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1379:, was famously the center of Polish national revival and culture, but the city was also becoming a modern metropolis during this period. In 1901 the city installed running water and witnessed the introduction of its first electric streetcars. (Warsaw's first electric streetcars came in 1907.) The most significant political and economic development of the first decade of the 20th century in Kraków was the creation of Greater Kraków (
361:
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835:). The fortifications were erected over the course of two centuries. The town defensive system appeared in Kraków after the city's location, i.e. in the second half of the 13th century (1257). This was when the construction of a uniform fortification line was commenced, but it seems the project could not be completed. Afterwards the walls, however, were extended and reinforced (a permit from
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According to authors the Jewish-Polish secretary of the German M&K Construction
Company, Amalie Petranker (hiding from the Nazis as Felicja Milaszewska), came into the possession of a set of plans that showed where explosives had been planted with the intention of destroying the city. The plans
950:
During the 15th century extremist clergymen advocated violence towards the Jews, who in a gradual process lost their positions. In 1469 Jews were expelled from their old settlement to
Spiglarska Street. In 1485 Jewish elders were forced into a renunciation of trade in Kraków, which led many Jews to
1719:
who finds no physical evidence of the German master plan for demolition and no written proof showing that Konev ordered the attack with the intention of preserving the city. He portrays Konev's strategy as ordinary – only accidentally resulting in little damage to Kraków – exaggerated later into a
1714:
claimed to have been informed by the Polish patriots of the German plan, and took an effort to preserve Kraków from destruction by ordering a lightning attack on the city while deliberately not cutting the
Germans from the only withdrawal path, and by not aiding the attack with aviation and
1407:
set out to fight for the liberation of Poland, in alliance with
Austrian and German troops. With the fall of Austro-Hungarian Empire, Poles liberated the city and it was included with the newly reborn Polish state (1918). Between the two World Wars Kraków was also a major Jewish cultural and
1836:
as the [[Voivode#Modern Poland|Voivode[[ of Kraków, which was formally confirmed a month later, on June 28, 1990. On the day of the announcement nomination at the Kraków City Hall, there was a symbolic handover of the keys to the city by the outgoing president and voivode
2948:"The Germans planned to blow up Krakow, which has many medieval buildings and museums, but they were foiled when the map of mines and explosives placed around the city, was delivered by a couple of Polish citizens to the Russians, who were closing in on the city."
1798:
work from other nations has become important to the economy of Kraków and Poland in general in recent years. The city is the key center for this kind of business activity. There are about 20 large multinational companies in Kraków, including centers serving
1320:) or "Polish Mecca" to which Poles would flock to revere the symbols and monuments of Kraków's (and Poland's) great past. Several important commemorations took place in Kraków during the period from 1866 to 1914, including the 500th Anniversary of the
1707:, held that due to a rapid advance of the Soviet armies, Kraków allegedly escaped planned destruction during the German withdrawal. There are several different versions of that account. According to a version based on self-written Soviet statements,
1394:
Thanks to migration from the countryside and the fruits of incorporation from 1910 to 1915, Kraków's population doubled in just fifteen years, from approx. 91,000 to 183,000 in 1915. Russian troops besieged Kraków during the first winter of the
2936:
were found as soon as the German managers had fled Kraków. Notably, Petranker continued to live in the apartment previously occupied by the managers of M&K Construction on
Juljusza Lea Street until receiving the government notice to vacate.
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The
Encyclopedia Americana 1972- Volume 16 - Page 537 By the provisions of the Congress of Vienna (1815) it became the Republic of Krakow, a protectorate of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, but in 1846 it reverted to Austria as the Grand Duchy of
1568:
under the age of 10, with an average capacity of about 70 children, who were then sent to concentration camps and executed. From
September to December 1939, the occupiers also operated a Dulag transit camp for Polish prisoners of war.
2970:, Polityka – nr 3 (2487) z dnia 22-01-2005. According to this article, Konev was ordered to save Kraków by Stalin, who was pressured by Roosevelt, who was in turn pressured by Vatican (acting on the requests of Polish clergy).
2285:
1224:. The Polish army, including many peasants, fought against the Russian and Prussian armies, but the larger forces ultimately put down the revolt. The Prussian army specifically took Kraków on 15 June 1794, and looted the
1748:. This was regarded by some as an attempt to diminish the influence of Kraków's intellectual and artistic heritage by industrialization of the city and by attracting to it the new working class. In the 1950s some
1451:
who went to meet the invading
Wehrmacht troops. He approached them with the call to stop shooting because the city was defenseless: "Feuer einstellen!" and offered himself as a hostage. He was killed by the
1232:, was secretly melted down in March 1809, while precious stones and pearls were appropriated in Berlin. Poland was partitioned for the third time in 1795, and Kraków became part of the Austrian province of
384:. Many knights unsuccessfully attempted to oust the dragon by force, but instead, Krakus fed it a poisoned lamb, which killed the dragon. The city was free to flourish. Dragon bones, most likely that of
2898:
Anna M. Cienciala, "The German
Occupation of Poland and the Holocaust in German-occupied Poland." Chapter: "The Polish Resistance Movement against the Germans." The Polish Review, v.48, 1, 2003, 49–72.
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1540:, which became one of the most infamous in German-occupied Poland. Many Poles arrested in Kraków, and various other places in the region, and even more distant cities such as
1675:
428:
and his status as the first historical ruler of Poland. Towards the end of his reign, Mieszko took Kraków from the
Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the
955:
that did not fall under the restrictions due to its status as a royal town. Following the 1494 fire in Kraków, a wave of anti-Jewish attacks took place. In 1495, King
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Please save a copy to your own hard drive without opening it, and run a virus check through that copy first if you're concerned with security. Source is reliable.
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and using his new Italian connections began the major project (under Florentine architect Berrecci) of remaking the ancient residence of the Polish kings, the
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Kostkiewicz, Janina (2020). "Niemiecka polityka eksterminacji i germanizacji polskich dzieci w czasie II wojny światowej". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.).
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777:
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Kubasiewicz, Izabela (2013). "Emigranci z Grecji w Polsce Ludowej. Wybrane aspekty z życia mniejszości". In Dworaczek, Kamil; Kamiński, Łukasz (eds.).
877:. There had already been a cathedral school since 1150 functioning under the auspices of the city's bishop. The city continued to grow under the joint
1865:
1399:, and thousands of residents left the city for Moravia and other safer locales, generally returning in the spring and summer of 1915. During the war
1937:
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1278:. The uprising failed to spread outside the city to other Polish lands, and was put down. This resulted in the annexation of the city state to the
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Medieval Kraków was surrounded by a 1.9 mile (3 km) defensive wall complete with 46 towers and seven main entrances leading through them (see
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790:. Kraków was rebuilt in 1257, in a form which was practically unaltered, and received self-government city rights from the king based on the
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1168:. His reign changed Kraków dramatically, as he moved the government to Warsaw in 1596. A series of wars ensued between Sweden and Poland.
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814:. It involved the mostly German-speaking burghers of Kraków who, as a result, were massacred. In the aftermath, Kraków was gradually re-
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stolen for scrap. The Jewish population was first ghettoized, and later murdered. Two major concentration camps near Kraków included
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By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading center of trade. Brick buildings were being constructed, including the Royal
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1383:), the incorporation of the surrounding suburban communities into a single administrative unit. The incorporation was overseen by
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992:, whose influence originated in Italy, arrived in Kraków in the late 15th century, along with numerous Italian artists including
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2571:"Zasady i praktyka przejęcia majątku polskiego przez III Rzeszę (Theory and practise of Poland's takeover by the Third Reich)"
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1212:. After the first two partitions (1772 and 1793), Kraków was still part of the substantially reduced Polish nation. In 1794
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904:. By the end of the thirteenth century, Kraków had become a predominantly German city. In 1475 delegates of the elector
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765:. Infighting among brothers, however, caused the seniorate system to soon collapse, and a century-long struggle between
417:
1849:. This act referred to the legal basis for the operation of the Kraków City Hall and the Voivodeship Office in Krakow.
1444:
forces entered Kraków on September 6, 1939. The residents of the city were saved from German attack by the courageous
1013:
72:
is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with the urban population of 804,237 (June, 2023). Situated on the
1967:
1483:. The occupation took a heavy toll, particularly on the city's cultural heritage. On November 6, during the infamous
807:
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1316:, Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a center of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (
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88:
region, the city dates back to the 7th century. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596, the capital of the
1475:. On September 12, the Germans carried out a massacre of 10 Jews. On November 4, Kraków became the capital of the
2158:
1517:
1512:. President of Kraków, Klimecki was apprehended at his home the same evening. After two weeks, they were sent to
1016:. The period, which elevated the intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists such as
885:
dynasty (1386–1572). As the capital of a powerful state, it became a flourishing center of science and the arts.
97:
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Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943
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unveiled a monument. Famous painters, poets and writers of this period, living and working in the city include
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Anna M. Cienciala, "The German Occupation of Poland and the Holocaust in German-occupied Poland." Chapter: "
2706:
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2366:"Rabunek od czasów zaborów do II wojny światowej (The plunder during the Partitions and until World War II)"
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Many relics and monuments of national culture were looted and destroyed (yet again), including the bronze
1530:, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of 120 Poles, including teachers, students and judges. The
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1255:, including Kraków, was taken from the Austrian Empire and added to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809 by the
1213:
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2436:[Between the two worlds, or a return to the past] (in Polish). Przegląd Polski. Archived from
372:, and dates back to the 4th century. Legend attributes the town's establishment to the mythical ruler
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resistance organization was founded. Kraków became the seat of one of the six main commands of the
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Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)
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2239:"Important Dates in Krakow's History: Veit Stoss altarpiece for Krakow's Basilica of Virgin Mary"
1852:
In recent history, Kraków has co-hosted various international sports competitions, including the
1548:, were imprisoned there. Over 1,700 Polish prisoners were eventually massacred at Fort 49 of the
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came into effect upon his death. It divided Poland into five provinces, with Kraków named as the
730:
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896:. City Law, including guilds' depictions and descriptions, were recorded in the German language
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1936:
The Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, 1996–2007, in participation with ACK Cyfronet of the
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416:, described Kraków as a notable commercial centre under the rule of the then duke of Bohemia (
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Kraków's population has quadrupled since the end of World War II. After the collapse of the
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The city again became the focus of a struggle for national sovereignty in 1846, during the
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408:. The first appearance of the city's name in historical records dates back to 966, when a
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in the city. Many works of the Renaissance movement were printed there during that time.
836:
794:, attracting mostly German-speaking burgers. In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the
2996:
2019:
1812:
1787:
1708:
1600:, to which many local Poles and Polish Jews were sent. Specific events surrounding the
1462:
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1337:
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1069:. He later made a marble sarcophagus for his benefactor Casimir IV Jagiellon. By 1500,
975:
870:
866:
360:
2161:, "The Barbican", Kraków Magazyn Kulturalny (Special Edition), Kraków, 1991, p. 58-59.
1624:
was also aware of over 2,000 Polish Jews from Kraków, who escaped from the Germans to
1312:. As this form of Austrian rule was more benevolent than that exercised by Russia and
3230:
2519:
Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion
2268:
Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995.
1783:
1715:
artillery. The credibility of those accounts has been questioned by Polish historian
1267:(1815) restored the partition of Poland, but gave Kraków partial independence as the
1165:
1140:
1108:
1070:
1040:
1033:
956:
795:
429:
409:
397:
381:
85:
73:
971:
2010:
1991:
1572:
1441:
1357:
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1096:
762:
726:
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1992:"The History of Wawel Castle and Cathedral" with works cited, at www.valsworld.org
1656:
1520:. Those who survived were released only after international protest involving the
786:
in 1241, after the Polish attempt to repulse the invaders had been crushed in the
392:. Before the Polish state had been formed, Kraków was the capital of the tribe of
2951:
2899:
2041:
1946:
436:
Ethnic structure of Kraków, Kazimierz and Kleparz population in the 14th century
3045:
2570:
1545:
1396:
1384:
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1100:
1085:
1005:
1001:
989:
944:
892:
and many craftsmen settled there, established businesses and formed craftsmen's
58:
2724:
368:
The earliest known settlement on the present site of Kraków was established on
3199:, Translated by Valentin Cîrdei, Leiden: Brill (published 2010), p. 47+,
1791:
1741:
1711:
1541:
1480:
1054:
741:
made Kraków the seat of the Polish government. In 1079 on a hillock in nearby
369:
2844:
2649:
1684:
3146:
Relacje wojewodów krakowskich z samorządem miasta Krakowa w latach 1990-1998
3000:
2222:
The Torah Ark in Renaissance Poland: A Jewish Revival of Classical Antiquity
1841:
which included a protocol on the transfer of functions between the outgoing
1759:
The city is regarded by many to be the cultural capital of Poland. In 1978,
1745:
1597:
1127:. Sigismund I also brought in Italian chefs who introduced Italian cuisine.
1058:
960:
952:
920:
882:
878:
815:
642:
393:
115:
43:
2979:
Ivan Katyshkin, "Sluzhili my v shtabe armeiskom", Moskva, Voenizdat, 1979,
2297:
Kenneth F. Lewalski, "Sigismund I of Poland: Renaissance King and Patron",
2133:
The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950 - 1350
1819:
1664:
1648:
1387:, the city's energetic mayor from 1904 to his death in 1918 (see also: the
1120:
742:
69:
20:
2609:"Krakowski etap "Sonderaktion Krakau". Wspomnienie Zygmunta Starachowicza"
1971:
2914:
Three Homelands: Memories of a Jewish Life in Poland, Israel, and America
2408:
1808:
1652:
1521:
1099:, into a modern Renaissance palace. In 1520, Hans Behem made the largest
1037:
924:
761:, meant to be ruled by the eldest male member of the royal family as the
2612:
2547:
The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust
1968:""The Legend of Smok Wawelski" (the Dragon of Wawel) at www.kresy.co.uk"
3148:(in Polish). Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie. p. 44.
2302:
2238:
1842:
1660:
1604:
and the nearby concentration camps were famously portrayed in the film
1502:
1453:
1413:
909:
715:
405:
385:
62:
2043:
Trade and urban development in Poland: an economic geography of Cracow
1911:"Wyniki badań bieżących - Baza Demografia - Główny Urząd Statystyczny"
1818:
Further information on the economy and politics of Kraków today:
1772:
1760:
1749:
1644:
1229:
1131:
839:
to encircle the city with high defensive walls was granted in 1285).
377:
373:
347:
2984:
1119:
painted a series of panels for the Church of the Pauline Fathers at
1049:("Literary Society on the Vistula"), a learned society based on the
931:
took place. Around 1502 Kraków was already featured in the works of
3115:
Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Accessed 16 March 2011.
3197:
At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities
2492:
Archiwum ofiar terroru nazistowskiego i komunistycznego w Krakowie
1700:, the Germans deported many captured Poles frow Warsaw to Kraków.
1571:
1423:
1362:
1185:
1175:
1089:
1028:
came to Kraków, where he worked as the teacher of the children of
970:
893:
359:
49:
24:
1552:
and its adjacent forest, and deportations of Polish prisoners to
3160:"Key facts & figures: European Games Kraków-Malopolska 2023"
1703:
A common account popularized in the Soviet-controlled communist
1416:
movement relatively strong among the city's Jewish population.
1247:
captured part of what had once been Poland, he established the
1080:
Art and architecture flourished under the watchful eye of King
959:
expelled the Jews from the city walls of Kraków; they moved to
806:, though unsuccessful, followed in 1287. The year 1311 saw the
2795:(in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii
2488:"Stanisław Klimecki (11.9.1939 arrest – 16.12.1942 execution)"
1800:
1767:. In the same year, on October 16, 1978, Kraków's archbishop,
1667:
underground Polish resistance organization was established to
1564:, were also carried out. The prison also contained a cell for
712:
Zaludnienie Polski na początku panowania Kazimierza Wielkiego
1828:, the director of the Personnel Office of the Office of the
1678:
camps in the city, and in 1942–1944, they also operated the
1308:, making Polish a language of government and establishing a
1228:
kept at Wawel Castle. The stolen regalia, valued at 525,259
737:
churches, a cathedral, and a basilica. Sometime after 1042,
96:
from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the
2411:
see: Franz Joseph I granted Krakow the municipal government
2077:
Krystyna Van Dongen (née Wyskwarska) and Frank Van Dongen,
1577:
1130:
In 1558, a permanent postal connection between Kraków and
818:, and Polish burghers rose from a minority to a majority.
927:
in Bavaria, where an elaborate marriage celebration, the
3113:
Wide Angle: The Future of Outsourcing. (Section: Poland)
2172:"Wydarzenia z kalendarza historycznego: 27 czerwca 1315"
1845:
and the newly appointed Voivode of Kraków acting as the
1724:. The Red Army entry into the city was accompanied by a
1216:
initiated a revolt against the partitioning powers, the
2839:(in Polish). No. 8-9 (129-130). IPN. p. 116.
1635:
was active in the city. Already in September 1939, the
923:
to George the Rich. Jadwiga traveled for two months to
1943:"Our City. History of Krakow, archaeological findings"
1628:, and then were deported by the Soviets to the USSR.
912:
came to Kraków to negotiate the marriage of Princess
3193:"Towns in the Kingdom of Poland: Wroclaw and Krakow"
2862:(in Polish). Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza. p. 69.
1832:
handed over a nomination act temporarily appointing
2952:
The Polish Resistance Movement against the Germans.
2434:"Między dwoma światami czyli powrót do przeszłości"
1728:of women and girls resulting in official protests.
1576:Jews being marched out of the city by armed German
376:, who built it above a cave occupied by a ravenous
2118:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages
1740:ordered the construction of the country's largest
3088:, volume 5. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002.
2341:"Poland – The Commonwealth | history – geography"
2145:Andrew Beattie, Landmark Publishing, Tim Pepper,
1148:died childless, and the throne passed briefly to
1084:, who ascended to the throne in 1507. He married
3100:Letnia Szkoła Historii Najnowszej 2012. Referaty
3035:monthly, No.64 (2004). Interview with professor
1251:(1807) as an independent but subordinate state.
1134:, the capitals of the Kingdom of Poland and the
782:Kraków was almost entirely destroyed during the
1479:, a colonial authority under the leadership of
110:
2911:Salsitz, Norman; Kaish, Stanley (2002-12-01).
3084:(Cracow under German Occupation, 1939–1945).
2835:Grabowski, Waldemar (2011). "Armia Krajowa".
1815:, along with British and German-based firms.
1304:of 1866, Austria granted partial autonomy to
1293:In 1850 10% of the city was destroyed in the
1115:, was Sigismund's court painter. Around 1511
842:In 1315 a large alliance of Poland, Denmark,
8:
2578:Bulletin PAMIĘĆ I SPRAWIEDLIWOŚĆ, No. 2 (13)
2319:Muzeum Poczty i Telekomunikacji we Wrocławiu
2288:Published by Kessinger Publishing. Page 113.
2264:Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology.
861:Kraków rose to new prominence in 1364, when
749:, was slain by the order of the Polish king
3125:The Sabre Holings office at Krakow, Poland.
2944:
2942:
2824:(in Polish). Warszawa: PAX. pp. 76–77.
1862:2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship
1858:2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship
1779:, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.
1200:three times by its expansionist neighbors:
400:. After Great Moravia was destroyed by the
364:The environs of Kraków before the year 1257
2954:" The Polish Review, v.48, 1, 2003, 49–72.
2611:(in Polish). WordPress.com. Archived from
2103:Stanisław Rosik and Przemysław Urbańczyk,
1440:at the onset of the Second World War. The
778:History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
1932:
1930:
1854:2016 European Men's Handball Championship
1324:in 1910, in which world-renowned pianist
1107:after King Sigismund I. At the same time
916:(Hedwig in German), the daughter of King
3102:(in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 118.
2550:, KTAV Publishing House, 1993, pg. 177.
1938:AGH University of Science and Technology
1696:POWs. In 1944, during and following the
434:
323:Provisional Government of National Unity
1902:
404:, Kraków became part of the kingdom of
388:, are displayed at the entrance of the
1866:2023 World Men's Handball Championship
92:from 1846 to 1918, and the capital of
2607:Franciszek Wasyl (November 1, 2011).
1736:After the war, the government of the
1720:myth of "Konev, savior of Kraków" by
7:
2837:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
2820:Płuta-Czachowski, Kazimierz (1987).
2466:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
2105:Poland – Ecclesiastical organization
1489:184 professors and academics of the
900:. This codex is now featured at the
823:History of Poland in the Middle Ages
61:; view facing east, with Clepardia (
57:near the end of the 16th century by
2584:, Poland. pp. 404 (66, and 84)
2574:(PDF direct download: 1.64 MB)
1497:among others) were arrested at the
802:, 18 years after the first raid. A
396:, subjugated for a short period by
42:; view facing west, with Casmirus (
2147:Stare Miasto, the Old Town, Krakow
1786:and the subsequent joining of the
1138:respectively, was established and
755:Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth
14:
2691:Wardzyńska, pp. 256, 261, 268–269
2582:Institute of National Remembrance
2496:Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa
2462:Hubert Zawadzki, Jerzy Lukowski,
2224:, Ilia M. Rodov, Brill, pages 2–6
1580:guards during liquidation of the
1356:. The latter two were leaders of
2635:"Więźniowie Sonderaktion Krakau"
1514:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
1501:during a meeting ordered by the
1152:, then to Sigismund II's sister
978:during entry into Kraków in 1605
800:second Mongol invasion of Poland
340:
328:
316:
297:
285:
267:
254:
242:
230:
218:
207:
194:
182:
170:
2909:Norman Salsitz, Stanley Kaish,
2201:. William Collins. p. 26.
1754:refugees of the Greek Civil War
1524:. On November 9–10, during the
1516:, and in March 1940 further to
1024:. In 1468 the Italian humanist
784:first Mongol invasion of Poland
2874:"Transporty z obozu Dulag 121"
2149:Published by Hunter Publishing
1824:On May 29, 1990 following the
1669:rescue Jews from the Holocaust
1643:in occupied Poland (alongside
1626:Soviet-occupied eastern Poland
1596:and the extermination camp of
1194:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1192:In the late 18th century, the
1172:After the partitions of Poland
1046:Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana
745:, the Bishop of Kraków, Saint
189:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3134: Accessed 16 March 2011.
2917:. Syracuse University Press.
2432:Bożena Szara (6 April 2001).
1763:placed Kraków on the list of
1674:The Germans operated several
677:Court, soldiery & clergy
3039:, by Rita Pagacz-Moczarska.
2321:(in Polish). 18 October 2019
1610:, itself based on a book by
963:(now a district of Kraków).
947:(Civitates orbis terrarum).
812:Polish High Duke Władysław I
2464:A Concise History of Poland
2372:(in Polish). Archived from
2013:, homepage. Maria Dębicka,
1738:People's Republic of Poland
1705:People's Republic of Poland
1471:entered the city to commit
1334:Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz
1014:Giovanni Baptista di Quadro
888:Kraków was a member of the
869:, the second university in
589:Hungarians and/or Italians
3253:
2791:Boćkowski, Daniel (1999).
2517:Wardzyńska, Maria (2009).
2299:Studies in the Renaissance
2048:Cambridge University Press
2040:Francis W. Carter (1994).
1826:end of communism in Poland
1817:
1633:Polish resistance movement
1261:War of the Fifth Coalition
981:
820:
775:
769:descendants followed. The
18:
3074:Kraków w latach 1939–1945
1663:). A local branch of the
1590:statue of Adam Mickiewicz
1566:kidnapped Polish children
1456:three years later in the
1286:, once again part of the
1061:finished his work on the
729:with the Rotunda of Sts.
705:
695:
679:
98:Lesser Poland Voivodeship
2822:Organizacja Orła Białego
2707:Uniwersytet Jagielloński
2569:Mirosław Sikora (2008).
2301:, (1967) 14#1 pp. 49–72
2131:Robert Bartlett (2003).
1756:, settled in Nowa Huta.
1637:Organizacja Orła Białego
1473:atrocities against Poles
808:Rebellion of wójt Albert
751:Bolesław II the Generous
747:Stanislaus of Szczepanów
710:Source: T. Ladenberger,
692:Grand total (population)
335:Polish People's Republic
3221:Items related to Kraków
3033:Jagiellonian University
2858:Datner, Szymon (1968).
2711:Biblioteka Jagiellońska
2646:Jagiellonian University
2521:(in Polish). Warszawa:
2345:Encyclopedia Britannica
2197:Zamoyski, Adam (2015).
1692:for Dutch, Belgian and
1641:Union of Armed Struggle
1602:Jewish ghetto in Kraków
1495:Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński
1491:Jagiellonian University
1408:religious center (see:
1354:Stanisław Przybyszewski
1032:. In 1488 the imperial
935:as well as in those of
771:fragmentation of Poland
107:Historical affiliations
32:in a 1493 woodcut from
2797:Polskiej Akademii Nauk
2682:Wardzyńska, p. 257–258
2406:, "History of Krakow"
2159:Marek Żukow-Karczewski
1915:demografia.stat.gov.pl
1771:, was elevated to the
1585:
1507:SS-Obersturmbannführer
1433:
1368:
1222:Kraków's market square
1189:
1144:was founded. In 1572,
979:
858:was formed in Kraków.
739:Casimir I the Restorer
365:
352:
310:German-occupied Europe
81:
66:
47:
3130:May 23, 2007, at the
2779:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2756:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2705:(in Polish). Kraków:
2315:"Dzień Łącznościowca"
2286:A History of Painting
1882:Other names of Kraków
1575:
1427:
1366:
1290:lands of the empire.
1284:Grand Duchy of Cracow
1226:Polish royal treasure
1179:
1111:, younger brother of
984:Renaissance in Poland
982:Further information:
974:
898:Balthasar Behem Codex
863:Casimir III of Poland
821:Further information:
776:Further information:
420:). He also mentioned
418:Boleslaus I the Cruel
363:
274:Grand Duchy of Kraków
90:Grand Duchy of Kraków
53:
28:
19:Further information:
2725:"German Dulag Camps"
2655:on December 24, 2013
2266:Cultural Background.
2116:Nora Berend (2017).
1830:Council of Ministers
1765:World Heritage Sites
1690:prisoner-of-war camp
1410:Synagogues of Kraków
1377:under the partitions
1350:Stanisław Wyspiański
1257:Treaty of Schönbrunn
1053:. In 1489, sculptor
1030:Casimir IV Jagiellon
998:Bartolommeo Berrecci
994:Francesco Fiorentino
902:Jagiellonian Library
875:University of Prague
2768:Holocaust in Krakow
2476:Google Print, p.148
1870:2023 European Games
1554:concentration camps
1486:Sonderaktion Krakau
1302:Austro-Prussian War
1269:Free City of Cracow
1218:Kościuszko Uprising
1082:Sigismund I the Old
1020:who studied at the
1018:Nicolaus Copernicus
941:Nuremberg Chronicle
850:and the duchies of
788:Battle of Chmielnik
773:lasted until 1320.
437:
237:Free City of Cracow
126:, X century–ca. 960
104:Timeline of Kraków
39:Nuremberg Chronicle
3164:european-games.org
3079:2007-12-03 at the
3042:"OKUPOWANY KRAKÓW"
3006:2007-10-13 at the
2860:Las sprawiedliwych
2773:2013-06-23 at the
2750:2013-06-23 at the
2673:Wardzyńska, p. 256
2642:Alma Mater No. 118
2544:Mordecai Paldiel,
2535:Wardzyńska, p. 124
2080:"The royal castle"
2016:"The Dragon's Den"
2011:Wawel Royal Castle
1997:2011-07-28 at the
1887:Timeline of Kraków
1839:Jerzy Rościszewski
1586:
1538:Montelupich Prison
1533:Sicherheitspolizei
1493:(including Rector
1477:General Government
1458:Niepołomice Forest
1449:Stanisław Klimecki
1434:
1430:Montelupich Prison
1369:
1322:Battle of Grunwald
1265:Congress of Vienna
1259:, which ended the
1241:Napoleon Bonaparte
1214:Tadeusz Kościuszko
1210:Kingdom of Prussia
1190:
1136:Republic of Venice
1125:Church of St. Mary
1073:had established a
980:
829:St. Florian's Gate
759:Seniorate Province
731:Felix and Adauctus
718:, 1930, p. 63
700:
682:
668:
662:
656:
650:
632:
620:
606:
594:
580:
568:
554:
542:
528:
522:
516:
510:
435:
366:
304:General Government
292:Republic of Poland
157:Seniorate Province
94:Kraków Voivodeship
67:
48:
3237:History of Kraków
2924:978-0-8156-0734-2
2525:. pp. 58–59.
2284:Haldane Macfall,
2274:978-0-89357-257-0
2199:Poland. A History
1744:in the suburb of
1722:Soviet propaganda
1527:Intelligenzaktion
1438:partitioned again
1428:Prisoners of the
1326:Ignacy Paderewski
1146:King Sigismund II
1117:Hans von Kulmbach
1067:St. Mary's Church
1026:Filip Callimachus
914:Jadwiga of Poland
723:
722:
719:
414:Abraham ben Jacob
313:
282:
177:Kingdom of Poland
140:Kingdom of Poland
108:
16:Aspect of history
3244:
3223:, various dates.
3209:
3191:(January 2010),
3189:Laurențiu Rădvan
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3044:. Archived from
3027:
3023:
3017:
3016:, April 12, 2001
2994:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2968:Ocalenie Krakowa
2965:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2878:Muzeum Dulag 121
2870:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2788:
2782:
2765:
2759:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2648:. Archived from
2639:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:on June 20, 2010
2604:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2484:
2478:
2460:
2454:
2453:"polskie Ateny".
2449:
2447:
2445:
2440:on July 23, 2011
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2259:Michael J. Mikoś
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2082:. Archived from
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2018:. Archived from
2008:
2002:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1945:. Archived from
1934:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1907:
1805:General Electric
1688:
1622:Polish Red Cross
1607:Schindler's List
1389:Mayors of Kraków
1358:Polish modernism
1156:and her husband
1057:(Wit Stwosz) of
1010:Bernardo Morando
937:Hartmann Schedel
929:Landshut Wedding
890:Hanseatic League
709:
708:
701:
690:
683:
676:
669:
663:
657:
651:
640:
633:
621:
614:
607:
595:
588:
581:
569:
562:
555:
543:
536:
529:
523:
517:
511:
504:
497:
491:
484:
478:
471:
465:
460:
454:
449:
443:
438:
346:
344:
343:
333:
332:
331:
321:
320:
319:
307:
302:
301:
300:
290:
289:
288:
277:(subdivision of
276:
272:
271:
270:
259:
258:
257:
247:
246:
245:
235:
234:
233:
223:
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212:
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210:
199:
198:
197:
187:
186:
185:
175:
174:
173:
163:
155:
146:
138:
130:
124:Duchy of Bohemia
122:
114:
106:
34:Hartmann Schedel
3252:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3207:
3187:
3184:
3182:Further reading
3179:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3132:Wayback Machine
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3081:Wayback Machine
3069:Andrzej Chwalba
3065:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3037:Andrzej Chwalba
3025:
3024:
3020:
3013:Krasnaia Zvezda
3008:Wayback Machine
2995:
2991:
2978:
2974:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:. p. 173.
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:Wayback Machine
2766:
2762:
2752:Wayback Machine
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2587:
2585:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2461:
2457:
2443:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2364:Monika Kuhnke.
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2303:online at JSTOR
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1999:Wayback Machine
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1878:
1847:Mayor of Kraków
1834:Tadeusz Piekarz
1822:
1734:
1732:Post-war period
1717:Andrzej Chwalba
1698:Warsaw Uprising
1682:
1617:Schindler's Ark
1612:Thomas Keneally
1550:Kraków Fortress
1499:Collegium Novum
1422:
1405:Józef Piłsudski
1397:First World War
1346:Wojciech Kossak
1310:provincial Diet
1280:Austrian Empire
1276:Kraków Uprising
1249:Duchy of Warsaw
1206:Austrian Empire
1202:Imperial Russia
1182:Wawel Cathedral
1174:
1164:of the Swedish
1158:Stephen Báthory
1150:Henry of Valois
1051:Roman Academies
986:
969:
906:George the Rich
833:Kraków Barbican
825:
780:
753:. In 1138, the
706:
699:
688:
681:
674:
667:
661:
655:
649:
638:
631:
619:
612:
605:
593:
586:
579:
567:
560:
553:
541:
534:
527:
521:
515:
509:
502:
495:
489:
485:
482:
476:
472:
469:
463:
458:
452:
447:
441:
410:Sephardi Jewish
390:Wawel Cathedral
358:
353:
350:, 1989–present
341:
339:
338:
329:
327:
326:
317:
315:
314:
298:
296:
295:
286:
284:
283:
268:
266:
264:
261:Austria-Hungary
255:
253:
252:
249:Austrian Empire
243:
241:
240:
231:
229:
228:
225:Duchy of Warsaw
219:
217:
216:
208:
206:
204:
201:Austrian Empire
195:
193:
192:
183:
181:
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171:
169:
168:
165:Duchy of Kraków
161:
160:
153:
151:
148:Duchy of Poland
144:
143:
136:
135:
132:Duchy of Poland
128:
127:
120:
119:
118:, pre X century
112:
109:
105:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3214:External links
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3166:. 19 June 2023
3151:
3144:Pawel Gofron.
3136:
3117:
3105:
3090:
3086:Dzieje Krakowa
3058:
3018:
2997:Makhmut Gareev
2989:
2972:
2966:Leszek Mazan,
2956:
2938:
2923:
2902:
2891:
2865:
2850:
2827:
2812:
2805:
2783:
2760:
2745:Jews in Krakow
2737:
2716:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2626:
2599:
2561:
2537:
2528:
2509:
2479:
2455:
2424:
2396:
2386:
2370:www.zabytki.pl
2356:
2332:
2306:
2290:
2277:
2251:
2226:
2214:
2208:978-0007556212
2207:
2189:
2176:chronologia.pl
2163:
2151:
2138:
2123:
2108:
2096:
2070:
2056:
2050:. p. 71.
2032:
2003:
1984:
1959:
1926:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:§ Bibliography
1884:
1877:
1874:
1813:Sabre Holdings
1788:European Union
1733:
1730:
1536:took over the
1463:Einsatzgruppen
1421:
1418:
1401:Polish Legions
1342:Juliusz Kossak
1338:Jan Kasprowicz
1173:
1170:
1160:, and then to
1154:Anna Jagiellon
1113:Albrecht Dürer
1105:Sigismund Bell
1075:printing press
976:Polish Hussars
968:
965:
933:Albrecht Dürer
871:central Europe
867:Cracow Academy
721:
720:
703:
702:
694:
685:
684:
678:
671:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
635:
634:
628:
625:
622:
616:
609:
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602:
599:
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590:
583:
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557:
556:
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531:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
499:
498:
487:
474:
461:
450:
357:
354:
134:, ca. 960–1025
103:
102:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3249:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
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3213:
3208:
3206:9789004180109
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3109:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3048:on 2008-05-24
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:Marshal Konev
2998:
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2986:
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2976:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2957:
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2945:
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2846:
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2838:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2806:83-86842-52-0
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2713:. p. 55.
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:0-88125-376-6
2554:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:0-521-55917-0
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2404:Marek Strzala
2400:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2376:on 2020-11-22
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2346:
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2255:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2235:Marek Strzala
2230:
2227:
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2218:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:. Penguin UK.
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2086:on 2011-07-24
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2059:
2057:0-521-41239-0
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2022:on 2007-04-22
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1974:on 2009-06-17
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1949:on 2007-02-19
1948:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1885:
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1867:
1863:
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1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:Soviet Empire
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:Karol Wojtyła
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1726:wave of rapes
1723:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1676:forced labour
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1582:Kraków Ghetto
1579:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:. The German
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Wielki Kraków
1378:
1375:Kraków, even
1374:
1373:Fin de siècle
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:Polskie Ateny
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:French Empire
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1166:House of Vasa
1163:
1162:Sigismund III
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1141:Poczta Polska
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:of a leading
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:Johann Haller
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:Conrad Celtes
1039:
1035:
1034:Poet Laureate
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:local Academy
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
985:
977:
973:
966:
964:
962:
958:
957:John I Albert
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Magdeburg Law
789:
785:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
717:
713:
704:
698:
693:
687:
686:
673:
672:
665:
659:
653:
647:
644:
637:
636:
629:
626:
623:
617:
611:
610:
603:
600:
597:
591:
585:
584:
577:
574:
571:
565:
559:
558:
551:
548:
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539:
533:
532:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
500:
494:
488:
481:
475:
468:
462:
457:
451:
446:
440:
439:
433:
431:
430:Piast dynasty
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:Great Moravia
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:Smok Wawelski
379:
375:
371:
362:
356:Early history
355:
351:
349:
336:
324:
311:
305:
293:
280:
275:
262:
250:
238:
226:
215:
202:
190:
178:
166:
158:
149:
141:
133:
125:
117:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:Lesser Poland
83:
79:
75:
71:
65:) on the left
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:) on the left
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
27:
22:
3196:
3168:. Retrieved
3163:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3120:
3108:
3099:
3093:
3085:
3072:
3061:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3028:
3021:
3011:
2992:
2975:
2959:
2928:. Retrieved
2913:
2905:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2877:
2868:
2859:
2853:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2792:
2786:
2778:
2763:
2755:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2719:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2653:(PDF 275 KB)
2650:the original
2641:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2602:
2594:
2586:. Retrieved
2577:
2564:
2546:
2540:
2531:
2518:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2491:
2482:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2427:
2416:. Retrieved
2410:
2399:
2389:
2378:. Retrieved
2374:the original
2369:
2359:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2298:
2293:
2280:
2263:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2229:
2217:
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2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2154:
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2132:
2126:
2120:. Routledge.
2117:
2111:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:the original
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2042:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:the original
2006:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:the original
1918:. Retrieved
1914:
1905:
1851:
1823:
1781:
1777:John Paul II
1758:
1735:
1702:
1673:
1636:
1630:
1615:
1605:
1587:
1531:
1525:
1510:Bruno Müller
1506:
1484:
1468:
1461:
1435:
1420:World War II
1412:), with the
1393:
1380:
1370:
1317:
1299:
1292:
1273:
1253:West Galicia
1238:
1191:
1139:
1129:
1103:, named the
1097:Wawel Castle
1079:
1044:
1043:founded the
987:
949:
887:
865:founded the
860:
841:
837:Leszek Biały
826:
804:third attack
781:
727:Wawel Castle
724:
711:
697:Circa 15,000
696:
691:
492:
479:
466:
455:
445:Ethnic group
444:
367:
306:, 1939–1945
263:, 1867–1918
251:, 1846–1867
203:, 1795–1809
111:
68:
54:
37:
29:
3219:Europeana.
3066:(in Polish)
3026:(in Polish)
2964:(in Polish)
2880:(in Polish)
2498:. 1939–1956
2451:Search key:
2444:October 14,
2178:(in Polish)
1683: [
1558:Ravensbrück
1442:Nazi German
1436:Poland was
1385:Juliusz Leo
1367:Kraków 1912
1330:Jan Matejko
1198:partitioned
1101:church bell
1086:Bona Sforza
1006:Mateo Gucci
1002:Santi Gucci
990:Renaissance
967:Renaissance
945:Georg Braun
856:Mecklenburg
680:Circa 2,500
540:Circa 3,500
520:Circa 1,000
514:Circa 1,500
508:Circa 5,000
456:City proper
422:the baptism
412:traveller,
337:, 1947–1989
325:, 1945–1947
294:, 1918–1939
239:, 1815–1846
227:, 1809–1815
191:, 1569–1795
179:, 1320–1569
167:, 1227–1320
159:, 1138–1227
150:, 1031–1320
142:, 1025–1031
59:Georg Braun
3052:2007-09-11
3029:Alma Mater
2930:2007-11-22
2884:15 January
2730:15 January
2418:2007-05-12
2380:2010-10-30
2350:2017-03-16
2325:15 January
2090:2007-05-12
2026:2007-09-11
1978:2009-10-02
1953:2007-09-11
1920:2024-02-25
1792:Offshoring
1742:steel mill
1712:Ivan Konev
1680:Stalag 369
1481:Hans Frank
1300:After the
1295:large fire
1208:, and the
1109:Hans Dürer
1063:high altar
1055:Veit Stoss
951:leave for
918:Casimir IV
879:Lithuanian
873:after the
767:Bolesław's
735:Romanesque
641:Subtotal (
424:of Prince
402:Hungarians
370:Wawel Hill
2985:80-503360
2845:1641-9561
2182:22 August
1746:Nowa Huta
1657:Białystok
1614:entitled
1598:Auschwitz
1562:Auschwitz
1188:, c. 1843
1059:Nuremberg
961:Kazimierz
953:Kazimierz
921:Jagiellon
883:Jagiellon
852:Pomerania
816:Polonized
763:High Duke
643:townsfolk
618:Circa 500
592:Circa 200
566:Circa 800
493:Community
467:Kazimierz
426:Mieszko I
394:Vistulans
308:(part of
116:Vistulans
84:) in the
44:Kazimierz
3231:Category
3170:20 April
3128:Archived
3077:Archived
3004:Archived
2987:, p. 155
2771:Archived
2748:Archived
2394:Krakow."
1995:Archived
1876:See also
1809:Motorola
1556:, incl.
1546:Przemyśl
1288:Galician
1123:and the
1038:humanist
925:Landshut
881:-Polish
810:against
537:Germans
55:Cracovia
30:Cracovia
2659:May 15,
2502:May 15,
2063:May 19,
1843:Voivode
1709:Marshal
1594:Płaszów
1542:Rzeszów
1522:Vatican
1503:Gestapo
1454:Gestapo
1432:in 1939
1414:Zionist
1403:led by
1314:Prussia
1306:Galicia
1282:as the
1243:of the
1234:Galicia
1230:thalers
1180:Kraków
910:Bavaria
798:in the
796:Mongols
615:Others
486:suburb
480:Kleparz
473:suburb
406:Bohemia
386:mammoth
279:Galicia
214:Galicia
76:river (
74:Vistula
63:Kleparz
3203:
2983:
2921:
2843:
2803:
2619:May 8,
2588:May 8,
2555:
2470:
2272:
2244:12 May
2205:
2054:
1820:Kraków
1811:, and
1773:papacy
1761:UNESCO
1750:Greeks
1694:French
1665:Żegota
1649:Poznań
1645:Warsaw
1620:. The
1584:, 1943
1518:Dachau
1505:chief
1263:. The
1204:, the
1132:Venice
1121:Skałka
1093:family
1012:, and
943:) and
894:guilds
848:Sweden
844:Norway
743:Skałka
707:
689:
675:
666:12,500
648:10,000
639:
613:
587:
561:
535:
505:Poles
503:
496:
490:
483:
477:
470:
464:
459:
453:
448:
442:
378:dragon
374:Krakus
348:Poland
345:
162:
154:
145:
137:
129:
121:
113:
78:Polish
70:Kraków
21:Kraków
2638:(PDF)
2595:Note:
2001:(PDF)
1898:Notes
1687:]
1653:Toruń
1446:Mayor
1239:When
1220:, in
1186:Wawel
1090:Milan
660:1,000
654:1,500
563:Jews
552:3,500
526:7,500
82:Wisła
3201:ISBN
3172:2024
2981:LCCN
2919:ISBN
2886:2023
2841:ISSN
2801:ISBN
2732:2023
2661:2012
2621:2012
2590:2012
2553:ISBN
2504:2012
2468:ISBN
2446:2012
2327:2023
2270:ISBN
2246:2007
2203:ISBN
2184:2024
2065:2011
2052:ISBN
1868:and
1661:Lwów
1659:and
1631:The
1560:and
1544:and
1467:and
1371:The
1352:and
1196:was
1036:and
988:The
854:and
831:and
716:Lwów
2523:IPN
1801:IBM
1794:of
1775:as
1469:zbV
1391:).
1184:at
1065:of
908:of
630:500
604:200
578:800
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1856:,
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1236:.
1008:,
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598:–
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205:∟
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80::
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2421:.
2383:.
2353:.
2329:.
2248:.
2211:.
2186:.
2093:.
2067:.
2029:.
1981:.
1956:.
1923:.
1893:)
1889:(
1465:I
939:(
312:)
281:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
