194:
1033:
1884:
In 1971, 39% of the Dutch population were members of the Roman
Catholic Church; by 2014, their share of the population had dropped to 23.3% (church-provided KASKI data). The proportion of adherents of mainline Protestantism declined in the same period from 31% to 10% (church-provided KASKI data). KASKI (Katholiek Sociaal-Kerkelijk Insituut / Catholic Social-Ecclesiastical Institute) is based on self-reported information by the Catholic and Protestant churches. They reported a higher number of church members than what was found by independent in-depth interviewing by
898:
1857:. Although religious diversity remains, there has been a decline in religious adherence and practice in the 21st century. In 2006, 34 percent of the Dutch population identified as Christian church members. In 2015, that had declined to about 25 percent (11.7% Roman Catholic, 8.6% PKN, 4.2% other small Protestant denominations). Another 5 percent is Muslim (primarily immigrants or descendants of majority-Islam states), and 2 percent adheres to Hinduism or Buddhism. These percentages are based on independent in-depth interviewing by
1892:. Some of that may be attributed to methods of data collection. According tot KASKI, the total number of members of Christian groups in the Netherlands has decreased from approximately 7,013,163 (43.22% overall population) in 2003 to 5,730,852 (34.15% overall population) in 2013. An additional 4.2% of the population adhere to other Protestant churches. With 32.2% of the Dutch identifying as adhering to a religion, among which 25% adhere to Christianity and 5% to Islam, the Netherlands is one of the least
1163:, decided to support William the Silent. All churches in the Calvinist territories became Calvinist and most of the population in these territories converted to or were forced to convert to Calvinism. Because the Netherlands had gained independence from Spain over both political and religious issues, it chose to practice certain forms of tolerance toward people of certain other religions. It opened its borders for religious dissenters (Protestants and Jews) from elsewhere. For instance,
1167:, a French Catholic, lived in the Netherlands for most of his adult life. As the Reformation reached England, some Puritans fled from persecution to Amsterdam and other Dutch cities. (Jews had been expelled from Spain and Portugal in the late 15th and 16th centuries if they refused to convert to Catholicism, and were prohibited from England.) But the Calvinist-dominated areas maintained persecution and later discrimination against native Dutch Catholics.
1396:
1406:
991:. He continued to recognise the authority of the Pope. Erasmus emphasized a middle way, with a deep respect for traditional faith, piety and grace, and rejected Luther's emphasis on faith alone. Erasmus therefore remained a Catholic all his life. In relation to clerical abuses in the Church, Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of
1539:
819:
632:
219:
35:
887:
693:
1003:
1018:
872:
132:
908:
594:
1198:
launched a
Counter Reformation in order to rekindle faith among Catholics. In those areas where the Jesuits could operate, the Dutch Catholics were supported in their faith and some Calvinists reverted to Catholicism. However, the number of Catholics dwindled due to the lack of priests, especially in
1883:
After the Second World War, the major religions began to decline. With higher immigration of workers from North Africa and the
Mideast, the number of people practicing Islam increased. During the 1960s and 1970s, the traditional pillarization began to weaken and the population became less religious.
1875:
Secularization, or the decline in religious adherence and practice, first became noticeable after 1960 in the
Protestant rural provinces of Friesland and Groningen. It became more obvious in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and the other large cities in the west. Finally, the Catholic south also showed declines
1524:
Jews had become fully integrated into Dutch society after 1795. Most Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries became later become aligned within the socialist pillar, many became highly secularized and adopted mainstream dress rather than that associated with
Orthodox Judaism. They formed a considerable
1520:
The social distance grew. People read different newspapers; by the 1930s they listened to different radio programs. Catholic and
Protestant children generally lived in different neighborhoods and provinces, and did not play together. Adults did not socialize across religious lines. Marriage across
1631:
There were 140,000 Jews recorded in 1940 in the
Netherlands. 20,000 of them were free from persecution, because they were married to Aryans, or because some of their parents and grandparents were non-Jews. Another 20,000 Jews hid from the Germans. Of the 101,000 Jews that the Nazis deported, only
1508:
During this period
Catholics began to develop their own non-governmental institutions. The Netherlands became dominated among three religious pillars, an orthodox Calvinist, a Catholic, and a neutral one. These subcultures generally did not interfere with each other. During the 20th century, a
1350:
and later developer of a large plantation in the colony of
Virginia beginning in the mid-1620s. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the proportion of first-generation immigrants from outside the Netherlands among the population of Amsterdam was nearly 50%. Many Jews, especially from
523:, sought to convert the inhabitants of the areas north of the Meuse and Rhine rivers to Christianity. They had varying degrees of success, as attested by the (not always reliable) descriptions of their lives that have been written about them. While some sermons yielded success,
2040:
in the different parts (especially the south) of the
Netherlands. According to research in 2015, a more generalized rise in individual spirituality has ended. In 2006, 40 percent of respondents considered themselves spiritual. But in 2015, this had dropped to 31 percent.
1292:. Only Calvinists (and, in some cases, Jews) were allowed to hold political office. Other Christian denominations were mostly tolerated, although discriminated against, and believers were not allowed to practice their religion in public. Judaism was allowed in public, and
1055:, especially in western and northern areas of the country. They also had influence with the eastern English shires, with which they were in contact through trading across the North Sea. The first wave of Reformation, initiated by Luther, did not come to the Netherlands.
2013:, that is, that religion should not play a decisive role in politics or public education. Religion is also decreasingly seen as a social binder. Religion in the Netherlands is generally considered a personal matter, which is not supposed to be propagated in public.
487:
At the start of the 6th century, the first (Hiberno-Scottish) missionaries arrived. They were later replaced by Anglo-Saxon missionaries, who eventually succeeded in converting most of the inhabitants of the southern Netherlands to Christianity by the 8th century.
1193:
In the Calvinist-controlled northern counties, many of the remaining Catholics were tending toward converting to Protestantism for temporal gain, to survive in the changed society. In the early 17th century, the Roman Catholic
338:. Germans settled south of it (Germani Cisrhenani), and many place names and archaeological finds indicate the presence of Celts north of the Rhine. Between these "Celtic – Germanic peoples" and later the Roman conquerors (
1339:. The Netherlands became known among dissenting Anglicans (such as Puritans), many Protestants, and Jews for its relative religious tolerance; it became a refuge for the persecuted and a home for many of these immigrants.
1986:
provoked controversy by defending the Dutch liberal culture against what he considered a "backward religion", conservative Islam. Stricter immigration laws were enacted. Religious tensions heightened after film director
1872:, up from 61% in 2006, 53% in 1996, 43% 1979, and 33% in 1966. In 2007, the Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau (Social and Cultural Planning Agency, SCP) expected the number of non-affiliated Dutch to be at 72% in 2020.
2031:
keep rising; the first three being widely accepted and the last being more or less considered to be non-controversial. Among those who adhere to Christianity, there are high percentages of atheists, agnostics and
547:(772–804), the Low Countries all fell under the rule of the Christian Frankish kings. They wanted their people to be both religious and political subjects, as the kings claimed divine right of leadership. The
398:, a primitive man from which all Germanic tribes were said to have emerged. The Celts and Germans in the Low Countries were also most likely to have had tree shrines, following the example of the Old Norse
2506:
764:
to establish a person's guilt or innocence, in the course of the 12th century, the ecclesiastical and secular powers took over more control of the justice system. The church rules (in particular by the
590:, which is syncretic. During the following centuries, Catholic Christianity was the main religion in the Netherlands, but other practices likely survived in the conservative societies of the villages.
1628:
were composed of conservative Calvinists, Communists and Catholics, while liberals and others were underrepresented. An important action of the resistance movement was hiding Jews from Nazis.
2122:
1170:
Philip II of Spain was the hereditary ruler of the Netherlands. As a devout Catholic, Philip believed he was obligated to fight Protestantism, which also threatened his rule. After the
1174:, he sent troops to suppress Protestantism in the Netherlands. The Spanish conquered the southern Netherlands (Flanders and Brabant). Protestants in this area, many of them prosperous
570:
by the Frisians, because they thought he carried gold. The missionaries gradually succeeded in the conversion of the North in the 8th century. By the beginning of the 9th century, the
1560:
836:
653:
240:
52:
1443:, which was partially motivated by religious differences between Protestants and Catholics, as well as by the political split between Orangists (royalists) and Liberals (mainly from
1155:
were conquered by Calvinists in 1572. Numerous residents were already Calvinist in Holland and Zeeland at that time, but the other states were still almost entirely Catholic. The
342:) a cultural exchange took place. An adaptation of polytheistic religions and other myths occurred among the various tribes, absorbing influences from Germanic, Celtic and later
330:. Contrary to what ancient sources seem to suggest, the Rhine, which clearly formed the boundary of the Roman Empire, did not form the boundary between residential areas of
151:
has been characterized by considerable diversity of religious thought and practice. From 1600 until the second half of the 20th century, the north and west had embraced the
2153:
1455:
worsened. The Catholic episcopal hierarchy was forbidden and Catholics were forbidden to hold religious processions in all provinces except for Noord Brabant and Limburg.
1982:
as political refugees. In the early 21st century, religious tensions between native Dutch people and migrant Muslims have increased in some areas. The popular politician
2002:
concluded that, for the first time, there were more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands. The majority of the population identified as agnostic (31%) or
586:. It took until 1000 CE before all pagan people were Christianized, and the Frisian and Saxon religions had died out. Elements of these religions were absorbed into the
2044:
According to the CBS in 2018, 53% of the Dutch were religiously unaffiliated, 37% were Christians (out of whom 22% registered Catholics, 15% Protestants – 6% PKN + 6%
535:. Because he was assured of getting to heaven if he repented and converted, Radboud instead chose an afterlife with his ancestors who, according to Wulfram, were in
2676:
2222:
On the decline of intermarriage see Erik Beekink, et al. "Changes in Choice of Spouse as an Indicator of a Society in a State of Transition: Woerden, 1830–1930,"
2503:
193:
1428:
was established for a time, creating equal rights for all religious groups in the Netherlands. In 1813, the Calvinist Republic united with the Catholic
1132:
of the Catholic Church, as Protestantism was seen as threatening the royal government. In reaction to this persecution, the Calvinists rebelled. In the
2303:
99:
2114:
781:) created a spiritual innovation. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the first calls were heard for religious reform from within the Catholic Church.
71:
1413:
During the 19th century, there was a rising conflict among Catholics, liberal Calvinists, and orthodox Calvinists. The Dutch solution, known as
1296:
only in larger cities. It was permitted only on the condition of the congregations maintaining Calvinist church interior styles, without having
2071:
614:
428:
took place, in which the small Celtic-Germanic-Roman tribes in the Low Countries were gradually supplanted by three major Germanic tribes: the
78:
1632:
1,000 returned after the war. The percentage of Dutch Jews who were exterminated was much higher than in other countries, including Germany.
1360:
750:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1804:
1794:
1729:
1482:
1342:
English Puritans in Amsterdam formed what was known as the "Ancient Church of Amsterdam", whose leaders included wealthy merchants such as
1320:
1258:
1880:
of the Netherlands. In addition, there has been growth of Hindu and Muslim communities as a result of immigration and higher birth rates.
1136:
in 1566, they conducted iconoclasm, destroying statues, paintings, and other religious depictions and artifacts in churches. Also in 1566
2681:
2256:
1409:
Religious division in the Netherlands in 1849. Catholicism holds a majority in green areas. Protestantism holds a majority in red areas.
85:
2560:
2363:
2556:
2407:
2540:
2332:
2198:
1586:
1433:
1328:
858:
679:
266:
118:
67:
1085:. They refused to live the old way, and began new communities, which led to intense persecution. A prominent Dutch Anabaptist was
613:." = (abjuration of the devil in Old German). Under the Baptismal Vow in Latin is an enumeration of the first 20 practices in the
170:
Since the 1960s, the Netherlands has become one of the most secular countries in the Western world. In a December 2014 survey by
2479:
2145:
2453:
1916:
1620:, a raid to collect Jews. This was the largest act of resistance in the Netherlands against the persecution of Jews during the
2639:
2272:
1032:
737:, powerful chapters were established. From the 13th century, monastic and knightly orders settled in many cities, such as the
2010:
1614:
In February 1941 after Nazi occupation, a general strike took place in Amsterdam and the surrounding areas against the first
1564:
1494:
1129:
919:
840:
657:
244:
56:
2094:
1988:
1908:
1513:. There was considerable religious tolerance among these subcultures, and they cooperated with each other at the level of
802:
766:
182:(17%) for the first time in the history of the Netherlands. The majority of the remainder of the population identified as
1489:
denominations. Kuyper also organized a range of religiously inspired organizations. He was inspired by his conception of
1889:
1862:
1704:
1648:
1498:
935:
did not gain much support among the Dutch, but Calvinism, introduced two decades later, did. It began its spread in the
528:
476:, made up the base by which this part of the Netherlands was probably Christianized. According to tradition, the first
2066:
1900:
1600:
1514:
786:
1549:
969:, an independent Dutch religious tradition began to take shape in the northern parts of the independent Netherlands.
642:
484:, was buried in this city in 384 CE. Only Bishop Domitianus (c. 535) is documented as having resided in Maastricht.
229:
1607:. Their forces rounded up and deported most of the Dutch Jewish community to concentration camps in eastern Europe,
729:
were highly influential in the countryside. They were centers of learning and literacy. In the Christian centers of
92:
2061:
1452:
1052:
1568:
1553:
947:
orations"), were held outdoors. Gradually discontent among the Dutch grew, and erupted in 1566 with the so-called
897:
829:
661:
646:
540:
464:, which was part of the Diocese of Tongeren-Maastricht-Liège. The see of this diocese, successively the cities of
248:
233:
45:
2176:
1372:
1343:
1899:
During the late 20th century, in keeping with changes in their society, the Dutch liberalized their policies on
1943:
1877:
1814:
1739:
1502:
1376:
891:
2378:
Tomáš Sobotka and Feray Adigüzel, "Religiosity and spatial demographic differences in the Netherlands" (2002)
1458:
A liberal Calvinist elite dominated the Netherlands for a period, including the national bureaucracy and the
1999:
1282:
1273:
or Contra-Remonstrants. Civil war broke out in the 1610s between strict and liberal Calvinists. The liberal
1079:
701:
598:
548:
2299:
1975:
1947:
1246:
1242:) during the 17th and even as late as the 18th centuries. This remains strictly Calvinist until this day.
1190:, formerly the most powerful city in the Low Countries, lost more than half its residents to this exodus.
966:
928:
152:
2382:
1051:
The 16th and 17th century were characterized by the Protestant Reformation, which greatly influenced the
1920:
1904:
1777:
Religions in the Netherlands (2013), based on self-reported numbers by religious organizations (KASKI).
1719:
1459:
1336:
1036:
913:
163:. Associated with immigration from Arab world (North Africa and the Middle east) of the 20th century,
413:. Temples were probably built only during and after the romanization. Examples have been preserved in
2427:
2355:
Hans Knippenberg, "Secularization in the Netherlands in its historical and geographical dimensions,"
1429:
1312:
1208:
1145:
1044:
136:
1876:
in religious practice and belief. By contrast, there has been a religious revival in the Protestant
1106:
1071:
790:
722:
375:
2251:
God in Nederland 1966–2015, dr. Ton Bernts & dr. ir. Joantine Berghuijs, Uitgeverij Ten Have,
322:
The oldest data on the profession of religion by the inhabitants of the regions that are now the "
1893:
1885:
1858:
1700:
1644:
1490:
1440:
1137:
1125:
976:
805:) changed the Dutch world. It began to shift from a theocentric to an anthropocentric worldview.
587:
551:
describes how one must renounce his old gods (described as "devils") and submit to the Christian
304:
778:
696:
2536:
2328:
2252:
2194:
2037:
2028:
1525:
minority, especially in certain cities: one-eighth of the population of Amsterdam was Jewish.
1467:
1425:
1421:
1308:
1278:
1274:
1164:
1156:
1124:, adopted this influence. Then in control of the Low Countries, the Spanish government, under
1102:
988:
936:
875:
383:
292:
284:
1218:
At the same time, the larger western cities received an influx of Protestant immigrants from
2552:
1992:
1919:. As a result of the declining religious adherence, the two major strands of Calvinism, the
1625:
1621:
1405:
1347:
1141:
1021:
957:. This quickly spread among all Dutch regions and finally resulted in what would become the
425:
418:
288:
2535:
H. Knippenberg, "The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe", Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam 2005
2400:
1120:, arrived in the Netherlands in the 1540s. Part of both the elite and commoners, mostly in
749:. They also took part in many of the 12th- and 13th-century crusades to the Holy Land (see
2510:
2411:
2386:
2367:
2098:
1463:
1384:
1285:, the official head of state of the County of Holland, was executed. Calvinism became the
1075:
980:
944:
770:
761:
742:
532:
481:
343:
335:
300:
303:
became important there, as well as religions from the Middle East, including relics from
17:
1395:
1478:
1399:
1316:
1289:
1094:
996:
879:
757:
746:
410:
167:
and other minority religions were concentrated in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities.
2670:
2475:
1510:
1486:
1414:
1332:
1254:
1098:
1082:
984:
391:
2649:
2449:
692:
1955:
1854:
1604:
1361:
Jews governed their communities under their own laws and formed a separate society.
1266:
1227:
1133:
1109:
in 1578. Institutionalized Dutch baptism was a model for both English and American
1086:
1006:
958:
949:
901:
782:
774:
769:
in 1215) and the monarchs maintained the order. At the end of the Middle Ages, the
726:
445:
339:
327:
316:
296:
171:
2268:
1853:
Until late into the 20th century, the predominant religion in the Netherlands was
2661:
2091:
1477:
Roughly fifty years later, in 1886, another group of orthodox Calvinists, led by
999:. His middle road approach disappointed and even angered scholars in both camps.
2024:
1983:
1979:
1928:
1667:
1616:
1538:
1301:
1293:
1183:
1160:
1101:. Anabaptists survived throughout the centuries and they were recognized by the
1025:
962:
932:
818:
738:
631:
453:
441:
371:
351:
323:
218:
34:
1017:
2514:
2360:
2009:
In the 21st century, a large majority of the Dutch population believes in the
1869:
1844:
1784:
1204:
1059:
1010:
954:
886:
734:
544:
520:
469:
461:
457:
354:
are of Celtic or Celto-Germanic, origin; the Germanic people had such gods as
347:
201:
2327:
dr. Ton Bernts, dr. ir. Joantine Berghuijs, Publisher: Uitgeverij Ten Have,
1951:
1380:
1356:
1250:
1239:
1212:
1117:
1090:
1067:
1040:
992:
927:
Catholicism dominated Dutch religion until the early 16th century, when the
399:
312:
156:
140:
2036:, since affiliation with a Christian denomination is also used in a way of
574:-controlled northeastern regions were also subjugated and Christianized by
2526:
Donk, W.B.H.J. van de; Jonkers, A.P.; Kronjee, G.J.; Plum, R.J.J.M. (2006)
1002:
1834:
1824:
1759:
1755:
1444:
1364:
1297:
1270:
1262:
1175:
1121:
973:
794:
718:
710:
579:
575:
563:
559:
524:
516:
512:
504:
500:
473:
465:
449:
433:
406:
183:
175:
160:
2611:
1509:
separate socialist pillar would also develop. This phenomenon is called
2646:
Faith on the Margins: Catholics and Catholicism in the Dutch Golden Age
2615:
2601:
2597:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2003:
1963:
1699:
Religions in the Netherlands (2015), based on in-depth interviewing by
1677:
1657:
1497:. He founded an orthodox Calvinist newspaper, labour union, schools, a
1368:
1352:
1231:
1219:
1187:
1182:
to Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland. An extreme example was the city of
1152:
1110:
1063:
995:, which some Calvinist Reformers rejected in favour of the doctrine of
871:
843: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
798:
730:
583:
552:
496:
492:
387:
379:
308:
187:
179:
164:
2622:
The Dutch Intersection: The Jews and the Netherlands in Modern History
2237:
The Dutch Intersection: The Jews and the Netherlands in Modern History
609:" (believe in god almighty father). Left caption in a later writing: "
440:. Around 500 the Franks, initially residing between the Rhine and the
1959:
1687:
1643:
Beliefs in the Netherlands (2015), based on in-depth interviewing by
1235:
1223:
1195:
714:
571:
567:
508:
477:
437:
429:
395:
279:
Before the advent of Christianity, the Netherlands were populated by
1226:
and developed a Protestant character. Strict Calvinists converted a
907:
756:
Where justice until the 12th century existed largely in actions by
1608:
1481:, split from the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1892, they founded the
1448:
1404:
1394:
1200:
1031:
1016:
1001:
939:
and the County of Flanders, where secret sermons in Dutch, called
906:
896:
885:
870:
691:
593:
592:
414:
403:
367:
363:
331:
197:
131:
1971:
1967:
536:
359:
355:
280:
1946:
increased from 0% to 5%. The main Islamic immigrants came from
1935:("Together on the road churches"). Since 2004, they formed the
1186:, where the population dropped from 18,000 to 385 inhabitants.
1532:
812:
625:
212:
28:
2379:
1375:, who in the early 17th century emigrated to what became the
1148:
to liberate the Calvinist Dutch from the Catholic Spaniards.
2608:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806
2146:"Reformation in the Netherlands & the Eighty Years' War"
1039:, the father of the Roman Catholic reform movement known as
562:
continued efforts to Christianize the land inhabited by the
2191:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
2423:
2174:
Manfred Hoffmann, "Faith and Piety in Erasmus's Thought,"
1383:
from France fled to Amsterdam after repeal in 1689 of the
2052:), 5% were Muslims, and 5% adherents of other religions.
1462:. An opposition movement developed. In 1834, led by Rev.
1277:
left the Republic. The strict Calvinist side won (Prince
1259:
internal theological conflict within the Calvinist church
917:(painting by an unknown artist, ca. 1665), the author of
1931:
group, began to cooperate. They identified first as the
1470:
from the Dutch Reformed Church in what was known as the
1315:. The Netherlands included the "Seven Provinces" of the
1253:
along religious lines developed in the Netherlands. The
1868:
In 2015, approximately 67.8% of the population claimed
1311:
recognized the independence of the Netherlands in the
1128:
started harsh persecution campaigns, supported by the
1363:
The Netherlands hosted religious refugees, including
983:
and called for reform, but he kept his distance from
558:
In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon missionaries such as
456:
was controlled from the early Middle Ages to 1559 by
2211:
Abraham Kuyper: Modern Calvinist, Christian Democrat
1387:
and renewed persecution and attacks from Catholics.
1249:(between 1609 and 1621) in the Eighty Years' War, a
491:
From the late 7th century, missionaries coming from
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1238:, to the north of the Netherlands (to the city of
1261:between two tendencies of Calvinism: the liberal
961:from Catholicism and Spanish control. During the
1331:; it roughly included the current provinces of
1058:The second wave of the Protestant Reformation,
2634:Koopmans, Joop W., and Arend H. Huussen, Jr.
2553:"Religieuze betrokkenheid; persoonskenmerken"
8:
2247:
2245:
1024:, the Reformed theologian and the father of
972:The most prominent Dutch theologian was the
1748: Other Protestant denominations (4.2%)
1567:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
979:. He was critical of the abuses within the
660:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
247:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2401:Godsdienstige veranderingen in Nederland,
2108:
2106:
1097:became the ruler of a newly founded city,
611:Abrinuciatio diaboli lingua Teotisca veter
2294:
2292:
2290:
1768: Other churches and religions (0.7%)
1587:Learn how and when to remove this message
1062:, became very popular in the counties of
859:Learn how and when to remove this message
680:Learn how and when to remove this message
299:occupied the later southern Netherlands,
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2648:(Harvard University Press, 2008) 331 pp
2636:Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands
2300:"Hoe God (Bijna) verdween uit Nederland"
1371:(the most famous of the latter were the
452:. A large part of the area south of the
192:
130:
68:"History of religion in the Netherlands"
2083:
1074:, a response to corruption both in the
797:(particularly through the teachings of
2677:History of religion in the Netherlands
2456:from the original on 24 September 2015
2430:from the original on 24 September 2015
2072:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
1843: Other religion, including other
1144:, a convert to Calvinism, started the
809:Reformation in the Early Modern Period
615:Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum
566:. But Boniface was killed in 754 near
291:tribes in the North, which adhered to
283:tribes in the South, which adhered to
149:history of religion in the Netherlands
2592:Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds.
751:Frisian participation in the Crusades
7:
2450:"Cijfers overige kerkgenootschappen"
2113:van Beek, Marije (16 January 2015).
1937:Protestant Church in the Netherlands
1925:Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
1805:Protestant Church in the Netherlands
1730:Protestant Church of the Netherlands
1565:adding citations to reliable sources
1483:Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
1451:). The position of Catholics in the
1420:Following the invasion of forces of
1319:, which were Protestant, but also a
1230:from the southwest (the province of
841:adding citations to reliable sources
658:adding citations to reliable sources
424:From the 4th to the 6th century AD,
245:adding citations to reliable sources
57:adding citations to reliable sources
2115:"Ongelovigen halen de gelovigen in"
1116:The third wave of the Reformation,
607:gelobistu in got alamehtigan fadaer
2557:Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
2504:Fortuyn: grens dicht voor islamiet
2482:from the original on 11 April 2016
2156:from the original on 28 April 2023
1439:The union split in 1830 after the
1346:(1577-bef. 1651), a member of the
159:. The southeast was predominately
25:
2587:Catholic Power in the Netherlands
2563:from the original on 27 July 2020
2343:Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau,
2306:from the original on 5 April 2016
1434:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
709:Religious life was ubiquitous in
2275:from the original on 25 May 2019
1537:
817:
630:
217:
209:Prehistory and Early Middle Ages
33:
2662:Religion and politics, with map
2403:Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau
2269:"Cijfers Rooms-Katholieke Kerk"
2189:Israel, Jonathan Irvine (1995)
2125:from the original on 9 May 2015
890:Erasmus in 1523 as depicted by
828:needs additional citations for
713:society. Important abbeys such
386:were introduced by the Romans.
44:needs additional citations for
2011:separation of church and state
1998:A December 2014 survey by the
1939:, a united Protestant church.
1495:separation of Church and State
1379:in North America). Protestant
920:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
1:
1894:religious countries of Europe
1300:, as were still displayed in
1281:and the other provinces) and
1070:. Anabaptism was part of the
767:Fourth Council of the Lateran
2594:History of the Low Countries
2345:God in Nederland (2006/2007)
1890:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
1863:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
1712: No affiliation (67.8%)
1705:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
1649:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
1257:tried to bring an end to an
1151:The counties of Holland and
2629:The Low Countries 1780–1940
2325:God in Nederland 1966–2015,
2067:Religion in the Netherlands
1521:religious lines grew rare.
787:Brethren of the Common Life
760:, which often administered
2698:
2682:Culture of the Netherlands
2610:(1995) a major synthesis;
2224:Historical Social Research
2150:World History Encyclopedia
2062:History of the Netherlands
1966:, as migrant workers; and
1453:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1417:, lasted until the 1960s.
1053:history of the Netherlands
531:refused to be baptized by
326:" were passed down by the
2177:Sixteenth Century Journal
622:High and Late Middle Ages
178:(25%) were reported than
18:History of Dutch religion
2385:15 November 2012 at the
2359:(1998) 45#3 pp 209–220.
2121:. der Verdieping Trouw.
1942:During the same period,
1927:, together with a small
1870:no religious affiliation
1377:Massachusetts Bay Colony
892:Hans Holbein the Younger
605:" (Forsake devils) and "
2640:excerpt and text search
2631:(1978), detailed survey
2616:excerpt and text search
2612:complete online edition
2602:complete edition online
2598:excerpt and text search
2226:(1998) 23#1 pp 231–253.
2038:cultural identification
2000:VU University Amsterdam
1307:In 1648, Spain and the
1283:Johan van Oldebarnevelt
702:The Imitation of Christ
599:Old Saxon Baptismal Vow
549:Old Saxon Baptismal Vow
448:, forced by their king
2180:(1989) 20#2 pp 241–258
1991:was killed in 2004 by
1410:
1402:
1093:. Another Anabaptist,
1048:
1029:
1014:
967:Protestant Reformation
929:Protestant Reformation
924:
904:
894:
883:
706:
618:
603:Forsachistu diobolae..
205:
153:Protestant Reformation
144:
2589:(1981)., 20th century
2410:17 April 2012 at the
2097:26 March 2017 at the
1921:Dutch Reformed Church
1720:Roman Catholic Church
1460:Dutch Reformed Church
1408:
1398:
1304:Lutheran cathedrals.
1078:and in the expanding
1037:Cornelius Otto Jansen
1035:
1020:
1005:
914:Benedictus de Spinoza
910:
900:
889:
874:
695:
596:
543:(c. 600–793) and the
541:Frisian–Frankish wars
196:
134:
1847:denominations (3.3%)
1561:improve this section
1529:The Second World War
1430:Southern Netherlands
1422:Revolutionary France
1327:was governed by the
1313:Treaty of Westphalia
1089:, who initiated the
1045:Southern Netherlands
1013:are named after him.
837:improve this article
654:improve this section
241:improve this section
53:improve this article
2644:Parker, Charles H.
2509:3 June 2013 at the
2476:"Lopende projecten"
1933:Samen op weg Kerken
1485:, one of the major
1247:Twelve Years' Truce
1083:Protestant movement
1072:Radical Reformation
793:. The influence of
745:and knights of the
426:the Great Migration
2606:Israel, Jonathan.
2366:2 May 2023 at the
1886:Radboud University
1859:Radboud University
1701:Radboud University
1645:Radboud University
1491:sphere sovereignty
1441:Belgian Revolution
1411:
1403:
1157:estates of Holland
1138:William the Silent
1049:
1030:
1015:
977:Desiderius Erasmus
931:began to develop.
925:
905:
895:
884:
707:
619:
588:Christian religion
305:Egyptian mythology
206:
145:
2559:. 1 August 2019.
2517:, 9 February 2002
2302:. 13 March 2016.
2029:Christian atheism
1954:, as a result of
1626:resistance groups
1597:
1596:
1589:
1426:Batavian Republic
1325:Generaliteitsland
1309:Holy Roman Empire
1279:Maurice of Orange
1275:States of Holland
1146:Eighty Years' War
1095:Jantje van Leyden
989:Philip Melancthon
876:Adrian of Utrecht
869:
868:
861:
789:, an influential
690:
689:
682:
293:Germanic paganism
285:Celtic polytheism
277:
276:
269:
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
2689:
2627:Kossmann, E. H.
2585:Bakvis, Herman.
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2405:, September 2006
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2209:James D. Bratt,
2207:
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2172:
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2161:
2144:Mark, Joshua J.
2141:
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2130:
2110:
2101:
2088:
1993:Mohammed Bouyeri
1842:
1832:
1822:
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1802:
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1767:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1727:
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1711:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1622:Second World War
1603:was occupied by
1592:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1541:
1533:
1348:Virginia Company
1222:, Flanders, and
1142:Prince of Orange
1091:Mennonite church
1022:Jacobus Arminius
864:
857:
853:
850:
844:
821:
813:
785:established the
723:Sint Odiliënberg
699:, the author of
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2658:
2638:(2nd ed. 2007)
2620:Kaplan, Yosef.
2582:
2580:Further reading
2577:
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1542:
1531:
1503:political party
1464:Hendrik de Cock
1393:
1385:Edict of Nantes
1269:and the strict
1199:rural areas of
1076:Catholic Church
981:Catholic Church
865:
854:
848:
845:
834:
822:
811:
803:Dirck Coornhert
779:Thomas à Kempis
771:Devotio Moderna
762:trial by ordeal
758:kangaroo courts
697:Thomas à Kempis
686:
675:
669:
666:
651:
635:
624:
519:and especially
480:of Maastricht,
346:. Gods such as
344:Roman mythology
301:Roman mythology
273:
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1479:Abraham Kuyper
1400:Abraham Kuyper
1392:
1389:
1355:, migrated to
1344:Edward Bennett
1329:States-General
1321:Roman Catholic
1317:Dutch Republic
1290:state religion
1165:René Descartes
1103:States-General
997:predestination
880:Pope Adrian VI
867:
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791:mystical order
773:(among others
747:Teutonic Order
705:(c. 1418–1427)
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350:, Hludana and
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2596:(2006) 504pp
2595:
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2018:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:Theo van Gogh
1985:
1981:
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1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
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1913:homosexuality
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1606:
1602:
1599:In 1940, the
1591:
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1570:
1566:
1562:
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1555:
1551:
1546:This section
1544:
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1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:pillarization
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:neo-Calvinist
1484:
1480:
1475:
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1469:
1465:
1461:
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1442:
1437:
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1427:
1424:in 1795, the
1423:
1418:
1416:
1415:pillarization
1407:
1401:
1397:
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1333:North Brabant
1330:
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1255:Synod of Dort
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1099:New Jerusalem
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42:This article
40:
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2565:. Retrieved
2555:(in Dutch).
2547:
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2522:
2496:
2484:. Retrieved
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2418:
2402:
2393:
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2308:. Retrieved
2277:. Retrieved
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2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2118:
2086:
2050:gereformeerd
2049:
2045:
2043:
2015:
2008:
1997:
1941:
1932:
1917:prostitution
1898:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1855:Christianity
1852:
1776:
1698:
1642:
1630:
1615:
1613:
1605:Nazi Germany
1598:
1583:
1574:
1559:Please help
1547:
1523:
1519:
1507:
1476:
1471:
1457:
1438:
1432:to form the
1419:
1412:
1391:19th century
1341:
1324:
1306:
1302:Scandinavian
1286:
1267:Remonstrants
1244:
1228:belt of land
1217:
1192:
1179:
1172:Beeldenstorm
1171:
1169:
1150:
1134:Beeldenstorm
1115:
1087:Menno Simons
1057:
1050:
1007:Menno Simons
971:
959:Dutch revolt
950:Beeldenstorm
948:
940:
926:
918:
912:Portrait of
911:
902:Hugo Grotius
855:
846:
835:Please help
830:verification
827:
783:Geert Groote
775:Geert Groote
755:
708:
700:
676:
667:
652:Please help
640:
610:
606:
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539:. After the
490:
486:
446:Christianity
423:
340:romanization
321:
317:Christianity
297:Roman Empire
295:. After the
278:
263:
254:
239:Please help
227:
172:VU Amsterdam
169:
148:
146:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
2025:agnosticism
1984:Pim Fortuyn
1980:Afghanistan
1785:No religion
1668:Agnosticism
1624:. The main
1601:Netherlands
1472:Afscheiding
1323:area. This
1294:Lutheranism
1245:During the
1234:), via the
1184:Hondschoote
1161:Paulus Buys
1130:Inquisition
1107:Netherlands
1080:Magisterial
1026:Arminianism
963:Renaissance
941:hagenpreken
933:Lutheranism
739:Franciscans
454:Meuse River
411:Donar's oak
372:Scandinavia
352:Sandraudiga
324:Netherlands
2671:Categories
2515:Volkskrant
2501:(in Dutch)
2398:(in Dutch)
2357:GeoJournal
2078:References
1909:euthanasia
1878:Bible Belt
1845:Protestant
1515:government
1499:university
1466:, a group
1298:crucifixes
1205:Overijssel
1060:Anabaptism
1011:Mennonites
955:iconoclasm
743:Dominicans
735:Maastricht
580:Plechelmus
545:Saxon Wars
521:Willibrord
499:, such as
470:Maastricht
462:Kempenland
458:Archdeacon
450:Chlodovech
444:, adopted
348:Nehalennia
315:and later
204:AD 150–250
202:Nehalennia
79:newspapers
2004:ietsistic
1952:Indonesia
1577:July 2020
1548:does not
1381:Huguenots
1357:Amsterdam
1271:Gomarists
1263:Arminians
1251:civil war
1240:Staphorst
1213:Friesland
1209:Groningen
1176:merchants
1159:, led by
1126:Philip II
1118:Calvinism
1068:Friesland
1041:Jansenism
993:free will
849:July 2020
670:July 2020
641:does not
482:Servatius
400:Yggdrasil
313:Mithraism
257:July 2020
228:does not
186:(31%) or
157:Calvinist
155:and were
141:Amsterdam
137:Oude Kerk
109:July 2020
2561:Archived
2507:Archived
2486:19 March
2480:Archived
2460:22 April
2454:Archived
2434:22 April
2428:Archived
2408:Archived
2383:Archived
2364:Archived
2310:19 March
2304:Archived
2279:22 April
2273:Archived
2160:28 April
2154:Archived
2129:21 April
2123:Archived
2095:Archived
2056:See also
2046:hervormd
2034:ietsists
1929:Lutheran
1923:and the
1905:drug use
1901:abortion
1835:Hinduism
1825:Buddhism
1760:Buddhism
1756:Hinduism
1445:Brussels
1373:Pilgrims
1365:Puritans
1287:de facto
1180:en masse
1122:Flanders
1111:Baptists
974:humanist
965:and the
945:hedgerow
937:Westhoek
795:humanism
719:Susteren
711:medieval
584:Ludgerus
576:Lebuinus
564:Frisians
560:Boniface
517:Willehad
513:Plechelm
505:Lebuinus
501:Boniface
466:Tongeren
434:Frisians
407:Irminsul
402:and the
289:Germanic
184:agnostic
176:atheists
161:Catholic
2614:; also
2600:; also
2567:27 July
2424:"Kaski"
2021:ietsism
2017:Atheism
2006:(27%).
1964:Morocco
1948:Surinam
1807:(10.2%)
1797:(23.7%)
1787:(55.1%)
1722:(11.7%)
1678:Ietsism
1658:Atheism
1569:removed
1554:sources
1468:seceded
1369:England
1353:Antwerp
1337:Limburg
1232:Zeeland
1220:Germany
1196:Jesuits
1188:Antwerp
1178:, fled
1153:Zeeland
1105:of the
1064:Holland
1043:in the
799:Erasmus
731:Utrecht
662:removed
647:sources
553:Trinity
533:Wulfram
529:Radboud
525:Frisian
497:Ireland
493:England
388:Tacitus
380:Minerva
376:Jupiter
336:Germans
309:Judaism
249:removed
234:sources
190:(27%).
188:ietsist
180:theists
174:, more
165:Muslims
93:scholar
2624:(2008)
2539:
2380:online
2361:online
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2213:(2012)
2197:
2027:, and
1976:Bosnia
1960:Turkey
1915:, and
1841:
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1823:
1821:
1817:(5.0%)
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727:Egmond
715:Rolduc
568:Dokkum
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438:Saxons
432:, the
430:Franks
396:Mannus
328:Romans
287:, and
281:Celtic
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2048:+ 3%
1944:Islam
1815:Islam
1740:Islam
1690:(14%)
1680:(28%)
1670:(34%)
1660:(24%)
1449:Ghent
1367:from
1201:Gelre
572:Saxon
527:king
474:Liège
442:Somme
415:Empel
404:Saxon
384:Venus
370:from
368:Freya
364:Frigg
360:Donar
356:Wodan
332:Celts
198:Altar
100:JSTOR
86:books
2569:2020
2537:ISBN
2488:2016
2462:2015
2436:2015
2329:ISBN
2312:2016
2281:2015
2253:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2162:2023
2131:2015
2090:see
1978:and
1972:Iran
1968:Iraq
1962:and
1950:and
1888:and
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417:and
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