History of Brazil (1985–present)

2451: 2333: 1600: 2151: 1834: 1914: 1536: 2251: 1754: 1987: 2006:. However, the markets' confidence in the government was regained as Lula chose to maintain his predecessor's policies, meaning the continuation of Central Bank's task of keeping inflation down. Since then, the country has undergone considerable economic growth and employment expansion. On the other hand, Lula's mainstream economic policies disappointed his most radical leftist allies, which led to a schism in the PT ( 1892:

the system of Government (parliamentary or presidential) and the model of a presidential executive was retained. According to the results of the popular vote, only minor changes were made to the institutional framework of the State in the subsequent Constitutional Revision, including the adoption of a Constitutional Amendment that reduced the presidential term of office from five to four years.

27: 144: 1301: 1611: 2116:, fueling protests inside and outside the country due to Ahmadinejad's polemical anti-Semitic statements. Lula took part in a deal with the governments of Turkey and Iran regarding Iran's nuclear program despite the United States' (among other nuclear powers) desire to strengthen the sanctions against the country, fearing the possibility of Iran develop nuclear weapons. 1795:: all savings accounts and financial investment were frozen, and the national currency was changed from the cruzado novo to the cruzeiro (NCz$ 1,000 = Cr$ 1). Plano Collor initially succeeded, but after six months failed in its primary goal, as inflation accelerated again. This started to erode Collor's prestige. Economic changes included lifting 2047:

stable and solid economic situation of the country, which Brazil had not experienced in the previous 20 years, with fast growth in production both for internal consumers and exports as well as a soft but noticeable decrease in social inequality, may also partially explain the popularity of Lula's administration even after several

2162:, also from the Worker's Party, was the first woman elected President of Brazil, with her term beginning in the January 1, 2011. In her victory speech, Rousseff, who had also been a key member of Lula's administration, made clear that her mission during her term would be to continue her predecessor's policies to mitigate 1682:(president, 1985–90), long-time supporter of the military regime. The hope that 1985 would provide a quick transition to a new regime faded as Brazilians watched the turn of events in a state of shock. Like the regime changes of 1822, 1889, 1930, 1946, and 1964, the 1985 change also proved to be long and difficult. 1591:) in the choice of the next president. In April 1984, Congress failed to achieve the necessary numbers to give the people their wish, and the choice was left to an electoral college. Figueiredo did not act forcefully to back a preference, so it became a scramble as candidates pursued the collegial votes. 2368:

eroding the public's trust of institutions, Bolsonaro's position as a political outsider along with his hardline ideology against crime and corruption helped him win the presidential election, despite his past misogynist or racist remarks and his supportive view of the 21-year dictatorship. Bolsonaro

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allowed the people to decide the form of government of the state (monarchy or republic) for the first time since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889; the republican form of government prevailed. In the same referendum, the Brazilian people was able to choose again, for the first time since 1963,

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Political liberalization and the declining world economy contributed to Brazil's economic and social problems. In 1978 and 1980, huge strikes took place in the industrial ring around São Paulo. Protesters asserted that wage increases indexed to the inflation rate were far below an acceptable standard

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started his first term on January 1, 1995, and was reelected in 1998. President Cardoso sought to establish the basis for long-term stability and growth and to reduce Brazil's extreme socioeconomic imbalances. His proposals to Congress included constitutional amendments to open the Brazilian economy

1410:, was inaugurated as vice president and served in Neves' stead as acting president. As Neves died without having ever taken the oath of office, Sarney then succeeded to the presidency. The first phase of the New Republic, ranging from the inauguration of José Sarney in 1985 until the inauguration of 1852:

On August 26, 1992, the final congressional inquiry report was released, where it was proven that Fernando Collor had personal expenses paid for by money raised by Paulo César Farias through his influence peddling scheme. Impeachment proceedings began in the lower house of congress on September 29,

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As the political transition developed, the economy suffered high inflation and stagnation. Sarney tried to control inflation with many economic plans: Plano Cruzado 1, Plano Cruzado 2, Plano Verão. All of them included government price controls, price freezes and ultimately a change in the national

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In the first few months of his presidency, Lula abolished the Constitutional Amendment of the Public Expenditure Cap, created by the Temer administration in 2016. In March 2023, Minister of Finance Fernando Haddad introduced a new fiscal rule, which was approved by Congress in August that year. In

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Brazil's space agency reported that in one year, more than 3,700 square miles of the Amazon had been razed.... It was the highest loss in Brazilian rainforest in a decade, and stark evidence of just how badly the Amazon, an important buffer against global warming, has fared in Brazil's first year

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admitted that he had used illegal undeclared money to finance the PT electoral victory of 2002. The money in both cases was found to have originated from private sources as well as from the advertising budget of state-owned enterprises headed by political appointees, both laundered through Duda's

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To attack the soaring debt, Figueiredo's administration stressed exports — food, natural resources, automobiles, arms, clothing, shoes, even electricity — and expanded petroleum exploration by foreign companies. In foreign relations, the objective was to establish ties with any country that would

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that would draft and adopt a new Constitution for the country. The Constituent Assembly began deliberations in February 1987 and concluded its work on 5 October 1988. Brazil's current Constitution was promulgated in 1988 and completed the democratic institutions. The new Constitution replaced the

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The loss of support resulting from these scandals was outweighed by the president's popularity among voters of the lower classes, whose income per capita was increased as a consequence of higher employment, the expansion of domestic credit to consumers and government social welfare programs. The

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Despite criticism from the domestic and international press regarding lower-than-expected economic results achieved during her first term as head of the government and of the measures taken to solve it, Rouseff's approval rates reached levels higher than any other president since the end of the

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Following Lula's second victory, his approval ratings rose again, fueled by continued of the economical and social achievements, to a record 80%, the highest for a Brazilian president since the end of the military regime. The focus of Lula's second term was further stimulation of the economy by

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currency. During Sarney's presidency, Brazil had three currency units: the cruzeiro, the cruzado and the cruzado novo. Economic domestic troubles led to default on Brazil's international debt in 1988. This closed international financial markets for Brazil and its economic situation worsened.

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Despite the initial decrease, inflation returned higher than before the economic plans, reaching 84% a month in 1990. The government's inability to deal with inflation ultimately led parties that had led the political transition to lose the 1989 elections, the first elections under the new

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In 1984, many public demonstrations were held in major Brazilian cities which made it clear that military rule could not continue. Brazilians started to demand change in the electoral system, aiming to directly elect the President (Diretas Já). As public pressure built up, the opposition

2086:. Brazil is one of four nations (the others being Germany, India and Japan) officially coveting a permanent seat on the council. Lula saw himself as a friendly, peacemaker and conciliator head of state. Managing to befriend leaders of rival countries from the likes of Presidents 1708: 1513:

Hard-liners reacted to the opening with a series of terrorist bombings. In April 1981 after a long string of bombings and other violence a bomb went off prematurely and killed one of the men in the car with it and badly injured the other. They were shown to be working with the

2002:(PT) won the presidency with more than 60% of the national vote. On 1 January 2003, Lula was sworn in as the first ever elected leftist President of Brazil. In the first months of his term, inflation rose perilously, reflecting the markets' uncertainty about the government's 1821:

began an investigation. Some months later, with the investigation progressing and under fire, Collor went on national television to ask for the people's support, by going out on the street and protesting against coup forces. On August 11, 1992, students organized by the

1522:" in terrorism, but nobody was punished. The incident and the regime's inaction strengthened the public's resolve to end military rule. Moreover, Figueiredo faced other significant problems, such as soaring inflation, declining productivity, and mounting foreign debt. 1775:

Although he had massive support amongst the voters, the administration had a small parliamentary base as Collor's recently founded party had few deputies and no senators and faced fierce opposition from parties that had splintered from the Democratic Alliance: the

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reflecting dissatisfaction from the people with current transport, healthcare and education policies, among other issues affecting the popularity not only of the president, but of several other governors and mayors from key areas in the country as well.

2309:, but the proposal was rejected by the Congress. After expending 580 days in jail, Lula was released on 8 November 2019 following the Supreme Court decision that determined defendants can't be arrested until all their appeals have been exhausted. 1667:' minister of justice in the 1950s, and former federal deputy, senator, and prime minister, seized the momentum. Neves had a reputation for honesty and was able to build up an alliance between the PMDB and defectors from the PDS who founded the 2029:

case. As a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry was set up, Jefferson testified that the MPs were being paid monthly stipends to vote for government-backed legislation. In August of the same year, after further investigation, campaign manager

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the seventh term was started following Rousseff's 2014 reelection. Her second term was due to end in 2018, but in 2016, she was impeached based on accusations for violations of budget and fiscal responsibility laws. Her vice-president,

4419: 1403:, the first epoch of the Brazilian Republic, from 1889 until 1930. It became synonymous with the contemporary phase of the Brazilian Republic and the political institutions established in the wake of the country's re-democratization. 1433:

In 1989 Brazil held its first elections for president by direct popular ballot since the 1964 coup. Fernando Collor won the election and was inaugurated on 15 March 1990, as the first president elected under the 1988 Constitution.

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Bolsonaro's admiration for the army extends to the country's repressive military dictatorship that ruled from 1964-85. He describes this to NPR as 'a very good' period, that 'stopped Brazil falling under the sway of the Soviet

2232:, this time organized by opponents who wanted her out of power, amid revelations that numerous politicians, including some from her party, were being investigated for accepting bribes from the state-owned energy company 3478: 1951:, and agencies created for the first time to regulate many sectors of industry such as energy, oil, and aviation. Cardoso's administration also put a strong focus on external affairs. In addition to acceding to the 4426: 2262:

took office until the final trial was concluded on 31 August 2016, when Rousseff was officially impeached and Temer was sworn president until the end of the term. During the impeachment process, Brazil hosted the

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to greater foreign investment and to implement sweeping reforms – including social security, government administration, and taxation – to reduce excessive public sector spending and improve government efficiency.

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In 1983, the economy floundered as the gross domestic product declined by 5.0%, the impact of which was accelerated by rising inflation and the failure of political leadership. Figueiredo's heart condition led to

1678:. Neves was elected by a majority vote of the Parliament on January 15, 1985. However, Neves collapsed the night before his inauguration in March, and died on April 21, so the presidency passed to Vice President 2312:

Temer was the most unpopular president in Brazilian history and ranked among the most unpopular leaders in the world during his tenure. He didn't seek a second term and left office with a 7% approval rating.

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as Minister of Treasury and gave him the responsibility of controlling inflation – the average annual inflation rate from 1990 to 1995 was 764%. Cardoso put together a successful stabilization program,

4438: 1826:(UNE), thousands of students protested on the streets against Collor. They often painted their faces, frequently in a mixture of the colors of the flag and protest-black, which led to calling them " 4235: 1693:, who led the civilian resistance to the military rule, was chosen by his fellow Assembly members to preside over the Constituent Assembly, which sat in session from February 1987 to October 1988. 2481:

by Bolsonaro supporters, who refuse to accept his defeat, arguing the elections were fraudulent and claiming for a military intervention by the armed forces. The attack was widely compared to the

2043:) accepted the indictments of 40 individuals relating to the Mensalão scandal, most of whom were former or current federal deputies, and all of whom were still allies of the Brazilian president. 3685: 2067:, forcing the government to implement a temporary tax relief policy in strategic segments of the economy like automobiles and construction. These measures helped the country prevent a long-term 3660: 1772:

from Sarney's administration and completing the transition from the 21 years of military rule to civilian government. Economic changes aimed to control soaring inflation and modernization.

379: 4446: 2989: 2282:. In May 2017, generalized corruption accusations reached many politicians and parties in Brazil, including the president. In June, he was charged for corruption by prosecutor general 1587:

in the United States, removing him from control of the situation. In an impressive display, millions of Brazilians took to the streets in all the major cities demanding a direct vote (

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programs. In 2012, another program labeled "Brasil Carinhoso" (Caring Brazil) was launched with the objective of providing extra care to all children in Brazil who lived below the

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In 2014, Rousseff won a second term by a narrow margin, but failed to prevent her popularity from falling. In June 2015, her approval dropped to less than 10%, after another

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scandals involving important politicians connected to Lula and to PT. Hence Lula's re-election in 2006: After almost winning in the first round, Lula won the runoff against

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of living. Union leaders, including the future three-time presidential candidate and president Luíz Inácio da Silva, were arrested for violating national security laws. The

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due to bribery allegations. Temer became the first incumbent president to be formally accused of crimes, but ultimately had the charge rejected by Congress in August 2017.

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barriers, exposing local companies to international competition. Many companies went bankrupt or were sold, unemployment grew and support for the government deteriorated.

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1992. Collor was impeached, and subsequently removed from office by a vote of 441 for and 38 votes against. Fernando Collor resigned his term in office just before the

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in 1990, is often considered a transitional period as the 1967–1969 constitution remained in effect, the executive still had veto powers, and the president was able to

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Parliamentary elections were held on October 15, 1990, and the government failed to win a reliable base in Congress and the president began to lose political support.

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The transition towards democracy that ended the military regime in 1985 and spurred the adoption of a new, democratic, Constitution in 1988, was, however, troubled.

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and measures to keep expanding domestic credit to producers, industry, commerce and consumers alike. In 2009, Brazil's economic rise was temporarily halted by the

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in Brazil by the end of her term. Poverty afflicted 16 million people, a little less than a tenth of the population. The program involved broadening the

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After a process of impeachment opened against Rousseff in late 2015 culminated with her temporarily removed from power on 12 May 2016, vice-president

2194: 970: 409: 1575:, the major voice for societal change, peaked in the early 1980s with the expulsion of foreign priests involved in political and land reform issues. 91: 4566: 1888: 1704:), economic freedom, direct and free elections and universal healthcare. It also de-centralized government, empowering local and state governments. 1671:(PFL). The Democratic Alliance (Aliança Democrática) presented itself as supporting 1984 demands for political change and the end of military rule. 1186: 886: 63: 3729: 2478: 1908: 2650: 3608: 3177: 3164:

In the 1990s, Bolsonaro, then a little-known congressman, publicly lamented how troops had failed to obliterate Brazil's indigenous communities.

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In June 2011, Rouseff announced a program called "Brasil Sem Miséria" (Brazil Without Poverty), with the ambitious goal of drastically reducing

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Sarney's government fulfilled Tancredo's promises of amending the Constitution inherited from the military regime and calling elections for a

70: 4245: 2306: 1686: 1426: 1191: 941: 646: 476: 3914: 2920: 404: 1445:. Collor was impeached on charges of corruption in 1992 and resigned the presidency, being succeeded by Itamar Franco, his vice president; 1136: 288: 2869: 2420:

The last two years of Bolsonaro's presidency were marked by a constant conflict between the president himself and his allies against the

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The first direct presidential election after 29 years was held on October 15, 1989 (first round) and November 15, 1989 (second round).

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contribute to Brazilian economic development. Washington was kept at a certain distance, and the north–south dialogue was emphasized.

340: 3311: 2064: 4551: 2674: 2197:. These contributed to reducing the growth of national GDP during the first half of her term, compared to her predecessor's tenure. 1981: 1201: 1131: 1106: 901: 509: 110: 59: 1928:

His government is credited with providing economic stability to a country marred by years of hyperinflation. At the same time the

4106: 3864: 2385: 2022: 1785: 1618: 1366: 1236: 881: 846: 826: 804: 4561: 4556: 3798: 3076: 2949: 2669:

Sérgio Campos Gonçalves, Collorgate: mídia, jornalismo e sociedade nos casos Watergate e Collor, (Rio de Janeiro: CBJE, 2008).

2463: 2410: 2349: 1392:, the last of the military presidents appointed by their predecessor. The transition was hailed as the dawn of a New Republic ( 1362: 1322: 874: 727: 554: 501: 449: 163: 4386: 2332: 1385:(MDB), the former controlled opposition to the military regime. He was the first civilian president to be elected since 1964. 365: 4273: 3857: 3045: 2271: 2190: 1929: 1176: 1111: 809: 784: 651: 486: 469: 261: 48: 3634: 4473: 4468: 4381: 4063: 3758: 1937: 1741: 1382: 1281: 1276: 1256: 1226: 1211: 1181: 1071: 990: 444: 222: 3556: 3333: 3266: 2627: 4333: 4121: 3970: 3763: 2459: 2414: 2327: 2290: 2145: 1995: 1595:

Transitional period: Tancredo's election, restoration of civilian government, the Sarney years and the 1988 Constitution

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Constitution and the first presidential elections to take place by direct popular ballot since the 1964 military coup.

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December 2023, the Chamber of Deputies approved a tax reform proposal for the first time since the redemocratization.

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the ninth and current term is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's third term as president, expected to last from 2023 to 2026.

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Another mark of Lula's second term was his effort to expand Brazil's political influence worldwide, especially after

1507:'s "distension" into a gradual opening of the political system, saying he wanted "to make this country a democracy". 3312:"Coronavirus: how Brazil became the second worst affected country in the world | Feature from King's College London" 1696:

The Constituent Assembly proclaimed a new constitution in October 1988 and restored civil and public rights such as

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during the 2022 campaign. Following Lula's victory, influent members of the Bolsonaro administration engaged in a

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President-elect Tancredo Neves fell ill on the eve of his inauguration and could not attend it. His running mate,

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projects to increase economic activity, with special attention to the twelve cities that would host the upcoming

1921: 1896: 1884:, that brought inflation to 6% annually. Franco's approval ratings rose and he supported Cardoso to succeed him. 1876: 1650: 1449: 839: 742: 692: 687: 516: 303: 3583: 2896:"Folha de S.Paulo - Internacional - En - Brazil - Brazil's President Temer Charged with Corruption - 27/06/2017" 4144: 3904: 3840: 3783: 3055: 2433: 2429: 2392: 2150: 2040: 1952: 1818: 1757: 1747: 1560: 1411: 1398: 960: 639: 626: 3450:

Rocha, Lucas; Uribe, Gustavo; Rodrigues, Basília; Lorenzetti, Evelyne; Bernardes, Vinícius (January 8, 2023).

2417:, becoming the first incumbent president in Brazilian history to lose re-election since its creation in 1997. 2413:, obtaining 51 million votes in the first round. He was ultimately defeated in the second by former president 355: 2745: 4451: 4230: 2498: 2229: 2221: 1646: 1599: 1286: 1076: 1833: 656: 4240: 4190: 4068: 4012: 3975: 3955: 3950: 3715: 1604: 1419: 1221: 1166: 1121: 1066: 1061: 1046: 948: 896: 851: 821: 427: 2293:

expressed intent to run for the presidency again in 2018, but became the subject of investigations under

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program on Brazil. Under that program, Brazil was required to hold down wages to fight inflation. In the

4278: 4205: 4053: 3985: 3852: 2421: 2128: 1594: 1572: 1096: 680: 606: 251: 232: 205: 3661:"Brazil's new fiscal rules include the poorest in the government budget and foresee a surplus for 2025" 1814: 1086: 2647: 239: 4363: 4308: 4180: 4175: 3830: 2398:

In May 2020, the nation surpassed various earlier hotspots of the disease to become as of 21 May the

2264: 2186: 2103: 2048: 1872: 1769: 1690: 1556: 1146: 1091: 816: 797: 722: 1913: 661: 4348: 4323: 4215: 4195: 4136: 4027: 3997: 3960: 3847: 3813: 2425: 2178: 2113: 2036: 1753: 1171: 1101: 1056: 1041: 1031: 1026: 980: 521: 320: 315: 293: 217: 1986: 4463: 4391: 4373: 4338: 4288: 4170: 4116: 4088: 3938: 3919: 3235: 3050: 2470: 2365: 2357: 2294: 2127:, established to bring aid to the Haitian population, and it suffered many casualties during the 1810: 1781: 1668: 1567:, impoverished rural people occupied unused private land, forcing the government to create a new 1437:

Since then, seven presidential terms have elapsed, without rupture to the constitutional order:

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reached its highest level in 11 years in spite of the rainforest's important role in mitigating

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as the main world forum of discussions. Just like his predecessor, he was an active defender of

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Boada, Axel; Reinhard, Scott; Nicas, Jack; Spigariol, André; Morgan, Nailah (January 8, 2023).

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for an unprecedented third non-consecutive term, defeating incumbent president Jair Bolsonaro.

1535: 244: 4516: 4509: 4303: 4265: 4126: 4111: 4041: 3899: 3869: 3835: 3750: 3742: 3479:"Terroristas bolsonaristas invadem Congresso Nacional, Palácio do Planalto e STF, em Brasília" 3404: 2968: 2826: 2701: 2670: 2535: 2529: 2403: 2250: 2213: 2110: 2018: 1846: 1697: 1664: 1564: 1370: 1358: 906: 856: 675: 616: 586: 256: 185: 135: 4298: 4293: 4250: 4200: 4093: 4078: 3778: 3090: 2605: 2571: 2298: 2205: 2031: 1854: 1036: 462: 330: 3686:"Brazilian National Congress Promulgates Tax Reform After Over Three Decades of Discussion" 2799: 2189:, as well as measures to protect the Brazilian economy from the ongoing economic crises in 1861:. The senate voted to impeach him anyway, suspending his political rights for eight years. 1707: 4525: 4458: 4358: 4318: 4255: 4185: 3768: 2654: 2634: 2353: 2274:

that had begun in 2014. He set a reformist agenda, approving as his two main measures the

2167: 2052: 2003: 1016: 601: 566: 271: 198: 2851: 3557:"Supporters of Brazil's Bolsonaro storm Congress, Supreme Court and presidential palace" 3505:"Pro-Bolsonaro rioters stormed Brazil's Congress, Supreme Court and presidential palace" 3293: 3208: 2781: 2406:. In July 2020, Brazil became the second worst COVID-19 affected country in the world. 4098: 3909: 3240: 2925: 2381: 2377: 2345: 2341: 2182: 2174: 2159: 2120: 2095: 2087: 2060: 1838: 1712: 1679: 1656: 1614: 1584: 1519: 1504: 1478: 1463: 1415: 1407: 1374: 1206: 737: 717: 707: 596: 536: 526: 496: 481: 439: 345: 3386:"Brazil's former president Bolsonaro under investigation in probe into attempted coup" 3334:"Brazil's Bolsonaro loses bid for second term in fiercely contested presidential vote" 4545: 4530: 4283: 4002: 3114:"'Stop this disaster': Brazilian women mobilise against 'misogynist' right Bolsonaro" 2606: 2592: 2572: 2283: 1956: 1948: 1865: 1761: 1588: 1539: 1442: 1305: 916: 861: 591: 1944:

economic crises diminished the prospects for economic growth during his presidency.

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has mocked women as idiots and as tramps, as unworthy of rape, let alone equal pay.

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Clendenning, Alan (January 2, 2003). "Lula Holds Out Hope Against Odds in Brazil".

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with full powers to draft and enact a new democratic constitution for the country.

1660: 1471: 955: 936: 670: 571: 308: 283: 152: 4478: 3086: 621: 3426:"Lula stages astonishing comeback to beat far-right Bolsonaro in Brazil election" 3231:"'The Amazon Is Completely Lawless': The Rainforest After Bolsonaro's First Year" 1764:(glasses). After the impeachment of Collor, his former vice-president took office 4313: 3332:

John, Tara; Rocha, Camilo; Cotovia, Vasco; Pedroso, Rodrigo (October 31, 2022).

2474: 2106: 1858: 1675: 1568: 1500: 611: 581: 434: 325: 175: 26: 3532:"Bolsonaro backers ransack Brazil presidential palace, Congress, Supreme Court" 2380:. Bolsonaro's policies of increasing industry in the Amazon and the use of the 143: 4225: 3788: 3452:"Criminosos invadem plenário do STF, Congresso Nacional e Palácio do Planalto" 2384:

method for clearing forest areas eventually lead to a significant increase in

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that included the main leaders from the PMDB, PFL, and PSDB. Franco appointed

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social welfare program and creating new job opportunities and establishing

3889: 3178:"Dictatorship Was A 'Very Good' Period, Says Brazil's Aspiring President" 2819:"Dilma Rousseff suspended as senate votes to impeach Brazilian president" 2764:"Brazil OKs doubling its Haiti force to 2,600 troops - Haiti | ReliefWeb" 2713: 1515: 965: 712: 541: 180: 2078:(in which Brazil and other emerging economies participate) replaced the 1430:

authoritarian legislation that still remained from the military regime.

4488: 3146:"Jair Bolsonaro's racist comment sparks outrage from indigenous groups" 2436:, which is still under investigation, to stop Lula from taking office. 2201: 2163: 2026: 1361:, beginning when civilian government was restored after a 21-year-long 3016:"Governo Temer tem aprovação de 7% e reprovação de 62%, diz Datafolha" 2236:

from 2003 to 2010, while she was on the company's board of directors.

3738: 2921:"Ex-President 'Lula' of Brazil Surrenders to Serve 12-Year Jail Term" 2055:

of the PSDB (Brazilian Social Democracy Party), by 20 million votes.

1796: 1369:. The negotiated transition to democracy reached its climax with the 3609:"Brazilian rioters breach Congress, presidential palace in Brasília" 3077:"Brazilian congressman ordered to pay compensation over rape remark" 2305:

tried to launch him as a candidate for president from prison in the

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won the runoff election with 53% of the vote for a five-year term.

3707: 2449: 1912: 1706: 1609: 1534: 3046:"One year under Brazil's Bolsonaro: 'What we expected him to be'" 2173:

Challenges faced by Rousseff in her first term included managing

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Franco distanced himself from Collor and made arrangements for a

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During the first days of presidency, the main buildings of the

2395:, which will bring savings of over R$ 800 billion in 10 years. 3294:"Brazil pensions: Victory for Jair Bolsonaro as reform passes" 3267:"The Amazon is burning – and Brazilians are blaming Bolsonaro" 3209:"Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's new far-right president urges unity" 3182: 2075: 1354: 20: 2628:

UNE 70 Anos: "Fora Collor: o grito da juventude cara-pintada"

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and passive corruption; his arrest occurred on 7 April 2018.

2123:'s most important assignment was being the main force of the 2071:

and ensured a quick recovery to Brazil's economic ascension.

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Mendonça advertising agency. These incidents were dubbed the

1868:, assumed the presidency for the remainder of Collor's term. 1674:

The party presented Neves as an opposition candidate against

3360:"Bolsonaro renews attacks against Supreme Court in Brasília" 2990:"Temer é o presidente mais impopular do mundo, diz pesquisa" 2870:"Brazil's President Temer survives Congress corruption vote" 3384:

Humayun, Jack Guy, Vasco Cotovio, Hira (February 8, 2024).

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During his administration many state-owned companies were

1418:. The transition was considered definitive after Brazil's 2637:

União Nacional dos Estudantes. Retrieved August 17, 2007.

1634:, PMDB) proposed a legislation to implement this change ( 1809:

accused him of corruption, specifically of condoning an

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Phillips, Tom; Malleret, Constance (October 30, 2022).

2948:

Barnes, Shasta Darlington, Taylor (November 8, 2019).

2340:

On 28 October 2018, right wing congressman and former

2276:

Constitutional Amendment of the Public Expenditure Cap

1499:

The last military president, João Figueiredo signed a

2950:"Brazil's former President Lula released from prison" 2746:"Turkey, Brazil seal deal on Iran nuclear fuel swap" 1645:). As Congress was controlled by the pro-government 1531:

The "lost decade": stagnation, inflation, and crisis

4372: 4264: 4157: 4135: 4040: 3937: 3812: 3749: 3477:Pereira, Afonso; Galvão, Walder (January 8, 2023). 2782:"Dilma Rousseff sworn in as Brazil's new president" 2660:

Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Retrieved August 17, 2007.

2557:

Spanish and Latin American Transitions to Democracy

2039:. On August 24, 2007, the Brazilian Supreme Court ( 1636:

Proposta de Emenda Constitucional Dante de Oliveira

1441:the first term was served by presidents Collor and 51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3584:"Videos show how rioters stormed Brazil's capital" 2454:President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2023–present) 2391:On 12 November 2019, his government approved the 2372:During the first year of Bolsonaro's presidency, 2278:, which set a limit for public spending, and the 2222:a wave of protests struck the country in mid 2013 1621:, however, the president died before inauguration 1422:, drawn up in 1988, entered full effect in 1990. 3635:"Biden comens 'assault on democracy' in Brazil" 1990:President Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003–2010) 1917:President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2002) 1895:In the October 3, 1994 presidential elections, 1617:would be the first elected president since the 2570:Freire, Paulo; Donaldo Pereira Macedo (1996). 2131:which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. 3723: 2125:United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti 2084:reform of the United Nations Security Council 1732:Collor and Franco administrations (1990–1994) 1323: 8: 3409:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3022:(in Brazilian Portuguese). December 28, 2018 2973:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2369:took office as president on 1 January 2019. 2094:from the United States to Venezuelan leader 3039: 3037: 2356:and disrupting sixteen years of continuous 2185:, a special case as it would also hold the 1841:was created in Franco's administration and 1632:Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro 1466:'s first administration, from 2011 to 2014; 1455:in the fourth and fifth presidential terms 1448:the second and third terms corresponded to 16:Contemporary epoch in the history of Brazil 4163: 4046: 3943: 3818: 3730: 3716: 3708: 3224: 3222: 1343:Brazilian history from 1985 to the present 1330: 1316: 361:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil 122: 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 2648:September 29, 1992: Collor's Impeachment 2331: 2249: 2149: 1985: 1832: 1752: 1598: 1388:Neves was set to take over from general 2702:Folha Online: STF opens criminal action 2593:The Hyperinflation in Brazil, 1980–1994 2531:State and Opposition in Military Brazil 2520: 1909:Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1459:served as president, from 2003 to 2010; 134: 3402: 2966: 2409:Bolsonaro sought a second term in the 2374:deforestation of the Amazon rainforest 1813:scheme run by his campaign treasurer, 3327: 3325: 2728:"Text of the Iran-Brazil-Turkey deal" 2458:On 30 October 2022, former president 1976:First Lula administration (2003–2010) 1845:basically saved the economy from its 1481:'s administration, from 2019 to 2022; 1452:'s administration, from 1995 to 2002; 1425:In 1986, elections were called for a 60:"History of Brazil" 1985–present 7: 3530:Machado, Adriano (January 9, 2023). 3112:Phillips, Tom (September 21, 2018). 2322:Bolsonaro administration (2019–2022) 2154:President Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016) 1768:Collor's agenda focused on fighting 49:adding citations to reliable sources 3804:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) 3154:. Guardian News & Media Limited 3122:. Guardian News & Media Limited 2528:Maria Helena Moreira Alves (2014). 2440:Second Lula administration (2023– ) 2386:Amazon rainforest wildfires in 2019 2297:. He was sentenced in May 2017 for 2140:Rousseff administration (2011–2016) 2119:During the Lula administration the 2010:) that resulted in the creation of 1899:was elected with 54% of the votes. 1778:Brazilian Democratic Movement Party 1628:Brazilian Democratic Movement Party 1383:Brazilian Democratic Movement Party 547:Declaration of majority of Pedro II 3358:Audi, Amanda (September 7, 2022). 3265:Houeix, Romain (August 22, 2019). 3144:Phillips, Tom (January 24, 2020). 3044:Abdalla, Jihan (January 2, 2020). 2446:Second presidency of Lula da Silva 1700:, independent public prosecutors ( 1474:, succeeded her on 31 August 2016. 351:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777) 336:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) 14: 3799:Military dictatorship (1964–1985) 2800:"Brazil re-elects Dilma Rousseff" 2714:"Brazil re-elects President Lula" 2608:Regional Orders at Century's Dawn 1982:First presidency of Lula da Silva 1518:"under the direct orders of the " 1396:) in contrast with Old Republic ( 902:March of the One Hundred Thousand 3784:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) 3615:(in Portuguese). January 9, 2023 3229:Sandy, Matt (December 5, 2019). 3176:Reeves, Philip (July 30, 2018). 2817:Watts, Jonathan (May 12, 2016). 2555:Waisman, Carlos Horacio (2005). 2366:unprecedented corruption scandal 2240:Temer administration (2016–2018) 1786:Brazilian Social Democracy Party 1299: 142: 25: 4567:Contemporary history by country 3253:under President Jair Bolsonaro. 2411:2022 Brazilian general election 2352:President of Brazil, defeating 2336:President Bolsonaro (2019–2022) 36:needs additional citations for 2852:"2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics" 1903:FHC administration (1995–2002) 1805:In May 1991, Collor's brother 971:1993 Constitutional referendum 961:Impeachment of Fernando Collor 410:Conquest of the Banda Oriental 380:Invasion of the Banda Oriental 1: 4572:1985 establishments in Brazil 2534:. University of Texas Press. 2270:Temer took office during the 1959:, Brazil participated in the 1824:União Nacional dos Estudantes 1784:(PFL), and Social Democrats ( 1742:Presidency of Collor de Mello 1687:National Constituent Assembly 1427:National Constituent Assembly 991:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 223:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha 211:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage 2483:United States Capitol attack 2388:compared to previous years. 2328:Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro 2146:Presidency of Dilma Rousseff 1489:Transition towards democracy 780:Constitutionalist Revolution 647:Proclamation of the Republic 492:Confederation of the Equator 393:United Kingdom with Portugal 4246:Water supply and sanitation 3794:Fourth Republic (1946–1964) 3769:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) 2646:Lattman-Weltman, Fernando. 2400:third most affected country 2254:President Temer (2016–2018) 2025:(PTB), was implicated in a 1791:His first act was known as 1738:Presidency of Itamar Franco 1653:), the law failed to pass. 1571:ministry. Tension with the 1549:International Monetary Fund 1495:Political opening of Brazil 450:Recognition of Independence 440:Declaration of Independence 4588: 3774:United Kingdom (1815–1822) 2633:September 3, 2007, at the 2504:List of scandals in Brazil 2443: 2325: 2289:In 2016, former president 2246:Presidency of Michel Temer 2243: 2210:professional certification 2143: 2065:worldwide financial crisis 1979: 1906: 1735: 1492: 882:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 805:1937 Brazilian coup d'état 790:Communist uprising of 1935 562:Liberal rebellions of 1842 415:Constituent Cortes of 1820 4503: 4166: 4049: 4028:President of the Republic 3946: 3821: 2996:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 2544:– via Google Books. 2460:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2415:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2098:, Cuban former president 1996:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 1955:and participating in the 1922:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1897:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1877:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1520:Command of the First Army 1457:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 1450:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 942:1988 Constituent Assembly 887:Vacancy in the Presidency 827:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 768:Second Brazilian Republic 693:Coffee with milk politics 627:Post–abolition of slavery 477:1823 Constituent Assembly 405:Conquest of French Guiana 4552:Modern history of Brazil 3951:Administrative divisions 3056:Al Jazeera Media Network 2653:August 14, 2007, at the 2430:Superior Electoral Court 2428:, who also presided the 2393:Pension reform in Brazil 2041:Supremo Tribunal Federal 1963:peacekeeping mission to 1819:Federal Police of Brazil 1748:Fernando Collor de Mello 1551:(IMF) imposed a painful 1381:. Neves belonged to the 1347:Sixth Brazilian Republic 852:Construction of Brasília 847:Lott's preventative coup 2626:Rezende, Tatiana Matos 2604:Solingen, Etel (1998). 2499:List of years in Brazil 1889:referendum held in 1993 1647:Democratic Social Party 1619:Brazilian military coup 356:Minas Gerais Conspiracy 4562:21st century in Brazil 4557:20th century in Brazil 4107:Science and technology 3789:Vargas Era (1930–1946) 2856:www.insidethegames.biz 2455: 2424:, especially Minister 2337: 2255: 2220:military regime until 2181:in Brazil, especially 2155: 2023:Brazilian Labour Party 1991: 1918: 1849: 1765: 1715: 1622: 1607: 1605:Brazilian constitution 1543: 1365:established after the 1353:, is the contemporary 986:Car Wash investigation 897:Araguaia Guerrilla War 577:Eusébio de Queirós Law 2900:www1.folha.uol.com.br 2453: 2422:Supreme Federal Court 2335: 2253: 2166:and ensure continued 2158:On October 31, 2010, 2153: 2129:2010 Haiti earthquake 1989: 1942:1999–2002 Argentinian 1916: 1847:former hyperinflation 1836: 1756: 1710: 1613: 1602: 1573:Roman Catholic Church 1538: 1363:military dictatorship 875:Military dictatorship 681:Federalist Revolution 657:Republic of the Sword 607:Revolt of the Muckers 502:Abdication of Pedro I 294:Quilombo dos Palmares 206:Treaty of Tordesillas 3925:World Heritage Sites 3858:Environmental issues 3831:Brazilian Antarctica 3364:The Brazilian Report 3093:. September 18, 2015 2265:2016 Summer Olympics 2187:2016 Summer Olympics 2104:President of Bolivia 1873:coalition government 1864:His vice-president, 1857:was to vote for his 1503:into law and turned 1477:the eighth term was 1420:current constitution 1345:, also known as the 996:Coronavirus pandemic 817:Integralist Uprising 622:Abolition of Slavery 366:Opening of the ports 45:improve this article 4474:Syncretic Religions 4382:Freedom of religion 4064:Automotive industry 3692:. December 21, 2023 3300:. October 24, 2019. 2716:. October 30, 2006. 2574:Letters to Cristina 2485:of 6 January 2021. 2426:Alexandre de Moraes 2179:2014 FIFA World Cup 2114:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1830:" (Painted Faces). 1817:. Congress and the 1669:Liberal Front Party 1462:the sixth term was 1112:Rio Grande do Norte 522:1834 Additional Act 445:War of Independence 321:War of the Emboabas 4434:Eastern Orthodoxy 4427:Ukrainian Catholic 4122:Telecommunications 3779:Empire (1822–1889) 3764:Indigenous peoples 3588:The New York Times 3236:The New York Times 3215:. January 1, 2019. 2788:. January 2, 2011. 2471:Three Powers Plaza 2456: 2338: 2295:Operation Car Wash 2256: 2156: 2021:, chairman of the 1992: 1919: 1850: 1815:Paulo César Farias 1811:influence peddling 1766: 1716: 1702:Ministério Público 1623: 1608: 1544: 1072:Mato Grosso do Sul 1009:By federative unit 892:Institutional Acts 775:Revolution of 1930 748:Lieutenant revolts 733:Revolt of the Lash 713:Annexation of Acre 703:Amazon rubber boom 299:France Equinoxiale 279:France Antarctique 218:European discovery 171:Indigenous Peoples 4539: 4538: 4499: 4498: 4441: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4406:Armenian Catholic 4211:Income inequality 4153: 4152: 4036: 4035: 4023:Political parties 4018:National Congress 3981:Freedom of speech 3966:Foreign relations 3933: 3932: 3641:. January 8, 2023 3563:. January 8, 2023 3511:. January 8, 2023 2404:COVID-19 pandemic 2280:2017 labor reform 2214:poverty threshold 2111:Iranian President 2019:Roberto Jefferson 1698:freedom of speech 1691:Ulysses Guimarães 1565:Rio Grande do Sul 1371:indirect election 1359:history of Brazil 1340: 1339: 1306:Brazil portal 1227:Jewish Brazilians 1117:Rio Grande do Sul 949:1988 Constitution 912:Redemocratization 907:Brazilian Miracle 857:Legality Campaign 840:Populist Republic 810:1937 Constitution 785:1934 Constitution 723:Taubaté Agreement 652:1891 Constitution 617:Military Question 555:Reign of Pedro II 487:1824 Constitution 400:Pernambuco Revolt 186:Marajoara culture 136:History of Brazil 121: 120: 113: 95: 4579: 4519: 4512: 4437: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4329:National symbols 4164: 4102: 4074:Economic history 4059:Animal husbandry 4047: 3944: 3819: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3709: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3690:Folha de S.Paulo 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3091:Associated Press 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2876:. 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