Forte do Presépio 156:Conquista do Pará 76:Amazon rainforest 3244: 3211: 3210: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3148: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3121:on 15 March 2018 3120: 3109: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2999:Revista Geonorte 2990: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2957:Bairro e Memória 2954: 2945: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2705:Equipe G1 Pará. 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2601:Daniel Ribeiro. 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2555:. Diario do Pará 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2488: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2358: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2322: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2082: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2041: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2014: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1929: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1892:Jornal O Liberal 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1816:Jornal O Liberal 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1757: 1748: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1722: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1525: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1469: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1427: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1387: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1345: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1310: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1271: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1203: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1126: 1115: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1080: 1064: 1041: 1035: 1032: 498:Empire of Brazil 263:, built in 1616. 198:drogas do sertão 21:History of Belém 3252: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3057: 3048: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3015: 3013: 2992: 2991: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2490: 2489: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2375: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2084: 2083: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2043: 2042: 2021: 2012: 2010: 2007:Biblioteca IBGE 2001: 2000: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1980:on 22 June 2018 1972: 1971: 1964: 1955: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1820: 1818: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1471: 1470: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1429: 1428: 1417: 1408: 1406: 1398:(10): 146–160. 1389: 1388: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1220: 1205: 1204: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1128: 1127: 1118: 1109: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1009: 839: 735:(1879 - 1912), 667: 661: 575: 569: 457: 331:wattle and daub 164: 124:Feliz Lusitânia 97: 92: 41: 25:Northern Region 17: 12: 11: 5: 3250: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3187: 3164: 3132: 3095: 3055: 3023: 2970: 2929: 2903: 2878: 2849: 2824: 2791: 2765: 2738: 2697: 2661: 2639: 2628:. Museu Goeldi 2616: 2593: 2566: 2544: 2510: 2476: 2465:. 17 July 2013 2443: 2414: 2388: 2373: 2350: 2339:on 15 May 2018 2302: 2277: 2265:Mundo Educação 2249: 2233:Agência Brasil 2223: 2198: 2175: 2153: 2126: 2114:Mundo Educação 2101: 2062: 2019: 1991: 1962: 1946: 1921: 1904: 1879: 1849: 1827: 1803: 1781: 1738: 1712: 1684: 1658: 1632: 1601: 1584: 1562: 1513: 1482: 1453: 1415: 1361: 1331: 1288: 1263: 1240: 1218: 1191: 1166: 1141: 1116: 1092: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1008: 1005: 905:At this time, 838: 835: 795:Olympia Cinema 786:Theatro da Paz 682:Theatro da Paz 663:Main article: 660: 657: 571:Main article: 568: 565: 456: 453: 303:sergeant major 178:Castelo Branco 163: 160: 96: 93: 91: 88: 40: 37: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3249: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3208: 3206:9788520437681 3202: 3198: 3191: 3188: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3152: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3045:on 2010-04-14 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2792: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2698: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2533:on 2008-10-15 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2374:0-8047-1168-2 2370: 2366: 2365: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2291: 2290:Brasil Escola 2287: 2281: 2278: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2141: 2137: 2134:Raul Thadeu. 2130: 2127: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1792:. 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